Research and Development Laboratories of the Portland Cement Association

RESEARCH

DEPARTMENT 218

Bulletin

Laboratory

Studies of Blended Cements Slag Cements

Portland Blast-Furnace

By Paul Klieger and Albert W. Isberner

Reprinted from the

JOURNAL OF THE

PCA

RESEARCH

AND

DEvELoPhmw

LABORATORIES

Vol. 9, No. 3, 2-22 (September 1967) @ Portland Cement Association, 1967

LABORATORY PORTLAND

STUDIES

OF BLENDED

CEMENTS

BLAST-FURNACE
By

SLAG CEMENTS

Paul Klieger

and Albert

W.

Isberner

PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES 5420 Old Orchard Road Skokie, Illinois 60076

P. Klfeger

A. W. Isberner

Laboratory Portland

Studies of Blended Cements Blast-Furnace Slag Cements

By Pa:l#ieger,

Manager,

INTRODUCTION

Albert W. Isberner, Research Engineer Applied Research Section Research and Development Laboratories Portland Cement Association

sYNOPSIS A comprehensive study of the properties of pastes,

mortars, furnace Five these cements Data different

and concre+e5 made with slag cements (ASTM Type IS] Type addition IS to brands a tests, in

portland blastwas undertaken. included of portland sulfate for bond in

commercial

were

number of

and one pozzolan. are presanted on alkali ages and reactivity, different

heats

hydration, conditions,

resistance,

concrete curing

strengths

of concrete to steel, resistance to freezing

creep and drying and thawing and

shrinkage, to deicer cement

scaling, and the effect of replacing with pozzolan on certain of thesa

part of the properties.

Portland blast-furnace slag cements have been in use for some time, particularly in Europe. These cements are made by intergrinding a mixture of portland cement clinker and granulated blast-furnace slag or by making an intimate and uniform blend of portland cement and fine granulated blast-furnace slag. In recent years, increased interest in this type of cement has resulted in commercial production by a number of manufacturers. A number of investigators have conducted studies of the characteristics of these cements and concretes made using them. f1.2. a)* Although some of these investigations were quite comprehensive, certain aspects were not included. In 1957 a long-range research program was initiated with the objective of developing both an understanding of the characteristics of this type of cement and concretes produced with it, and also to develop practical engineering information similar to that now available for other types of cement.
SCOPE

KEY gate creap slag sulfate

WORDS: reactions;

Air-entrained atmospheric bond curing;

concretes; pressure to deicers: of

alkali-aggre. steam curing; fly ash; reinforcement); portlandstrength;

blended freeze-thaw

cements: (materials);

(concrete heat

The program of study embraced a wide variety of laboratory work. Included were *Numbersin parentheses designatereferences at end of paper.

durability; hydration; shrinkage;

durability; pozzolans;

cements

scaling;

resistance.

Journal

of 7he PCA Research

and

chemical tests of Portland cement clinkers and granulated blast-furnace slags; chemical and physical tests of portland cements and portland blast-furnace slag cements; paste and mortar tests; concrete tests such as strength development, durability, and volume change; the effect of cement replacements; the influence of an accelerator; and bond between concrete and steel. Supplies of five different portland blast. furnace dag cements, ASTM Type IS, representing the normal product of five companies were obtained. Representative samples of granulated blast-furnace slag used in the production of each Type IS ceTABLE 1 CHEMICAL

ment were obtained, together with either the parent portland cement clinker (in two cases) or cement made from this clinker (in three cases), for supplementary tests. A laboratory mixture of four different Type I cements from the Chicago area was pre. pared to serve as a general basis for corn. parison of performance of the Type IS sam. pies.
MATERIALS Type I Cemenfs and Clinkers

Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical composition and the physical test data for the mixture of Type I cements used for comOF TYPE I CEMENTS

COMPOSITION

Specifications Item, % by wt ASTM C 150-56a, max Federal SS-C-00192b, max

Cements

I 9479~

19679b

19462 (19461)0 20.70 6.32 3.03 62.93 2.77 1.85 0.07 0.33

19465 (19464)0 20.92 6.66 2,84 63.17 1.97 2.12 0.12 1.05

19468 (19467)C 21.43 5.32 2,93 63.01 1.76 3.00 0.05 0.62

SiOj AI,O, FejO\ 7.5 6.0

21.06 5.81 2.77 63.18 5,0 2.5~ 5.0 2.5d 2S6 2.1s 0.20 0.54

20.92 5.75 2.75 62.52 2.70 2.44 0.22 0.65

Cao
MgO so, NcI1O K,O Tots I as N.zO Loss on ignition Insol. residue MnzOj Free CaO

0.60e

0.56

0.65

0.29

0.81

0.46

3,0

3.0

1.55

1.71

I .45

0.99

1.92

0.75

0.75

0.23 0.3 I 1.51 41.7 28.9

0.14 0.31 1.11 41.4 28.7 10.6 8.4

0.11 0.42 1.42 41.O 28.5 11.6 9.2

0.07 0.05 1.34 37.8 31.5 12.8 S.6

0.47 0.03 1.34 39.7 31.5 9.1 8.9

C2S
Czs C,A C,AF 15

10.7 8.4

.. ,., ..,.. . -ror complele me see Keverece 4. llMix\ure of four brad~ purchased l, XCIIiY. The two lots were

purchased

at different

times. A third lQt, 19601 I as

CIISO

used [See Table 2). CNumbers in parentheses are the lot numbers of the Type 1S cement mad. from the same clinker used for the Type I cement shown. dwhe C:3A is 8 Percent or Ie~s. When CSA is more thcm 8 percent, the maximum permissible SOJ is 3.0 Percent. Applicable only when purchaser specifies low-alkali cement,

Development

Laboratories,

September

1967

TABLE 2PHYSICAL

TESTS OF TYPE I

CEMENTS

Specifications Cement Type L Item Type L ASTM C 150-56s Blaine fineness, sq cm/g min 2BO0 2800 3425 3430 3465 3490 3165 Federal

ss-c00192b

19479~

19601b

19679b

19462 (19461)0

19465 (19464}.

1946B (l9467)o

Avg value,

Specific

gravity

3.13

3.13

3.15

3.13

3.12

Norma I consistency, %

23.5

26.0

25.5

26.0

26.5

26.5

Setting time, hn minutes Vicat, set, not less than min max expamic.n, %, 0.508 0.50 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.04 0:45 0:45d 3:00 3:20 3:00 4:00 3:00 4:00 Gillmore, initial, final, Autoclave max 1:00 10:00 I :00 I 0:00 3:20 6:15 4:00 6:50 4:20 7:30 4:30 7:20 3:25 5:00 4:55 7:20

Air content of mortar, less than max

~0, 12.0 12.0

5.8

10.9

7.2

6.6

9.6

4.7

Tensile strength of mortar, less than psi, not 3 d 7d 28 d 150 275 350 345 420 500 320 415 470 370 460 485 325 410 525 380 435 490 360 490 550

Compressive .af mortar,

strength psi, 3d 7d 28 d 1200 2100 3500 1200 2100 3500 2200 3360 4880 2580 3710 4980 2450 3600 492o 1830 2940 4900 2670 4350 5660 2640 3940 647o

not less than

.,. .Vr,lpl=lc .. - ,--- ., A,- .-. . ... .. . .. . -r, !,!,. >ee me, erence +. bMixture of four brands purchased 10cally. The three lots were purchased at different times. For Lot 19601, Only paste ,.. . ma mortar rem were made, Numbers in parentheses are the hat numbers of the Type IS cement made from the same clinker used fcw the Type I cement shown. Deleted from Federal Specificaticm 55-C-192d. Increased from 0.50 to 0.80 in ASTM C 150-61 T.

parison purposes, and the three Type I cements made from the same clinker as three of the Type IS cements. Shown also are the ASTM and Federal requirements for Type I composition applicable in 1957.
Type IS Cements

DISCUSSION Heat of Hydration

OF

TEST

RESULTS

Tables 3 and 4 show the chemical composition and physical test data for the five Type IS cements used in this study, along with the applicable ASTM and Federal requirements. A fly ash from the Chicago area was used.

The amount of heat evolved during hy. dration of 0.4 w/c pastes cured at 73 A 3 F was determined at various ages by both the heat of solution method, ASTM C 18655,( ~) and by the conduction calorimeter, a modification of the Carlson conduction calorimeter previously described by 12.* For the three Lerchf 7) in BULLETIN
* PCA RESEARCH DEPARTMENT BULLETINS will be

identifiedin the textprimarilyby the BULLETIN number. BULLETINS are available on requestin
the United States and Canada.

