THE WASHINGTON POST
7^9^ 6/Oi
Spy Agencies' Optimism
On Al Qaeda Is Growing
Ladi of Attacks Thougit to Show Group Is Nearly Crippled
PINCBS and DANA PUEST
Washington Post Staff Writers
The Mure of al Qaeda to launch terrorist at-
tacks against the United States or its allies dur-
ing the war in Iraq has bolstered a growing belief
among U.S. intelligence agencies that 19 months
of worldwide counterterrorism operations and
arrests have nearly crippled the organization.
While warning that al Qaeda still appears ca-
pable of mounting substantial terrorist opera-
tions, senior intelligence officials and members
of Congress who review classified material on
the matter speak optimistically about the prog-
ress made since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks by
the CIA and FBI working with their foreign
counterparts.
The starkest reflection of al Qaeda's status, ac-
cording to terrorism experts, has been the lack
of reprisals for the U.S.-led war against Iraq, es-
pecially after leader Osama bin Laden, in an au-
diotape released April 7, urged followers to
mount suicide attacks against the United States
and Britain to "avenge the innocent children5...
assassinated in Iraq." By contrast, in 2002, bin
Laden messages preceded or followed attacks by
al Qaeda and its associates in Pakistan, Tunisia,
Kuwait, Yemen and Bah*.
Intelligence officials said the killings or cap-
ture of senior al Qaeda members, the in-
terrogation of imprisoned figures, the elimina-
tion of Afghanistan as a base of operations, and
the ongoing hunt for other al Qaeda adherents
has disrupted the network's ability to communi-
cate and made it much more difficult for it to
plan large-scale attacks.
IB addition, officials said, increased vigilance
by U.S. and allied intelligence services has in-
creased their ability to deter or disrupt terrorist
operations. Some pointed to the success by U.S.
and Pakistani authorities last week in foiling an
apparent al Qaeda plan to fly an explosives-laden
aircraft into the U.S. consulate in Karachi, Paki-
stan, as an example.
The al Qaeda leadership was significantly dis-
atantkd during the first year following the Sept.
11 strikes on the World Trade Center and the
Pentagon. But terrorist experts still expected bin
Laden'* followers—many of them not formally
connected to the terrorist organization—to have
carried out attacks during the Iraq war. They
said it was noteworthy that this did not occur.
"It's no coincidence" that no operations were
mounted, said Cofer Black, a long-time CIA ter-
imhataQl' i il who now heads the State Depart-
ment'scountBrterrorism office. "This was the
big ggtfie for them—you put up or shut up and
DMlique failed. It prove* taat the global war on
terroriifejus been effective, focused and has gat
tf*MpiysOBthe run."
In an interview, Black, who was in charge of
the CIA's counterterrorism center before and in
the immediate aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks,
described the al Qaeda leadership's losses as
"catastrophic" and said the broader network
"has been unable to withstand the global on-
slaught" of counterterrorism operations.
Black also said the color-coded U.S. domestic
akrt system put in place by the Bush administra-
tion has helped to "complicate and defeat what-
ever planning has been in train and has put in se-
rioes question any plan in development."
Other intelligence officials tend to agree, al-
though most, including Black, temper their
sense of confidence by noting that further at-
tacks, including those hatched some time ago,
are still possible. They worry about hidden al
Qaeda cells in the United States that might be
waiting for the right moment to launch an at-
tack, and about the FBI's ability to find and stop
them.
"One is tempted to say [al Qaeda] is crippled,"
one senior intelligence analyst said. "But they
are still capable of more major operations," in-
cluding those "they have had in the works for
years."
Although bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri, al
Qaeda's second in command, remain at large, the
network's original core group of about 20 senior
leaders has been sharply reduced. As President
Bush noted in his speech aboard the USS Abra-
ham Lincoln on Thursday, "nearly one-half of al
Qaeda's senior operatives have been captured or
killed."
„ Senior intelligence officials point out that the
remnants of the network "have difficulty com-
manicating with each other and with operatives
in the field, have difficulty moving funds and
materiel around" and have not managed to es-
tablish any new training camps. What's more,
one official said, "every time they seem to be re-
constituting themselves, they suffer another
misfortune."
 Team One
Press File
Date:

Focus Publication:

Increases
On Hamas,
Hezbollah
Ruling Enables
Intensified Probes
OHN MINTZ
ington Post Staff Writer

