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HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES Why?

? Gasoline expensive Difficult to start engine Noisy Pollutants 1922 Rauch and Lang Electric Sedan ~50,000 EV's on the roads HERES A PICTURE OF RAUCH LANG SEDAN EV's soon disappeared does anybody have any suggestions as to Why Gasoline production became cheaper Electric starter Increased mileage LEAF AND VOLT Heres what electric vehicles look like 100 years later. These are two models which may soon enter the market, the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf. Both run on lithium ion batteries. The Leaf can run 100 miles after charging for 20 hours at 120 volts and is purely electric. The Volt can run up to 400 miles when powered by a gasoline generator (30 miles if running on pure electric). It takes 10 hours to charge at 120 volts. In 1900s, more EV's than ICE's does anybody have any suggestions as to

FUTURE SALES OF EVS

Heres a chart with predicted sales of electric vehicles up to the year 2015 for China, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Sales are predicted to increase tremendously as technology and manufacturing processes improves and becomes more efficient. China and United States are predicted to have most sales.

HOW THE WORK The 3 basic components of an EV is the rechargeable battery, controller, and electric motor. The differences between this and an gasoline vehicle is that the gasoline motor is replaced by an electric motor; the electric motor gets is power from a controller, while a controller gets is power from an array of rechargeable batteries.

THREE TYPES OF BATTERIES The three types of batteries used in electric vehicles are lead acid, nickel metal hybrid, and lithium ion batteries. As far as batteries, Lead Acid are the most popular and the cheapest. They are also 97% recyclable. The Nickel-Metal Hydride batteries are smaller than the Lead Acid and give higher performance, but also cost much more. The Lithium Ion batteries give the best performance and range, not to mention being much smaller in size than the Lead Acid, but also come with the highest price tag. All types of batteries have to be completely replaced every 3 or 4 years.

CONTROLLER

The controller regulates the voltage sent from the battery to the motor. It receives a signal from the potentiometer, which tells the controller how much power to send.

POTENTIOMETER And heres an image of a potentiometer.

THREE TYPES OF MOTORS The three basic types of motors used in electric vehicles are the DC brushless, the AC induction, and the permanent magnet motor. DC and AC stand for Direct current and Alternating Current. Direct current refers to an electric charge flowing in one direction, where as alternating current refers to an electric charge with the ability to change direction

DC MOTOR The DC motor supplies a range of 20kW to 60kW at a voltage of 96 volts. It includes an overdrive feature which accepts up to 10x more watts, which in turn is limited by heat buildup. The DC Brushless will offer the highest top speed, but the lowest acceleration. A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full 96 volts from the batteries to the motor. If the driver take his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in between, the controller "chops" the 96 volts thousands of times per second to create an average voltage somewhere between 0 and 96 volts. The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. The accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometers (variable resistors), and these potentiometers provide the signal

that tells the controller how much power it is supposed to deliver. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between.

AC MOTOR The AC motor operates in 3 phases. It includes a Regen feature which generates power back to batteries when braking, which only yields about 15% recovery. The AC Induction motor has the highest acceleration and an average top speed, but also has a higher price tag. An AC controller hooks to an AC motor. Using six sets of power transistors, the controller takes in 300 volts DC and produces 240 volts AC, 3-phase. See How the Power Grid Works for a discussion of 3-phase power. The controller additionally provides a charging system for the batteries, and a DC-to-DC converter to recharge the 12-volt accessory battery. In an AC controller, the job is a little more complicated, but it is the same idea. The controller creates three pseudo-sine waves. It does this by taking the DC voltage from the batteries and pulsing it on and off. In an AC controller, there is the additional need to reverse the polarity of the voltage 60 times a second. Therefore, you actually need six sets of transistors in an AC controller, while you need only one set in a DC controller. In the AC controller, for each phase you need one set of transistors to pulse the voltage and another set to reverse the polarity. You replicate that three times for the three phases -- six total sets of transistors.

PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR

The Permanent Magnet motor falls right in between the other two in both categories (AC and DC). a Permanent Magnet motor a coil of wire (called the armature) is arranged in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet in such a way that it rotates when a current is passed through it. Now, when a coil of wire is moving in a magnetic field a voltage is induced in the coil - so the current (which is caused by applying a voltage to the coil) causes the armature to rotate and so generate a voltage

CHARGING EVs are charged through an outlet. The two methods by which theyre charged is conductive and inductive charging. Electric cars also partake in regenerative charging, which well talk about in one second. Conductive charging requires metal to metal contact and uses the electric current to charge the . The Inductive charging process uses a much safer paddle which creates a magnetic field that charges the batteries. The Inductive charging system is more expensive, but is gaining much more support and may eventually replace Conductive charging completely. Since EVs use an electric motor, you can take advantage of the motor's momentum when you apply the brakes. Instead of converting all the potential energy in the motor into heat like a gas-powered car does, an electric car uses the forward momentum of the motor to recharge the batteries. This process is called regenerative braking. Although this process can only recover a fraction on the energy used to accelerate the car, it can increase the vehicle's range as much as 15%.

ELECTRIC VS GASOLINE Can anyone name any specific differences between electric and gasoline vehicles? EVs give of no tail pipe emissions, while gasoline vehicles are a major contributor of greenhouse gas pollution. The price of charging EVs is primarily up to the utility companies, where as the price of gas is heavily determined by OPEC, or the organization of petroleum exporting countries, which is a body composed of 12 countries with the interests of maintaining the stability of their primary export, oil. EVs get about 100 miles per charge, whereas gas vehicles get about 300 miles per tank. EVs take hours to recharge, while gas vehicles take only minutes to refuel. It would cost about 2 cents to travel a mile on an EV, compared to the 12 cents on a gas vehicle. Keep in mind that these prices are subject to change wit h respect to the supply and demand of electric vehicles.

DISADVANTAGES In general, the disadvantages of electric cars are factors of price and inconvenience. They are more expensive than traditional gasoline vehicles with fewer chioces. They are not as powerful as gasoline cars in terms of acceleration and horse power yet, and last between 50 to 130 miles depending on the model. Recharging can take up to 6 to 8 hours. The infrastructure required for the public to run electric cars is not completely available; not all cities have recharging stations and so this is inconvenient for those who need to travel long distances.

Despite not emitting tail-pipe pollution, the electricity generated by power plants still uses fossil fuels. Their batteries need to be changed every couple years, which can be costly as well as bring up environmental concerns regarding how to recycle the batteries. Many electric cars are also lighter than normal cars and thus not as safe in accidents. They are also quieter at lower speeds, therefore a safety hazard for particularly blind people, the elderly, pedestrians and cyclists on the road.

ADVANTAGES Electric cars include many advantages in terms of pollution and energy consumption. To begin with, in contrast to typical gasoline-powered cars, there is no tailpipe pollution and thus results in cleaner air in the cities. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the emission intensity of the power source used to charge the vehicle, the efficiency of the vehicle, and the energy wasted in the charging process. Currently, in the United States, electric cars emit approximately half as much carbon dioxide per kilometer driven. In fact, in 2008 there was a study in the UK that demonstrated that electric cars have the potential to cut down green house gases and carbon dioxide emissions by at least 40%.

Because electric cars can be heavier than normal cars due to the batteries, in collisions they can be safer. They dont use gasoline and thus do not have extensive running costs. In many countries right now, tax cuts or grants are incentives to buy an electric car.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, electric vehicles are slowly making their way as the predominant mode of transportation. Factors hindering their assimilation into society include their inconvenience and limited infrastructure supporting their usage " Despite these drawbacks, as technology continues to improve, electric vehicles will increase in popularity in the following years

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