Shear Walls

Types of Shear Walls

Shear Wall Stiffness
Maximum Reinforcement Requirements
Shear Strength
Example: simple building Example: simple building
Shear walls with openings
Shear Walls 1
Shear Walls
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (1.17.3.2.2): Unreinforced wall
_____________ (unreinforced) shear wall (1.17.3.2.3): Unreinforced wall
ith i ti i f t with prescriptive reinforcement.
Within 16 in. of top of wall
Structurally connected floor and roof levels
40d
b
or 24 in.
16 i
8 in.
8 i 16 in.
Control
joint
8 in.
Corners
and end
of walls
Joint reinforcement at 16 in. o.c. or bond beams at 10 ft.
Reinforcement not required at openings smaller than 16 in in either vertical or horizontal direction
10 ft.
Shear Walls 2
Reinforcement not required at openings smaller than 16 in. in either vertical or horizontal direction
Reinforcement of at least 0.2 in
2
Shear Walls
_____________ reinforced shear wall (1.17.3.2.4): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall.
______________ reinforced shear wall (1.17.3.2.5): Reinforced wall with
prescriptive reinforcement of detailed plain shear wall. Spacing of vertical
reinforcement reduced to 48 inches.
___________ reinforced shear wall (1.17.3.2.6):
1. Maximum spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement is min{1/3 length of
wall, 1/3 height of wall, 48 in. [24 in. for masonry in other than running bond]}. , g , [ y g ]}
2. Minimum area of vertical reinforcement is 1/3 area of shear reinforcement
3. Shear reinforcement anchored around vertical reinforcing with standard hook
4. Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times gross
cross sectional area of wall cross-sectional area of wall
5. Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall [0.0015 for horizontal reinforcement for masonry in
other than running bond].
Shear Walls 3
Minimum Reinforcement of Special Shear
W ll Walls
Reinforce-
8 in. CMU wall 12 in. CMU wall
Reinforce-
ment Ratio
8 in. CMU wall 12 in. CMU wall
A
s
(in
2
/ft) Possibilities A
s
(in
2
/ft) Possibilities
#4@32
#4@24
0.0007 0.064
#4@32
#5@56
0.098 #5@32
#6@48
#4@24 #4@16
0.0010 0.092
@
#5@32
#6@40
0.140
@
#5@24
#6@32
#4@16
0.0013 0.119
#4@16
#5@32
#6@40
0.181
#5@16
#6@24
Shear Walls 4
Use specified dimensions, e.g. 7.625 in. for 8 in. CMU walls.
Special Shear Walls: Design
Minimum strength, strength design (1.17.3.2.6.1.1):
Design shear strength, |V
n
, greater than 1.25 times
nominal flexural strength M except V need not be nominal flexural strength, M
n
, except V
n
need not be
greater than 2.5V
u
.
Shear Walls 5
Seismic Design Category
Seismic Design Category Allowed Shear Walls
A or B
C
D and higher
Response modification factor:
Seismic design force divided by response
modification factor, which accounts for
Shear Wall R
Ordinary plain 1.5
Detailed plain 2
ductility and energy absorption.
Detailed plain 2
Ordinary reinforced 2
Intermediate reinforced 3.5
Knoxville, Tennessee
Special reinforced 5
Knoxville, Tennessee
Category C for Use Group I and II
Category D for Use Group III (essential
facilities
Shear Walls 6
Shear Walls: Stiffness
d
h
h/d < 0.25 0.25 < h/d < 4.0 h/d >4.0
_____ stiffness
predominates
_______ stiffness
predominates
Both shear and
bending stiffness
are important
Shear Walls 7
Coupled Shear Walls
Sh W ll Shear Wall
Shear Walls 8
________ Shear Wall ___________ Shear Wall
Shear Wall Stiffness
3.1.5.1 Deflection calculations shall be based on cracked section
properties. Assumed properties shall not exceed half of gross section
properties, unless a cracked-section analysis is performed.
Cantilever wall
A
h = height of wall
A =shear area; 5/6A for a
(
| | | |
=
2
h h
Et
k
cant
= A
cant
A
v
shear area; 5/6A for a
rectangle
G = shear modulus; given
as 0.4E (1.8.2.2.2)
hi k f ll
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 4
L
h
L
h
Fi d ll t = thickness of wall
L = length of wall
Fixed wall (fixed against rotation at top)
= A
fixed
(
| | | |
=
2
h h
Et
k
fixed
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
3
L
h
L
h
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some
Shear Walls 9
Real wall is probably between two cases; diaphragm provides some
rotational restraint, but not full fixity.
T- or L- Shaped Shear Walls
Section 1.9.4 Wall intersections designed either to:
a) ____________________:
b) ____________________
Connection that transfers shear: (must be in running bond)
a) Fifty percent of masonry units interlock
b) Steel connectors at max 4ft.
c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft Reinforcing of at least 0 1in
2
per foot of wall c) Intersecting bond beams at max 4 ft. Reinforcing of at least 0.1in per foot of wall
Metal lath or wire
2-#4s
screen to support grout
1
/
4
in. x 1
1
/
2
in. x 28in.
with 2in. long 90 deg
bends at each end to
form U or Z shape
Shear Walls 11
Effective Flange Width (1.9.4.2.3)
Effective flange width on either side of web shall be
smaller of actual flange width, distance to a movement
joint, or:
Flange in compression: 6t
Flange in tension: Flange in tension:
Unreinforced masonry: 6t
Reinforced masonry: 0.75 times floor-to-floor wall
height height
Shear Walls 12
Maximum reinforcing (3.3.3.5)
No limits on maximum reinforcing for following case (3.3.3.5.4):
5 . 1 and 1 s s R
d V
M
u
Squat walls, not designed for ductility
d V
v u
In other cases, can design by either providing boundary elements or limiting
reinforcement.
Boundary element design (3.3.6.5):
More difficult with masonry than concrete
Boundary elements not required if:
g
A 1 . 0
m u
f P ' s
geometrically symmetrical sections
g
A 05 . 0
m u
f P ' s
geometrically unsymmetrical sections
AND AND
1 s
u
l V
M
OR 3 s
u
l V
M
m n u
f A V ' s 3
AND
Shear Walls 13
w u
l V
w u
l V
Maximum reinforcing (3.3.3.5)
Reinforcement limits: Calculated using
Maximum stress in steel of f
y
Axial forces taken from load combination D+0.75L+0.525Q
E
Axial forces taken from load combination D 0.75L 0.525Q
E
Compression reinforcement, with or without lateral ties, permitted to be
included for calculation of maximum flexural tensile reinforcement
| |
Uniformly distributed reinforcement
|
|
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
=
mu y
v y mu
mu
m
v
s
f
d
P
b f
d
A
c oc
oc c
c
64 . 0
|
|
.