<- Wielding new powers granted by

a; six-month-old federal court deci-
sion, the FBI has greatly intensified
decade-old'investigations of alleged
U-S. supporters of the Islamic Re-
sistance Movement and Hezbollah
terrorist groups, according to gov-
ernment officials.
~ Confident that its efforts to track
the al Qaeda terrorist network in
this country are beginning to pay
off, the FBI is devoting more re-
ajmrces to the two Middle Eastern
groups, which command more
widespread support in Arab and
Muslim communities here. Offi-
cials say that there are active Hez»
bollah cells in this country but that
fljost of their renewed efforts are
aimed at alleged financial support-
ers of both groups—including Is-
lamic centers, charities and crimi-
nal rings from Washington, to
Betroit to Los Angeles.
./. The stepped-up investigations in
at least two dozen U.S. cities were
triggered by a November 2002 rul-
ing from a secretive three-judge ap-
peals panel. The renewed efforts
are another example of the more
aggressive tactics the FBI has been
freed to use in the war on terror
since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.
• The court ruling authorized fed-
eral agents who pursue criminal
prosecution of terrorism suspects
to use decades worth of classified
wiretaps and intelligence reports
from foreign security agencies that
previously had been off-limite.

&e TERROR, X12.CW. 3

 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publicatio

Wedding Video
Links 9/11 Pilots
To Other Plotters
Associated Press

BERLIN, May 7—A wedding

video that became crucial evi-
dence in the investigation of the
Sept. 11, 2001, attacks has been
broadcast for the first time and
shows men identified as suicide
pilots celebrating wjth other al-
leged plotters.
Aired by ABC and CNN, the
tape includes a close-up of a
bearded Marwan Al-Shehhi, be-
lieved to have piloted the jet that
hit the South Tower of the World
Trade Center, tie had s^iJfc
the tune of the attacks. Also
shown are Mohamed Atta, pilot of
the plane that hit the North Tw-
er, and Ziad Samir Jarrah, pilot of
the plane that crashed in Penn-
sylvania.
The footage of the 1999 wed-
ding of Said Bahaji at a Hamburg
mosque provided authorities with
critical links between the hijack-
ers and other suspected members
of the Hamburg al Qaeda cell that
organized the attacks. Bahaji is
now a fugitive.
The tape includes a fiery speech
by Ramzi Binalshibh, the suspect-
ed planner of the attacks who is in
US. custody after his arrest in Pa-
kistan in September. He is heard
saying that "every Muslim muat
have the aim to free Islamic soil of
any tyrant," according to a trans-
lation used at a German trial.
The wedding coincided with
the time when perman prosecu-
tors say the Hamburg cell united
around the plot to use airplanes to
attack the United States.
 Team One
Press File
Date: /V

Publication

THI WASHINGTON POST

Surveillance Bill Sails Through Senate

n
'Moussaoui Fix' Would Ease Laws on Obtaining Warrant^
m ™
% TABASSUM ZAKARIA
flnttert
The Senate yesterday over-
whelmingly approved a bill in-
teaded to close a legal loophole
that lawmakers say prevented the
PH from obtaining a warrant to
conduct surveillance of terrorist
•aspect Zacarias Moussaoui before
the Sept. 11,2001, attacks.
The legislation, known as the
"IfcuBsaoui fix," was approved 90
to 4. It would make it easier for the
FBI to seek warrants for wiretaps
and searches on non-Americans
suspected of planning terrorist at-
tacks, by eliminating a require-
ment to show the suspect was con-
nected to a known terrorist group
or a country that sponsors terror-
ism.
The FBI did not pursue a war-
rant to search Moussaoui's com-
puter before the Sept. 11 attacks
because officiate believed they
could not show the Foreign In-
telligence Surveillance Court that
he was tied to a terrorist group at
country that sponsored terrorism,
senators said. Moussaoui is
charged with conspiring in the at-
tacks. Moussaoui was in custody
on immigration charges when the
attacks occurred. He has denied be-
ing part of the Sept. 11 plot '
The 1978 Foreign Intelligence
See SURVEILLANCE,47, Col. l'

DBA*

; !THI 'WASHINGTON POST

"Senate Approves Surveillance Bill

SURVEILLANCE, From A6
Surveillance Act did not anticipate
^the lone wolf or a small group of
^xtremists who may not be tied to
.international terrorist groups or
'country sponsors of terrorism, but
j who nonetheless intended to carry
,,out
*
an act of terrorism, senators
FJSA court proceedings are se-
" cret because highly classified mate-
( rial is involved in seeking warrants
_fo authorize wiretaps or other sur-
veiflaace of suspected spies and
terrorists.
Currently the FBI is required to
meet three standards to obtain
warrants from the FISA court—the
target is preparing to engage in in-
ternational terrorism, a significant
purpose of the surveillance is to
gather foreign intelligence and the
subject is an agent of a known for-
eign power or terrorist group. The
bill would remove the last require-
ment.
Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.)
said the change went too far and
proposed an amendment giving the
FISA judge more discretion. It was
voted down, 59 to 35.
 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publication : JsJ \E NEW YORK TIMES I

