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True or false. Tick the correct box.

You must wash your hands before lunch.


You mustn't listen to your parents.
You must break the windows at school.
You must take a shower every day.
You mustn't eat fruit and vegetables every day.
You must eat lots of sweets if you want to lose some
weight.
You must feed your dog every day.


Complete the sentences
with must or mustn't.

You brush your teeth three times a day.
You forget to do your homework regularly.
You be nice to your classmates.
You wear warm cothes when it is cold outside.
You chew gum in class.
You study hard if you want to pass your exams.
You fight with your classmates.
You play football in the classroom.
You listen to your teacher very carefully.
You forget your best friend's birthday.
You be rude to your grandparents.
You go to the dentist's twice a year.
You stay in bed when you are ill.
You feed zoo animals.
You do your online exercises.

I - Expressing advice: SHOULD and OUGHT TO
` USE: Should and ought to have the same meaning. They mean: This is a good
idea. This is good advice."

A - Right or Wrong?
My clothes are dirty
a-I should / ought to wash them.
b-I should to wash them.
c-I ought washing them.
> FORMS:
POSITIVE
should + simple form of a verb (no
to)
ought + to + simple form of a verb
B - Right or Wrong?
You need your sleep.
a-You should not (shouldn't) stay up late.

b- You should (shouldn't) stay not up late.

c-You ought to not stay up late.
d-You ought to not stay up late.

NEGATIVE:
should + not = shouldn't
(Ought to is usually not used in the
negative.)
C - Right or Wrong?
a-Bob: I'm going to be late.
What should do I ?
Tom: Run
b-Bob: I'm going to be late.
What should I do?
Tom: Run

QUESTION:
should + subject + main verb
(Ought to is usually not used in
questions.)
D - Right or Wrong?
1-
The use of maybe with should and
ought to softens theadvice.

a-Bob: I'm tired today.
Tom: You should take a
nap./You ought to take a nap.
b-Bob: I'm tired today.
Tom: You should to take a
nap./You ought take a nap.

2-
a-Bob: I'm tired today.
Tom: Maybe you should take a
nap./Maybe you ought to take a nap.

b-Bob: I'm tired today.
Tom: You should Maybe take a
nap./You ought to Maybe take a nap.


compare:

In (1): Tom is giving definite advice.
He is stating clearly that he believes
going home for a nap is a good idea
and is the solution to Bob's problem.

In (2): Tom is making a suggestion:
taking a nap is one possible way to
solve Bob's problem.
II - Expressing advice: HAD BETTER
` USE: Had better has the same basic meaning as should and ought to: "This is a
good idea. This is good advice."
Had better usually implies a warning about possible bad consequences.

In (B): If you don't slow down, there could be a bad result. You could get a
speeding ticket or have an accident.

A - Right or Wrong?
My clothes are dirty
a-I had better wash them.
b-I had better to wash them.
B - Right or Wrong?
You're driving too fast!
a-You'd better slow down.
b-You'd better slowing down.
C - Right or Wrong?
a-You had not better eat that meat.
It looks spoiled.
b-You had better not eat that meat.
It looks spoiled.
> FORMS:
POSITIVE
had better + simple form of a verb (no to)

NEGATIVE: had better not (C)

QUESTION: had better is usually not
used in questions.


In speaking, had is usually
contracted: 'd. (D)
D - Right or Wrong?
a-I'ed better send my boss an e-mail
right away.
b-I'd better send my boss an e-mail
right away.

E EXERCISE 01. Expressing advice: SHOULD and
OUGHT TO.
Directions: What do you advice Mary?

EXAMPLE: Mary: I'm sleepy. You: You should /
ought to drink a cup of tea.

1) I'm hungry. You should something.
2) I'm cold. You ought to coat.
3) I have a toothache. You should dentist.
4) I have the hiccups. What should I do? You ought
to breathing.
5) I left my sunglasses at a restaurant yesterday. What
should I do? You should immediately. Do you
know the number.
6) I'm hot. You ought to fresh.
7) I have a headache. You should aspirin.
8) Someone stole my bicycle. What should I
do? You ought to police.
9) I bought a pair of pants that don't fit. They're too
long. You should tailors to get them
shortened.
10) I always make a lot of spelling mistakes when I
write. I don't know what to do about it. What do you
suggest? You ought to dictionary.

E EXERCISE 02. Expressing advice: HAD BETTER.
Directions: In the following, the speaker
chooses to use had better- What are some
possible bad consequences the speaker might be
thinking of?

