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3. Types of Corrosion
Prepared and Presented by Owen Jenkins.
Topic Overview
In this lecture we shall be considering the
different types of corrosion, their morphology (i.e. what they look like) and we shall start to consider how they occurred.
Types of Corrosion
Fontana identifies eight forms of corrosion (see
Chapter 3 of the vermilion volume):
1.Uniform, or general attack 2.Galvanic, or two-metal corrosion 3.Crevice corrosion 4.Pitting 5.Intergranular corrosion 6.Selective leaching, de-alloying or parting (including graphitisation) 7.Erosion corrosion, and 8.Stress corrosion.
Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
1. Uniform Corrosion
Uniform, or
general attack
Photo above: KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission. Left: OSJL collection.
2. Galvanic Corrosion
Galvanic, or Two-Metal Corrosion
Stainless steel screw causing galvanic corrosion of aluminium
Photo KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
3. Crevice Corrosion
Crevice or contact corrosion is the corrosion
produced at the region of contact of metals with metals or metals with non-metals.
Crevice corrosion of Ti flange (below)
KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission.
Photo KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
4. Pitting
Photos: Above and right: OSJL collection. Top right KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission. Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
5. Intergranular Corrosion
Stainless steel
KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission.
corroded in the Heat Affected Zone a short distance from the weld. (Weld decay) Heat sensitization Typical of intergranular corrosion in austenitic stainless steels.
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KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission. Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
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6. Selective Leaching
Selective leaching, De-alloying or Parting A fairly rare form of corrosion found in copper alloys (e.g.
De-alloying occurs when the alloy loses the active component of the metal and retains the more corrosion resistant component in a porous "sponge" on the metal surface. It can also occur by redeposition of the noble component of the alloy on the metal surface.
Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
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6a. Graphitisation
Graphitisation
A form of leaching: the graphitisation of cast irons. In slightly acidic waters both flake graphite (grey) and nodular graphite (ductile) irons are corroded due to the anodic behaviour of the matrix with respect to the cathodic graphite. Ductile iron pipes were once assumed to be immune to graphitisation, but examples from both Ottawa and Toronto clearly show graphitisation in this pipe material. The picture right shows an example of graphitisation in a ductile iron pipe.
Photo: Institute for Research in Construction - National Research Council Canada Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
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6b. De-Nickelification
Cupronickel tubes get their
corrosion resistance by the formation of a passive oxide film on the exposed surface. The stability of this passive film requires that oxygenated water maintain access to the surface. Heavy deposits on the bottom of this tube resulted in stagnant, nonoxygenated water in contact with the cupronickel. Once the de-nickelification is started, it can be self-propagating because access of oxygen to the pit environment is limited.
Photos Copyright Corrosion Testing Laboratories, Inc
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7. Erosion Corrosion
Mechanic
al wear effects or abrasion are usually involved as well.
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7. Erosion Corrosion
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7. Erosion Corrosion
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8. Stress Corrosion
Stress corrosion
cracking (SCC) is caused by the simultaneous effects of tensile stress and a specific corrosive environment. to applied loads, residual stresses from the manufacturing process, or a combination of both.
Photo KSC Corrosion Lab. Used with permission.
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Cross sections of SCC frequently show branched cracks. This river branching pattern is unique to SCC and is used in failure analysis to identify when this form of corrosion has occurred.
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8. Stress Corrosion
The microscopic intergranular
SCC of an aluminium aerospace part The intergranular nature of the corrosion can be seen in the scanning electron microscope image (lower)and in the cross section (upper) The arrows indicate the primary crack shown in both pictures. Note that secondary cracks are also apparent. Secondary cracks are common in stress corrosion cracking.
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8. Stress Corrosion
Section through the neck of a
non-magnetic drill collar pin connection, which has been severed from the tool body for investigation. Red arrow points to a hairline stress-corrosion crack. Drill collars normally are subjected to high compressive and bending-undercompression loads, but relatively low tensile loads, except in the pin (male threaded end) connection.
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8 Types of Corrosion
1. Uniform, or general attack 2. Galvanic, or two-metal corrosion 3. Crevice corrosion 4. Pitting 5. Intergranular corrosion 6. Selective leaching, de-alloying or parting
(including graphitisation) 7. Erosion corrosion, and 8. Stress corrosion.
Robert Gordon University and Owen S. Jenkins Ltd. 2010
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