Journal

of The PCA Research

and

Type IS cements for which direct comparison with Type I is possible, the heat of hydration values determined by the heat of solution method are lower for Type IS at all ages than the values for Type 1. These differences are shown in Table 5. Heat of hydration by the conduction calorimeter was determined through 3 days. In most cases, values for the Type IS cements were lower than the values for the Type I cements; in some the reverse was true. The differences between the two types are shown in Table 6. Resistance Sulfate In accordance with Federal Method 2801, dated Sept. 23, 1960, gypsum was added to bring the SOa content up to 7.0 percent by weight of the cements, and mortar bars were made. ASTM C 452-60T(s) is essentially the same as this Federal method. TaMe 7 shows the expansions of these mortar bars stored in water. For the three Type IS cements for which direct comparisons can be made with Type I, the expansions at 28 days are the same. At 3 months, two
TABLE 3CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

of the Type IS cements show much less expansion than do the Type I cements. For Type IS cement Lot 19467, the expansion at 3 months exceeds that of the Type I cement. All of the expansions were considerably greater than 0.1 percent at 90 days, the expansion normally encountered with portIand cements having potential C3A contents in the range of 6 to 8 percent.(g) Lean mortar bars for storage in sulfate solution were prepared in accordance with the procedure suggested by ASTM Committee C-1,(~o) except that mechanical mixing was substituted for hand mixing. The expansion data for these bars are also shown in Table 7. If the expansion of lean mortar bars at one month can be used as a criterion, as done in Woiochows report,t~ 1) the Type I cement having a C3A content of 12.8 percent would be considered non-resistant to sulfate attack. When this clinker was used to produce Type IS cement, the expansion at one month was materially lower, but was excessive at 2 months. In two of the three
OF THE TypE IS cEMENTS

Specifications Item, % by wt Type 1S Cements ASTM C 205-56T,a max Federal SS-C-00197, max

19458 26.29 8.25 2.22 54.97

19461 24.80 8.42 2.49 54.37 4.27 1.81 0.11 0.42 0.39 1.88 0.35 0.80 0.92 0.73

19464 23.93 7.46 2.37 58.69 2.38 2.36 0.13 0.91 0.73 1.07 0.09 0.37 0.92 0.32

19467 24.12 6.55 2.52 59.36 2.31 2.07 0.06 0.63 0.47 I .97 0.50 0.10 1.93 0.26

19470 25.94 7.64 2.00 56.32 3.69 1.67 0.21 0.76 0.71 0.94 0.37 0.40 1.28 0.24

5i02 AI,03 FezO~ coo MgO So,c Na.zO KzO Total aS Na*O LOSScm ignitid Insoluble residue Mn20~ Free COO Sulfide sulfur 2.0 3.0 1.0 , .Sb 5.ob 2.5

sob

3.76 2.39 0.07 0.19 0.20

2.5

3.0 I .0 1.5

0.48 0.33 0.33 0.46

2.0 Specification

0.82

For complete title see Reference 5. I,Deleted from ASTM C 205.61 T ad Federal Sulfide sulfur not included in SOS values. Corrected for oxidation of sulfide sulfur.

WC-I

97b,

1960.

Deve~opmen} Laboratories,

September

1967

TABLE 4PHYSICAL

TESTS OF TYPE 1S CEMENTS

Specifications Cement Item Type 1S, ASTM C 205-56T Type IS, Federal Ss-c-ool 97 19458 19461 19464 19467 19470

Fineness, Retained on 325 mesh, ~0, max 12 15b 1.6 1.8 7.2 2.9 3.5

Blaine finene$$, sq cm/g Avg value, mln 3400~ 2800 4020 4525 3625 3B35 4470

Specific

gravity

3.03

3.04

3.07

3.06

3.06

Normal

conslsiency, YO

28.0

2B.5

28.0

26.5

28.0

Setting

time, hcwrv minutes initial, min final, max T:00 10:00 0:45 7:00 1:00 10200 4!30 7:00 4:10 6,30 3:55 6,30 4:00 5:45 4:00 6:00

Oillmore,

Vicat set, min max

4:15

3:55

340

3:20

3:45

Autoclave

expansion,

max

0.20

0.20

0.02

0,03

0.04

0.06

0.07

Air content of mortar,

~0, max

12

12

7.8

5,5

9.0

6.6

6.2

Tensile strength of mortar,d PSI, not less than 3d 7d 28 d 150 275 350 320 455 535 305 440 540 335 425 470 380 480 520 340 440 505

Compressive mortar, less than

strength

of 3d 7d 2B d 1200 2100 3500 1200 2100 3500 2110 3700 6600 2150 3340 6120 2060 3210 5050 2000 3260 5230 2470 4000 6690

PSI, nOt

.. . ...=ror complete title see Keterence 3, Decreased from 15 to 12 in Federal Specification SS-C-197b, Decreased from 3400 to 2800 in ASTM C 205-61T. Since deleted from ASTM specifications.

possible direct comparisons, the Type IS cements showed less expansion than the Type I cement. In the third case, akhough the Type IS showed greater expansion, particularly at 3 months and later, the onemonth expansions indicate that both would be classed as having a relatively high degree of resistance to sulfate attack. Reaction Alkali-Aggregate Mortar bars using crushed Pyrex as aggregate were made and tested in accordance with ASTM C 227-52T. (~z) The expansions of the mortar bars through 3 years are 8hown in Table 8. Whe~e a direct comparison between Type IS and its parent Type I cement is possible, the data indicate

that the expansion of the mortar bars made with the Type IS cements is considerably lower than for those made with the Type I cements, despite equal or slightly greater amounts of total alkalies in the TvDe . . IS cements.
Development of Concretes Strength at Normal Temperature. Each of curing the five Type IS cements and a laboratory mixture of Type I cement were used in nonair-entrained concretes of four different watercement ratios. * These were approximately 0.36, 0.41, 0,49, and 0.62, with the slump held in the range of 2 to 3 inches. In

*AI1water-cement ratios are expressed as ratios by weight,

Journal

of The PCA Research and

addition, air-entrained concretes were prepared with these same cements at a watercement ratio of ap~roximately 0.36, a 2- to 3-in. slump, and am contents in the range of 4 to 5 percent. Fig. 1 shows the relationships between cement content and water content per cubic yard for these concretes of like consistency. Except for three of the Type IS cements at the lowest cement content, the water requirements for the Ty e IS cements are greater than for the f aboratory mixture of Type I, probably because of the higher fineness of the Type IS cements. At the same water-cement ratio, therefore, the cement content requirements were higher for the Type IS cements, particularly at the lower water-cement ratios. However, the concretes made with the Type IS cements appeared to be more workable than those made with the Type I cement. These differences in cement content would be eliminated or moderated by designing for equal workability, rather than equal slump. Fig. 2 shows the moist-cured compressive and flexural strengths for the different test

TABLE 5HEAT OF HYDRATION OF THREE TYPE IS CEMENTS COMPARED WITH TYPE I CEMENTS

Type IS Lot Number

Difference in Heat of Hydration at Age Indicated (Type IS minus Type 1), cal per g 3d 2.2 12.4 0.9 7d 0.9 13.6 1.2

19461 19464 19467

--u_
5.8 6.2 2.1 13.8 12.9 -3.0 10.7 2.1 3,2 Id 1.6 6.1 +2.5 2d 1.l =11.7 +1,0 3d 0.5 12. +1.0 I

2S d

90 d

I yr

TABLE 6HEAT OF HYDRATION OF THREE TYPE IS CEMENTS COMPARED WITH TYPE I CEMENTS USING CONDUCTION CALORIMETER

Type IS Lot No.

Difference in Heat of Hydration at Age Indicoted (Type IS minus Type I), cal per g 4 hr +0.5 3.3 +2.1 S hr +0.7 6.4 +7.4 12hr 1,9 2.3 +s.1

19461 19464 19467

TABLE 7SULFATE

RESISTANCE

OF TYPE 1 AND

TYPE IS CEMENTS

Bars (1 xl xl 1 IA-in.) with excess gypsum made in accordance with Federal Method 2S01, Sept. 23, 1960, and stored in water. Lean mortar bars made in accordance with a procedure published by ASTM Committee C-1 ,(IO) except that machine mixing was used instead of hand mixing. Bars were 1 xl xl 1 X-in. in size, in mOld~ fOr 2 days qnd then in water fOr 7 day$ at 73 * 3F prior !O storage in 0.352M aqueous sc.lution of C P anhydrous sodium sulfate (5 percent by weight). Length changes based on length at age of 7 days.