+e: The movie starts in ten minutes.
We'd better hurry.
Possible bad consequences: We'll be
late if we don't hurry.

1. You can't wear shorts and a T-shirt to a job interview!
You'd better change clothes before you go.
Possible bad
consequences:

2. I can't find my credit card. I have no idea where it is. I
guess I'd better call the credit card company.
Possible bad
consequences:

3. A: My ankle really hurts. I think I sprained it.
B: You'd better put some ice on it right away.
Possible bad
consequences:
4. You shouldn't leave your car unlocked in the middle
of the city. You'd better lock it before we go into the
restaurant.
Possible bad
consequences:

E EXERCISE 03. Expressing
advice: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, and HAD BETTER.
Directions: Spot the mistake then rewrite the sentence
correctly.

1. You will better not be
late.
2. Anna shouldn't wears shorts into the restaurant. Anna
shouldn't wear shorts into the restaurant.
3. I should to go to the post office
today.
4. I ought paying my bills
today.
5. You'd had better to call the doctor
today.
6. You don't should stay up too late
tonight.
7. You'd to better not leaving your key in the
door.
8. Mr. Nguyen has a large family and a small apartment.


1. He is wearing prison robes.
a. He must (escape) from prison.
b. He might (act) a criminal in a movie.
c. These could (be) the only clothes he has.
d. A prisoner might (rob) him taking away his suit and Ferrari.
e. He might (wear) his favorite
pajamas.
2. He is running away very fast.
a. He must (see) a tiger.
b. He could (jog).
c. He could (have) quarrel with his wife.
d. He might (run) to catch a plane.
e. He may (try) to get warm this way.

3. She has cast.
a. She must (break) her leg.
b. She may (pretend) to be ill to skip her work.
c. It might (be) latest fashion.
d. She could (sprinkle) her ankle.
e. She might (try) out clutches.






Modal Verbs Exercise 1
Gap-fill Exercise
Complete the sentences using the words listed in the box below, then click the
"Check" button to check your answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary.
Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.
can could have to must might should
1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He be
exhausted after such a long flight. He prefer to stay in tonight and get
some rest.

2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you walk
downtown and explore the waterfront.

3. Hiking the trail to the peak be dangerous if you are not well prepared
for dramatic weather changes. You research the route a little more
before you attempt the ascent.

4. When you have a small child in the house, you leave small objects
lying around. Such objects be swallowed, causing serious injury or even
death.

5. Dave: you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Nathan: No, I can't.

6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune.

7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough
water, they die.

8. I speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But
after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and
forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I just say a few things in
the language.

9. The book is optional. My professor said we read it if we needed extra
credit. But we read it if we don't want to.

10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It be in this drawer but it's not here.
Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer.
It be in there. That's the only other place it be.

11. You take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on
the news said there's a storm north of here and it rain later on this
afternoon.

12. we pull over at the next rest stop? I really use the bathroom
and I don't know if I hold it until we get to Chicago.

13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He have left it here
last night.

14. Ned: I borrow your lighter for a minute?
Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you keep it if you want to. I've given
up smoking.

15. I believe she said that to Megan! She insult her cooking
in front of everyone at the party last night. She have just said she was full
or had some salad if she didn't like the meal.

16. Do you chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me
sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.

17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still
warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer be
someone in this room. It be any one of us!!!

18. Ted: I don't know why Denise starting crying when I mentioned the wedding.
Pamela: It have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she
is just nervous. After all, the big day is tomorrow.

19. you always say the first thing that pops into your head? you
think once in awhile before you speak?

20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this
room. It be lying around here somewhere. Where it be? be
swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
Expressing probability in the past:
... may
might
can
could
have Past Participle