Y, MAY 9. 2003

Israeli Helicopters Attack and Kill a

By GREG MYRE
_, May 8 —.Israeli
attack helicopters fired missiles that
killed a senior Hamas militant driv-
ing in Gaza City today. Three more
Palestinians were killed in scattered
violence, including one who blew
himself up with a car bomb next to
an Israeli tank in southern Gaza
The bloodshed pointed to the chal-
lenges facing Secretary of State Col-
in L. Powell, who is scheduled to
arrive Saturday for talks on putting
the latest Middle East peace plan,
called the road map, into effect.
The plan says Palestinians must
halt attacks, and Israel is required to
withdraw troops from Palestinian
areas, but the fighting has not subsid-
ed since it was introduced last week.
"As long as the new Palestinian
government does not take steps to
stop terror, and it hasn't taken any
step until today to stop the terror,
Israel will act," Prime Minister Ari-
el Sharon said in a taped interview
shown tonight on Israeli television.
He was referring to the Palestin-
ian prime minister, Mahmoud Ab-
bas, who took office last week. But
Mr. Sharon also said he believed Mr.
Abbas understood that "it is not pos-
sible to defeat Israel with terror. I
see him as a partner."
Around midday, a pair of Israeli
.helicopters fired the missiles that
struck Eyad al-Beik, 30, a leading
„ Hamas figure, and left his white se-
"t&n Wrangled and scorched to the
Sheik Radwan neighborhood in Gaza
City, a Hamas stronghold.
The Israeli Army said Mr. Beflc
had organized multiple attacks Act
killed 19 Israeli soldiers and civil-
ians. Israeli security sources ahw
said that he was involved in efforts to
establish a ceH of Al Qaeda, the ter-
rorist network, tit Gaza.

