Abuse of authority

Main articles: Oppression and Political corruption Abuse of authority, in the form of political corruption, is the use of legislated or otherwise authorized powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. Abuse of authority is separated from abuse of power in that the act is originally condoned, but is extended beyond that initially conceived and is in not all cases

Abuse of corpse
See: Abuse of corpse

Abuse of discretion
Main article: Abuse of discretion An abuse of discretion is a failure to take into proper consideration the facts and law relating to a particular matter; an arbitrary or unreasonable departure from precedent and settled judicial custom.[2]

Abuse of dominance
See: Abuse of dominance

Abuse of indulgences
See: Abuse of indulgences

Abuse of information
Main articles: Breach of confidence, Copyright infringement, Insider trading, and Plagiarism Abuse of information typically involves a breach of confidence or plagiarism, or extending the confidence of information beyond those authorized. In the financial world, Insider trading can also be considered a misuse of internal information that gives an unfair advantage in investment.

Abuse of power
Main articles: Malfeasance in office, Misfeasance in public office, and Oppression

Abuse of power, in the form of "malfeasance in office" or "official misconduct," is the commission of an unlawful act, done in an official capacity, which affects the performance of official duties. Malfeasance in office is often grounds for a for cause removal of an elected official by statute or recall election. Further reading

Chomsky, Noam Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy (American Empire Project) (2007)

Abuse of process
Main article: Abuse of process A cause of action in tort arising from one party making a malicious and deliberate misuse or perversion of regularly issued court process (civil or criminal) not justified by the underlying legal action.

Abuse of rank
Main article: Rankism Rankism (also called abuse of rank) is treating people of a lower rank in an abusive, discriminatory, or exploitative way.[3] Robert W. Fuller claims that rankism includes the abuse of the power inherent in superior rank, with the view that rank-based abuse underlies many other phenomena such as bullying, racism, sexism, and homophobia.

Abuse of statistics
See: Abuse of statistics

Abuse of the system

See: Abuse#Gaming the system

Abuse of trust
See: Position of trust

Academic abuse
See: Academic abuse

Ad hominem abuse
Main article: Ad hominem abuse Ad hominem abuse (also called personal abuse or personal attacks) usually involves insulting or belittling one's opponent in order to invalidate his or her argument, but can also involve

pointing out factual but ostensible character flaws or actions which are irrelevant to the opponent's argument.

Adolescent abuse
See: Anti-social behaviour, Juvenile delinquency, Parental abuse by adolescents, Parental abuse of adolescents

Adult abuse
Adult abuse refers to the abuse of vulnerable adults.[4]

Alcohol abuse
Main article: Alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse, as described in the DSM-IV, is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences.[5] Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. However, many definitions of alcoholism exist, and only some are compatible with alcohol abuse. There are two types of alcoholics: those who have anti social and pleasure-seeking tendencies, and those who are anxiety-ridden- people who are able to go without drinking for long periods of time but are unable to control themselves once they start.[6] Binge drinking is another form of alcohol abuse. Frequent binge drinking or getting severely drunk more than twice is classed as alcohol misuse.[7] According to research done through international surveys, the heaviest drinkers happen to be the United Kingdom's adolescent generation.[8]

Animal abuse
Main article: Cruelty to animals See also: :Category:Cruelty to animals Animal abuse is the infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defense. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.

Anti-social behaviour
Main article: Anti-social behaviour See also: Incivility Anti-social behaviour is often seen as public behaviour that lacks judgement and consideration for others and may cause them or their property damage. It may be intentional, as with vandalism or graffiti, or the result of negligence. Persistent anti-social behaviour may be a manifestation of an antisocial personality disorder. The counterpart of anti-social behaviour is pro-social behaviour, namely any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society.[9]

Bullying

Main article: Bullying See also: Template:Bullying, Category:Bullying, Bullying in academia, Bullying in information technology, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in the military, Bullying in nursing, Bullying in teaching, Gay bullying, School bullying, Sexual bullying, and Workplace bullying Bullying is repeated acts over time that involves a real or perceived imbalance of power with the more powerful individual or group attacking those who are less powerful.[10] Bullying may consist of three basic types of abuse verbal, physical and emotional. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion such as intimidation. Bullying can be defined in many different ways. Although the UK currently has no legal definition of bullying,[11] some US states have laws against it. Bullying is usually done to coerce others by fear or threat.

Character assassination
Main article: Character assassination Character assassination is an attempt to tarnish a person's reputation. It may involve exaggeration or manipulation of facts to present an untrue picture of the targeted person. It is a form of defamation and can be a form of ad hominem argument.

Child abuse
Main article: Child abuse See also: Category:Child abuse and Child neglect Child abuse is the physical or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child.[12] Most child abuse occurs in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse.

Child-on-child sexual abuse

Main article: Child-on-child sexual abuse Child-on-child sexual abuse refers to a form of child sexual abuse in which a prepubescent child is sexually abused by one or more other children or adolescent youths, and in which no adult is directly involved. This includes sexual activity between children that occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion;[13] particularly when physical force, threats, trickery, or emotional manipulation are used to elicit cooperation.

