Last Rev.

: 11 JUN 08

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 1

Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Experiment . 6

JET IMPACT

Students Names / Section

APPEARANCE, ORGANIZATION, ENGLISH, and GRAMMAR MATHCAD Ordered Data, Dimensions, Physical Properties Calculations & Results ArraysInclude Velocity & Force %Diff Required Plots DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Comment on Differences in Velocity & Force Between Nozzle & Target When Can One Ignore Gravity in Bernoullis Equation? Kline-McClintock Uncertainty CONCLUSIONS ORIGINAL DATASHEET TOTAL COMMENTS POINTS 10 10 15 15 10 10 15 10 5 100 SCORE TOTAL

GRADER

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08 MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Experiment . 6

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 2

From a momentum balance the sum of external forces equals the change in momentum

FORCE ON VARIOUSLY SHAPED OBJECTS DUE TO

F
and in the y-direction

v )out ( m v )in . = (m

Hence, for the x-direction of the system in Figure 1,

JET IMPACT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1V1 m 2V2 cos = m (V1 V2 cos ) Fx = m

(3)

LAB PARTNERS: NAME NAME NAME SECTION EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE:

NAME NAME NAME TIME, DATE

2V2 sin . Fy = m (4) Moreover, since the jet is flowing freely through air, it is considered to be under constant pressure (i.e., atmospheric) at its interface with the atmosphere. Therefore, it may be assumed that the jet cross-sectional area is constant, A1 = A2. Now from Equation 1

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1 =m 2 m V1 = 1A 1 2 A2V2
and since the fluid is incompressible.

OBJECTIVEThis experiment is a study in momentum transfer (ergo, force transmitted) from a fluid to objects of various forms. In particular, the study looks at the momentum transfer as a function of the angle through which the fluid stream was deflected. By varying a fluid streams deflection angle, up to twice the original momentum of the stream can be transferred to the object. INTRODUCTIONOver the years, engineers have found many ways to utilize the impact force of fluids. For example, the Pelton wheel has been used to make flour. Further, the impulse turbine is still used in the first and also sometimes the second stage of a steam turbine. Firemen make use of the kinetic energy stored in a jet to extinguish fires in high-rise buildings. Many other applications of fluid jets can be cited which reveals their technological importance. This experiment is designed to study the force that can be imparted by a jet of fluid on a surface diverting the flow.

(5)

V1 =V2 .
Therefore, Equations 2 and 3 become
1

(6)

V1 (1 cos ) Fx = m

2V1 sin . Fy = m
(7)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREThe experimental apparatus is that shown in Figure 2. The procedure detailed below is to be performed on each of two different targets (vanes)one a flat plate and the other a hemispherical cup. That procedure is as follows:

y x

Figure 1 Impact Force Imparted by a Fluid Jet to a Body When the Body Changes the Flow Direction of the Fluid

THEORYA change in momentum of an object or a fluid is always accompanied by an impulse force (impact force). Consider a jet of fluid flowing steadily with a velocity V1 and a 1 . The jet impinges on a plate inclined at an angle mass flow rate m to the direction of the flow. From a mass balance, the same amount of liquid impinging on the plate must also leave the plate; thus, 1 = m 2 =m . m (1) Force is the time derivative of momentum, mv, where m is the mass impacting on the plate and v is the velocity of impact. Thus,

F =

d ( mv ) = dt

0 As there is no acceleration just a change in mass flow

.
(2)
1

dv m dt

+v

dm v =m dt

Think about what is happening before blindly applying these equations.

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08

Flat Plate Target Hopper Balance Bar Stop Jockey Balance Bar Spring with Adjustable Tension for Leveling Balance Beam w/ No Flow Hemispherical Cup Target

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 3

x1 x2

Jockey Mass 0 Level Indicato r y

3L

Weighing Tank (Hopper) Hanger with 5kg Mass

Valve

P
Water Reservoir

Figure 2Experimental Apparatus

1. The experiment is set up such that the balance beam is horizontal when the upward force of the water impinging on the target is balanced by the downward force of the jockey weight. This means that the balance beam and the target are considered to be weightless. To achieve this weightless estate, the beam is leveled by changing the tension of the adjusting spring shown in the figure when no water is flowing and for the jockey mass at x1 = 0. This must be done for each target used as they are not expected to have the same weight.

