CIVL 111 Construction Materials

Prof. Zongjin Li Department of Civil Engineering

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

2.1.4 Modulus of composite materials

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Volume of component A Va = Total volume Volume of component B Vb = Total volume Va + Vb = 1
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Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Parallel model Strain is same in matrix and in aggregate

com = a = b
Pcom = Pa + Pb

Sum of Pa and Pb equals total load

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

AE com = V a AE a a + V b AE b b E = V a E a + Vb E b

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Series Model:

Force in matrix and aggregate is same Pc = Pm = Pa

Deformation change of the concrete equals the sum of the deformation changes in matrix and in aggregate

e = ea + eb

Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

e = ea + eb = aH
a

+ bH
a

or H = a H

+ bH
b

= aV a

H a + H + bV b

H b H
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Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

From = aV a + bV b and

=
get

Ea

Va +

Eb

Vb
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Chapter 2 Mechanical behavior of materials-2.1 Elastic behavior

Since = a = b get 1 Va Vb = + E Ea Eb
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2.2.Plastic behavior
Uniaxial tension diagram Before reaching the proportional point, is the initial elastic region Nonlinear elastic behavior before yield Upper and lower limit of yield point The flat region plastic flow under constant load Strain hardening phenomena
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2.2.Plastic behavior ---A simple tension test

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A typical monotonic uniaxial tension loading diagram

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The upper and lower yield point

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Necking

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2.2.Plastic behavior
High strength steel and some other metals do not have an obvious yield point The yield strength is defined by an offset yield stress corresponding to certain amount of residual 0.2% offset yield strength Strain hardening type of modeling

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2.2.Plastic behavior

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2.2.Plastic behavior -- Physical basis

1. 2. 3. 4.

Steel has lattice structure In lattice structure, some planes have more atoms Among these planes, the bond is weaker due to longer distance Under applied load, planes slid between each other when weak bond is broken
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2.2.Plastic behavior -- Modeling

It is necessary to idealize the stress-strain behavior to get the solution of a plastic problem The most popular stress-strain models are as follows

Elastic-perfectly plastic model Bilinear behavior model Rigid-perfectly plastic model Elastic-exponential hardening model
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Elastic-perfectly plastic model

The strain hardening is neglected Plastic flow is assumed to be taken place as the stress reaches the yield point

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Elastic-perfectly plastic model

Mild steel is a good example for this kind of modeling The uniaxial stress-strain relationship can be written as

= = y
E

+ * > y

where * is a scalar to be determined

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Rigid-perfectly plastic model

For some materials, e.g. clay, the elastic deformation is very small as compared to the plastic strain

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Rigid-perfectly plastic model

Hence, the stress-strain relationship can be described as

=*

where * has the same meaning as defined in elastic-perfectly plastic model, i.e. it is a scalar to be determined and * > 0
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Bilinear behavior model

Strain hardening is taken into account The smooth transition curve is replaced by two straight lines with a sharp breaking point

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Bilinear behavior model

The first straight line branch has the slope of Youngs modulus E, while the second one has a smaller slope The stress-strain relationship is

= = y
E

+ Et ( y ) > y

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --CREEP PHENOMENON

Creep compliance: J(t) = (t)/ t

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --Influence to structural design

Long-term deflection of a reinforced concrete beam can be 2-3 times larger than the initial deflection

Final deflection F

Initial deflection I

F / I = 2 3
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --Influence to structural design

b.

Cause a large stress loss in prestressed concrete

F
Anchorage Anchorage

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --Influence to structural design

c.

In a R.C. column, creep can cause the stress in the steel to double or triple with time because steel is noncreeping and thus take over the force reduced in concrete due to creep.

l RC = lC = l S

Reinforcing steel

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --Influence to structural design

Linear creep Nonlinear creep Unstable creep

Stress < 50% of strength Stress > 50% strength Stress > 75-80% strength

Creep

0.5

0.75

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --Modeling of creep

Spring and dashpot are elements used to describe creep

(a) Spring

(b) Dashpot

= /E

d/dt = /

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

a.

