VSRD International Journal of Electrical, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vol. 3 No.

5 May 2013 / 199

e-ISSN : 2231-3346, p-ISSN : 2319-2232 VSRD International Journals : www.vsrdjournals.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
DETECTION OF BEARING FAULT IN
3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR USING WAVELET
1
Ashish Kamal* and
2
V.K. Giri
1
Research Scholar,
2
Professor,
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering,
MMM Engineering College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.
*Corresponding Author : hsihsamtec@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the study of detection of bearing fault in 3 phase induction motor was carried out by monitoring and analyzing stator current
spectrum of 3 phase induction motor through wavelets. MCSA is a very popular among all the techniques, because no additional sensors
are required in this method. Hence it becomes economically cheap than other condition monitoring techniques. In this paper, the simulation
of faulted motor is carried out in MATLAB and the resulted stator current spectrum is being analyzed by WAVELET TOOL BOX in
MATLAB.
Keywords : 3 Phase Induction Motor, Bearing Fault, MCSA, WAVELET, MATLAB.

1. INTRODUCTION
With the vital growth in industries, the prodigious role of 3
phase induction motor in industries comes into action
because of its good characteristics and compatibility with 3
phase system. From economic point of view, it is necessary
to focus on condition monitoring of machine, so as to
increase the reliability and production.
The major electrical and mechanical faults that occur in the
machine are broadly classified as [1] :
Stator faults resulting from abnormal connection as
well as opening and shorting of stator supply phase.
Broken rotor bar or cracked rotor end-rings.
Bearing faults
Bent shaft resulting from rub between rotor and stator
Failure survey [2], have reported that percentage failure by
components in induction motor is typically :
Stator fault (38%)
Rotor fault (10%)
Bearing fault (40%)
Other fault (12%)
As these faults occur, the characteristics of the 3 phase
induction motor changes and it can be used to recognize the
fault. Some symptoms of machine that generally occurs are
as follows [1],
Unbalanced air-gap voltages and line currents,
Increased torque pulsations,
Decreased average torque,
Increased losses and reduction in efficiency, and
Excessive heating
Now, there are several techniques which are used for
detecting these faults [3, 4],
Electromagnetic field monitoring, search coils, coils
wound around motor shafts (axial flux related
detection),
Temperature measurements,
Infrared recognition,
Radio frequency (RF) emissions monitoring,
Noise and vibration monitoring,
Chemical analysis,
Acoustic noise measurements,
Motor current signature analysis (MCSA),
Model, artificial intelligence and neural network based
techniques.
As the occurrence percentage of bearing fault is high
therefore it is essential to draw our attention to develop a
technique to detect this fault as early as possible. Therefore,
in subsequent section mathematical calculation were
performed to analyze and detect the fault in the machine.
2. THEORY FOR BEARING FAULT AND
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY IN AIR-GAP
ECCENTRICITY
A bearing consists of four main part, cage, balls, inner race,
and outer race. Due to corrosion, overload, improper
lubrication and installation, these parts may get damage and
an air-gap eccentricity created. An air-gap eccentricity may
be defined as the non-uniform air-gap in the motor. As this
eccentricity becomes large, the resulting unbalanced radial
forces (unbalanced magnetic pull or UMP) can cause rotor
to rub with stator. There are two types of eccentricity (i)
static eccentricity, (ii) dynamic eccentricity.
Static Eccentricity : If there is a displacement in the
rotational centre of rotor with respect to geometric centre of
stator bore than it is known as static eccentricity. Such an
eccentricity is less at one point and greater at the
diametrically opposite point as shown in Figure 1.
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 200



Fig. 1: Schematic Diagram of Static Air-Gap
Eccentricity
In the case of static eccentricity, the position of minimum
air-gap length is fixed in space and if the rotor shaft
assembly is sufficiently rigid, then the level of static
eccentricity stays constant.
Considering a coordinate system whose origin lies at the
geometric centre of the stator bore. In case of healthy
condition the air-gap remains constant and given by,
= R
s
R
r
(1)
Where R
s
and R
r
is the distance of inner surface of stator
and outer surface of rotor from origin.
If we consider a damage in either in outer race or in inner
race of the bearing then rotor shifts toward the line joining
centre of bore and the point of damage, and from the figure
it can be seen that the air-gap is no longer remains uniform.
Let us consider a point P on the outer surface of rotor.
Distance of this point from the origin is given by,
r
1
= (a + r cos)
2
+ (r sin)
2

= a
2
+ 2 R
r
a cos + R
r
2

= R
r
_1 + 2
u
R
r
cos0 +
u
2
R
r
2

Since the length of air-gap is negligible with respect to
radius of rotor. Hence, neglecting
u
2
R
r
2
in above equation.
Then above equation can be written as,
r
1
= R
r
_1 + 2
a
R
r
Cos]
1
2

= R
r
_1 + 2
a
R
r
Cos
1
2
]
= R
r
+ a cos (2)
Therefore air-gap at any point P is given by
() = R
s
r
1


= R
s
R
r
a cos
= a cos (3)
As it is know that permeance of the air-gap is inversely
proportional to the air-gap length. Therefore,

cc
=
1
8()
=
1
8-acos
=
1
8(1-{cos)
(4)
Where is relative eccentricity, equal to
a
8
.
The variation of static eccentricity with different values of
relative eccentricities is shown below in fig.3.