\
+
y mu
y
f
oc c
P
| |
o = 1.5 ordinary walls
o = 3 intermediate walls
o = 4 special walls
Compression steel with area
equal to tension steel ( )
s y y mu mu y
y mu
mu
m
s
E
d
d
f
bd
P
b f
bd
A
)
`

+
'

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
'
= =
c oc c c
oc c
c

, min
64 . 0
Shear Walls 14
d
)
Maximum reinforcing
Consider a wall with uniformly distributed steel:
oc
y
P T C C
s s m
= +
| |
Strain c
mu
b d f C
v
y mu
mu
m m
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
' =
oc c
c
8 . 0 8 . 0
(
|
|

| c c oc oc
1
c
y
mu
f
y
0.8f
m
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
y
y
y
y y
y mu
y
s y s
A f T
oc
c
oc
c oc
oc c
oc
2
1
Portion of steel
Yielded Elastic
Steel in tension
in tension
steel steel
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
mu
y
mu
y mu
y mu
mu
s y s
A f C
c
c
c
c c
oc c
c
2
1
Stress
Steel in
compression
A taken as total steel
| |
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
mu
y mu
y mu
mu
s y
A f
c
c c
oc c
c
5 . 0
Shear Walls 15
A
s
taken as total steel
d
v
is actual depth of masonry
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
y mu
y mu
s y
A f
oc c
c c 5 . 0
Maximum reinforcing
P C C T
m s s
=
| | | | | |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
y mu
mu y
s y
y mu
y mu
s y
y mu
y y
s y s s
A f A f A f C T
oc c
c oc
oc c
c c
oc c
c oc 5 . 0 5 . 0
P C P b d f A f C T
m v
mu
m
mu y
s y s s
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
' =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
oc c
c
oc c
c oc
8 . 0 8 . 0
y mu y mu
. \
+
. \
+ oc c oc c

|
|
|

|
'
mu
P
f b
c
64 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.