Child sexual abuse

Main article: Child sexual abuse

See also: :Category:Child sexual abuse, Child sexual abuse laws in the United States, False allegation of child sexual abuse, Laws regarding child sexual abuse, and Relationship between child pornography and child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[14][15] Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.[14][16][17]

Church abuse
See: Abuse#Spiritual abuse

Civil rights abuse

Main article: Civil rights

Clandestine abuse
Main article: Clandestine abuse Clandestine abuse is sexual, psychological, or physical abuse "that is kept secret for a purpose, concealed, or underhanded."[18]

Clerical abuse
See: Catholic sex abuse cases

Corporate abuse
Main articles: Accounting scandals, Corporate behaviour, Corporate crime, Control fraud, and List of corporate scandals

Corruption
Main article: Corruption See also: Category:Corruption, Corruption in local government, Police corruption, and Political corruption Corruption can be defined as the misuse of public office for private gain. This involves putting personal interests above those of the people and ideals he or she is pledged to serve. It comes in many forms, is often subjective and can range in severity. Corruption can involve promises, threats or both.

Cyber abuse or cyber bullying

Main article: Cyber-bullying

See also: Computer crime, Cyber-aggression in the workplace, Cyberstalking, Cyberterrorism, Email bomb, Flaming (Internet), Harassment by computer, Cyberbullying, and Troll (Internet) Cyberbullying "involves the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group, that is intended to harm others. -Bill Belsey"[19]

Dating abuse or dating violence

Main article: Dating abuse See also: Date rape Dating abuse is a pattern of abusive behavior exhibited by one or both partners in a dating relationship. The behavior may include, but is not limited to, physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse.

Defamation
Main article: Defamation See also: Libel and Slander Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government or nation a negative image. It is usually, but not always,[20] a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).

Detainee abuse
See: Abuse#Prison abuse or prisoner abuse

Disability abuse
Main article: Disability abuse It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by disability abuse and bullying, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[21] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled such as wheelchair-users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip but also those with learning disabilities such as autism[22][23] and dyspraxia[24][25] In the latter case, this is linked to a poor ability in physical education, and this behaviour can be encouraged by the unthinking physical education teacher. Abuse of the disabled is not limited to schools. There are many known cases in which the disabled have been abused by staff of a "care institution", such as the case revealed in a BBC Panorama programme on a Castlebeck care home (Winterbourne View) near Bristol which led to its closure and the suspension and sacking of some of the staff.[26]

Discriminatory abuse

Main articles: Discrimination, :Category:Discrimination, Template:Discrimination, Template:Discrimination sidebar, Prejudice, and Religious discrimination Discriminatory abuse involves picking on or treating someone unfairly because something about them is different, for example it may be:

age. clothing or appearance. ethnicity, nationality or culture including traits like language. gender, including gender-related traits (e.g. Pregnancy). health (such as AIDS) or disability (e.g. mental disorders). language usage. lifestyle or occupation. race or skin colour. religion or political affiliation. sexuality and sexual orientation. social class or creed. weight and height.

Discriminatory laws such as redlining have existed in many countries. In some countries, controversial attempts such as racial quotas have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination. Other acts of discrimination include political libel, defamation of groups and stereotypes based on exaggerations.

Doctor abuse
See: Bullying in medicine, Patient abuse

Domestic abuse or domestic violence

Main article: Domestic violence See also: Category:Domestic violence, Christianity and domestic violence, Common couple violence, Domestic violence and pregnancy, Effects of domestic violence on children, Epidemiology of domestic violence, and Islam and domestic violence Domestic abuse can be broadly defined as any form of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an [intimate relationship] such as marriage, cohabitation,family, dating or even friends. It is important to remember that abuse is always intentional and can not happen by accident. Domestic violence has many forms including:

Physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects), or threats thereof; Sexual abuse; Emotional abuse; Financial abuse (withholding money or controlling all money including that of other family members); Social abuse (restricting access to friends and/or family, insulting or threatening friends and/or family), controlling or domineering;

Intimidation; Stalking; Passive/covert abuse[27][28] (e.g., neglect); economic deprivation.

Domestic violence may or may not constitute a crime, depending on local statues, severity and duration of specific acts, and other variables. Alcohol consumption[29] and mental illness[30] have frequently been associated with abuse.

Drug abuse
See: Abuse#Substance abuse

Economic abuse
Main article: Economic abuse Economic abuse is a form of abuse when one intimate partner has control over the other partner's access to economic resources,[31] which diminishes the victim's capacity to support him/herself and forces him/her to depend on the perpetrator financially.[31][32][33]

Elder abuse
Main article: Elder abuse Elder abuse is a type of harm to older adults involving abuse by trusted individuals in a manner that "causes harm or distress to an older person."[34] This definition has been adopted by the World Health Organization from a definition put forward by Action on Elder Abuse in the UK.