Fig. 2 : Response of Static Permeance With Different
Values of
It can be seen from Figure 2, that static eccentricity is a
periodic function of time with period 2. Hence, the Fourier
series expansion of equation (4), gives the harmonics
contents in the permeance due to static eccentricity and
given by,

cc
=
1
8
(
0
+
1
cos +) (5)
which can be also written as

cc
=
I
se
cosi
sc

I
se
=0
(6)
Where i
se
=1,2,3, the value of magnitude of harmonics
content can be found from

I
se
=
2[1-1-{
2
]

se
{

se1-{
2
(7)
Dynamic Eccentricity : If the rotor is rotating on its centre
but the geometry of rotor is eccentric with repsect to shaft,
then the centre of rotation changes when rotor rotates and
hence it creats an dynamic eccentrcity.
The typical example of dynamic eccentricity is bent rotor
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 201


shaft whose rotor bearing are concentric with shaft bore.

Fig. 3 : Dynamic Eccentricity
Figure 3, shows the dynamic eccentricity at different instant
of time.
In reference [5], Ilker Ozelgin has shown the relationship
between magnetic flux density, magneto motive force, and
the permeance, which is given by,
B = mmf (8)
It is seen from equation (8) that magnetic flux density
depends upon the permeance as well as on mmf. The
permeance of air-gap widely depends upon three factors,
Air-gap eccentricity permeance harmonics,
Stator and rotor slot permeance harmonics, and
Permeance harmonics due to saturation.
The permeance of the air-gap bounded by slotted stator and
smooth rotor is given by

st
() =
I
st
cos i
st
S

I
st
=0
(9)
The permeance of the air-gap bounded by slotted rotor and
smooth stator is given by

t
(0, t) =

rt
cos {i
t
R(0

t)}

rt
=0
(10)
The resultant of these two permeances can be expressed as
the product of a constant and the values of two permeances.
Therefore the permeance of a slotted rotor and stator can be
expressed as,

t,st
(0, t) =

rt

rt

st
cos{(i
t
R i
st
S)0

st
i
t
R

t} (11)
Saturation can be represented by a permeance wave with
twice the number of poles and twice the frequency of the
fundamental wave [6] because the air-gap becomes
effectively larger in the regions of maximum flux density.
Hence, the permeance of a smooth and concentric air-gap
combined with the effects of saturation is expressed as

sa
(, t) =
I
sa
cos {i
sa
(2p 2
1
t)}

I
sa
) (12)
Combining equations 11, 6 and 12, gives the total
permeance as

tot
(, t) =

I
t
=0

I
st
=0

I
se
=0

I
t,
I
st
I
se
I
sa
cos {(i
rt
R

I
sa
=0
i
st
S i
sc
2i
sa
p) (i
rt
R 2i
sa

1
)t} (13)
The magneto motive force produced by the current flowing
in stator and rotor winding. Since, in almost all rotating
machine, the Distributed winding were used which
produces an trapezoidal mmf wave rather than sinusoidally.
Hence, mmf produced by stator and rotor winding
comprised of space and time harmonics. This can be
represented by (neglecting phase angle and skew)
F
t
(, t) =

I
0
s
=1
F
I
0
s
i
m
s
cos(i

s
p i
m
s

1
t) +

I
m
s
=-

I
0

=1
F
I
0

i
m

cos {i

p (i
m

s
1
+

I
m

=-
n

p
r
)t} (14)
Now the flux density distribution in the air-gap is given as
the product of the permeance and the mmf. Hence
combining equations 13 and 14 to get complete expression
of flux density distribution as
B(, t) = B
M

st

st
cos|M
I
st

I
st

s
| +
M

st

st
B
M

t
cos|M
I
t

I
t

r
|
M

t
(15)
where
H

rt
= mp i

R i
s
S i
cc
2i
su
p
H

st
= np i

R i
s
S i
cc
2i
su
p

st
= i

2i
su

rt
= i

2i
su
s
n
mp

Each of the summations has the form describing a rotating
flux density wave where the term M describes the number
of poles of the flux wave and the term t describes its
frequency. In addition, the rotational speed of each
harmonic may be calculated as /M so that the frequency of
the voltage induced in the stator winding is given by the
term in . If the above equation is examined it may be
noted that there are many terms in the mmf and permeance
series which interact to produce the same induced
frequency in the stator. These terms may not have the same
pole number or same equivalent circuit for the evaluation of
the voltages and currents induced in the supply system.
3. PROPOSED SIMULATION MODEL
The simulation model has been designed in SIMULINK on
MATLAB and it is shown in Fig. 4
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 202