\
+
=
mu y
y
v y mu
m
v
s
f
d
f b
d
A
oc c
c oc
oc c
64 . 0
Shear Walls 16
|
.

\
+
y mu
y
oc c
Maximum reinforcing
Maximum steel on a per foot length of wall basis given for 8 in. wall
0.025
0.03
0.035
2.5
3
cs
=4cy
0.05
0.06
4
4.5
5
Clay f'
m
=4ksi
Clay f'
m
=2ksi
cs
=2cy
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
A
s
/
(
b
d
v
)
1
1.5
2
A
s

(
i
n
2
/
f
t
)
Clay f'
m
=4ksi
Clay f'
m
=2ksi
CMU f'
m
=2ksi
CMU f'
m
=1.5ksi
0.02
0.03
0.04
A
s
/
(
b
d
v
)
1 5
2
2.5
3
3.5
A
s

(
i
n
2
/
f
t
)
CMU f'
m
=2ksi
0
0.005
0.01
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0
0.5
0
0.01
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
0.5
1
1.5
CMU f'
m
=1.5ksi
[P/(bd)]/f'
m [P/(bd)]/f'
m
Shear Walls 17
Shear Strength (3.3.4.1.2)
M
(
| |
____ ___+ =
n
V 8 . 0 = |
M /V d d t b t k 1 0
u m n
v u
u
m
P f A
d V
M
V 25 . 0 75 . 1 0 . 4 + '
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
M
u
/V
u
d
v
need not be taken > 1.0
P
u
= axial load
v y
v
s
d f
s
A
V
|
.
|

\
|
= 5 . 0
Vertical reinforcement shall not be less than one-
third horizontal reinforcement; reinforcement shall
be uniformly distributed, max spacing of 8 ft (3.3.6.2)
Maximum V
n
is:
m n n
f A V ' s 6 25 . 0 ) / ( s
v u u
d V M
m n n
f A V ' s 4 0 . 1 ) / ( >
v u u
d V M
Interpolate for values of M /V d between 0 25 and 1 0
Shear Walls 18
Interpolate for values of M
u
/V
u
d
v
between 0.25 and 1.0
m n
v u
u
n
f A
d V
M
V '
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 2 5
3
4
Example
Given: 10ft. high x 16 ft long 8 in. CMU shear wall; Grade 60 steel,
f
m
=1500psi; 2-#5 each end; #5 at 48in. (one space will actually be 40 in.);
superimposed dead load of 1kip/ft.
R i d M i i d l d b d fl l it h t l Required: Maximum wind load based on flexural capacity; shear steel
required to achieve this capacity.
Solution: Check capacity in flexure using 0.9D+1.0W load combination.
P 0 9(1k/ft 0 38k/ft) 1 24k/ft T t l 1 24k/ft(16ft) 19 88ki
Weight of wall: 38 psf(10ft) = 0.38 k/ft
(Wall weight from lightweight units, grout at 48 in. o.c.)
P
u
=0.9(1k/ft+0.38k/ft)=1.24k/ft Total: 1.24k/ft(16ft) = 19.88kips
Shear Walls 19
Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
C
1
C
2
8 in
c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in
Shear Walls 20
Example
Solve for stresses, forces and moment in terms of c, depth to neutral axis.
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
C
1
C
2
8 in
c
52 in
92 in
140 in
188 in
Use trial and error to find c such that P
n
= 19.88 kips/0.9 = 22.09 kips
P
n
= C
1
+ C
2
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
c = 28.2 inches
Sum moments about middle of wall (8 ft from end) to find M
n
M = 1123 kip-ft; M = 0 9(1123 kip-ft) = 1010 kip-ft
Shear Walls 22
M
n
1123 kip ft; M
u
0.9(1123 kip ft) 1010 kip ft
Wind = M
u
/h = (1010 kip-ft)/(10ft) = 101 kips
Example
Calculate net area, A
n
, including grouted cells.
Net area
Net area:
( ) =
v u u
d V M /
( ) 25 . 0 / s
v u u
d V M
m n n
f A V ' s 4
Maximum V
n
( ) 0 . 1 / >
v u u
d V M
m n n
f A V ' s 6
( )
v u u
d V /
= '
|
.
|