Emotional abuse
See: Psychological abuse

Employee abuse
See: Workplace abuse or workplace bullying

False accusations
Main article: False accusations False accusations (or false allegations) can be in any of the following contexts:

informally in everyday life quasi-judicially judicially.

Financial abuse

See also: Economic abuse Financial abuse (or material abuse) is, for example, illegal or unauthorized use of a persons property, money, pension book or other valuables (including changing the person's will to name the abuser as heir), often fraudulently obtaining power of attorney, followed by deprivation of money or other property, or by eviction from own home. Further reading

Baumhoefner, Arlen Financial Abuse of the Deaf And Hard of Hearing Exposed (2006) Bechthold, Henry L. Blowing the Whistle on the Christian Church in America: The Political Hypocrisy, Double Standards and Financial Abuse Exposed (2003) Carnot, Edward J. Is Your Parent in Good Hands?: Protecting Your Aging Parent from Financial Abuse and Neglect (Capital Cares) (2003) Roubicek, Joe Financial Abuse of the Elderly; A Detective's Case Files Of Exploitation Crimes. (2008)

Flag abuse
Main article: Flag desecration Flag abuse (or flag desecration) is a term applied to various acts that intentionally destroy, damage or mutilate a flag in public, most often a national flag. Often, such action is intended to make a political point against a country or its policies. Some countries have laws forbidding methods of destruction (such as burning in public) or forbidding particular uses (such as for commercial purposes); such laws may distinguish between desecration of the country's own national flag and flags of other countries. Some countries have laws protecting the right to burn a flag as free speech.

Gaming the system

Main article: Gaming the system Gaming the system (or bending the rules, gaming the rules, playing the system, abusing the system, milking the system, or working the system) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system in order, instead, to manipulate the system for a desired outcome.[35]

Gaslighting
Main article: Gaslighting Gaslighting is a form of psychological abuse in which false information is presented to the victim with the intent of making them doubt their own memory and perception. It may simply be the denial by an abuser that previous abusive incidents ever occurred, or it could be the staging of bizarre events by the abuser with the intention of disorientating the victim.

Gay abuse or gay bashing

Main article: Gay bashing Gay bashing and gay bullying is verbal or physical abuse against a person who is perceived by the aggressor to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual, including people who are actually heterosexual or of non-specific or unknown sexual orientation.

Group psychological abuse

Main article: Group psychological abuse Group psychological abuse refers to groups where methods of psychological abuse are frequently or systematically used on their members. Such abuse would be practices that treat the members as objects one is free to manipulate instead of respecting their autonomy, human rights, identity and dignity. In a group can also play mind games with another person that can make the victim seem like they are accepted but in actuality they are backstabbing the person when his/her back is turned. When the victim requests assistance from the abusing group it is not given.

Harassment
Main article: Harassment See also: Harassment by computer, Electronic harassment, Harassment in the United Kingdom, Landlord harassment, Hostile environment sexual harassment, Mobile harassment, Power harassment, Sexual harassment, and Sexual harassment in education Harassment covers a wide range of offensive behaviour. It is commonly understood as behaviour intended to disturb or upset. In the legal sense, it is behaviour which is found threatening or disturbing. Power harassment is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace. Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.

Hate crimes
Main article: Hate crimes See also: :Category:Hate crime, Disability hate crime, Hate mail, and Hate speech Hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, or political affiliation.[36] "Hate crime" generally refers to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hatred of one or more of the listed conditions. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[37]

Hazing
Main article: Hazing Hazing is activities involving harassment, abuse, or humiliation used as a way of initiating a person into a group. Hazing is seen in many different types of groups, including in gangs, clubs, sports teams, military units, and workplaces. In the United States and Canada, hazing is often associated with Greek-letter organizations (fraternities and sororities). Hazing is often prohibited by law and may be either physical (possibly violent) or mental (possibly degrading) practices. It may also include nudity or sexually oriented activities.

Human rights abuse

Main article: Human rights See also: :Category:Human rights abuses Human rights are "basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled."[38] Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to be treated with respect and dignity, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education in some countries.

Humiliation
Main article: Humiliation Humiliation is the abasement of pride, which creates mortification or leads to a state of being humbled or reduced to lowliness or submission. It can be brought about through bullying, intimidation, physical or mental mistreatment or trickery, or by embarrassment if a person is revealed to have committed a socially or legally unacceptable act.

Incivility
Main article: Incivility See also: Workplace incivility Incivility is a general term for social behaviour lacking in civility or good manners, on a scale from rudeness or lack of respect for elders, to vandalism and hooliganism, through public drunkenness and threatening behaviour.[39]

Institutional abuse
Main article: Institutional abuse See also: Foster care#State abuses

Institutional abuse can typically occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or inpatient setting and can be any of the following:[40]

discriminatory abuse financial abuse neglect physical abuse psychological and emotional abuse sexual abuse verbal abuse

Further reading

Barter, Christine Investigating Institutional Abuse of Children (Policy, Practice, Research) (1998) Beker, Jerome Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth (Child & Youth Services) (1982) Manthorpe J, Penhale B, Stanley N Institutional Abuse: Perspectives Across the Life Course (1999) Westcott, Helen L. Institutional Abuse of Children From Research to Policy: A Review (Policy, Practice, Research S.) (1991)

Insult
Main article: Insult See also: Ad hominem, Incivility, and Rudeness An insult is an expression, statement (or sometimes behavior) which is considered degrading and offensive.

