Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) : Outline

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course
Outline
Introduction Transmission Signaling Architecture Switching Dimensioning
Subscriber statistics
Analog connections
Analog phone converts voice into analog signals The volume and pitch of the voice result in different variations of electrical current (voltage, frequency, current) Analog phone lines use the properties of electricity to convey the properties of voice
UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course 4
Electrical analogue waveform of human speech
Hello!
Analog circuit
Each analog circuit is composed of a pair of wires which powers the analog phone and allows its to function
Signaling
The local loop does not only convey voice Different signaling types are necessary
Dial tone Address signaling Busy Ringing
Loop start signaling

When the telephone is on-hook, the two wires are separated, preventing the electrical signal from flowing through the phone When the phone is lifted off-hook, the two wires are connected allowing an electrical signal (the dial tone) to flow through the phone
Address signaling
Two types of address signaling
Dual-tone Multi-frequency (DTMF)
Each button on the telephone keypad uses a pair of frequencies to generate a signal each time the user press a digit
Pulse
The rotary-dial wheel connects and disconnects the local loop circuit as it rotates around to signal a specific digit
DTMF and analog telephones
10
Pulse Dialing
spring
wheel
Regulator brake
11
DTMF (Q.23)
12
Other signaling
Ringing
The operator sends an alternating current signal down one of the wires allowing the telephone to detect and generate a ring signal
Busy
Indicate that the remote phone is busy
Ringback
Indicate that the remote phone is ringing
Signaling uses well-known frequencies defined for each country

Limitations of analog connections

Voice quality over long distance
Signal quality is degraded along with the distance traveled Repeaters regenerate both voice and noise
Problem of multiplexing several calls over the same line

Each wire is dedicated to only one call
14
Digital connections
Digital connections use digital signals instead of analog signals to convey voice
Digital signal is more resistant to noises It is possible to share a single line between simultaneous calls using time-division multiplexing
15
Analog-Digital conversion
Sampling Quantization Encoding Compression (optional)

Sampling
Fs >= 2 * fmax
3200 Hz 8000 samples per second
17
Quantization
Assign a discrete value to each sample depending on its amplitude
values samples
between two samples

Encoding
values samples
1001 1000 0110 0101
..
0110 0100 0110 0010 ..
between two samples
100110101011110011001011.
PAM multiplexing
rounds/second
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

MIC transmission
coder
decoder
21
Time Division Multiplexing

Digital voice from different communications are transmitted in different time slots (i.e. channels) of the shared line
22
T1 and E1 lines
Each voice channel at 64 Kbps is called a DS0 (Digital signal 0) T1 line is used in the US, Canada an Japan
24 DS0s
E1 line is used in Europe

30 DS0s
23
T1
1 DS0 frame = 8 bits 1 T1 frame = 24 DS0 frames + 1 framing bit = 8 * 24 + 1 = 193 bits T1 bit rate = 8000 T1 frames per second = 8000 * 193 = 1544000 bps = 1,544 Mbps
24
E1
1 DS0 frame = 8 bits 1 E1 frame = 30 DS0 + 2 control frames = 8 * 32 = 256 bits E1 bit rate = 8000 E1 frames per second = 8000 * 256 = 2 048 000 bps = 2,048 Mbps
25
Signaling in digital connections

CAS (Channel Associated Signaling)
Signaling information is transmitted using the same bandwidth as the voice
CCS (Common Channel Signaling)

Signaling information is transmitted using a separate, dedicated signaling channel
26
CAS in T1 (1)
T1 CAS steal binary bits that would have been used to communicate voice information and use them for signaling Principle
All the 8th bits of the DS0 frames in every 6th T1 frame are used for signaling
27
CAS in T1 (2)
28
CAS in T1 (3)
The four signaling bits (A, B, C and D) form signaling patterns
On-hook Off-hook Ringing
29
CAS in E1 (1)
E1 DS0 1: Framing information E1 DS0 2-16: Voice E1 DS0 17: Signaling information for the voice channels 2 16 and 18 32 E1 DS 18 32 : Voice
30
CAS in E1 (2)
31
E1 frame
Signaling superframe
IT (Intervalle de Temps = time slot) 16 conveys signaling information (e.g. on-hook or off-hook of 30 voice channels)
32
E1 superframe
Superframe period = 125 s * 16 = 2 ms
33
CCS in T1 and E1
One of the DS0 channels from a T1 or E1 link is dedicated for signaling information T1 (24 DS0)
23 voice channels
1 signaling channel (24th slot)
E1 (32 DS0)
17th slot is used as signaling channel
Signaling channel uses a dedicated signaling protocol

Q.931
Multiplexing hierarchy
T1 and E1 links are multiplexed to obtain higher speed links following two hierarchies PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
E1 (2,048 Mbps) E2 (8,448 Mbps) E3 (34,368 Mbps) E4 (139,264 Mbps) E5 (564,992 Mbps)
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

STM-1 (155,52 Mbps) STM-4 (622,08 Mbps) STM-16 (2488,32 Mbps)
35
PSTN architecture (1)
19/04/2010
36
PSTN architecture (2)

Analog telephone
Convert voice into electrical signals
Local loop
The link between the customer premises and the telecommunication service provider
Central office (CO) switch