C3A Content Cement of Portland Cement or Lot No. Type Clinker,a % 10.6 28 d 3 mo Fed. Method 2801

Expansion at Age Indicated,

Yo

(Excess Gypsum) 1 mo 2 mo

Lean Mortar 3 mo

Bars 4 mo 5 mo

19679

0.104

0.221

0.021

0.029

0.040

0.059

0.083

19458

Is

11.8

0.186

0.470

0.023

0.029

0,056

[Di,c.antinued)

19461 19462

Is
1

11,6 11.6

0.154 0.141

0.161 0.332

0.020 0.025

0.023 0.055

0.026 (0.163

0.029 at 11 wk)

0.030

19464 19465

Is I

12.s 12.8

o.179 0.171

0.422 0.790

0.028 0.112

0.212 (Badly

(LWccmtin.ed warped after

at 2 ma) 1 mo)

19467 19468

Is I

9.1 9.1

0.109 0.091

0.313 0.191

0.023 0.018

0.030 0022

0.056 0.027

0120 0.034

(Disc.) 0.042

19470

Is

10.0

0.129

0.142

0.021

0.041

(Disc.antinued)

aThe Type I clinker used in making

the Type IS cement.

Development

Laboratories,

Sepfember

1967

300

Non-Air- Entrained 2- t. 3.IMGH SLUMP

,.1
Is- 19458-X,, / s-:,~j 1s-19464/ , //

1S-19470 --.--:--&-:.;,.* #=_ .=$;-.. / J:

,, %x /

,%f , +.. , -- I -19479

1S-19467

200 t L

, 300

1 t , 400 500 600 700 CEMENT CONTENT, lb Icu yd

1
I

800

Fig,

1 Influence

of

Weight

of

Cement

per

Cubic

Yard on Water Requirement for Same Slumm Specific Gravities ;;$ ]S 3.13 3.03 to 3.07

ages plotted against watercement ratio. The specimens were 6 x 6 x 30-in. beams, Flexural strength was determined by thirdpoint loading on an 18-in. span, obtaining two tests per beam. Compressive strength was determined using the beam ends as 6in. modified cubes. In general, the compressive strengths of the concretes made with the Type IS ceTASLE 8POTENTIAL ALKALI REACTIVITY

ments were lower at the early ages than those of the concretes made with the mixture of Type I cements, At 3 months through 3 years, however, the strengths were generally equal to or greater than those of the Type I concretes. The trend was somewhat similar for flexural strength, but not quite as marked. A comparison of the averages of the strengths developed by the five Type IS cements and the Type I cement is shown in Table 9. The increase in strength at the later ages for the concretes made with Type IS cement over that for the concretes made with the mixture of Type I cements is more evident in the higher watercement ratio mixes, The average ratios indicate that the general relationship between the strength of concretes made with Type IS and Type I cements is the same for both compressive and flexural strength. A companion group of specimens was stored in air at 73 F and 50 percent RH after 7 days of moist curing. These tests showed that air-drying influences the compressive strengths of the concretes made with Type IS cements in the same manner and to the same degree as that of the concrete made with the Type I cement. Airdrying resulted in a greater reduction in flexural strengths on the average for the Type IS cements than for the Type I cement.
OF TYPE I AND TYPE 1S CEMENTS Sars 3F.

Mortar bars made In accordcmce with ASTM Test Method C 227.52T using pyrex glass os the reactive aggregate. were 1 xl xl I lA-in. in size, in molds fOr 1 day at 73F, I oo percent relative humidity, then stored over water at 100 Expansion reported is the average Iegth change of four bars based 0. the length after I day,

Expansion Lot No. Type as Na.zO, % equlv. 1 mo 3 mo

at Age Indicated,

~0

6 mo

1 yr

3 yr

19479

0.56

.120

.183

.223

.241

.263

19458

1s

0.20

.002

.006

.007

.007

,015

19461 19462

Ts r

0.39 0.29

.005 .00 I

.009 .013

.O11 .082

.013 .181

.02 I .199

19464 19465

IS I

0.73 0.8 I

.I13 .250

.181 .328

.199 .350

.197 .354

.206 .365

19467 19468

IS I

0.47 0.46

.003 ,086

.014 .160

.050 .163

.122 .169

.147

I 9470

IS

0.7 I

.0s0

.135

.163

.166

.176

Journal

of The PCA Research

and

3 yecrrs Iy 90 day 28

<

3 I day

<

o
8000

6000

4000

2000

o~

P
x 28 \ \ <;

3 yeors I year

3ye0rs I yeor 90 days

90 days

26

\:

w
x 0.4 Net 0.6
w/c

3 yeors 1 yeor

90 days

7 \ u 0.4 Net TYPE IS 0.5 WC LOT 19458 TYPE 0.7 &x 3x lx x 0.7

Net
I

VC

TYPE

LOT

19479

IS

LOT

19461

z n

3years 1 yeor 8000 90 cloys

-%
Go: 4000 ~ 2000 o 0.4 Net TYPE IS 0.5 /c LOT <; L

28

0.6

7Y
x I year x QS ~ G lx

3 years

3 years I yeor

0.4

0.5

0.6

Net

/c

Net

w/c

19464

TYPE

IS

LOT

19467

TYPE

IS

LOT

19470

Fig,

2 Strengths

of

Non-Air-Entrained Concretes Made with Type 73 F. Concretes curad continuously moist

and

Type

1S Cements.

at

Development

Laboratories,

Sepfember

1967

TABLE 9COMPRESSIVE

AND

FLEXURAL STRENGTHS OF THE CEMENTS AT VARIOUS Ratio of Average Type 1S to Type I Moist-Cured Strength at Agelndicated

AGES

Net WaterCement Ratio

ld

3d

7d I

28 d

3 mo

I yr

3 yr

Compressive Strength

L
0.36 0.44 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.53 0.62 0.97 Average 0.93 0.44 0.88 0.53 0.62 Average 0.93 0.96 0.92 Cement Net Lot No. Type w/c 19479 19458 19461 19464 19467 19470 19539. 1 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39

0.85 0.85 0.86

0.88 0.88 0.86

0.96 1.00 I .07 1.05

0.99 I .03 1.10 I.lo I .05

T
0.97 1.02 I .03 I .00 I .05

I .00 1.01 I.ol

**

1,02

m9T90

I
I 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.86 I

J~lsre~+T=T= I
0.9, I 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.13 0.87 0.87 0.90

0.97 I .02 1.00

1.01 1.06 1.01

-+&w
WITH

TABLE IOSTRENGTH

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR-ENTRAINED TYPE I AND TYPE IS CEMENTS

CONCRETES MADE

Specimenv 6x6x30-in. beams. C.redmoistat73F. Aggregate: Elgin, ill., sand and grovel [l~a-in. maxlmumslz$).

AJ
Cement lb per
CU yd

Air Content, Pressure Method, % Id 3d 7d

Test Age

Content,

Slump, in,

28 d

3 mo

I yr I

Flexural Strength, psi

534 620 600 581 571 572 590 :Im

2.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.7

4.8 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8

265 260 185 290 260 225 270

465 395 350 415 365 395 420

550 575 440 510 510 525 530

6B5 680 595 680 625 680 690

760 765 680 780 685 725 760

795 790 720 820 775 785 820

1s 1s 1s Is
B T.s

Compressive Strength (6-in. modified

cubes), psi I 2960 4110 3830 3470 3510 3760 3880

19479 19458 19461 19464 19467 19470 19539. Mixture

I 1s Ts Is Is Ls B

0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39

534 620 600 581 571 572 590

2.6 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.7

T
4.6 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 cements.

5610 6090 6420 7260 764o 7080 7550 6990 7260 7660

1400 970 1590 1280 1260 1,440

244o 2390 2610 2290 25OO 264o

of equal amounts by weight of the five T!

L
7060 5080 5380 5760 5820 6680 6560 6360 6740 4000 548o 6990

10

Journal

of The PCA Research and

The influence of air-entrainment on strength development at normal temperature is illustrated by the data in Table 10. Neutralized Vinsol resin in solution was added at the mixer to obtain concretes with air contents in the range of 41/2 to 5 percent. In addition to the Type I mixture and the five Type IS cements, a mixture of the five Type IS cements was used in concretes having net watercement ratios of about 0.40. Again, we see slightly lower strengths at the early ages and the reverse at the later ages. Table 11 shows data on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength (ASTM Method C 496-66),(13) dvnamic modulus of elasticity, and puke velo~i ty for concretes at ages of 7 and 28 days. At the same compressive strength, these properties for the concretes made with Type IS cements are essentially the same as those for the concretes made with the Type I cement mixture. An example of this is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the relationship between splitting tensile strength and compressive strength. on Strength. Fig. Effect of Temfierature 4 shows the compressive strengths of con-

MOIST CURED AT 73 F Ages : 7 and 2S days k : 0,36, 0.41, 0,44, 13 0.62 ,A A A f A A AA

.*
q

OA

.:O

/.