Examples of probability in the past:
He may have robbed your computer while you were out.
The criminal might have threatened her. That's why, she was afraid of him.
The author might have carried a deep research on the subject. That's why his book is
so interesting.
Examples of improbability in the past:
He may have not lived in this town. Nobody seems to know him.
She can't have helped him in his crime as they have never met before.
Expressing Possibility
My grandmother may travel alone.
May be she will make the trip alone.
Perhaps she will visit London.
Possibly, she will go by plane.
It's possible that someone will meet her at the airport.
She might buy some presents for the family before she goes.
I suppose she might spend a lot of money on the presents.
There's a chance she'll like the city.
She will take an umbrella as it could rain heavily there..
Expressing impossibility
No, it's impossible to repair that old Chevrolet.
Even a good mechanic can't possibly fix it.
We may not be able to travel by car.
There's no chance my father repairs it tomorrow.
Making and responding to a request
It's important to be polite when you ask for something.
You can make a request by using:
can you ...?
could you ...?
will you ...?
would you mind ...?
Here are some examples of how to make a request..
Can you
Will you
Could you possibly
open the door for me, please?
would you mind opening the door for me ?
Making Request:
Can you show me your photo album, please?
Will you lend me your book, please?
Could you possibly show me the way to the post office, please?
Would you help me with this exercise, please?
Would you mind lending me your pen, please?
Expressing obligation
When it is necessary or obligatory to do something, you express obligation.
Obligation in the present:
I have to finish my work before this evening.
I have got to learn English if I want to live in the USA.
I must see the doctor soon because I don't feel well.
It is obligatory that I stop when the traffic light turn red.
It is necessary that I take a taxi. I'm late.
Obligation in the past:
I had to work extra hours to pay my bills.
Obligation in the future:
I'll have to borrow money.
Things to remember:
1.The difference between "Have to" and "must" is that "have to" indicates that someone else
has imposed conditions on us.
2. The simple past of "must" is "had to".
3. The simple future of "must" is "will have to".
4. Should also expresses obligation. But there is a difference between must /
have to and should:
must / have to = 100% obligation. "When the traffic light turn red, you must stop."
should = 50% obligation. It's more an advice than an obligation. " You look tired. you
should have a rest."
Dialogue:
Policeman: Don't you know that you must stop when the traffic lights are
red?
Driver: Sorry sir. I was so absent-minded that I didn't pay attention to
the traffic lights.
Policeman: Well sir, you'll have to pay a fine!
Expressing prohibition
To express prohibition the following expressions are used.
To express prohibition you can use:
It is prohibited to ...
You arent allowed to ...
You mustnt ...
You arent permitted to ...
It is forbidden to ...
Examples:
Parking is strictly prohibited between these gates.
Students aren't allowed to come too late to school.
Drivers mustn't park their cars here.
It is forbidden to walk on grass.
Smoking isn't permitted in hospitals.
People aren't permitted to throw rubbish here.
Dialogue:
Notice how prohibition is expressed in this dialogue
The security
agent:
Hey, you. What are you doing here? You aren't allowed
to enter this building.
Mr O'Brian: Sorry, but I have an appointment with Dr Leila O'Biran.
She's my daughter.
The security
agent:
Show me your ID card please.
Mr O'Brian: Here you are, sir.
The security
agent:
Well...That sounds OK. Dr Leila O'Brian is in the 3rd floor.
You can take the lift sir.

Asking for advice:
I've got a bad toothache. What do you suggest?
What do you advise me to do?
What should I do?
What ought I to do?
What's your advice?
If you were me what would you do?
Giving advice
If I were you, I would go to the dentist.
Why don't you go to the dentist?
You'd better brush your teeth regularly.
You ought to/should avoid eating sweets.
If you take my advice, you'll go to the dentist.
It might be a good idea to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
I advise you to brush your teeth on a regular basis.
Have you thought about seeing a dentist.
Declining to give advice
I don't know what to advise, I'm afraid.
I wish I could suggest something, but I can't.
I wish I could help.
I'm afraid I can't really help you.
Things to remember about asking
for and giving advice:
1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English. You will
undoubtedly need it in your higher studies"
2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My father gave me this piece of advice when I was young: never give up"
3. "Ought to" has nearly the same meaning as "should". The only difference is that "ought to
" refers to a moral or external obligation but should is more of an advice.
Example:
"You ought to stop smoking."
"You should stop smoking."
4. "You'd better" is the short form of "you had better"
Example:
"You'd better see a doctor!" = "You had better see the doctor"
Study the dialogue:
Student: I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do
you advise me to do?
Teacher: I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for
beginners.
Student: I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?
Teacher: You'd better start with the lessons.Then, try the exercises.

Things to remember about suggestions:
1.The verb "suggest" can be followed by either:
should + verb = I suggest (that) we should go to the theater.
a verb (in the subjunctive form)= I suggest (that) we go to the movies.
2."That" is optional:
"I suggest that we should visit Paris."
"I suggest we should visit Paris."
Dialogue:
Two friends talking about where to go this evening:
Alice: You know Alan, why don't we go to the cinema to watch
Titanic?
Alan: No, let's not. We've seen the film many times before. What
about going to the library? We have to finish our school project!
Alice: That sounds like a good idea. But when we finish let's go to the
caf.
Alan: Yes, I'd love to.

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