center of the global economy in the age of colonization lay not in Europe, but in Asia.

China and India received the vast bulk of the gold, silver, and emeralds produced in the Americas and they rendered manufactured goods and textiles in exchange. This comes as a salutary reminder in 2010 as the global economy takes on a similar aspect. Another aim is to defetishize the emerald by taking a careful look at the brutal conditions under which the green stones were produced and exchanged. Lane examines the lives of miners, smugglers, petty stone cutters and bureaucrats in Latin America and the Caribbean. His appendix on contemporary mining in Colombia shows that these conditions have not changed much up until the present day. A final goal is to understand what motivated people in Europe, Asia, and the Americas to seek out these imperfectly shiny but rare green rocks (xii) at such great toil and expense. He brings an anthropological sensibility to this question, citing luminaries like Mauss, Malinowski, and Michael Taussig. However, this book will be remembered more for its careful archival work and engaging writing style than for its theoretical contributions. Perhaps this gap will be filled in forthcoming anthropological writing on the contemporary emerald trade.

Exporting Japan: Politics of Emigration to Latin America. Toake Endoh, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009. 280pp. Tomomi J. Emoto Queens College Exporting Japan investigates diaspora politics surrounding Latin America-bound Japanese emigrants from the 19th century through the postwar period. The text provides a comprehensive historical and socio-political overview of Japans largest diaspora movements and fosters new insights into the relationship between the state and ethnic minorities in a specific region of Japan. In doing so, it demonstrates convincingly that regional labor politics and racial and ethnic ideologies eventually led to the states involvement in emigration to Latin America. Scholars focusing on East Asia, Latin America, transnationalism, migration, racial politics, or regionalism around the world will thus find this work of particular interest. Japanese emigration to Latin America stands in contrast to a more general global migratory pattern in which people move from a less to a more prosperous economy. From 1920 to 1960, more than two hundred thousand Japanese nationals moved to Peruvian jungles, the Brazilian Amazon, and the hinterlands of Paraguay. At least half were originally from Japans southwestern region. Endoh tackles this counterintuitive pattern by focusing on domestic political environments. Her central concern is the intentions, perceptions, ideology, and actions of the Japanese state (5) with regard to southern Japan. She claims that such a regionally specific approach has been largely absent in previous studies of the Japanese diaspora. That work has placed

Reference Cited
Machuca, Bernardo de Vargas. 2008 The Indian Militia and Description of the Indies. Edited, with an introduction by Kris Lane and Translated by Timothy F. Johnson Durham: Duke University Press.

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greater emphasis on the international economy, structural issues, or transnational social networks. Exporting Japan consists of seven chapters. The first two provide an overview of the historical contexts that lead to Endohs central thesis, something elaborated in later chapters. Chapter 1 focuses specifically on migration before the Second World War and hostility in host countries. Peru and Brazil received the largest number of migrants, which spurred racism and an anti-Japanese movement. This led to internal deportation to camps and arrests. Chapter Two charts postwar immigration and reveals details of the Japanese states decision to relocate its own nationals to hostile destinations. For example, despite the objection by earlier immigrants concerned with newcomers, in 1952 Japan allowed the Brazilian government to relocate its nationals to the interior of the Amazon, a region where no European government encouraged the placement of its citizens. And in 1956, the Dominican Republic sent some Japanese to a geopolitically dangerous border area, with the intent of fending off Haitian smugglers. These newcomers pleaded for repatriation but Japan denied such requests until the desperate immigrants finally contacted the Japanese media and a Diet politician. In chapters 3 and 4 Endoh begins to explore a state agenda, which continued to relocate citizens to seemingly hostile and exclusionary environments. Her analysis centers on Japans overpopulation and regional poverty as push factors. However, the fact that Japans domestic economy improved quickly and included a labor shortage complicates any quick conclusions about the states relocation policy. Endohs analysis thus shines in chapters 5

and 6. There she introduces a southwestern Japan in which peasants, the outcast Burakumin and labor stood united against the state. She calls these various minority populations onto the analytical stage to present a critical link between regional labor history, identity politics, and state policy toward a diaspora. This unanticipated linkage is especially insightful in terms of Japanese history and migration theory more generally. Japans southwest was critical to coal, steel, and naval ship production. Such industries often relied on poorly paid workers from minority groups, including the Burakumin people, Ryukyu Islanders, and ethnic Koreans. The state was hypersensitive to the regions stability and to disturbance by labor and ethnic Others. Indeed, the southwestern labor union sympathized with the Burakumin liberation movement, and the southwestern revolutionary peasant unions also followed a far leftist orientation. The state quelled riots and other disruptions by militant groups by deploying troops. And since these alliances caused state anxiety, emigration policy was hailed as: a mighty stone for killing two birds at once in that it helped the state realize what it termed Burakumins emancipation from the agony of discrimination y and the elimination of domestic troublemakers (143). The state and the local governments thus promoted migration programs as decompressors (137) or what is called kimin seisaku, a policy that abandons people (155). The final chapter introduces another manner in which emigration benefitted the Japanese nation-state. This involves the states use of the diaspora: Whereas, the previous chapters focused on an exclusionary process of abandoning emi-

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grants, chapter 7 presents an expansionist engagement with a co-ethnic diaspora. The key to this inclusionary policy was ethnic nationalism and racial discourses that facilitated ties to the Japanese community in Latin America. In analyzing this phenomenon Endoh attempts a bit too much: imperial ambitions, strategic agricultural production, violence within the diasporic communities, and shifting postwar international relations are all interconnected in her analysis. While fascinating as written, a separate chapter elucidating Japans ethnic and racial ideology and its link to imperial history, colonialism, and nationalism would have been useful to help readers comprehend the background to and effects of these processes. Endoh is to be commended for her ability to intertwine Japans caste system, the crisis of the Cold War, class and ethnic politics, and international migration. She thus makes critical contributions to understanding Japanese movement to and within Latin America. Most of all, and most generally, by providing powerful insights into the significance of specific regional struggles that both emanated from and gave rise to solutions favoring global capitalism, this study elucidates important aspects of transnational movement and globalization.

Linked Labor Histories: New England, Colombia, and the Making of a Global Working Class. Aviva Chomsky, Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. 397 pp. n Ram rez Hernandez Sebastia Princeton University The seductive futures once conjured by champions of globalization have began to

reveal faults and unfulfilled expectations. Promises of horizontal connections, economic development, and stability for all have proven hollow or contradictory and, in the face of the most recent financial crisis, the very underpinnings of todays political economic system have been questioned by many who might otherwise be their most avid defenders. Aviva Chomsky adds another chapter to this debate, offering a multisited view of globalization from the perspective of labor. Linked Labor Histories illuminates hemispheric linkages between capital flight, migration, and labor-management relations through a series of case studies that move forward through time to reveal different configurations of capital, labor, and politics within the political economic structures wrought by participants in a globalization predicated on searches for cheap labor and friendly regulatory climates. By taking an almost centurylong look at the upheavals and contests globalized entrepreneurship has faced, Chomsky illustrates how, from its inception, the factory system has relied on capital flight and migration in order to produce and maintain inequalities between regions. In her multisited historical account, she concentrates on the ways such inequalities provide environments through which organized labor can be more fully controlled: Rather than the one-way street toward industrial organization and upward mobility she argues, modernization y has been a continuing process of creation, and exploitation, of regional differentials (163). Her account focuses on New England and Colombia as linked yet unequal sites for cheap labor, investment and disinvestment, immigration, and capital flight. Although the

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