YT

Gaza. , ^southern Gaza, a Palestinian

in Gaza Meanwhile, Mr. Sharon said he-_
would be" prepared to restart peace
detonated a car bod* next to an
Israeli tank, but kilted only himself.
As an angry Palestinian crowd talks with Syria. Negotiations over Soldiers guarding the Jewish settle*
surrounded the car and called for the Golan Heights, which Israel cap- ment of Kfar Darom were nearby r
revenge, Palestinian leaders ques- tured from Syria in Ehe 1967 war,
tioned Israel's commitment to the broke down three years ago.
"I'aiH prepared to negotiatejwi "was sbfltWad by soldiers at 3 a.m. in
peace plan. southern =Gaza, near the town of
"I really want to hear the Israeli any Arab _^ " ~~""**'
without any preconditions," he said Khan Yunis, when he approached
position on the road map," said Saeb in the television interview. "We are soldiers at a roadblock and failed to
Erekat, a Palestinian cabinet mem- prepared to sit around a table and heed a warning to stop, the>military
ber in charge of negotiations. "I hope discuss all the issues." said.
Mr. Powell can bring hope and give President Bashar al-Assad of Syr- Near Nablus, in the northern West
this plan a chance." ia indicated recently that he was Bank, Israeli troops at a checkpoint
Hamas said it would respond to the willing to resume negotiations with fatally shot a Palestinian man trav-
Israeli attack. "There is no way but Israel However, Mr. Sharon and oth- eling in a donkey cart, according to
to escalate the resistance, and that is er Israeli officials say the time was family members and Palestinian se-
what will happen now," said Abdel not right white American military curity officials. The Israeli military
Aziz Rantisi, a Hamw leader in operations were taking place in Iraq. said it was checking the report
ATLARGE
Saudis Seek 19 Suspected of Terrorist Plot
By DOUGLAS JEHL
WASHINGTON, May 9 — After a
Shootout in Riyadh, the Saudi capital,
and the discovery of a major arms
cache there, Saudi authorities are
pursuing 19 Islamic militants with
ties to Al Qaeda who now appear to
have been planning a substantial ter-
rorist attack, Saudi and American
officials said today.
In an indication of how seriously
the threat is being taken in Saudi
Arabia, the Saudi government has
been unusually open in discussing it,
even making public the names and
photographs of the wanted men in
the country's newspapers and televi-
sion broadcasts this week.
With the militants still at large
three days after a raid in Riyadh,
Saudi and American officials said
they could not or would not say what
they thought the target of a planned
attack might have been. But they
/aid they regarded the group as hav-
*img been planning a significant oper-
^ajtion whose most likely objective
would have been an American target
in the kingdom.
"Tremendous damage could have
been done," a senior Saudi official
said today of the plot, which was
uncovered beginning Tuesday night
after a raid on a home in Riyadh.
Among the weapons seized were 800
pounds of advanced explosives along
,vftth hand grenades, assault rifles,
ammunition, disguises and tens of
thousands of dollars in cash, the Sau-
di government has said.
The raid came several days after
the State Department, on May 1,
issued an extraordinarily specific
warning about possible terrorist at-
tacks in the kingdom, saying the
United States had received intelli-
-gence-report* indicating-aMt|;-tBiii*»-
tants "may be in the final phases of
planning attacks" on American in-
terests in Saudi Arabia.
In a kingdom whose government
has always been extraordinarily reti-
cent, particularly in discussing mat-
ters related to the involvement of
Saudi citizens in terrorism and do-
mestic dissent, people interviewed
by telephone from Saudi Arabia to-
day described their astonishment at
the public nature of this week's dis-
closures.
"They are sending the clear signal
that there's a clear threat, and Team One
they're taking it seriously," said an
American official, who spoke on con- Press File
dition of anonymity. A Saudi official
said the signal was aimed both at the Date:
United States, where critics have
often accused the kingdom of trying
to hide its problems, and at ordinary
Saudis themsehfeSr-seme of whom Publication:
have become impatient with the gov-
ernment's dustomary secrecy.
While investigators from both With all 19 suspects still at !a(rge,
Saudi officials today said they did not
countries believe the most likely tar-
get was an American installation, a know when or where the group had
planned to attack, but they said they
senior Saudi official, said another
"possibility was an attack aimed at a believed that the most likely target
would have been a site related to
senior member of the Saudi royal
family, like Prince Sultan bin Abdel American interests in the kingdom.
They said, however, that they had n^t
Aziz, the defense minister, or Prince
.Nayef bin Abdel Aziz, the interior ruled out the possibility that Saudi
leaders themselves might have been
minister, two frequent targets of the targets, possibly including lead-
criticism by Saudi militants. jng members of the royal family.
Among the 19 militants being The Saudi government is offering
sought, the Saudi government an- a-reward of up to $80,000 for informa-
nounced this week, 17 are Saudis,
tion leading to the capture of the
with known connections to Al Qaeda, suspects, who included a Yemeni and
American and Saudi officials said. A
an Iraqi with Canadian and Kuwaiti
senior Saudi official said that most if passports.
not all had served in Afghanistan or
That Al Qaeda remains active in
Chechnya and had links to radical Saudi Arabia is not a surprise. Its
clerics.
founder, Osama bin Laden, is a Sau-
Jamal Khashoggi, who is editor of di, and he has long cited his home-
the Saudi newspaper Al Watan and is
land and the royal Al Saud family as
an expert on Islamic militants, said the principal exhibits in his efforts to
in a telephone InterviewJrom Jidda
enlist fellow Muslims in a jihad, or
today: "It is a big network, it is a holy war, against what he has por-
serious network and it is obvious that-
trayed as corrupt Arab rulers and
'*tbey-were planning _gs& -8T massive their Western allies.
campaign of terrorism,'' At least one of two major terrorist
American and Saudi officials
bombings of American military tar-
would not or could not say whether gets in Saudi Arabia during the
the intelligence rqwrts that had
1990's was carried out by militants
prompted the recent State Depart- inspired, if not directed, by Mr. bin
ment warning were directly related
to the group of militants" now being
sought by Saudi officials. But the
' - 'ife
Riyadh takes an.
unusually public >
approach too threat.
officials suggested strongly that
there might tp a link.
"That an jtttack |{j or was in the
works on t)p peninsula is without a
doubt," a Senior Saudi official said.
"We have been poking up things
over the past few Waeks pointing in
that direction, and ai a consequence,
we have been on a high level of alert
the king-
dbm and the United
 SATURDAY, MAT 10, atooS
Team One