TYPE 1 Age MIXTURE . 7 @s o 28 cloys A

TYPE IS CEMENTS
q

.~
o 100

200

300

4C0

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH, PSI

Fig.

3 Relationship Between Compressive end Splitting Tensile Sfrength.

Strength

x 2000 tW 6 IY ~

TYP+ I -Lot Type lS-Lot

19462 19461.

Type I - Lot 19468 Type lS - Lot 19467

2000

4000

6000 STRENGTH,

8000 PSI Type I

COMPRESSIVE

: 8000 07
m w
K

$ 0 0

6000

0 -Cured q -cured at
d

40 73

F first F First

7 illys 7 Days 7 Days

4000

x-Cured Average

at 105 F First Ic : 0.42

2000

Type I - Lot 19465 Type IS - Lot 19464

I
2CCi3 4(X3O 6000 G@30 PSI 10,000 STRENGTH, Type 1

COMPRESSIVE

Fig.

4 Relationship

Between

Sfrengfhs Type

of

Concrefes

Mede

wi$h

Type

and

IS Cemenfs.

Development

Laboratories,

September

1967

71

cretes with 0.42 w/c made with three of the Type IS cements and their companion Type I cements made from the portland cement clinker. All of the concretes were mixed at 73 F. Companion groups of specimens were cured at three different temperatures for the first 7 days (40 F, 73 F and

10.5F) and then removed for further curing at 73 F for later age tests. For each set of Type I and Type IS cements., the relationship appears relatively unaffected by differences in the first 7-day curing temperature. These data indicate that strength gain of the Type IS cements is influenced by tem-

TASLE 11 STRENGTH, CONCRETES MADE

ELASTICITY, AND PULSE VELOCITY OF WITH TYPE I AND TYPE IS CEMENTS

Specimen% 6X 12-in. cylinders, three c.ampanlmw. Concretes cost at 73F and cured continuously moist at 73F.

Compressive Cement lot No, Type 7d Strength, PSI 28 d

Splitting

Tensile psi 28 d 7d

Dynamic

E,

Pulse Velocity, ft@c 7d 28 d

Strength, 7d Nominal w/c

million psi 28 d

0.36

19479

5690

7150

420

555

5.26

5.92

15850

17030

19458 19461 19464 19467 19470

1s Is Is 1s IS

5180 486o 524o 5Q40 5590

7740 7150 6910 6800 7470

415 415 450 415 430

570 530 520 575 550

4.93 4.57 5,13 5.03 5.04

5.7s 5.44 5.82 5.83 5.76

14720 15850 15390 15790 15460

16580 15870 16400 15880 15870

Nominal

w/c

0.41

19479

4610

6670

470

560

5.22

5.S6

15470

15960

19458 19461 19464 19467 19470

[s Is 1s Is Is

4170 3910 4320 425o 4620

7630 6190 6640 6420 7300

400 360 395 375 405

525 505 505 545 550

4.81 4.64 4.93 5.10 5.06

5.s5 5.54 5.62 5,94 5.94

15000 14640 15410 15310 15230

15960 15700 15620 16130 16400

Nominal

w/c

0.49

19479

3600

5750

340

465

4.95

5.83

153s0

15880

19458 19461 19464 19467 19470

1s Is Is IS G

2960 3060 3350 3170 3290

6430 5310 5680 5070 6170

330 335 380 330 305

520 425 460 460 440

4.53 4.66 4,72 4.75 4.64

5.84 5.45 5.64 5.68 5.61

15080 14220 14710 14780 14640

16400 15000 15960 15230 I 5950

Nominal

w/c

0.62

I 9479

2040

3620

235

380

4,35

5.17

14360

15080

19458 19461 19464 19467 19470

1s ls 1s IS Is

I 970 1790 1720 1890 1940

4280 3590 3940 3680 4440

205 200 225 230 240

435 380 375 380 430

4.19 4.09 4.16 4,31 4.16

5.40 5.45 5,14 5.23 5.27

14290 14170 14080 14220 14360

15070 15380 15540 15380 15970

12

Journal

of The PCA Research and

perature in the same manner as for Type I cements. Fig. 5 shows similar information on the influence of early curing temperature on strength development. Strength data are shown for the mixture of the five Ty e IS cements and the laboratory mixture o 1four Type I portland cements. For concretes at the same initial temperature of 73 F after mixing, the influence of early curing temperature for the two types of cement is shown clearly. This comparison also shows that the two types of cement react to temperature in a like manner insofar as strength development is concerned. Fig. 6 shows information on the iniluence of initial concrete temperature on subsequent strength development. The same concrete proportions used at 73 F were used at both 40 F and 105 F. By this means, the concretes mixed at the three different temperatures can be compared on the basis of equal cement content and equal water-cement ratios; only the consistency changed significantly with temperature of concrete. Despite the changes in consistency with initial concrete temperature, no difficulties in compaction were encountered. Immediately after mixing and molding of specimens, some of the speci. mens were placed in the 73 F environment and cured continuously at this temperature until tested. Under these conditions, as shown in the bottom half of this figure, there appears to be little infiuence of initial concrete temperature on strength development and essentially no difference between the performance of the two types of cement. The top half of Fig. 6 illustrates the combined influence of initial concrete temperature and curing temperature during the first 7 days on subsequent strength development at 73 F. For both types of ce. ment, lower temperatures during the first 7 days resulted in higher strengths at later ages than higher temperatures during the first 7 days, as has been reported in past studies by this laboratory and others. The E#ect of Simulated Steam Curing. The expanding use of precasting has led to the use of steam curing at elevated tern eratures and atmospheric pressure to pro 8 uce relatively high strengths at early ages. Con. crete cylinders were subjected to a simulated 24-hour steam curing cycle having a 160 F temperature during the holding period as described in BULLETIN 118.{ IA) The relative humidity during the entire curing

INITIAL CONCRETE TEMPERATURE , 73 F ALL AT 73 F + 100./. R H AFTER 7 OhYS

-.. -. ~.. %-. -%~--.. . - - --: ~oeoer -.. .

----

----.
----,

,
90 Oay 28

:::::,>

/-..-

Zzlz!z 40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120 F

CURING TEMPERATURE

FOR FIRST

7 OAYS,

fig.

Influence

ef

Early

Curing

Temperature 4 5 Brands Brands

on

Tg

Strength Development. Lot 19479, Mixture of ;s Lot 19539, Mixture of

10,000

ALL CONCRETESAT 73 F &FTER F!RST 7 DAYS

-e

8000 -j
~ -> 0

~ooo

G & x : a

4000

2000

5
3 7
In,tial Concrete

Inith! Concrete lenw. = I05F ,/

Initiol concreteTemperature =40F / Curl,g TemPe,oture F,,,t 7 Doy$=40F

o I [ 10,000
ALL cmcflE7E3 .4, ,,, AFTER CASTING SFEC1MEN9

. :
$ 8 # j

28

90

365 )

$
8000

TYPE 1

6000 4000 .

2000

In,tial Concrete Temperature = 40F

o~ 3 7 AGE, OAYS of Initial 90 28 (109 scale) Concrete 365

Fig, and

6 Influence

Temperature Deva!opment. 4 Brands 5 Brands

Curing Temperature on Strength of Type I Lot 19479, Mixture of Type IS Lot 19539, Mixture

Development

Laboratories,

September

1967

13

7000 -

STEAM CURE 4 Ho,, at 73 F 18 the h 73F6f~00%

T ; 6000 ~ . 7 W 5000

RH

: 40C0 ~ ~~ 3000 2 ~ ~, : Lj
~ s 1000

2000
NEI /. ; 0,42 TYPE 1 : 540 lb. p cu. yd, TYPE 1S , 580 lb, ,$ a, ,,

o~
AGE, OAYS (1. a.j acolel

The Eflect of Fly Ash on Strength Development. It was of interest to com are the effect of fly ash as a replacement o r cement on the strength gain properties of the Type I and Type IS cements. Fly ash from the Chicago area was used in the amounts of 20 percent and 40 percent replacements of cement by weight, in a basic 0.42 w/c mix. Curing temperatures were 40 F, 73 F, and 105 F, for the first 7 days, and 73 F thereafter. Test ages ranged from one day to one year. The data indicated that fly ash influences the strength development of the concretes made with the Type IS cements in the same manner and to essentially the same degree as it does for the concretes made with the Type I cement. For all cements and at all ages and curing temperatures, the use of fly ash as a replacement resulted in reduced concrete strengths.
Bond of Concrete to Reinforcing Steel

Fig.