Intimidation
Main article: Intimidation See also: Witness intimidation Intimidation is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of injury or harm. It's not necessary to prove that the behavior was so violent as to cause terror or that the victim was actually frightened.[41] "The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals political, religious, or ideological in nature...through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear" can be defined as terrorism.[42]

Legal abuse
See also: Category:Abuse of the legal system Legal abuse refers to abuses associated with both civil and criminal legal action. Abuse can originate from nearly any part of the legal system, including frivolous and vexatious litigants, abuses by law enforcement, incompetent, careless or corrupt attorneys and misconduct from the judiciary itself.[43][44]

Legal abuse is responsible not only for injustice, but also harm to physical, psychological and societal health.*[45]

Lesbian abuse
See: Gay abuse or gay bashing

Malpractice
See: Negligence

Market abuse
Main article: Market abuse See also: Anti-competitive practices and Insider trading Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:[46]

have used information which is not publicly available (insider dealing) have distorted the price-setting mechanism of financial instruments have disseminated false or misleading information.

Material abuse
See: Financial_abuse

Medical abuse
See: Patient abuse, Aggression in healthcare, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in nursing, Medical malpractice and Never events

Mental abuse
See: Psychological abuse

Military abuse
Main articles: Bullying in the military, Military use of children, Military sexual trauma, War crime, and War rape War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war"; including "murder, the illtreatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of hostages, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity".[47]

War rape is rape committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or war. During war and armed conflict rape is frequently used as means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale. Military sexual trauma is sexual assault and rape experienced by military personnel. It is often accompanied by posttraumatic stress disorder.[48]

Mind abuse or mind control

Main article: Mind control See also: :Category:Mind control and Mind games Mind abuse or mind control refers to a process in which a group or individual "systematically uses unethically manipulative methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the manipulator(s), often to the detriment of the person being manipulated".[49] The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which can be seen as subverting an individual's sense of control over their own thinking, behavior, emotions or decision making.

Misconduct
Main article: Misconduct See also: Duty to report misconduct, Judicial misconduct, Official misconduct, Police misconduct, Police misconduct in the United States, Prosecutorial misconduct, Scientific misconduct, and Sexual misconduct Misconduct means a wrongful, improper, or unlawful conduct motivated by premeditated or intentional purpose or by obstinate indifference to the consequences of one's acts. Three categories of misconduct are official misconduct, professional misconduct and sexual misconduct.

Mobbing
Main article: Mobbing Mobbing means bullying of an individual by a group in any context. Identified as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial, general harassment.[50] Mobbing can take place in any group environment such as a workplace, neighbourhood or family.

Narcissistic abuse
Main article: Narcissistic abuse

Narcissistic abuse is a term that emerged in the late 20th century, and became more prominent in the 2000s decade. It originally referred specifically to abuse by narcissistic parents of their children, but more recently has come to mean any abuse by a narcissist.

Neglect
Main article: Neglect See also: Child neglect and Self-neglect Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the perpetrator is responsible to provide care for a victim who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet the victim's needs, thereby resulting in the victim's demise. Neglect may include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs for which the victim is helpless to provide for him/her/itself. The victim may be a child, physically or mentally disabled adult, animal, plant, or inanimate object.

Negligence
Main article: Negligence See also: Legal malpractice, Malpractice, Medical malpractice, Negligence in employment, and Professional negligence in English Law Negligence is conduct that is culpable because it falls short of what a reasonable person would do to protect another individual from foreseeable risks of harm.

Nurse abuse or nursing abuse

See: Bullying in nursing, Patient abuse

Online abuse
See: Abuse#Cyber abuse or cyber bullying

Parental abuse by children

Main article: Parental abuse by children Abuse of parents by their children is a common but under reported and under researched subject. Parents are quite often subject to levels of childhood aggression, typically in the form of verbal or physical abuse, in excess of normal childhood aggressive outbursts. Parents feel a sense of shame and humiliation to have that problem, so they rarely seek help and there is usually little or no help available anyway.[51][52]

Parental abuse of children

See: Abuse#Child abuse

Passiveaggressive behavior

Main article: Passiveaggressive behavior See also: Mind games, Neglect, Obstructionism, Procrastination, Silent treatment, and Social undermining Passiveaggressive behavior is a form of covert abuse. It is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations. It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is (often explicitly) responsible.