Germans Charge Press File

Another Moroccan
Date
!: 5/10/03
tylfrudi Accused of Aiding 9/11 Pbtters
Publication:
ft
Before his arrest, Mzoudi said in
'ashington Post Foreign Service interviews that he had nothing to
do with the hijackings. He main-
BERLIN, May 9—German pros- tains that position now, according
< cutttrs today charged a 30-year- to friends who have been in touch
^—< M- Moroccan with accessory to with him through his attorneys.
i iiass murder in the Sept 11,2001,
ittacks in the United States, open- he wfll face a trial if that is what Al-
rig the second German prosecu- lah has written for him,* said Ha-
onfof a veteran of an al Qaeda tem Saed, an Egyptian friend of
raining camp in Afghanistan who Mzoudi's in Hamburg who de-
: Begedry provided crucial logistical scribed him as "a very lonely and
support in the plot. very private man."
AMelghani Mzoudi, a native of Other friends, including his
flarfaucech who came to Germany roommate at the time of his arrest,
ii 1993 to pursue an electrical engi- said Mzoudi was very devout and
neering degree, was arrested hi introspective and was frustratedby
[aniwrg last October on sttspi- his inability to find a wife. "If we
(ionfef connections with the Hain- were at home hegatin a corner and
1 urgcefl that planned the attacks. read, mostly tafsir" an interpreta-
But German authorities broad- tion of the Koran, said Abderrasak
< ned the accusations today to in- Labied, 39, a Moroccan, "When he
i ludft 3,066 counts of accessory to hved with me there was always one
i mrder and membership in a ter- big topic: marriage."
i onst organization. If convicted, But a search of the one-room
Mzoudi faces a prison sentence of apartment they shared, police said,
up ta 15 years. turned up evidence of other topics:
jMaunir Motassadeq, a former a threeiiour video in which a Lon-
1 torakech neighbor and friend of don-based radical preacher spoke
lifzoudi's, was convicted of the of the "task of removing the non-
: j EUD6 chdT^cs m rfan^lbmrflr HI i%&* believers* governments, kflling
ruary and sentenced to the majd- their children, taking their women
Vam term of 15 years. His lawyer and destroying their houses," ac-
t appealed based principally on cording to court records.
t that Motassadeq was Mzoudi was the seventh of nine
I a fair trial because VS. au- children of a bank official, and his
refused to turn over po- family had no history of radicalism,
' crucial witnesses in their according to Moroccan officials.
After studying physics and chem-
! Mioudi's trial, which win not be- istry at a university in Marrakech
ijn until fall at the earnest, is Kkely from 1991 to 1993, Mzoudi applied
o resemble the case against Mo- to attend college in Germany.
i assadeq. Lacking a single, over- After getting a German high
/hehning piece of evidence, prose- school equivalency diploma, he en-
i utors plan to build what they call a tered lechnical University in Ham-
< hxumstantial but compelling mo- burg but left in 1997, saymg it was
i aic that wfll place Mzoudi at the "too hard," and begana similar pro-
1 teart of the conspiracy, according gram thefollowingyear at the Uni-
10 German officials. versity of Applied Sciences for
"The accused was involved in Hamburg, where another Ham-
I he preparations for the attack un- burg-based hijacker, Sad Samir
11 the end," the prosecutor's office Jarrah, was also a student, accord-
i aid in a statement lie knew the ing to court records.
I ;oals of the group and supported In Hamburg, Mzoudi immedi-
he plans and preparations for the ately resumed contact with Motas-
ittack.' sadeq, his oM neighbor from Mar-