7Type Type

Influence I IS

of

Steam

Curing

on

Sirangth Brands Brands

Davelopmen+. Lot 19479, Mixture Lot 19539, Mixture

of 4 of 5

cycle was maintained at 100 percent. Cylinders were made and cured for test at ages of 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. The data for 0.42 w/c concretes made with the Type I mixture and the mixture of the five Type IS cements are shown in Fig. 7. The response to simulated steam curing is similar for both types of cement. The strength gain with steam curing is significantly greater for the concretes made with the Type IS cements. The Influence of an Accelerator on Strength Development. Calcium chloride is often used as an accelerator of strength gain. Strength tests of 0.42 w/c concretes were made using the individual Type IS cements, the Type IS mixture, and the Type I mixture. Curing temperatures varied from 40 F to 105 F for the first 7 days, thereafter at 73 F. Test ages ranged from one day to one year. The data showed that the concretes made with the Type IS cements respond to the use of this accelerator in the same manner and to essentially the same degree as the concretes made with the Type I cement, The amount of acceleration differed with the different Type IS cements, as is the case with portland cements.

A comparison of the amount of bond developed between reinforcing steel and concretes made with the Type I and Type IS cements is shown in Table 12. These tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM C 234-57T. t15J It is apparent from these data that the bond developed, either at 0.005 in. slip at the loaded end or at ultimate, is essentially the same for the concretes made with both types of cement.
Craep and Drying Shrinkage of Concretes

Creep under sustained stress and drying shrinkage are physical properties of concrete having considerable significance to designers of concrete structures. Data on these two properties have been obtained for concretes made with Type I and Type IS cements. Variables included water-cement ratio, curing conditions, and the use of fly ash as a cement replacement. Fig. 8 shows the creep strains for the sustained stressesindicated and the amount of drying shrinkage through one year for the concretes made with no replacement of cement with fly ash. Concretes made with the Type IS cements have essentially the same creep and drying shrinkage characteristics as the concretes made with the Type I cement. The 0.42 w/c concretes show lower creep strains per psi of applied stress than the 0.62 w/c concretes, and also show slightly lower drying shrinkages. Compari-

Journal

of The PCA Research

and

son of the top left and bottom left sections of Fig. 8 shows that curing at elevated temperature (simulated steam curing cycle) reduced creep strains significandy for both types of cement, and reduced drying shrinkage for the concrete made with the Type I cement but had relatively little influence on the drying shrinkage of the concretes made with the Type IS cements. In Fig. 8 the drying shrinkages of the concretes cured moist for 7 days plus 21 days in air prior to loading are based on the specimen length after the 21 days of drying. The influence of fly ash as a replacement on creep under a sustained stress of 2000 psi and on drying shrinkage is shown in Fig. 9. Fly ash as a replacement, at least this particular one, appears to have little influ. ence on the creep and drying shrinkage of these concretes.

Resistance to Freezingand

Thawing

and Deicer Scaling The specimens and test procedures used in this portion of the study were as follows: Resistance to Freezing and Thawing. Specimens were 3 x 3 x 11~-in. prisms with stainless steel studs cast in the ends to permit measuring length changes over a 10in. gage length. Two complete cycles of freezing and thawing were obtained each day. The specimens were immersed in tap water during the test. The minimum specimen temperature attained was approximately 10 F and the maximum was +55 F. Rate of cooling was approximately 20 F per hour, At regular periods during the test, determinations were made of changes in length, weight, and fundamental frequency of transverse vibration (sonic modulus), This freezing and thawing test procedure produces results comparable to those obtained by the procedure outlined in ASTM C-290-57T.( ~13J

TASLE 12CONCRETE MIXTURES USED FOR BOND PULL-OUT TESTS Tests conducted in accordance with ASTM C 234-57T. Aggregate: Elgin, Ill., sand and gravel (1 k-h. maximum size). Fresh Concrete Air Content, Pressure Method, % 2.6

Cement Lc.t No. 19601 Net w/c 0.42

Type I

Cement Content, lb per Cll yd 529

Net Water, lb per CII yd 220

Slump, In. 2.9

19456 19461 I 9464 19467 19470

Is Is Is IS IS

0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

592 576 566 55s 559 Hardened Concrete

247 239 235 232 232

3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6

1.3 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.3

Send Stress, psi Cement COmp. Strength, 6x12-in. Cylinders, 28 d, psi 6060 At 0.005 Vertical Sar 1290 in. Slip at Loaded SOttOm Bar 1210 End ToP Bar 960 Vertical Sar 2630 At Ultimate Sotfom Sar 2120 Top Sar 1240

Lot No. 19601

Type I

1945B 19461 19464 19467 19470

1s IS Is Is IS

7300 6490 6510 6390 7030

1460 1670 1500 1290 1500

1130 1220 1100 1190 1240

940 8S0 700 900 9B0

2820 2730 2670 2820 3000

2460 2300 2240 2210 2320

1480 1260 1520 1240 1560

Development

Laboratories,

Sep+ember

1967

75

Resistance to Deicer Scaling. Specimens used were 3 x 6 x 15-in. slabs. The top sur. face (6x 15-in.) was covered with a 1~-in. layer of water held in by a small mortar dike at the edges. Freezing was done in a room maintained at OF and thawing at ap-

~roxima~ely 70 F. At the start of the thawing portion of the cycle, flake calcium chloride was applied to the ice in an amount equivalent to 2.4 lb per sq yd of surface area. The slabs were subjected to one cycle of this procedure each day. Visual exami-

800 600

Range of 5 TYPE 1S Cements ~-K--x,., ~< . .-< ._ -x--.---

600

600 Range of 5 TYPE IS Cements 400 Nat V, :0.12 Prior Curlno 28 days rn.(st.
Su8tolned stress, 2000 psi.

2C0 I oh & ;0

Net 10 : 0,62 Prior Curlnq: 28 days moist sustainedStress: woo ml. 120 160 200 240 AGE IN DAYS 260 320 360

r O

40

80

120

IBD 200 240 AGE IN OAYS

280

320

360

400
203

11--+=-I
400 -x--
,

--.--:-!+--:-----; --.- -200 Range of 5 TYPE IS Cements JW 1=--

TYPE I> ---* fl:x--x----s-. ----

_. ..__

---

x. -x______

Range of 5 TYPE IS Cements

6C0 620 Range of 5 TYPE IS Cements NetY+:0,42 Prlw curing:7 days m.fsl,21days air,
9,talned Strew: 2W0 Pd

of mc
,.., ,/

--,---.-+-----.

600

Range of 5 TYPE IS Cements

N,! % : 0,82 Pdm C.rlw 7 cloysmm!, Suslained Strem 1200 w 360 o 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 AGE IN DAYS 280

21 days air

40

so

120

160 200 240 AGE IN DAYS

280

320

320

36C

Concrete Stored at rigs

cylinders, 73 F and

6 Y.12 in. 50% R H ofter curing indicated.

):=
Prior _Gurlng:one daY stmm cycle. Sustoled Stress: 1200 PSI, 600 Range of 5 TYPE 1S Cements

Creep

spring

loaded.

Orying shrinhoge values ore based on length at time of applying sustained stress.

~ln d= ~g no ~ > :LJ gz

400

.-x-----

--

-x--- v R*

2(X3

TYPE

0 0

;0

80

120

160 200 240 AGE IN DAYS

260

320

360

Fig.8- Creep end Drying 16

Shrinkege

of

Concretes

Mede with TypeI and Type IS Cements.

Journal

of The PCA Research and

TYPE I MIXTURE Moist Cured 28 days Vc 0.40

TYPE IS MIXTURE Moist Cured 28 days YC , 0.40

600

N. Reo!acemenl

400

200 -

600
40% Fly Ash

20% Fly Ash

400

SUSTAINED

STRESS:

2000

P,!

SUSTAINED

STRESS : 2000

PSI

40

80

120

160

200

240

260

320 0 40 AGE, OAYS

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

ivr.

Fig.