\
|

s
m n
v u u
n
f A
d V M
V
25 . 0 0 . 1
25 . 0 /
2 6
( ) ( ) kips kips V V
n u
1 . 106 6 . 132 8 . 0 8 . 0 = = s Maximum V
u
Shear Walls 23
Example
u m n
v u
u
m
P f A
d V
M
V 25 . 0 75 . 1 0 . 4 + '
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
P
u
= 0.9(1k/ft) = 0.9k/ft
Total: 0.9k/ft(16ft) = 14.4 kips
v u

. \
k k k V V V
m n s
6 . 45 7 . 80 8 . 0 / 101 = = =
Use #5 bars in bond beams Determine spacing
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
v y v
v y
v
s
V
d f A
s d f
s
A
V
5 . 0
5 . 0
Use #5 bars in bond beams. Determine spacing.
. \
s
V s
Use 4 bond beams, spaced at 32 in. o.c. vertically.
Shear Walls 25
Actual construction has 15 courses: Bond beam in course 4, 8, 12, and 15 from bottom
Example: Maximum Reinforcing
3.3.3.5 No limit to reinforcement since M
u
/(V
u
d
v
) < 1.
If we needed to check maximum reinforcing, there are at least two ways. g, y
Check on axial load:
a) Set steel strain to limit and
find c
Steel strain = 1.5c
y
= 0.00310
c 0 0025/(0 0025+0 00310)*192 85 7 in
find c
b) Find axial load for this c
c) If applied axial load is less
than axial load, OK
c = 0.0025/(0.0025+0.00310)*192 = 85.7 in.
From spreadsheet, P
u
= 181 kips OK
Find steel strain for given axial load:
) Th h t i l d ( l )
P = 22 08 kips (Dead load)
a) Through trial and error (or solver),
find c for given axial load
b) Determine steel strain
c) If steel strain greater than limit, OK
P = 22.08 kips (Dead load)
c = 28.46 in.
c
s
= (192-28.5)/28.5*0.0025 = 0.0143
= 6.93c
y
OK
Shear Walls 27
) g ,
y
Note: did not include compression steel which
is allowed when checking max reinforcing
Example: Issues with Strength Design
If this were a special shear wall:
|V
n
shear corresponding to 1.25M
n
(1.17.3.2.6.1.1)
1.25M
n
= 1.25(1123) = 1404k-ft
|V
n
= M
n
/h = 1404k-ft/10ft = 140.4kips
V
n
= 140.4k/0.8 = 175.4kips V
n
140.4k/0.8 175.4kips
But, maximum V
n
is 132.6 kips (76% of required).
Cannot build wall. Need to take out some flexural steel or fully grout to
get greater shear capacity.
Shear Walls 28
Partially Grouted Shear Walls
Recent research has shown that TMS Code equations overestimate
capacity of partially grouted shear walls.
T ibl difi ti Two possible modifications:
Only use face shell area, 2.5in(192in) = 480in
2
(30% reduction)
Multiply A
n
by A
n
/A
g
, an empirical reduction (53% reduction)
n n g
Shear Walls 29
Example
Given: Wall system constructed with 8 in. grouted CMU (Type S mortar).
Required: Determine the shear distribution to each wall
S l ti U
1
2
i
n
Solution: Use gross
properties (will not
make any difference
for shear distribution) 1for shear distribution).
40in 40in 64in
Elevation
40in 40in
6
t
=
4
8
i
n
5
6
i
n
b a c
Shear Walls 30
Plan
Example
Pier b
( )
inE
in
in
in
in
in E
L
h
L
h
Et
k
b
286 . 0
3
64
112
4
64
112
62 . 7
3 4
2 2
=
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
in in L L 64 64
(