A16 oYT
Man's Case in 9/11 Inquiry
May Be Moved to Illinois
By BENJAMIN WEISER
FedeMif pro*se*cutors have agreed
to dismiss charges in Manhattan
against a Qatar! man who prosecu-
tors say was associated with Al Qa-
eda, and will instead prosecute him
in Illinois, a new court filing shows.
The defendant, Ali al-Marri, has
been charged with lying to the au-
thorities in the Sept. 11 investigation,
and other charges.
His lawyer, Lawrence S. Lustberg,
said by phone yesterday that if Mr.
al-Marri, who has pleaded not guilty,
has to face a trial, he has the right to
be tried in Illinois, where he was
3e said his client
New York was the site of the terror-
ist attacks.
"He made the decision," Mr. Lust-
berg said, "and it's a rational one,
that New York might not be the
optimal place to try the case. We
believe that there's a greater likeli-
hood, given the underlying allega-
tions, that he would get a fairer trial
there."
In a letter to a federal judge in
Manhattan, the United States attor-
••fcv's office, said a criminal com-
plaiJlUiad been|Jjed against Mr. al-
JaaffW^fc" Illinois, and that .the
charges inNaew York "should be
dismissed." The judge, Victor Mar-
ero, nflfTTIIijjmiii;jminI ;il. a
spokesman for nie pro3OTi|iii(ii||B
Lingers for Mr. 5 al-Marri had
asked the judge to dismiss the
charges, saying the case had been
improperly brought in New York be-
cause the acts for which he had been
accused occurred in Illinois. Mr.
Lustberg said he expected the case
to be moved to Peoria, 111.
Team One
Press File
;» rue/-
Date • 5 I/O
Publication:
" |\lejuo
A Qatari man claims
that he has less
chance of a fair trial
in New York.
Besides lying to the authorities,
the charges against Mr. al-Marri in-
clude possessing credit card num-
bers that were not his.
Mr. al-Marri has not been charged
directly with terrorism, but a pros-
ecutor/j»as-saJd,in ^tayt that he was,
associated with Al QaeHa,*and uslP
credit card fraud to provide "materi-
al support" in that role.
Mr. al-Marri was also accused of
lying to the authorities about making
phone calls to a man in the United
Arab Emirates .whom prosecutors
say was a pivotal figure in the Sept.
11 attacks.
That man, Mustafa Ahmed al-
Hawsawi, has been described as a
.kind of financier for the hijackers.
He has been arrested, and is in
American custody at an undisclosed
location, officials have said.
Mr. al-Marri arrived in the United
States on Sept. 10, 2001, and was
tgnding Bradley University in Peo-
Hn''Tif^Tf||d tn rnrh a^hone
number belonging t» Mr. al-
Hawsawi, court records show.
Mr. al-Marri was taken into custo\y as a material witness in late 2001,
and was later moved to New York,
where the grand jury investigating
the attacks has been based.
 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publication:

SUHDAT, MAT u. 8oo3

U.X.A t•

U.S. Expels Saudi Envoy;

Terrorist Ties Suspected
LOS ANGELES—A Saudi consular
official was held for two days and ex-
pelled from the United States this
week because he was suspected of
having links with terrorist organiza-
tions, the Los Antfetes Times sad.

