Exercise 5 Dosage Form also known as pharmaceuticals.

It is define as preparation devised to make possible administration of medications in measured or prescribed amount. Terms Parenteral Dosage Forms are preparation introduced into the body by injection through the skin, the mucous, or the serous membranes Dosage forms for inhalation are preparations intended to be finally dispensed or vaporized to the mucous membranes of the lower part of the respiratory tract. Terms Oral Dosage Forms - are preparations intended to be taken orally. Rectal Dosage Forms - are preparations employed for systemic effect or a local action through the rectum. Term Dosage Forms For Topical application are preparations intended to be applied on instilled into eyes, nose, or ears. LIQUIDS A. Solutions a homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in another liquid; it represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of the solute or dissolved substances are dispersed among those of the solvent Solutions Water used mainly as a vehicle and as a solvent for the desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients. Aromatic water also known as medicated water, clear saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or aromatic or volatile substances. Aqueous acids official inorganic acids and certain acids although of minor significance as therapeutic agents are great importance in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Diluted acids aqueous solutions of suitable strength usually 10% w/v except diluted which is 6% w/v Douches aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a cavity of the body Enemas also known as evacuation enemas. They are rectal injections employed to evacuate bowel retention enemas to influence the general system by absorption, or to effect locally the seat of disease. acetic acid he skin or

Gargles aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat. Mouthwashes aqueous solutions which are most often used for their deodorant, antiseptic effect. refreshing, or

Juices prepared from fresh ripe fruits, aqueous in character and used in making syrups which are employed as vehicles. Solutions Nasal solutions usually aqueous solutions passages in drops or spray form. which are deigned to be administered to the nasal the administration of

Otic solutions aqueous preparations dispensed in a container which permits drops to the ear NON-AQUEOUS

Collodion liquid preparations containing pyroxillin in a mixture of ethyl ether and

ethanol.

Elixirs clear, pleasantly flavored sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids intended for oral use. Glycerites solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin NON-AQUEOUS Inhalations are solutions of drugs systemic effect. administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route for local or soap or

Liniments solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of emulsions.

Oleovitamins fish liver oils diluted with edible vegetable oil or solutions of volatile substances of the indicated vitamins or vitamin concentrates (usually A and D) in fish liver oil. NON-AQUEOUS Spirits known as essences; are alcoholic hydro-alcohol solutions of volatile substances.

Toothache drops preparations used for temporary relief of toothache by application of cotton saturated with the product into tooth cavity OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS sterile preparations to be used on the eyes Solutions intended for the eye; clear, sterile solution to be instilled into the eyes by the use of a dropper. Suspensions dispersion of finely divided relatively insoluble drug substances in an aqueous vehicle containing suitable suspending and dispersing agent.

Ointment intended for the eyes; they contain medicinal agents added to the ointment base of white petrolatum and mineral oil either as a solution or as a micronized powder.

MEDICATED OINTMENT semi-solid preparations intended for external applications to the skin or mucous membranes. CATAPLASM a soft moist mass of meals, herb, seed usually applied hot in clothes.

PASTES concentrates of absorptive powders dispersed in petrolatum or hydrophilic petrolatum POWDERS Oral powders generally supplied as finely divided or effervescent granules

Dentifrices may be prepared in the form of a bulk powders generally containing soap or detergent, mild abrasive and anticariogenic agent Douche powders soluble powders intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleaning agents for a body cavity. ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS TABLET solid dosage form containing drug substances with or without suitable diluents and prepared either by compression or molding methods. CAPSULES solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in either a hard or soft soluble container or of a suitable form of gelatin PILLS small, round, solid dosage forms containing medicinal agents and intended for oral administration ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS TROCHES also known as lozenges or pastilles; they are discoid shaped solid containing the medicinal agent in a suitably flavored base. CACHETS related to capsules in as such as they provide an edible container for administration of solid drugs. PELLETS small, sterile cylinders about 3.2 compression from medicated masses BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS Vaccines a suspension of attenuated (live) or inactivated (killed) microorganisms or fraction thereof administered to induce immunity and thus prevent infectious disease. Toxoid a modified antigen from an infectious organism used as a vaccine oral

mm in diameter by 8 mm in length, formed by

Immune globulin a solution containing antibodies from the pooled plasma of not less than 1,000 normal individuals Hyperimmune serum a special preparation obtained from human donor polls selected for high antibody titer against a specific disease Examples Dosage Forms Omega Pain Killer (Methyl salicylate, menthol, camphor) Liniment Cold Rub (Camphor, Menthol, Eucalyptus oil) Ointment Aceiti Manzanilla Solution Acrinol Tincture White Henna Powder Sebo De Macho Ointment Caladryl (Calamine) Lotion Nizoral (Ketoconazole) Cream, Shampoo, Tablet Examples Dosage Forms Dermovate (Clobetasol propionate) Cream, Ointment, Solution Dulcolax (Bisacodyl) - Tablet, Suppository Dimetapp (Brompeniramine maleate) - Syrup Ponstan (Mefenamic Acid) Capsule SF 250 mg; Tablet 500 mg; Suspension Nitro-Dur (Nitroglycerin) Transdermal Patch Nitroglycerin Tablet; Transdermal Patch Five reasons for the need for dosage forms. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. To protect the drug substance from destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen To protect the drug from the destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration To conceal the bitter, salty, or offensive taste or odor of a drug substance. To provide liquid preparations of substance that are insoluble in desired vehicle To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the bodys orifices To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites, etc.

Examples of Tablets 1. Poten-Cee Ascorbic acid Pascual 2. Alaxan Ibuprofen, Paracetamol Therapharma 3. Tylenol Paracetamol - Janssen 4. Neozep Phenylpropanolamine,chlorphenamine maleate, paracetamol Myra/Unilab 5. Flanax Naproxen Roche Example of Capsules 1. Velosef Cephradine Squibb 2. Tegopen Cloxacillin Bristol 3. Omnipen Ampicillin Wyeth 4. Imodium Loperamide Janssen 5. Darvon Aspirin, caffeine, propoxyphene Lilly Advantages and disadvantages of different dosage forms Ease of administrations Stability purposes Portability/ conveniently carried Elegance Accurate dosage Manufactured at lower cost Optimal drug action and others