9 Influence

of Fly Ash es a Replacementon Creep and Drying Shrinkage.

nations at regular periods were made to determine the amount of scaling, and numerical ratings were assigned as follows: O= 1= 2= 3= 4= 5= No scale Slight scale Slight to moderate scale Moderate scale Moderate to heavy scale Heavy scale

The freezing and thawing data relative to changes in fundamental transverse frequency of vibration are presented as durability factors, calculated as follows:
DF _

(ni)z (n)

xloox~

where: DF = durability factor of test specimen, n = fundamental transverse frequency at zero cycles of freezing and thawing, n,= fundamental transverse frequency at a selected number of cycles during the test, N = number of cycles at which (n,)/ (n) x 100=60 percent, or 300 cycles, whichever is less, and M = 300 cycles. The larger the numerical value of DF, the greater the durability. Changes in length

and weight and numerical scale ratings are shown in the tables after 300 cycles of test, or if the test terminated by failure of concrete prior to this time, the number of cycles of duration are shown. Sufficient specimens were prepared to provide companions for two different curing conditions prior to starting the durability tests. One group was cured continuously moist for 28 days, followed by 3 days immersion in water; the other group was cured 14 days moist plus 14 days in the air of the laboratory at 50 percent relative humidity, followed by 3 days immersion in water. Curing temperature was 73 & 3 F. The surfaces of the slabs were covered with water for the three days prior to the start of surface scaling tests. In the first group of tests, concretes having nominal water-cement ratios of 0.40 and 0.53 and air contents in the range of 4~2 to 5)4 percent, were made using the Type I laboratory mixture, the five individual Type IS cements, and the mixture of the IS cements. Neutralized Vinsol resin was added at the mixer to entrain air. The durability data for these concretes are shown in Table 13. The data indicate that the air-entrained concretes made with the Type IS cements are as resistant to freezing and thawing in water as those made with the Type I mixture, particularly when comparing durabil-

Development

Laboratories,

Sepfember

1967

17

cm
Aggregate: Elgin, Ill., sand. Eau Claire, Wk., gravel [1 -in. maximum size). Air.entraining agent: Neutralized VinsOl resin. Strength specimerw 6x1 2-in. cylinders, cured moist at 73 F. Freezing and thawing specimens: Prisms3x3xl 1 1A in. Slabs3x6xl 5 in.

TABLE 13FREEZING

AND

THAWING

TESTS OF AIR-ENTRAINED

CONCRETES

MADE

WITH

TYPE I AND

TYPE IS CEMENTS

Expansion Air Durability Am! of AEA, COmp. Strength, 18 d, Moist Cured AirDried Moist Cured AirDried Faci@ ml per lb cement Cement Cement Net Content, lb per in. % Method, CU yd Slump, Pressure Lot w/c Type No. Content, at 300 % Cycles,

Weight at 300

Change Cycles, % Moist Cured AirDried Scale Rating at 300 Cyciesb

Moist Cured

AirDried

psi
= 0.40

Nominal Net w/c

! 9601 1 5.25 5830 0.40 2.6 I.B

586

89

83

0.029

0.029

1.9

+0.3

1945B 0.40 0.40 4.70 5.10 5.05 5.20 4.0 4.4 2.8 6.2 0.40 0.40 0.40 614 2.4 614 2.4 61B 2,7 63S 2,5 2,5 4.95 4.0 19461 19464 19467 3s Is 19470 Is 1s

IS

644

6230 5640 5780 5830 5740

90 84 93 89 89

97 95 102 101 98

0.022 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.021

0.022 0.030 0.023 0.017 0.027

4.4 3.3 1.4 4.4 1.3

1.B 0.9 +0.1 O.B 0.l

4+ 4+ 2+ 2+ 2+

332 l 1+

I 95390 4.90

1s

0.40

609 2.4

3.7

6240

92

10 I

0.021

0.025

1.9

0.2

1+

Nominal Net w/c

0.53

19601

0.53

393 2.3

5.10

1.5

4510

86

103

0.033

0.014

4.2

0.3

2+

19458 Is 3s 2s IS IS 0.54 0.54 400 401 0.54 401 0.54 400 1946 I 19464 19467 19470

0.54

422

2.8 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6

5.10 4.90 4.85 5.15 4.90

2.8 3.6 2.3 2.8 2.8

4570 4220 4180 40! o 4500

86 80 74 85 B1

92 92 101 103 99

0.024 0.035 0.056 0.030 0.043

0.034 0.037 0.030 0.014 0.032

10.5 7.2 -7.7 8.8 6.8

2.2 2.4 1.9 1.9 1.l

(160) ( 75) 4+ 4+ 5

55 4 3 5

19539C

IS

0.54

393

2.3

5.00

3.0

4390

87

9B

0.033

0.027

6.8

1.6

(175)

(225)

*Based cm 300 cycles or 60~0 of original dynamic E, whichever was reached first. !,Number$ i ~arethe$es are cycles at which test was discOnlirwed. cMixture .af equal amounts by weight of the five Type IS cements.

ity factors and length changes. However, some of the conaetes made with the Type IS cements showed significantly greater weight losses in this exposure. In addition, the concretes made with the Type IS cements were considerably less resistant in the deicer scaling test than those made with the Type I mixture. The reason for these differences in performance in these laboratory tests with respect to weight loss and scaling is not clear at the moment, A study was made of the characteristics of the air voids of the hardened concrete for possible differences. These data are shown in Table 14. In the 0.40 w/c mix, the volume of air in the hardened concrete averaged lower by about one percentage oint for the Type IS cements than for the ?7ypeImixture,despiteessentiallyequal air contents in the freshly mixed concretes. However, number of voids per inch of traverse and number per urut volume, presumably more sensitive parameters, are quite similar and indicate the entrained air to be proper as to size and distribution. In the nominal 0.53 w/c mix, all of the air void characteristics for the Type IS cements are equal to or exceed those for the Type I mixture. However, it was felt desirable to repeat the 0.40 w/c mix, using the Type IS mixture, in concretes having different air contents to see if a greater volume of entrained air would be beneficial. The data for these concretes are shown in Table 15. The non-air-entrained concrete shows the expected poor durability. An air content of 5 percent resulted in significant increases in durability factor and reductions in expansion, and increased the resistance to surface scaling. Additional entrained air up to as high as 81A percent showed consistent increases in durability factor and reductions in expansion, but little change in weight loss and resistance to surface scaling. In the extensions to the Long-Time Study, described in BULLETIN157,( ~7) airentrained concrete slabs prepared with two Type IS cements have been subjected to five winters of outdoor exposure at Skokie. Flake calcium chloride has been applied to these slab surfaces a number of times each winter. Thus far, these air-entrained concretes show no indications of scaling. Based on the laboratory tests, it might have been anticipated that scaling would develop quite early in the life of these slabs. The continued performance of these outdoor specimens will be of interest with regard to this relatively poor showing in the labora-

TABIE 14AIR VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETES MADE WITH TYPE I AND TYPE IS CEMENTS Durability and mix data shown in Table 13. Dataa

Hardened

Concrete

19601 19458 19461 I 0464 19467 I 9470 I 9539~ I IS Is Is Is Is

Nominal

Net w/c

0.40

Is
I

Nominal

I
5.25 4.95 4.70 5.10 5.05 5.20 4.90 Net 5.10 5.10 4.90 4.s5 5.15 4.90 5.00 I

4.59 3.37 3.06 3.6S 3.58 3.49 3.68

12.3 10.4 11.0 10.8 13.6 12.3 13.1

4.27 4.17 6.30 3.99 7.22 7.16 6.65

w/c

0.53

I
I 3.11 3.62 3.45 3.72 3.47 3.13 r 4.45 I Of the fiVe 6.0 7.6 8.5 8.2 9.0 6.5 9.2 0.94 1.49 2.14 1.62 2.53 1.33 2.12

19601 19458 10461 19464 10467 I 9470 19539b

Is
1s Is Is Is

rs

*llnear l,~xture

averse technique. of equal ~mOunt~ by weight

Type IS cements.

tory scaling test. Grieb and Wernerf ~s) reached the following conclusion with respect to outdoor deicer scaling tests: There was no appreciable difference in the resistance to scaling between concretes prepared with slag cements [portland blastfurnace slag cements] and the corresponding portland cements in outdoor tests where calcium chloride was used for de-icing. Hansen, Vellines and Brandvoldf 19) have presented results similar to Grieb and Werners. The influence of fly ash used as a 20 percent replacement by weight of cement on durability was evaluated. The use of fly ash necessitated increases in the amount of airentraining agent required for the same air content, up to as high as 3. times the amount used for the Type I mixture alone, and 2 to 21/2 times as much for the Type IS cements alone. For the concretes frozen and thawed in water, the use of this amount of fly ash as a replacement resulted in slightly lower durability factors, equal or slightly

Development

Laboratories,

September

1967

greater expansions, and slightly increased losses in weight. The resistance to surface scaling, however, wak markedly reduced, particularly for the concretes made with the Type IS cements.
SUMMARY
AND OBSERVATIONS

This study included tests of cements, pastes, mortars and concretes using five commercial Type IS cements, three Type I cements made from clinkers used in the production of three of the Type IS cements, and a laboratory mixture of four commercial Type I cements. Data were obtained on a number of properties of paste, mortar and concretes made with these cements. Some pertinent observations based on the results of these tests are as follows: 1. Heat of hydration values by the heat of solution method were lower for Type IS cements than for the companion Type I at all ages up to 90 days. For heats of hydration determined by the conduction calorimeter at ages of 4 hours to 3 days, one of the Type IS cements was lower, while for the other two the values were approximately equal to those of the companion Type I cements. 2. There is insufficient information from these tests on which to judge the adequacy of the excess gypsum or lean mortar bar tests for sulfate resistance.