Fahad al Thumairy; 31, arrived

Tuesday from ftankfurt to learn that
his visa had been revoked in March.
He was barred from returning for
five years, and Thursday was put on
an .international flight, the paper
quoted the Department of Home-
land Security as saying.
He had been at the Saudi Consul-
ate in Los Angeles since 1996 and
hdd a diplomatic post in the Islamic
and cultural affairs section.
The newspaper said a State De-
partment communique specifically
mentioned al Thumairy's "suspected
Robert D. Novak
The Improving FBI
A month ago, FBI Director Rob-
ert Mueller received an unsolicited,
wamected letter from Col. Edward
T. Norris, Maryland's newly ap-
pointed state police superinten-
dent As Baltimore police chief,
Norris was one of the FBI's sharpest
office after the 9/11 terrorist at-
Now he concedes improve-
Tfou have fulfilled promises you
OMde to me," Norris wrote Mueller.
1 now have a security clearance and
receive regular briefings from the
mffitary and the FBI. This is ex-
tremely helpful and enables me to
deploy resources accurately and ef-
ficiently." He added a handwritten
poatecript: Tour leadership is mak-
tag a difference."
Norris was one of the police
chiefs I interviewed after 9/11 who
complained that the FBI remained
uncooperative. Now he has con-
firmed to me what he wrote Muel-
ler, that the FBI's sixth director is
the first to really change the bureau.
New York City Police Commission-
er Ray Kelly, in his second hitch
heading the NYPD after running
the U.S. Customs Service in Wash-
ington, told me, "Mueller is doing
weti, but he has an uphill job chang-
ing the culture of the FBI."
That "culture" was described to
me by an NYPD veteran who asked
that his name not be used: The FBI
hat always thought it is superior to
the local cops. The reason for refus-
iag to share information was arro-
pace. That has changed some
rince 9/11, but it hasn't disap-
peared." This is a new and improv-
ing, though not completely im-
proved, FBI under Mueller.
The change is typified by the way
Mueller reacts to criticism. When I
wrote a column about the director's
fa&Bre to respond to internal whis-
tle-blowers and senatorial critics, he
aahed me in for a chat at the J. Ed-
(V Hoover Building. When I crit-
kked Director Hoover more than
30 years ago, Hoover ordered the
Wuiungton field office to tap my
home telephone (as reported to me
by an assistant FBI director, who
•aid he overrode the illegal order).
Mueller also has deviated from
the bureau's customary practice,
which persisted long after Hoover,
of insisting it could do no wrong. I
had written that in ignoring com-
plaints from Sen. Arlen Specter and
Team One
Press File
Date:
whistle-blowing agent Coleen Row-
ley, it looked like the same old Ff I.
During our conversation, however, Publication:
Mueller did not punch back.
The director told me that Specter
was "absolutely right to take us to
task for not responding earlier" to
the senator. Mueller said he was In
the process of preparing a reply" to
Rowley before she gave her com-
plaint to two newspapers. Mueller
is known to have a low opinion pf
Rowley, but he chose not to spar
with one of Time magazine's Per-
sons of the Year. "I don't want to
publicly reply," he told me.
Mueller did not pretend that the
half-century of contempt for local 1-tA
cops—especially the NYPD—end- iat, Alt
ed in a year and a half. The FBI's re-
fusal to share its information con-
tinued even in New York City
immediately after the 9/11 attacks,
when then-Mayor Rudolph Giuliani
raged at FBI officials. Having taken
the oath only seven days before the
terrorist attacks, Mueller seemeM
powerless then. 'i
"I think it's improved substantial-
ly since September llth," Mueller
told me, "but it's been slow in com-
ing, and we're not where we want o
be." Local police chiefs such as Ri y
Kelly and Ed Norris have finally got-
ten security clearances, though
Mueller admits that "it took a whle
tosortitout." J
Mueller had to virtually reinvent
the FBI—from installing a modern
computer system to applying cen-
tralized decision-making. In setting
a new bureau priority of protecting
American* from terrorist attack
Mueller changed its mission. "Prior
to September llth," he told me,
"our focus had been too much tin
making cases as opposed to pulliag
in bigger pieces of information. Ty-
ing the points together would hai?e
been nice to have prior to Septem-
ber llth." t.
In his posthumously published
autobiography ("A Look Over B/ty
Shoulder"), longtime CIA Director
Richard Helms describes his only
meeting with J. Edgar Hoover, 'In
which the FBI director delivered a
"45-minute uninterrupted history of
the FBI in peace and war." Mueller
meets every morning with CIA Di-
rector George Tenet (and President
Bush). It's far from perfect, but tt*s
not really the same old FBI.
© 2003 Creators Syndicate Inc.
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44 THE NEW YORKER, MAY 12. 2OO3
ANNAL5 OF NATIONAL SECURITY
SELECTIVE INTELLIGENCE
Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?
BY JEYMOUR M. HER5H
' I %ey call themselves, self-mockingly,
JL the Cabal—a small cluster of pol-
icy advisers and analysts now based in the
Pentagon's Office of Special Plans. In
the past year, according to former and
present Bush Administration officials,
their operation, which was conceived by
Paul Wolfowitz, the Deputy Secretary of
Defense, has brought about a crucial
change of direction in the American in-
telligence community. These advisers and
analysts, who began their work in the
days after September 11,2001, have pro-
duced a skein of intelligence reviews that
have helped to shape public opinion and
American policy toward Iraq. They relied
on data gathered by other intelligence
agencies and also on information pro-
vided by the Iraqi National Congress, or
I.N.C., the exile group headed by Ahmad
Chalabi. By last fall, the operation rivalled
; both the C.I.A and the Pentagon's own
Defense Intelligence Agency, the D.IA.,
as President Bush's main source of intel-
ligence regarding Iraq's possible posses-
sion of weapons of mass destruction and
connection with Al Qaeda. As of last
week, no such weapons had been found.
And although many people, within the
Administration and outside it, profess