Patient abuse
Main article: Patient abuse See also: :Category:Health care professionals convicted of murdering patients, Experimentation on prisoners, Iatrogenesis, Medical harm, Medical malpractice, and Foster care#State abuses in the United States Patient abuse or neglect is any action or failure to act which causes unreasonable suffering, misery or harm to the patient. It includes physically striking or sexually assaulting a patient. It also includes withholding of necessary food, physical care, and medical attention. It applies to various contexts such as hospitals, nursing homes, clinics and home visits.[53]

Peer abuse
"Peer abuse" is an expression popularized by Elizabeth Bennett in 2006 to reinforce the idea that it is as valid to identify bullying as a form of abuse as any other type of abuse.[54] The term conveys similar connotations to the term peer victimization.

Persecution
Main article: Persecution See also: :Category:Persecution and :Category:Religious persecution Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms.

Personal abuse or personal attacks

See: Abuse#Ad hominem abuse

Physical abuse
Main article: Physical abuse Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, pain, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.

Police abuse

Main articles: Police brutality, Police corruption, and Police misconduct Police brutality is the intentional use of excessive force, usually physical, but potentially also in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by a police officer. It is in some instances triggered by "contempt of cop", i.e., perceived disrespect towards police officers. Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits and/or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police misconduct refers to inappropriate actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Police misconduct can lead to a miscarriage of justice and sometimes involves discrimination.

Political abuse
Main articles: Political corruption, :Category:Political corruption, Political repression, :Category:Political repression, and Political abuse of psychiatry This section requires expansion. (January 2010) Further reading

Behera, Navnita Chadha Perpetuating the divide: Political abuse of history in South Asia journal Contemporary South Asia, Volume 5, Issue 2 July 1996, Pages 191205 Birley, J. Political abuse of psychiatry Psychiatry, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages 2225 Bonnie, Richard J. Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 30:13644, 2002 http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/136.pdf Zwi, AB. The political abuse of medicine and the challenge of opposing it. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(6):649-57.

Prejudice
Main article: Prejudice A prejudice is a preconceived belief, opinion, or judgment toward a group of people or a single person because of race, social class, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, disability, political beliefs, religion, line of work or other personal characteristics. It also means a priori beliefs (without knowledge of the facts) and includes "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence."[55] Although positive and negative prejudice both exist, when used negatively, "prejudice" implies fear and antipathy toward such a group or person.

Prison abuse or prisoner abuse

Main article: Prisoner abuse See also: :Category:Military prisoner abuse scandals, Experimentation on prisoners, and Prison rape

Prisoner abuse is the mistreatment of persons while they are under arrest or incarcerated. Abuse falling into this category includes:

Physical abuse: hitting, beating, or other unauthorised corporal punishment. Psychological abuse: taunting, sleep deprivation, or other forms of psychological abuse, occasionally white noise Sexual abuse: forced intercourse, genital mutilation, or other forms of sexual abuse. Other abuse: refusal of essential medication, humiliation, etc. Enhanced interrogation: methods implemented in the War on Terror purportedly needed to extract information since other techniques would not yield results. Torture: any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted

Professional abuse
Main article: Professional abuse See also: Malpractice, Professional ethics, Professional negligence in English Law, and Professional responsibility Professional abusers:[56]

take advantage of their client or patient's trust exploit their vulnerability do not act in their best interests fail to keep professional boundaries

Abuse may be:

discriminatory financial physical/neglectful psychological/emotional sexual

Professional abuse always involves:

betrayal of trust exploitation of vulnerability violation of professional boundaries

Further reading

Dorpat, Theodore L. Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis (1996) Penfold, P. Susan Sexual Abuse by Health Professionals: A Personal Search for Meaning and Healing (1998)

Psychological abuse
Main article: Psychological abuse

See also: :Category:Psychological abuse Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and in the workplace.

Racial abuse
Main article: Racism Racism is abusive attitudes or treatment of others based on the belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities. It is a form of pride that one's own race is superior and, as a result, has a right to "rule or dominate others," according to a Macquarie Dictionary definition. Racism is correlated with and can foster race-based prejudice, violence, dislike, discrimination, and oppression. Racism along with extreme nationalism and ethnic bias was a common trait of fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s, led by Adolf Hitler who orchestrated the Holocaust against 6 million Jews. The Nazi party promoted racism and antisemitism to blamed German Jews and Jews for Germany's economic, social and political woes, including Germany's surrender to the allies by the Treaty of Versailles ended World War I (1918). Hitler thought Jewish intellectuals, communists and capitalists alike, were responsible and he started World War II in 1939 but he fell into defeat in 1945 by the Soviets (Russia) and the same countries (Britain, France and the USA) whom defeated Germany before.