. \ . \
(

. \ . \
Piers a and c Determine stiffness from basic principles.
= A
Find centroid from outer flange surface
= y
= I
= ~
b
A A
Shear Walls 31
web v
A A
Example
( )
( ) ( )
inE
E in
in
in E
in
G A
Ph
EI
Ph
P P
k
v
c a
157 . 0
4 . 0 305
112
86000 3
112
1
3
2 4
3 3 ,
=
+
=
+
=
A
=
( ) ( )
v
Portion of shear load = stiffness of pier over the sum of the stiffnesses.
V V
inE
V
k
V
a
26 0
157 . 0
V V
inE inE inE
V
k
V
a
a
26 . 0
157 . 0 286 . 0 157 . 0
=
+ +
= =

V
b
= 0.48V
Deflection calculations:
k = (0.600in)E = (0.600in)(1350ksi) = 810kip/in
Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 405kip/in Reduce by a factor of 2 to account for cracking: k = 405kip/in
Shear Walls 33
Example
Required: Design the system for a horizontal earthquake load of 35 kips,
a dead load of 1200 lb/ft length of building, a live load of 1000 lb/ft length
of building, and a vertical earthquake force of 0.2 times the dead load.
Use a special reinforced shear wall (R>1.5).
Solution: Use strength design. Check deflection.
in
in k
k
k
P
086 . 0
/ 405
35
= = = A
000768 . 0
112
086 . 0
= =
A
in
in
h
or
1302
h
= A
112in h 1302
Shear Walls 34
Example
Wall b: V
ub
= 0.48V
u
= 0.48(35k) = 16.8k
D = 1.2k/ft(_____________)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(64in)(1ft
2
/144in
2
) = 14.1kips
Tributary width
Use load combination 0.9D+E
M
u
= 16.8k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 156.8k-ft P
u
= 0.9(14.1k) - 0.2(14.1k) = 9.87k
Tributary width
Minimum prescriptive reinforcement for special shear walls:
Sum of area of vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be 0.002 times
gross cross-sectional area of wall
Minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall be 0.0007 times gross
cross-sectional area of wall
Use prescriptive reinforcement of (0.002-0.0007)A
g
= 0.0013A
g
in vertical direction
A
s
= 0.0013(64in)(7.625in) = 0.63in
2
Shear Walls 35
Example: Flexural Steel
Use load combination 0.9D+E M
u
= 156.8k-ft P
u
= 9.87k
Try 2-#4 each end; 1-#4 middle: A
s
=1.00in
2
y ;
s
Middle bar is at 28 in. (8 cells, cannot place bar right in center)
From spreadsheet: |M
n
=150.5k-ft NG
N t d l t fi d l Note: used solver to find value
Try 1-#6 each end; 1-#6 middle: A
s
=1.32in
2
|M
n
=183.4k-ft OK
Try 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: A
s
=1.55in
2
|M
n
=214.1k-ft OK
Use 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle: A
s
=1.59in
2
Shear Walls 36
Example: Maximum Reinforcing
Check maximum reinforcing:
Axial force from load combination D+0.75L+0.525Q
E
L 1k/ft(104in)(1ft/12in) 8 67kip L=1k/ft(104in)(1ft/12in) = 8.67kip
D+0.75L+0.525Q
E
= 14.1k+0.75(8.67k)+0.525(0) = 20.60kip
For maximum reinforcing calculations, compression steel can be included even
if t l t ll t d if not laterally supported
For #5 bars and P = 20.60kip, c = 7.77in. (from solver seek on spreadsheet)
in in kd d 77 7 60
y y mu s
in
in in
e
kd
kd d
c c c 4 12 . 8 0168 . 0 0025 . 0
77 . 7
77 . 7 60
> = =

