ME/CEE 2342:

Fluid Mechanics Section 1 Introduction [Chapters 1 & 2 in the text book]

Paul S. Krueger Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX 75275 pkrueger@engr.smu.edu (214) 768-1296 Office: 301G Embrey
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Administrative
Website: On Blackboard (courses.smu.edu) Syllabus
Office Hours Objective Textbook Grading Homework/Assignments Exams

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Introduction
Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behavior of liquids and gases at rest and in motion. This can be divided into two areas:

Fluid Statics: Fluids at rest Fluid Dynamics: Fluids in motion

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Examples of Fluid Statics

Pressure measurement (barometric pressure)

[Source: MSN Encarta]

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Fluid forces on dams: What do you need to hold the water back?
Grand Coulee Dam

[Photo by Dennis King (www.overthedamrun.com)]

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Buoyancy and static stability: How do you keep a ship upright and dry?

[Source: www.flyingchair.net]
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Examples of Fluid Dynamics

Flow through pipes and channels: how do you get the fluid to where you need it?
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, Pipeline U.S. Petroleum Distribution Pipelines

[Source: www.calacademy.org]
P. S. Krueger

[Source: Allegro Energy Group, 2001]

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High pressure may be required to move the fluid:

Gunshot Hole in Trans-Alaska Pipeline
[Oct 4, 2001]

[Source: www.iags.org]
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Basic Pipe Flow:

No-Slip Condition: At a surface, the fluid velocity is the same as that of the surface. The result in this case is that the pipe resists the fluid motion.
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Propulsion and Thrust: How do you get things to move where you want them to go?
Turbine Propulsion Systems Boeing 737-400

[Source: MSN Encarta]

[Source: The Boeing Company]

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Drag and Lift: What forces does a fluid exert on an object? How can you modify the forces to do what you want?
Drag Experienced by a Sphere Wings Generate Lift

Wing on an Airbus Airliner

[Source: www.golfjoy.com] P. S. Krueger [Credit: Rendy Aryanto Copyright: www.sxc.hu/Rendy] ME/CEE 2342 1 - 11

General Fluid Motion: determining what will happen to fluid as it moves

[Source: topnews.in]
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But what is a fluid?

Liquid or gas Something that flows a fluid deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing force.

Solid:

Fluid:

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Because a fluid can deform continuously, we dont treat it like a particle or a collection of discrete particles, but as a continuum a continuous quantity of matter. This means we need to know what is going on at each point in the fluid. Course Objectives Calculate fluid pressures and forces in static fluids Develop techniques for analyzing flowing fluids
Bernoullis equation Control Volume analysis Dimensional Analysis Introduction to differential analysis and boundary layer theory

Analysis of Flow in Engineering Systems

Internal Flows: fluid resistance in pipes External Flows: Lift & Drag
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Fluid Properties
1) Density, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity: a) Density (): Mass per unit volume

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b) Specific Gravity (SG):

c) Specific Weight (): Weight per unit volume

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2) Pressure (p): Normal force per unit area exerted on a surface Absolute pressure: Gage pressure:

Vacuum pressure:

3) Temperature (T): A measure of the kinetic energy of atoms/molecules in a fluid. Measured in K or R:

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Property relations for gases: Ideal Gas Law

4) Speed of Sound (c): Speed at which small pressure disturbances propagate through a fluid. Mach No.:

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5) Coefficient of Compressibility or Bulk Modulus ():

is a measure of the pressure change required for a given relative density change at T = const. For liquids: For an ideal gas:

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7) Vapor Pressure (pv) For Liquids ONLY: Identical to the saturation pressure (psat), namely, the pressure at which a liquid will boil (at a given temp). Note: pv = pv(T). As T increases, pv increases. When pv reaches the local absolute pressure, the liquid boils. Likewise, if p decreases, the liquid boils when p reaches pv. Cavitation: Local boiling at regions of low pressure in flowing liquids.

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8) Viscosity: A measure of the fluidity of a fluid (its ability to flow). To quantify this idea, consider two parallel plates

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No-slip condition: Geometry:

Dynamics:

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Definition: Experiment reveals that for linear or Newtonian Fluids (water, air,)
d = dt

where = dynamic viscosity of the fluid. For the parallel plate problem,

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Also, for this problem the fluid velocity varies linearly across the channel:

So,
du = dy

Viscosity relates shear stress to velocity gradient in the normal direction.

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Note: can be a strong function of temperature Liquids: Gases:

Definition: Kinematic Viscosity

Definition: If depends on d/dt, the fluid is said to be nonNewtonian. Corn Starch Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amfjWWMg9c0)
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Example:

Fluid: Water ( = 0.001 kg/(ms) h = 1.0 mm V = 1.0 cm/s Find the force F required to hold the top plate in place.
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L = 0.02 m

W = 0.1 m (width into the page)

FBD:

Equilibrium:

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Some notes on units: Quantity

Force: F = ma Pressure: force/area Mass Density: mass/volume Specific Weight: weight/volume Dynamic Viscosity

SI
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2) 1 Pa = (1 N)/(1 m2) kg kg/m3

English
1 lbf = (1 slug)(1 ft/s2) 1 psi = (1 lbf)/(1 in2) slug slug/ft3

Comment
Usually need to convert psi to lbf/ft2 1 slug = 32.2 lbm lbm/ft3 is also used, but slug/ft3 is preferred

N/m3 Ns/m2 or kg/(ms)

lbf/ft3 lbfs/ft2 or slug/(fts)

To avoid mistakes with units in calculations, it is best to wait until the end before substituting values so consistency of units can be checked.
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