Ragging
Main article: Ragging See also: Anti-raggers in Sri Lankan universities, Ragging in India, and Ragging in Sri Lanka Ragging is a form of abuse on newcomers to educational institutions in India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. Currently, Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world.[57][58]

Rape
Main article: Rape See also: :Category:Rape, Corrective rape, Date rape, Effects and aftermath of rape, Motivation for rape, Prison rape, Rape by gender, Rape statistics, Rape trauma syndrome, Spousal rape, Types of rape, and War rape Rape, also referred to as sexual assault, is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse with or without sexual penetration of another person without that person's consent. The rate of reporting, prosecution and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of U.S. rape victims are female and 9% are male, with 99% of the offenders being male.[59] In one survey of women, only two percent of respondents who stated they were sexually assaulted said that

the assault was perpetrated by a stranger.[60] For men, male-male rape in prisons has been a significant problem.[61]

Relational aggression
Main article: Relational aggression Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression[62] or covert bullying[63] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to relationships or social status within a group rather than physical violence.[63][64] Relational aggression is more common and more studied among girls than boys.[64]

Religious abuse
Main article: Religious abuse See also: Religious discrimination, Religious persecution, :Category:Religious persecution, and Religious terrorism Religious abuse refers to

use of religious teachings in an abusive manner that causes psychological harm . harassment or humiliation on the basis of the victim's religion, see religious discrimination misuse of a religion for selfish, secular or ideological ends, see o religion and politics o abuse of a clerical position to perpetrate non-religiously motivated abuse, such as in the Catholic sex abuse cases.[65] any form of religious violence, including o human sacrifice o violent initiation rites

Resident abuse
See: Resident abuse

Rudeness
Main article: Rudeness Rudeness (also called impudence or effrontery) is the disrespect and failure to behave within the context of a society or a group of people's social laws or etiquette.

Satanic ritual abuse

Main article: Satanic ritual abuse Satanic ritual abuse (SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, ritualistic abuse, organised abuse, sadistic ritual abuse and other variants) was a moral panic that originated in the United

States in the 1980s, spreading throughout the country and eventually to many parts of the world, before subsiding in the late 1990s.

School bullying
Main article: School bullying See also: Bullying in teaching and List of school pranks School bullying, is a type of bullying that occurs in connection with education, either inside or outside of school. Bullying can be physical, verbal, or emotional and is usually repeated over a period of time.[66][67]

Sectarian abuse
Main article: Sectarianism

Self-abuse
Main articles: Self-abasement, Self-blame, Self-destructive behaviour, Self-harm, Self-hatred, Self-neglect, and Self-victimization Self-destructive behaviour is a broad set of extreme actions and emotions including self-harm and drug abuse. It can take a variety of forms, and be undertaken for a variety of reasons. It is most visible in young adults and adolescents, but it may affect people of any age.

Sexual abuse
Main article: Sexual abuse See also: Template:Sexual abuse, :Category:Sexual abuse, Sexual harassment, Sexual misconduct, and Sexual slavery Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.[68] The term also covers any behavior by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.

Sexual bullying
Main article: Sexual bullying See also: Sexual harassment and Sexual misconduct Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a persons sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a persons face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[69]

Sibling abuse

Main article: Sibling abuse Sibling abuse is the physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. It is estimated[70] that as many as 3% of children are dangerously abusive towards a sibling, making sibling abuse more common than child abuse by parents, and more common than spousal abuse.

Smear campaign
Main article: Smear campaign A "smear campaign", "smear tactic" or simply "smear" is a metaphor for activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatized group. Sometimes smear is used more generally to include any reputation-damaging activity, including such colloquialisms as mud slinging.

Societal abuse
See: Abuse#Structural abuse

Spiritual abuse
Main article: Spiritual abuse Spiritual abuse occurs when a person in religious authority or a person with a unique spiritual practice misleads and maltreats another person in the name of God or church or in the mystery of any spiritual concept. Spiritual abuse often refers to an abuser using spiritual or religious rank in taking advantage of the victim's spirituality (mentality and passion on spiritual matters) by putting the victim in a state of unquestioning obedience to an abusive authority.

Spousal abuse
See: Abuse#Domestic abuse or domestic violence

Stalking
Main article: Stalking See also: Cyberstalking and Stalker (stalking) Stalking is unwanted attention by individuals (and sometimes groups of people) towards others. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation. The word "stalking" is used, with some differing meanings, in psychology and psychiatry and also in some legal jurisdictions as a term for a criminal offence. It may also to refer to criminal offences or civil wrongs that include conduct which some people consider to be stalking, such as those described in law as "harassment" or similar terms.

Structural abuse

Main article: Structural abuse Structural abuse is sexual, emotional or physical abuse that is imposed on an individual or group by a social or cultural system or authority. Structural abuse is indirect, and exploits the victim on an emotional, mental and psychological level. It could manifest itself through any situation within a cultural or social framework.

Substance abuse
Main article: Substance abuse See also: :Category:Substance abuse Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. If an activity is performed using the objects against the rules and policies of the matter (as in steroids for performance enhancement in sports), it is also called substance abuse. Therefore, mood-altering and psychoactive substances are not the only types of drugs abused. Using illicit drugs narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, cannabis, even glues and paints, are also considered to be classified as drug/substance abuse.[71] Substance abuse often includes problems with impulse control and impulsive behaviour.