=
OK
Shear Walls 37
OK
Example: Shear
( )
( )
1 75 . 1
64
112
> = =
in V
in V
d V
M
u
u
v u
u
Use M
u
/V
u
d
v
= 1.0
Find P
u
neglecting wall weight
P
u
= 0.9(10.4k) - 0.2(10.4k) = 7.28k
( ) | |
| | ( ) ( )
P f A d V M V
u m n v u u nm
25 . 0 / 75 . 1 0 . 4 + ' =
| | ( ) ( ) kips k lb k psi in in 3 . 44 28 . 7 25 . 0 1000 / 1 1500 ) 64 )( 625 . 7 ( 25 . 2 = + =
kips V
n
3 . 44 =
Ignore any shear steel:
p
n
Ignore any shear steel:
( ) kips kips V
n
5 . 35 3 . 44 8 . 0 = = | OK
Shear Walls 38
Example: Shear
M
n
= |M
n
/| = 214.1k-ft/0.9 = 237.9k-ft
V corresponding to M
n
: [237.9k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 25.5kips
1.25 times V: 1.25(25.5k) = 31.9kips < |V
n
=35.5kips OK
Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007A
g
A
s
= 0.0007(64in)(7.625in) = 0.34in
2
Maximum spacing is 48 in Maximum spacing is 48 in.
Use 3 bond beams, 40in. o.c. (top spacing is only 32in.)
Wall b: Vertical bars: 2-#5 each end; 1-#5 middle
Horizontal bars: #4 in bond beam at 40 in. o.c. (Total 3-#4)
Shear Walls 39
Example
Wall a: V
ua
= 0.26V
u
= 0.26(35k) = 9.1k
D = 1.2k/ft(20in+40in)(1ft/12in) + 0.075ksf(112in)(40in+48in)(1ft
2
/144in
2
) = 11.1kips
Use load combination 0.9D+E
M
u
= 9.1k(112in)(1ft/12in) = 84.9k-ft P
u
= 0.9(11.1k) - 0.2(11.1k) = 7.77k
Minimum prescriptive reinforcement: 0.0013A
g
A
s
= 0.0013(88in)(7.625in) = 0.87in
2
Design issues:
Flange in tension: easy to get steel; problems with
max
Flange in compression: hard to get steel;
max
is easy
Steel in both flange and web affect
max
Need to also consider loads in perpendicular direction
Need to check shear at interface of flange and web
Shear Walls 40
Example
Use load combination 0.9D+E M
u
= 84.9k-ft P
u
= 7.77k
Axial force for
max
from load combination D+0.75L+0.525QE
L=1k/ft(60in)(1ft/12in) = 5 00kip
To be consistent with other wall try #5 bars
L=1k/ft(60in)(1ft/12in) = 5.00kip
D+0.75L+0.525QE = 11.1k+0.75(5.00k)+0.525(0) = 14.85kip
To be consistent with other wall, try #5 bars
Try 3 in the flange (either distributed as shown, or one in
the corner, and two in the jamb
Try 2 in the web jamb
Flange in tension: |M
n
=146.4k-ft
Max reinforcing check: c
s
=0.0101=4.86c
y
Note: with 2 #5 in flange |M =104 8k ft but might need 3 bars for
OK
Note: with 2-#5 in flange, |M
n
=104.8k-ft, but might need 3 bars for
perpendicular direction
Flange in compression: |M
n
=124.3k-ft
OK
Shear Walls 41
Max reinforcing check: c
s
=0.0417=20.2c
y
Example: Shear
( )
( )
1 8 . 2
40
112
> = =
in V
in V
d V
M
u
u
v u
u
Use M
u
/V
u
d
v
= 1.0
| | ( ) ( ) kips k lb k psi in in V
m
6 . 27 2 . 4 25 . 0 1000 / 1 1500 ) 40 )( 625 . 7 ( 25 . 2 = + =
kips V
n
6 . 27 = Ignore any shear steel: ( ) kips kips V
n
1 . 22 6 . 27 8 . 0 = = |
OK
M
n
= |M
n
/| = 146.4k-ft/0.9 = 162.7k-ft
V corresponding to M
n
: [162.7k-ft/(112in)](12in/ft) = 17.4kips
1 25 times V: 1 25(17 4k) = 21 8kips < |V =22 1kips
OK
1.25 times V: 1.25(17.4k) = 21.8kips < |V
n
=22.1kips
Minimum prescriptive horizontal reinforcement: 0.0007A
g
Use 3 bond beams 40in o c (top spacing is only 32in )
OK
Walls a,c: Vertical bars: 5-#5 as shown in previous slide
Hori ontal bars #4 in bond beam at 40 in o c (Total 3 #4)
Use 3 bond beams, 40in. o.c. (top spacing is only 32in.)
Shear Walls 42
Horizontal bars: #4 in bond beam at 40 in. o.c. (Total 3-#4)
Example
Section 1.9.4.2.4 requires shear to be checked at interface. Check
intersection of flange and web in walls a and c.
( )( ) kips ksi in f A V
y s u
8 . 55 60 31 . 0 3
2
= = =
Approximate shear force is tension force in flexural steel.
Conservatively take M
u
/V
u
d
v
=1.0, and P
u
=0.
( ) | |
( ) | | ( ) kips lb k psi in in
P f A Vd M V
u m n v m
4 . 74 1000 / 1 1500 ) 112 )( 625 . 7 ( 0 . 1 75 . 1 0 . 4
25 . 0 / 75 . 1 0 . 4
= =
+ ' =
Conservatively take M
u
/V
u
d
v
1.0, and P
u
0.