3. In tests for alkali-aggregate reactivity, mortar bars made with Type 1S cement and crushed Pyrex as aggregate show considerably lower expansions than those made with Type I cement at the same alkali content. 4. The strengths of concretes made with Type IS cements were generally lower at early ages than the strengths of concretes made with Type I cement. At 3 months, one year, and 3 years, however, the strengths were generally equal to or greater than those of the Type I cement. 5. Air drying influences the compressive strengths of the concretes made with Type IS cement in much the same manner as the strengths of those made with the Type I cement mixture used in these tests, Flexural strengths of concretes made with Type IS cements show somewhat greater reduction with air drying than those of concretes made with the Type I cement mixture used in these tests. 6. At the same compressive strength, values of dynamic modulus, pulse velocity, and splitting tensile strength are essentially equal for both types of cement. 7. The strength development of concretes made with Type IS cements is influenced by temperature in the same manner and to essentially the same degree as that of concretes made with the Type I cement, for temperatures up to 105 F.

TASLE

Mix No. . 1 2 3 4

Net w/c

15INFLUENCE OF AIR CONTENT ON THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE MADE WITH TYPE IS CEMENT Cement: Type IS, Lot No. 19461. Arvareaate Ekdn. Ill.. sand. Eau Claire, Wls., oravel (1 -in. maximum size). A;r~en;aining ;gent~ Neutralized Vlnsolresin. Freezing and thawing specimenti 3x3x 11 1A-in. prisms. De-icer scaling specimens: 3x6x 15.in. dabs. Durability Fact@ Slump, In. Alr Content, % Moist Cured AirDried Expansicm at 300 Cycles, % Moist Cured AirDried Weight Change at 300 cycles, % Moist Cured AirDried Scale Rating at 300 Cycles Moist Cured

Cement Content, lb per CIJyd

AirDried

0.40 0.40 0.39 0.3s

646 636 632 626

2.9 2.9 2.5 2.6

1.51b 4.90 6.16 S.27

a8ased on 300 cycles Or 60~0 of origins I dynamic E, whichever was reached first. bNo air-entraining agent. cNumbers In parentheses are cycles at which the test was discontinued or a durability

T
5 3 81 93 87 98 89 100

(100)0

(751 0.034 0.027 0.025

(1 00) 3.5 3.3 3.9

(75) 1.3 1.7 2.2

(117) 3+ 3 3+

(1

00)

0.036 0.027

2 2 2+

0.027

factor

of 60 reached.

20

Journal

of The PCA Research

and

8. Simulated steam curing at 160 F and atmospheric pressure resulted in a greater gain in strength for the concretes made with the Type IS cements than for those made with the Type I cement. 9. Calcium chloride as an accelerator influences strength develo ment in the same f Iy the same degree manner and to essentla for both types of cement. 10. The use of fly ash as a replacement of cement influenced strength development in the same manner and to essentially the same degree for both types of cement. For all cements and at all ages, the use of fly ash as a replacement for cement resulted in reduced strengths. 11. Bond to reinforcing steel was essentially the same for concretes made with both types of cement. 12. Concretes made with the Type IS cements have essentially the same creep and drying shrinkage characteristics as those made with the Type I cement mixture used in these tests. 13. The had little shrinkage the same use of fly ash as a replacement influence on creep and drying of these concretes. The effect was for both types of cement.

2. Grieb,William E., and Werner,George,Tew

of ConcreteContainingPortlandBlast-Furnace Slag Cements: Public Roads (October 1957), 29, 227-232(1956-58). 3. Bloem, Delmar L., Comparisonsof Strength DevelopmentBetween Portland Cement and PortlandBlast-Furnace Slag Cement: NRMCA Publication 90, National Ready Mix Concrete Association(October1959),12 pages. 4. ASTM Designation: C 150-56,StandardSpecification for Portland Cement, American 50ciety for Testing and Materials,Philadelphia. Pa. 5. ASTM Designation:C 205-.56T, StandardSpecificationfor PortlandBlast-Furnace Cement. As in Reference4. 6. ASTM Designation: C 1S6-55, StandardMethod of Test for Heat of Hydrationof Portland Cement.As in Reference4. 7. I.erch,William, The Influenceof Gypsumon the Hydrationand Propertiesof PortlandCement Pastes; American Society for Testing Materials, Proceedings 46, 1251-1292 (1946); pCA Research Department Bulletin 12. C 452-60T,Standard Meth8. ASTM Designation: od of Test for PotentialExpansion of Portland Cement MortaraExpored to Sulfate. As in
Reference 4. 9. ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement, Worfdng Committee on Sdfatc Resistance, A Performance Test for the Potential Sulfate Resistance of Portland Cement: American Society for Testing Materials, Bulletin Number 212, 37-44
(February 1956).

14. Air-entrained concretes made with Type IS cement are as resistant to freezing and thawing in water as are air-entrained concretes made with Type I cement, except that weight losses are somewhat greater for the Type IS cements. 15. Air-entrained concretes made with Type IS cements are not as resistant to laboratory deicer scaling tests as are air-entrained concretes made with Type I cement, despite the fact that the air void systems were essentially the same. Similar concretes in field exposure show adequate performance, however. 16. The use of fly ash as a 20 percent replacement of cement in air-entrained concretes made with Type IS and Type I cement had little influence on the resistance to freezing and thawing in water. However, . the resistance to deicer scaling was markedly reduced, particularly for the concretes made with the Type IS cements.
REFERENCES 1. Mather,
Bryant, Laboratory Slag Tests of Portland

10. Appendix A ~A Lean Mortar Bar Expansion Test for Sulfate Resistance of Portland Cements, (pages 264-5)] to Report of Committee C-1 on Cement, American Society for Testing Materials, Proceedings 52, 243-265(1952). 11. Wolochow, David, Determination of the Sulfate Resistance of Portland Cement: (an Appendix to Report of Committee C-1 on Cement), American Society for Testing Materials, Proceedings 52, 250-263, (1952). 12. ASTM Designation: C 227-52T, Standard Method of Test for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar Bar Method). As in Reference 4. 13. ASTM Designation: C 496-66, Splitting Tensile Strength of Molded Concrete Cylinders. As in Reference 4. 14. Klieger, Paul, Some Aspects of Durability and Volume Change of Concrete for Preatreasing, Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, 2, No. 3, 2-12 (September 196KI);

PCA Research Department Bulletin 118. 15. ASTM Designation: C 234-.57T, Standard Method of Test for Comparing Concretes on the Basis of the Bond Developed with Reinforcing Steel: As in Reference 4. 16. ASTM Designation: C 290-57T, Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete Specimens to Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water. As in Reference 4.

Cements, Journal of the American Concrete Institute (September 1957): Proceedings 54, 205-232(19.57-.58).
Blast-Furnace

Development

Laboratories,

September

1967

17. Klfegw, Paul, Extensionsto the Long-Tistte

Study of Cement Perkmmanee in Concrete: Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, & No. 1,2-14 (January 1963); PCA

Research Department Bulletin 157.

1S. Grieb, William E., and Werner, George, Sup. elementary Report on Tests of Concrete Con. taining Portland Blast-Fumaee Slag Cement,

Highway Reeeareb Board, Proceedings 40, 409. 429 (1981). 19. Hansen, W. C., Vellines, R. P., and Brandvold, W. W., Resistance of Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Concrete to Ice Removal Actionfl

Journal of the American Comrete Institute (August 1958); Proceedings 55, Concrete Briefs
285-2SS (195S-59).

PCA.R&D.Ser.1307-l

22

Journal

of The PCA Research and Development

I.aborafories,

Sepfember

1967

Bulletins Published by the Research Department Research and Development Laboratories of the Portland Cement Association
2000 Index
of Research Department Author and Subject Index. Bulletins 1-199. Annotated
Research

List with
Labo.