2. In taking data, it would be convenient to have round values of x2 such as 180mm as to 178mm. Thus, the water flow was turned on full force, the jockey weight positioned to the nearest round value, and the water flow backed off just enough to level the balance bar. (It is easier to adjust the water flow for a given position of the jockey weight as to trying to position of the jockey weight for a specified flow of water.). 3. At the left of the schematic is shown a weight hanger. It is quite heavy in its own righteven before additional weight is added. The discharge hopper (weighing tank) is emptied until the weight hanger drops under its own weight. The drain plug at the bottom of the tank is reinserted and the tank begins to fill. At the point in filling the tank when the tank balance bar and weight hanger rise up and hit a stop, a stop watch is started. Directly after starting the watch, 5 kg of additional weight is added to the weight hanger. As the discharge tank continues to fill, eventually enough weight of water is achieved to outweigh the 5 kg of additional weight that was added. This causes the tank balance beam to rise up against the stop again at which time the stop watch is halted. 4. The ratio of moment arms on either side of the fulcrum of the tank balance beam is 3:1 such that 5kg of additional weight is balanced by 15kg of water. The flow rate is then 15 kg of water during the time that the stop watch was running 5. Decreasing values of x2 are then laid in and flow reduced accordingly. 6. Data was taken for a total of six (approximately evenly spaced) positions of the jockey weight. 7. Perform these steps for each of the targets (flat plate and hemispherical cup). In the report: 1. On one graph, plot for both targets the experimental force vs. the theoretical force. Here, the experimental force is that calculated from the jockey weight and its position. The theoretical force is that calculated from the water flow rate. In determining the theoretical force, the velocity at the target must be used. The distance from the nozzle to the target (if the jockey weight balance beam has been leveled prior to flowing water) is y = 35mm. 2. On one graph, plot for both targets the experimental force vs the jet velocity at the target. On this plot, also plot twice the flat-plate experimental force vs. velocity at the target. 3. In the calculations, determine the percent difference in both the velocity and the theoretical force exerted at the target due to the distance between the nozzle tip and the target. In the discussion, comment on the differences in velocity and force between nozzle and target. Answer the question: when does gravitational deceleration as described by Bernoullis relation become important and when may it be neglected? 4. Finally, considering that the only experimental error is caused by the measuring scale on the jockey weight balance bar, find the uncertainty in determining the experimental force imparted on the target using the Kline-McClintock method. Comment on this in the discussion. There is a separate downloadable file describing the Kline-McClintock method.

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 4

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 5

Ordered Data, Calculations, & Results

BASIC DIMENSIONS, MASSES, & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Jockey Weigh Mass: Nozzle Diameter: Nozzle-to-Target Distance: Pivot-to-Nozzle Distance: Tank Arm/Hanger Arm Ratio : Mass Placed on Hanger: Mass of Water in Hopper: Acceleration of Gravity: Density of Water: i := 1 .. 6 FLAT PLATE DATA: (subscript HEMISHERICAL CUP DATA :(subscript "pl" stands for flat PLate) "cup" stands for hemispherical CUP)

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 6

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Comment on the differences in velocity and force between nozzle and target. Answer With respect to the first question, when does gravitational deceleration as described by Bernoullis relation become important and when may it be neglected? Answer Considering that the only experimental error is caused by the measuring scale on the jockey weight balance bar, find the uncertainty in determining the experimental force imparted on the vane using the Kline-McClintock method. Answer

CONCLUSIONS

Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08

Jet Impact : MIME 3470

Page 7

APPENDIX ADATA SHEET FOR JET IMPACT Time/Date: Lab Partners: ___________________ _______________________ _______________________ Mass of Jockey Weight Distance from Nozzle to Target, y Mass Used on Weight Hanger Finest Graduation on Balance Bar _______________________ _______________________ Nozzle Diameter Distance from Pivot to Jet Center, x1 Ratio of (Tank Lever Arm) to (Weight Hanger Lever Arm) _______________________ _______________________ _____________ _____________ _____________

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Run 1 2 3 4 5 6

FLAT PLATE TARGET Distance of Jockey Time to Fill Mass from Jet Tank, Center, x2 s cm

Run 1 2 3 4 5 6

HEMISPHERICAL TARGET Distance of Jockey Time to Fill Mass from Jet Tank, Center, x2 s cm