( ) kips kips V
n
5 . 59 4 . 74 8 . 0 = = |
OK
( ) | | ( ) p p ) )( (
Shear Walls 43
Example: Drag Struts
Distributed shear force:
ft k
ft
in
in
k
L
V
u
/ 875 . 1
1
12
224
35
= =
Look at top of wall:
1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft 1.88k/ft
3 33f 3 33f 33f 3 33f 3 33f
Drag strut Drag strut
9.1k 9.1k 16.8k
1.88k/ft 88 / 88 / 88 / 88 /
2.8k 3.4k 2.8k 3.4k
3.33ft 3.33ft 5.33ft 3.33ft 3.33ft
Shear Walls 44
Shear Walls: Building Layout
1. All elements either need to be isolated, or will participate in carrying
the load
2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be properly 2. Elements that participate in carrying the load need to be properly
detailed for seismic requirements
3. Most shear walls will have openings
4. Can design only a portion to carry shear load, but need to detail rest of g y p y
structure
Shear Walls 45
Shear Walls with Openings
Shear walls with openings will be composed of solid wall portions, and
portions with piers between openings.
Pi
Requirements only in strength design
Length 3 x thickness; width 6 x thickness
Height < 5 x length
Piers:
Height < 5 x length
Factored axial compression 0.3A
n
f
m
(3.3.4.3.1)
One bar in each end cell (3.3.4.3.2)
Minimum reinforcement is 0 0007bd (3 3 4 3 2) Minimum reinforcement is 0.0007bd (3.3.4.3.2)
Shear Walls 46
Shear Walls with Openings
1. Divide wall into piers.
2. Find flexibility of each pier
3. Stiffness is reciprocal of flexibility
4 Di t ib t l d di t tiff
Top spandrel
h
t
t
t
h
h
k =
h
4. Distribute load according to stiffness
( ) v + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + +
= 1
5
12
2
3 2 2
6
3
EA
h
k k k k
k k k k
EI
h
f
b b t t
b b t t
Bottom spandrel
h
b
b
b
h
h
k =
. \ b b t t
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
b b t t
b t
t
k k k k
k k
Vh M
2
1
If h
b
= 0
| |
3
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
b b t t
t b
b
k k k k
k k
Vh M
2
1 ( ) v + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= 1
5
12
1 2
2
6
3
EA
h
k
k
EI
h
f
t
t
| | k | | + 1 k
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
1 2
t
t
t
k
k
Vh M
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
1 2
1
t
t
b
k
k
Vh M
As the top spandrel decreases in height,
the top approaches a fixed condition
against rotation.
Shear Walls 47
Qamaruddin, M., Al-Oraimi, S., and Hago, A.W. (1996). Mathematical model for lateral stiffness of shear walls
with openings. Proceedings, Seventh North American Masonry Conference, 605-617.
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
f
t
Given: Required:
A. Stiffness of wall
B. Forces in each pier under
4
f
t
4
f
10 kip horizontal load
4
A B C
8
f
t
2ft 2ft 2ft 4ft 6ft
Shear Walls 48
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Sample calculations: Pier B
h = 4ft h
t
= 4ft h
b
= 8ft k
t
= h/h
t
= 4ft/4ft = .0 k
b
= h/h
b
= 4ft/8ft = 0.5
3
tL
( ) = =
12
tL
I ( )t ft tL A 2 = =
| | 12 3 2 2
3
h k k k k h
( ) v + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + +
= 1
5
12
2
3 2 2
6
3
EA
h
k k k k
k k k k
EI
h
f
b b t t
b b t t
Et
Et f
k 0210 . 0
/ 6 . 47
1 1
= = =
Shear Walls 49
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Pier h (ft) h
t
(ft) h
b
(ft) k
t
k
b
I (ft
3
) A (ft) A
f
A
s
f k
A 12 4 0 3 inf 0.667t 2t 308.4 18 326.4/Et 0.0031Et
B 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
C 4 4 8 1 0.5 0.667t 2t 41.6 6 47.6/Et 0.0210Et
A
f
is flexural deformation; A
s
is shear deformation
Total stiffness is 0.0451Et
Average stiffness from finite element analysis 0.0440Et
Solid wall stiffness 0 1428Et (free at top); 0 25Et (fixed at top) Solid wall stiffness 0.1428Et (free at top); 0.25Et (fixed at top)
Shear Walls 51
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
Sample calculations: Pier B
kips k
Et
Et
V
k
k
V
b
b
66 . 4 10
0451 . 0
0210 . 0
= = =