Fig. 4 : Simulation Model

The model shows 3 phase asynchronous machine operating
in motoring mode. The mode of operation of this machine
can be changed by changing the mechanical torque. When
the mechanical torque is positive then it operates in
motoring mode and if it is negative than the machine
operates in generating mode. The rotor is short-circuited,
and the stator is fed from PWM inverter. The inverter uses
sinusoidal PWM, which is described in [7]. The base
frequency of the sinusoidal reference wave is set 50 Hz and
the triangular carrier wave frequency is set at 1980 Hz.
The 0.5 HP machine is fed from PWM supply and a
constant load of 20 N-m is applied. As it is started, it
reaches the set point speed in 0.9 second.
Table I : The Descriptions of The Elements Are Used In
Simulink Model
Rotor Type Squirrel-cage
Reference Frame Stationary
Motor 0.5 HP
Rated Speed 1725
Line-Line Voltage 415 Volt
Node Voltage R.M.S. 220.5
Frequency 50 Hz
Stator Resistance 0.425 ohm
Stator Inductance 2*2.0e-3H
Rotor Inductance 2.0e-3H
Rotor Resistance 0.816ohm
Mutual Inductance 69.31e-3
Inertia 0.089
Pairs of poles 2
4. SIMULATION RESULT
The simulation result for healthy 3 phase squirrel cage
induction machine is shown in Fig. 5, with four parameter
stator current, rotor current, rotor speed and
electromagnetic toque. The mechanical torque is set 20 N-
m and in healthy condition the slip of the motor is set 1. We
can see from the figure that motor reaches at steady state
after in 1 second.

(a)

(b)
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 203



(c)

(d)
Fig. 5 : Healthy Condition of the Motor, (a) Rotor
Current, (b) Stator Current, (c) Rotor Speed
(d) Electromagnetic Torque
By changing the physical parameter such as slip, the same
motor can behave like the faulty (containing bearing fault)
motor because it is the only parameter which changes as the
fault occur at bearing. Now the slip is set at 0.05 and the
corresponding simulation result are shown below in Fig. 6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
Fig. 6 : Faulty Condition of the Motor, (a) Rotor
Current, (b) Stator Current, (c) Rotor Speed,
(d) Electromagnetic Torque
From the simulation result we can see that the behavior of
all four parameters has been changed. The rotor current
which comes to steady state in 1 second in healthy
condition is now approaching steady state in 0.25 second.
The same change is also occurred in stator current. Hence
we can say that the transient period of the motor has been
reduced to of original time.
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 204


Table II : The Comparison of Healthy Motor and Motor
With Bearing Fault
Parameter
No-
load
Healthy
With
bearing
fault
Slip 0.01 1 .05
Load 0 20 20
Rotor current 59.75 72.62 53.20
Stator current 78 87.12 77.68
Rotor speed 1707 1641.58 1642.08
Electromagnetic torque 53.2 90.91 55.70
Spectrum of stator current is analyzed through WAVELET
and the corresponding result are shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 : Decomposition of Stator Current Spectrum At Level 11

Wavelet analysis consists of decomposition a signal in
hierarchical set of approximations and details. Here,
Wavelet provides us 11 level decomposition of original
signal, which shows the different harmonics frequency
components.

Fig. 8 : Frequency Domain Representation of Stator Current Spectrum

In Figure 8, the time domain signal is transferred to the
frequency domain and different harmonics components of
fundamental frequency is plotted. We can see from the plot
that the fundamental frequency component has highest peak
Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 205


and the harmonics components have small peak. The THD
is found to be 3.64 %. The presence of harmonics means
that rotor structure has small deformities in the air-gap.
5. CONCLUSION
With the help of Wavelet Transform we are able to
determine the deformities in the bearing in the form of
stator current harmonics produced due to air-gap flux
deformation. Thus Wavelet Transform is useful in
determining the minor faults or breakage in the rotor
bearing as the deformity in the air-gap flux causing
different frequency noises present in the stator current. It
has been shown that if there is a minor breakage in the
bearing the harmonics content is relatively small as
compare to that of the major breakage in the bearing
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Ashish Kamal and V.K. Giri VSRDIJEECE, Vol. III (V), May 2013 / 206