Surveillance abuse
Main article: Surveillance abuse Surveillance abuse is the use of surveillance methods or technology to monitor the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society. Mass surveillance by the state may constitute surveillance abuse if not appropriately regulated. Surveillance abuse often falls outside the scope of lawful interception. It is illegal because it violates peoples' right to privacy.

Taunting
Main article: Taunting A taunt is a battle cry, a method in hand-to-hand combat, sarcastic remark, or insult intended to demoralize the recipient, or to anger them and encourage reactionary behaviors without thinking.[citation needed] Taunting can exist as a form of social competition to gain control of the target's cultural capital (i.e. status).[citation needed] In sociological theory, the control of the three social capitals is used to produce an advantage in the social hierarchy as to enforce one's own position in relation to others. Taunting is committed by either directly bullying, or indirectly encouraging others to bully the target. It is also possible to give a response of the same kind, to ensure one's own status. It can be compared to fighting words and trash-talk.

Teacher abuse
See: Teacher abuse

Teasing
Main article: Teasing Teasing is a word with many meanings. In human interactions, teasing comes in two major forms, playful and hurtful. In mild cases, and especially when it is reciprocal, teasing can be viewed as playful and friendly. However, teasing is often unwelcome and then it takes the form of harassment. In extreme cases, teasing may escalate to actual violence, and may even result in abuse, potentially meeting the legal definition of child abuse or even murder. Children are commonly teased on such matters as their appearance, weight, behavior, abilities, and clothing.[72] This kind of teasing is often hurtful, even when the teaser believes he or she is being playful. One may also tease an animal. Some animals, such as dogs and cats, may recognize this as play, but as in humans, teasing can become hurtful and take the form of bullying and abuse.

Telephone abuse
See: Nuisance call

Terrorism
Main article: Terrorism See also: :Category:Terrorism, :Category:Terrorism by form, Cyberterrorism, Economic terrorism, Religious terrorism, :Category:Religious terrorism, and State terrorism Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion.[73] At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism.[74][75] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). it is sometimes sponsored by state policies...when a country is not able to militarily prove itself to another enemy country.

Torture
Main article: Torture See also: Category:Psychological torture techniques Torture is any act by which severe pain, whether physical or psychological, is intentionally inflicted.

Transgender abuse or trans bashing

Main article: Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[76] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation.

Umpire abuse

Main article: Umpire abuse Umpire abuse refers to the act of abuse towards a umpire, referee, or other official in sport. The abuse can be verbal abuse (such as namecalling), or physical abuse (such as punching).

Verbal abuse or verbal attacks

Main article: Verbal abuse Verbal abuse is a form of abusive behavior involving the use of language. It is a form of profanity that can occur with or without the use of expletives. Whilst oral communication is the most common form of verbal abuse, it includes abusive words in written form. Verbal abuse is a pattern of behavior that can seriously interfere with one's positive emotional development and can lead to significant detriment to one's self-esteem, emotional well-being, and physical state. It has been further described as an ongoing emotional environment organized by the abuser for the purposes of control.

Whispering campaign
Main article: Whispering campaign A whispering campaign is a method of persuasion in which damaging rumors or innuendo are spread about the target, while the source of the rumors seeks to avoid being detected while spreading them (for example, a political campaign might distribute anonymous flyers attacking the other candidate).

Workplace abuse or workplace bullying

Main article: Workplace bullying See also: Template:Workplace, Bullying in academia, Bullying in information technology, Bullying in medicine, Bullying in nursing, Bullying in teaching, Cyber-aggression in the workplace, Control freak, Emotional tyranny, Micromanagement, Negligence in employment, Workplace aggression, Workplace conflict, Workplace incivility, and Workplace stress Workplace bullying, like childhood bullying is the tendency of individuals or groups to use persistent aggressive or unreasonable behavior against a co-worker. Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of aggression is particularly difficult because unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by a manager and takes a wide variety of forms.

Characteristics and styles of abuse

Some important characteristics and styles of abuse are:[77]

overt abuse

covert (or controlling) abuse unpredictability disproportional (exaggerated) reactions dehumanization and objectification abuse of information impossible situations (setting up to fail) control by proxy ambient abuse (gaslighting)

This section requires expansion. (January 2010)

Telltale signs of abuse

Telltale signs may include:[78] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. isolation irrational jealousy subtle presence of physical violence discounting, minimizing, and trivializing criticizing withholding blaming.