Maxwell model Spring + Dashpot in series

(t )
T

E (t )
(t )
(t )
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Maxwell model Equilibrium
E (t ) = (t ) = (t )

Compatibility

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )
(t ) = E (t ) =
2

Constitutive relationship

(t ) (t )
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Differentiating the compatibility equation

d d 1 d 2 = + dt dt dt
Substituting the constitutive equations into above equation

d d = + dt Edt
Initial condition

t=0

( 0) =

( 0)
E
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

For 0 < t < t1 Under constant stress, d/dt = 0; d/dt = /; = (/)t + (0) From initial condition, get So we have

(0) =

0
E

0t (t ) = + E

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Suppose that stress is completely removed at t1,

t1

t1

t t1

t
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

b.

Kelvin Model Spring + Dashpot in parallel

E (t )

(t )

(t )
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Equilibrium

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )

(1)

Compatibility

(t ) = E (t ) = (t )

(t ) = E (t ) =
2

(2)

Constitutive relationship

(t ) (t )
(3)
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

By substitution (3) into (1)

(t ) = E (t ) + (t )

(t ) +

(t ) = 0

(t ) = Ce
=
E
0

t E

one special solution

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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Initial condition

t =0

( 0) = 0

E t 0 (t ) = 1 e E

If stress is removed at t=t1

(t ) = (t1 )e

( t t1 ) E
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

t1

t t1
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2.3 TIME DEPENDENT BEHAVIOUR --modeling of creep

Burgers body
E1 1 2
Instantaneous Response Steady State Creep Transient Response

T ra n s ie n t R esponse

S te a d y S ta te C re ep

In s t a n t a n e o u s Response

t
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

Fracture is a failure of materials due to propagation of crack. Fracture mechanics is a subject of studying stress and displacement fields in the region of a crack tip in materials.
Stress

K 2r

Distance from Crack Tip, r

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

Brittle materials: Glass, fibrous composite --Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) Quasi brittle materials: Concrete, ceramic --Non-linear fracture mechanics

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

Ions or atom subjected to tension

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

If only next neighbor interact

The change in distance to ions due to the force

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

=
F b02

m ax
=
b b0 b0

= m ax sin (2 )
d = m ax 2 = E d = 0 E E m ax = 2 6
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture

For steel, E is 210 GPa, thus

E m ax =35GPa 6

The tensile strength measured for steel is 0.3 0.6 GPA because existing of flaws in materials.

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Stress concentration factor

max 2a Kt = = 1+ 0 b
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Stress intensity factor

Loading Direction

Stress Critical Stress Crack

yy

yy
r
Distance from Crack Tip

KI = 2r

Inelastic Zone

a K I = a f ( ) b

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Stress intensity factor

A crack propagates whenever KI is equal to a threshold value, i.e.

K I = K Ic
KIC critical stress intensity factors (Fracture toughness)

K IC = c a

or

K IC = ac
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Stress intensity factor

P W a 2a P/2 S P/2 W

K = a (sec P W K= a
1/2 a ) W

K=

PS BW

[ 3/2

2.9(a/W)1/2 - 4.6(a/W)

3/2

+ 21.8(a/W)

5/2

- 37.6(a/W)7/2 + 38.7(a/W)9/2 ]

P BW

1/2 [

29.6(a/W)1/2 - 185.5(a/W)

3/2

+ 655.7(a/W)5/2

- 1017(a/W)7/2 + 63.9(a/W)9/2 ]
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture energy

P U (Displacement)

= KU U = CP C = U/P K = 1/C

K -- stiffness C -- compliance

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture energy

(a)
Load
Before Crack Propagation

(b)

Load P

Work Done = P

Energy Released

Before Additional Energy Stored = P/2

After Crack Propagation

After

Displacement

Displacement

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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture energy

E n = Area of OBU OAU

1 = ( P2 P1 )u 2 1 = dp u 2

P P1 P2

A B a + da u U
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture energy

Introduces G as strain energy release rate for the propagation of a unit length of crack in a structure with unit thickness, and Gc as the critical strain energy release rate of materials, then energy criteria can be written as

G I = G IC
where

1 E n G = B da

p dc = 2 B da
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2.4 Fracture and fatigue --Fracture energy

K I2 G I = (1 v ) E
2

K I2 GI = E

(Plane stress) (Plane strain)

where E is Youngs modulus.

differential

C = C(a) KI

GI
integral

KI C
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GI