Provides services (signaling, call routing, digit collection, etc.) to the devices on the local loop
Trunk
Provides a connection between switches
Private switch
Allow a business to operate a miniature PSTN inside its company
Digital telephone
Converts voice into binary bits
37
PBX
Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
Interconnect hundreds or thousands telephones inside a company Forward external calls to the PSTN via the trunk related the private switch of the company and the CO switch of the provider
38
Connections (1)
39
Connections (2)
Connections to the PSTN
Home users and small offices
Two-wires analog connections which can support only one call at a time Small offices can have more than one connection
Medium or large companies

One or more T1/E1 links
Interconnetion between PSTNs

A common signaling protocol need to be defined
SS7 (Signaling System 7) is an out-of-band signaling protocol for call setup, call routing, billing between operators
Numbering plans
The PSTN uses an addressing scheme based on telephone number to organize and locate the telephones E.164 is the numbering standard defined by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) Each telephone number (limited to 5 digits) includes
Country code National destination code Subscriber number
41
North American Numbering Plan
42
Switching
N please! switch switch
trunk trunk
Public switch
Typical: 10 000 lines Big: 20 000 lines Small: 3000 lines
Incoming and outgoing calls

switch switch
Incoming call
Outgoing call
44
Local call
Switch
local call
45
Transit call
Transit call Transit switches
46
Switch internal (1)
Jack panel
port matrix
Time-based matrix
47
Switch internal (2)
To realize the connections within big switches

User plane and control plane

Signaling belongs to control plane The conversation between users belongs to the user plane
line User plane Call processing line
Control plane
49
Dimensioning
One of the important issues in telephone networks is determining the number of resources (i.e. junks) needed so that the probability that the resources are insufficient is negligible
50
Notion of traffic
The traffic a of a server is the average of the time proportion during which the server is occupied
Observation period
a=
t T
[Erlang]
A server can be a link or a trunk which is considered as a resource in the context of telephone networks If a server is occupied for 10% of time, its traffic is of 0,1 Erlang
Notice about traffic n 1

In the case of single server, its traffic expressed Erlang is also its probability of occupation The traffic of a server cannot exceed 1 Erlang
52
Traffic of a group of resources (1)

The traffic A of a group of servers is the average of the total occupation time during the observation period
Observation period
The traffic of a group of L servers cannot exceed L Erlangs

Traffic of a group of resources (2)

Practical formula to calculate the traffic of a group of servers
is the average occupation time of a server n is the average of the total number of times that the server is occupied during the period T Suppose that the diverse events conducting to the occupations of server are independent
Notice about traffic n 2

The traffic of a group is the sum of the traffic of each server If all servers of the group individually have the same traffic a, then
A = La
55
Example of traffic calculation

10 000 users are connected to a switch. Each user has a traffic of 0,1 Erlangs. The calls last 3 minutes. What is the number of calls per hour through this switch? The total traffic of the switch
A = La = 10000 0,1 = 1000

We have
[Erlangs]
A=
n T n= A T
With A = 1000 Erlangs, T = 60 minutes, t = 3 minutes

n = 1000 60 = 20000 [calls per hour] 3
Law of Erlang-B
When the number of clients is high, much greater than the number of servers, the probability of blocked call is equal to
N: the number of servers A: the traffic generated by a set of clients

Example (1)
Suppose that we have a traffic A = 100 Erlangs between two central offices. What is the number of trunks that we should have between the two COs so that the probability of blocked call P(A) is smaller than = 10-4 ?
trunks
Example (2)
We calculate E1,N(A) for increasing values of N until finding the value of N so that E1,N(A) < Result: N = 137 trunks
59
Erlang-B table (1)
http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-d/dept/psp/ssb/planitu/plandoc/erlangt.pdf
Erlang-B table(2)
http://personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/vr/erlang/eng/mtaula.htm
Approximation of C. Rigault to inverse the Erlang law

If E1,N(A) = = 10-k, then
N A+ k A
Example
A = 100 k=4
N = 100 + 4 100 = 140 (trunks)

References
Tlphonie sur IP, L. Ouakil et G. Pujolle, Eyrolles 2007 CCNA Voice, J. Cioara, M. J. Cavanaugh, K. A. Krake, Cisco Press 2009 Principes de commutation numrique, C. Rigault, Hermes 1999
63

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) : Outline

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Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Electrical analogue waveform of human speech

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Loop start signaling

DTMF and analog telephones

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Signaling uses well-known frequencies defined for each country

Limitations of analog connections

Problem of multiplexing several calls over the same line

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Sampling Quantization Encoding Compression (optional)

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

between two samples

between two samples

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Time Division Multiplexing

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

E1 line is used in Europe

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Signaling in digital connections

CCS (Common Channel Signaling)

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Superframe period = 125 s * 16 = 2 ms

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

1 signaling channel (24th slot)

Signaling channel uses a dedicated signaling protocol

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

PSTN architecture (1)

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

PSTN architecture (2)

Central office (CO) switch

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Medium or large companies

Interconnetion between PSTNs

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

North American Numbering Plan

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Incoming and outgoing calls

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Transit call Transit switches

UPMC/PUF - M2 Networks - PTEL course

Switch internal (1)