This section requires expansion. (January 2010)

Psychological characteristics of abusers

In their review of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (a longitudinal birth cohort study; n = 941) Moffitt et al.[79] report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, gender is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. The study found that whether male or female, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic mood swings; poor self-control; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression (in American society, females are, on average, approved[clarification needed] of violence against males). Moffitt et al. also argue that antisocial men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners. Male and female perpetrators of emotional and physical abuse exhibit high rates of personality disorders.[80][81][82] Rates of personality disorder in the general population are roughly 15%20%, while roughly 80% of abusive men in court-ordered treatment programmes have personality disorders.[83] There are no similar statistics on female perpetrators of family violence due to bias[citation needed] in the data gathering procedure. The only statistics available are the reports on child maltreatment,[84] which show that mothers use physical discipline on children more often than fathers, while severe injury and sexual abuse are more often perpetrated by men.[85]

Abusers may aim to avoid household chores or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, even the victim's family to their side, while shifting blame to the victim.[86][87]

Effects of abuse on victims

Main articles: Complex post-traumatic stress disorder and Psychological trauma English et al.[88] report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation and anger. Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al.[89] report that, in a survey of female patients (n = 825), 24% suffered emotional abuse, and this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems. In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner (n = 116), Hines and Malley-Morrison[90] report that victims exhibit high rates of post traumatic stress disorder and alcoholism. Namie's study[91] of workplace bullying found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace bullying exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (hypervigilance, intrusive imagery, and avoidance behaviors). A 1998 study of male college students (n = 70) by Simonelli & Ingram[92] found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population. A study of college students (n = 80) by Goldsmith and Freyd[93] report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive. Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of alexithymia (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). Jacobson et al.[94] found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts. However, a rejoinder[95] argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires. Coker et al.[96] found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female. Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina[97] found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of aftereffects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors. Analysis of large survey (n = 25,876) by LaRoche[98] found that women abused by men were slightly more likely to seek psychological help than were men abused by women (63% vs. 62%). In a 2007 study, Laurent, et al.,[99] report that psychological aggression in young couples (n = 47) is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples development because it reflects less mature coercive tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively." A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman[100] reports that psychological aggression by females is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners, while withdrawal by men is more likely to be associated with relationship dissatisfaction for both partners.

Power and control in abusive relationships

In abusive relationships, violence is posited to arise out of a need for power and control of one partner over the other. An abuser will use various tactics of abuse (e.g., physical, verbal, emotional, sexual or financial) in order to establish and maintain control over the partner. Abusers' efforts to dominate their partners have been attributed to low self-esteem or feelings of inadequacy, unresolved childhood conflicts, the stress of poverty, hostility and resentment toward women (misogyny), hostility and resentment toward men (misandry), personality disorders, genetic tendencies and sociocultural influences, among other possible causative factors. Most authorities seem to agree that abusive personalities result from a combination of several factors, to varying degrees. A causalist view of domestic violence is that it is a strategy to gain or maintain power and control over the victim. This view is in alignment with Bancroft's "cost-benefit" theory that abuse rewards the perpetrator in ways other than, or in addition to, simply exercising power over his or her target(s). He cites evidence in support of his argument that, in most cases, abusers are quite capable of exercising control over themselves, but choose not to do so for various reasons.[86] An alternative view is that abuse arises from powerlessness and externalizing/projecting this and attempting to exercise control of the victim. It is an attempt to 'gain or maintain power and control over the victim' but even in achieving this it cannot resolve the powerlessness driving it. Such behaviours have addictive aspects leading to a cycle of abuse or violence. Mutual cycles develop when each party attempts to resolve their own powerlessness in attempting to assert control. Questions of power and control are integral to the widely utilized Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project. They developed a "Power and Control Wheel" to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes (techniques used), the titles of which include: coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, minimizing, denying and blaming, using children, economic abuse, and male privilege.[101] The model attempts to address abuse by challenging the misuse of power by the perpetrator. The power wheel model is not intended to assign personal responsibility, enhance respect for mutual purpose or assist victims and perpetrators in resolving their differences. Rather, it is an informational tool designed to help individuals understand the dynamics of power operating in abusive situations and identify various methods of abuse. Critics of this model argue that it ignores research linking domestic violence to substance abuse and psychological problems.[102] Some modern research into the patterns in domestic violence has found that women are more likely to be physically abusive towards their partner in relationships in which only one partner is violent,[103][104] which draws the effectiveness of using concepts like male privilege to treat domestic violence into question; however, it may still be valid in studying severe abuse cases, which are mostly male perpetrated.[104] However, modern research into predictors of injury from domestic violence finds that the strongest predictor of injury by domestic violence is participation in reciprocal domestic violence, and that this pattern of domestic violence is more often initiated by the female in the relationship.[105]

Victim blaming

Main article: Victim blaming Victim blaming is holding the victims of a crime, an accident, or any type of abusive maltreatment to be entirely or partially responsible for the unfortunate incident that has occurred in their lives.

Cycles of abuse
Main article: Cycle of abuse This section requires expansion. (December 2009)

Intergenerational transmission of abuse

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2010)

Abuse cases
See:

Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Catholic sex abuse cases Catholic sexual abuse scandal in the United States or ==See also== Abuse defense Abuse prevention program Aggression Anger Child grooming Destabilisation Dissociation Exploitation Forced labor Human trafficking International Federation for Human Rights Narcissistic rage Pejorative Rage (emotion) Re-victimization Slavery Social undermining Terms of abuse Victimisation

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