Publfshed by Portland Cement Association, ratories, Skokie, Illinois (1967).

and Development

201. An Isothermal

Conduction Calorimeter for Study of the Early Hydration Reactions of Portland Cements, by G, E. MONFORE and BORJEOST.
Re rinted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Labora. to r?es, 8, No. 2, 13.20 (May 1966),

202, Outdoor Concrete Exposure Test Plot at Skokie,

by PHIL J. TATMAN and ROBERTLANDGREN. Re rtnted from the Journal o the PCA Research and Development Laborato ?$ es, 8, No. 2, 30.41 (May 19J6).

203. Surface Discoloration

R. LANDGREN.

of Concrete Flatwork,

by N. R. GREENINC and

Reprinted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, 8, No, 3, 34-50 (September 1966).

204.Resistance
ress Report,

of Portland Cement Mortar to Chemical Attack A Progby WILLIAM H. KUENNING.

Reprinted from Highwav Research Record, Number 113, 43.87 (1966).

205.Kinetics

of the Thermal Decomposition of Calcium R. SH. MIKHAIL, STEPHEN BRUNAUER, and L. E. COPELAND. Reprinted from Journal of Colloid and Interface (Aprfl 1966).

Hydroxide,

by

Sctence, 21, No. 4, 394.404

206. A Review of Studies of the Effects of Restraint on the Fire Resistance

of Prestressed
GUSTAFERRO.
Reprinted from a symposium on Fire Resistance of Prestressed Concrete, held in Braunechweig, Germany, June 1965 by Federation International de la Pre. contrainte. Published by Bauverlag GmbH, Wiesbaden-Berlin.

Concrete, by C. C. CARLSON, S. L. SELVAGGIO and A. H.

207, Thermal

Conductivities of Portland Cement Paste, Aggregate and Concrete Down to Very Low Temperatures, by A. E. LENTZ and G. E.
tories, 8, No. 3, 27-33 (September 1966)

MONFORE. Reprinted from the Journal of the PCA Resea~ch and Development Labora-

208. Scaled
ISSEN.

Models in Fire Research

on Concrete Structures,

by LIONEL
LaboTa-

Reprinted from the Journal of the PCA Research to?ies, 8, No. 3, 10-26 (September 1966).

and Development

Paste Hydration of Beta-Dicalcium 209. Alite,

Silicate,

Tricalcium

Silicate,

and

by D. L. KANTRO, C. H. WEISE, and STEPHEN BRUNAUER. Reprinted from Sumposium on Structure of Portland Cement Paste and Con. crete, Highway Research Board, Special Report No. 90, 309-327 (1966).

21o. Elastic Moduli of Hardened f?ortland Cement and Tricalcium f?Jlicate Pastes: Effect of Porosity, by RICHARD A. HELMUTH, and DANICAH. TURK. Paste and ConReprinted from Sumposium on Structure of Portland Cement c~ete, Htghway Research Board, Special Report No, 90, 135-144 (1966). 211. Reactions

of Tobermorite

Gel with Aluminates,

Ferrites,

and Sul-

fates,

by L. E, COPELAND, E. BODOR, T. N. CHANG, and C. H. WEISE. Reprinted from the Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laborato~ies, 9, No. 1, 61-74 (January 1967).

212.

Fire

Endurance

of Simply-Supported

Prestressed

Concrete

Slabs,

by A, H. GUSTAFERRO and S. L. SELVAGGIO. Reprinted from JOUTTW of the Prestressed (February 1967).

Concrete Institute, 12, No. 1, 37-52

213, Some

Causes for Variation in Required Amount of Air-Entraining Agent in Portland Cement Mortars, by NATHAN R. GREENING.
Reprinted from Journal of the PCA Research and Development 9, No. 2, 22-36 (May 1967), Laboratories,

214. Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption, by R. F. CROW, W. G. HIME, and J. D. CONNOLLY. Reprinted from Journal o the PCA Research and Development Laboratories,
9, No. 2, 60-77 (May 1967 f.

215, The Reversible

and Irreversible Drying Shrinkage of Hardened Portland Cement and Tricalcium Silicate Pastes, by RICHARD A. HELMUTH
and DANICA H. TURK Reprinted from Journal of the PCA Research
9, No. 2, 8-21 (May 1967). and Development Laboratories,

216. Fire

Endurance of Concrete Floors with Embedded Electrical floor Ducts, by M. S. ABRAMS and A. H. GUSTAFERRO.

Under-

Publiehed by Portland Cement Association, Reeearch and Development Laboratories, Skokie, Illinois, October, 1967. 217.

Long-Time Study of Cement Performance in Concrete Chapter 8. Illinois Test Plot, by C, C. OLESON and GEORGE VERBECK.
Publiehed by Portland Cement Association, Research and Development Laboratories, Skokie, lIlinois, December, 1967.

218. Laboratory
Cements,

Studies of Blended Cements Portland Blast-Furnace

Slag
9,

by PAUL KLIEGER and ALBERT W. ISBERNER. Reprinted from Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, No. 3, 2-22 (September 1967).

Printed tn U.S.A.

Laboratory

Studies

of

Blended

Cements Portland Slag Cements

Blast-Furnace

KEY WORDS: Air-entrained concretes; alkali-aggregate reactions; atmospheric pressure steam curing; blended cements; bond (concrete to reinforcement); creep (materials); curing; deicers; durability; fly ash; freeze-thaw durability; heat of hydration; portland slag cements; pozzolans; scaling; shrinkage; strength; sulfate resistance. SYNOPSIS: A comprehensive study of the properties of pastes, mortars, and concretes made with portland blast-furnace slag cements (ASTM Type IS) was undertaken. Five commercial Type IS brands were included in these tests, in addition to a number of portland cements and one pozzolan. Data are presented on heats of hydration, sulfate resistance, alkali reactivity, concrete strengths for different ages and rlifferent curing conditions, bond of concrete to steel, creep and drying shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing and to deicer scaling, and the effect of replacing part of the cement with pozzolan on certain of these properties. REFERENCE: Klieger, Paul, and Isberner, Albert W., Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories (Portland Cement Association, U.S.A.), Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1967, pp. 2-22; PCA Research Department Bulletin 218.

I I
I I I I I I I I I I I i 1 I I I I I

Laboratory Studies Cements Portland Slag Cements

of Blended Blast-Furnace

KEY WORDS: Air-entrained concretes; alkali-aggregate reactions; atmospheric pressure steam curing; Mended cements; bond (concrete to reinforcement); creep (materials); curing; deicers; durability; fly ash; freeze- thaw durability; heat of hydration; portland slag cements; pozzolans; scaling; shrinkage; strength; sulfate resistance. SYNOPSIS: A comprehensive study of the properties of pastes, mortars, and concretes made with portland blast-furnace slag cements (ASTM Type IS) was undertaken. Five commercial Type IS brands were included in these tests, in addition to a number of portland cements and one pozzolan. Data are presented on heats of hydration, sulfate resistance, alkali reactivity, concrete strengths for different ages ancl different curing conditions, bond of concrete to steel, creep and drying shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing and to deicer scaling, and the effect of replacing part of the cement with pozzolan on certain of these properties. REFERENCE:

I
I

and Development

Klieger, Paul, and Isberner, Albert W., Journal of the PCA Research Laboratories (Portland Cement Association, U.S.A.), Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1967, pp. 2-22; PCA Research Department Bulletin 218.

I I
Laboratory Studies Cements Portland Slag Cements of Blended Blast-Furnace

KEY WORDS: Air-entrained concretes; alkali-aggregate reactions; atmospheric Pressure steam curing; blended cements; bond (concrete to reinforcement); creep (materials); curing; deicers; durability; fly ash; freeze-thaw durability; heat of hydration; portland slag cements; pozzolans; scaling; shrinkage; strength; sulfate resistance. SYNOPSIS: A comprehensive study of the properties of pastes, mortars, and concretes made with portland blast-futnacc slag cements (ASTM Type IS) was undertaken. Five commercial Type IS brands were included in these tests, in addition to a number of portland cements and one pozzolan. Data are presented on heats of hydration, sulfate resistance, alkali reactivity, concrete strengths for different ages and cfiffererit curing conditions, bond of concrete to steel, creep and drying shrinkage, resistance to freezing and thawing and to deicer scaling, and the effect of replacing part of the cement with pozzolan on certain of these properties. Paul, and Isberner, Albert W., Journal of the PCA Research Laboratories (Portland Cement Association, U.S.A.), Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1967, pp. 2-22; PCA Research Dejrartment Bulletin 218. REFERENCE: Klieger,

and Development