( ) | | + k k 1 ( )
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
b b t t
b t
t
k k k k
k k
Vh M
2
1
( )
|
|
|

| +
t b
k k
Vh M
1 ( )
=
|
|
.

\
+ +
=
b b t t
t b
b
k k k k
Vh M
2
Pier V (kips) M
t
(k-ft) M
b
(k-ft)
A 0.68 3.50 4.66
B 4.66 11.19 7.46
C 4.66 11.19 7.46
Shear Walls 52
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
To find axial force in piers, look at FBD of top 4ft of wall.
10k
Moment
direction
on piers
4
f
t
4.66k 4.66k 0.68k
2ft 2ft 2ft 4ft 6ft
3.50k-ft 11.19k-ft 11.19k-ft
This 65.9k-ft moment is carried by axial forces in the piers. Axial forces are
d t i d f M /I h h i i id d t t d determined from Mc/I, where each pier is considered a concentrated area.
Find centroid from left end.
= =
i i
A y
y
Shear Walls 54
= =
i
A
y
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
The axial force in pier A is:
FBDs of piers:
11.19k-ft
4.90k
11.19k-ft
0.45k
3.50k-ft
4.45k
FBDs of piers:
B C
4.66k 4.66k 0.68k
A
4.66k
7.46k-ft
0.45k
4.66k
7.46k-ft
4.90k
Shear Walls 56
0.68k
4.66k-ft
4.45k
Example - Shear Walls with Openings
FBDs of entire wall to obtain forces in bottom right spandrel:
10k
Fx k k F
x
0 68 . 0 10 = =

k Fx
x
32 . 9 =

F k F 0 45 4 +

A B C
k Fy
Fy k F
y
45 . 4
0 45 . 4
=
= + =

x
y
ft k Mz
Mz ft k ft k
ft k ft k M
z
=
= + +
+ =

8 110
0 ) 11 ( 45 . 4 ) 1 ( 45 . 4
) 66 . 4 ( ) 16 ( 10
0.68k
4 66k ft
Fx=9.32k
M 110 8k ft
ft k Mz 8 . 110
Z
Shear Walls 58
4.66k-ft
4.45k
Mz=110.8k-ft
Fy=4.45k