^-^
confidence that something will turn up,
the integrity of much of that intelligence
is now in question.
The director of the Special Plans op-
eration is Abram Shulsky, a scholarly
expert in the works of the political philos-
opher Leo Strauss. Shulsky has been qui-
etly working on intelligence and foreign-
policy issues for three decades; he was on
the staff of the Senate Intelligence Com-
mittee in the early nineteen-eighties and
served in the Pentagon under Assistant
Secretary of Defense Richard Perle dur-
ing the Reagan Administration, after
which he joined the Rand Corporation.
by Under-Secretary of Defense Wil-
liam Luti, a retired Navy captain. Luti
was an early advocate of military action
against Iraq, and, as the Administration
moved toward war and policymaking
power shifted toward the civilians in the
Pentagon, he took on increasingly impor-
tant responsibilities.
W. Patrick Lang, the former chief of
Middle East intelligence at the D.I A,
said, The Pentagon has banded together
to dominate the government's foreign
policy, and they've pulled it off. They're
running Chalabi. The D.IA. has been
intimidated and beaten to a pulp. And
there's no guts at all in the C.IA"
The hostility goes both ways. A Pen-
tagon official who works for Luti told me,
1 did ajob when the intelligence commu-
nity wasn't doing theirs. We recognized
the fact that they hadn't done the analysis.
We were providing information to Wol-
fowitz that he hadn't seen before. The in-
telligence community is still looking for a
mission like they had in the Cold War,
when they spoon-fed the policymakers."
A Pentagon adviser who has worked
with Special Plans dismissed any criti-
cism of the operation as little more than
bureaucratic whining. "Shulsky and Luti
won the policy debate," the adviser said.
"They beat 'em—they cleaned up against
State and the C.IA There's no mystery
why they won—because they were more
effective in making their argument. Luti
is smarter than the opposition. Wolfowitz
is smarter. They out-argued them. It was
a fair fight. They persuaded the President
of the need to make a new security policy.
Those who lose are so good at trying to
undercut those who won." He added, "I'd
love to be the historian who writes the
story of how this small group of eight or
nine people made the case and won."
A ccording to the Pentagon adviser,
Special Plans was created in order
to find evidence of what Wolfowitz
and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald
Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Sad-
dam Hussein had close ties to Al Qaeda,
and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of
 questions
expulsion
Denies envoy
has terror links
From combined dispatches
DUBAI—Saudi Arabia has asked
Washington to explain the expulsion
of a Saudi envoy reportedly barred
from the United States over reported
links tBLterrorists, a Saudi diplo-
jaaatic sowBe said yesterday.
body at the embassy could have any
direct or indirect links to terror-
ism," said the source, who declined
to be named.
"there are some talks with the
U.S. StateOepartment to find outthe
reasons, for expelling Fahad al-Thu-
mairy," he said.
ieLos
,,.,...__. , In Riyadh, Mr. Thumairy, 31, told
official and prayer leader at a local
mosque, was held for two days and
expelled last week on suspicion of
haying links with terrorist organi-
zations.
It said he arrived on a flight from
Frankfurt, Germany, on Tuesday at
Los Angeles International Airport to
learn his visa had been revoked in
March.
He was barred from returning
for five years, and on Thursday was
put on an international flight, the
Fahad al-Thumairy, a
consular official and
prayer leader at a local
mosque, was held for
two days and expelled
last week on suspicion
of having links with
terrorist organizations
paper quoted Department of Home-
land Security spokeswoman Vir-
ginia Kise as saying.
Team One
Press File
Date:
Publication:
me newspaper cited an uniden-
tified official source as saying a State
Department communique specifi-
cally mentionedlhat Mr.Thuhiairy
had "suspected affiliation with ter-
rorists."
the Saudi-owned daily newspaper
Asharq Al-Awsat that he had been
neither detained nor interrogated
by U.S. authorities before being de-
ported.
The newspaper quoted him say-
ing after his return to Saudi Arabia
that he had not been aware that his
diplomatic visa had been revoked
before his arrival in Los Angeles.
Immigration officials at the air-
port "told me that the issue was
linked only to the revoking of my
visa and raised no other demands or
suspicions," he was quoted as say-
ing.
"I don't recall committing any vi-
olation. Perhaps the action was
based on a malicious complaint by
some Muslims eager to control the
management of the mosque," he
said.
Mr. Thumairy had been at the
consulate in Los Angeles since 1996
and held a diplomatic post in the Is-
lamic and cultural affairs section.
He also served as a prayer leader at
King Fahd Mosque in Culver City,
one of Southern California's largest
Muslim houses of worship.
U.S.-Saudi ties came under strain
after the September 11 attacks.XHr-
ganized by Saudi-born Osama bio
Laden and carried out mortly by
. Saudis.

TUESDAY, MAY i3, 2;oo3
Western Targets Bombed in Riyadh
Powell, Due in Saudi Capital, Says Attacks Have the 'Earmarks' of Al Qaeda
By GLENN KESSLER and ALAN SIPHESS
Washington Post Staff Writers
AMMAN, Jordan, May 13 (Tuesday)—
Explosions hit a U.S.-Saudi business and three
housing compounds used by U.S. and other for-
eign residents Monday night and early today in
Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, hours before
Secretary of State Colin L. Powell was to arrive
there to discuss Middle East peace efforts and
the war against terrorism, according to reports
from the kingdom.
The enormous blasts destroyed parked cars
Publication
C_7
and knocked out the windows and doors of
homes, according to a Saudi source reached by
telephone in Riyadh. At least 30 ambulances
were dispatched to the sites and many casualties
were reported, including deaths, he said. Several
people were missing. ' £:
A senior U.S. official in Washington said two
Westerners were confirmed dead and si|*were
missing, and the U.S. ambassador to Saucli Ara-
bia, Robert W. Jordan, said on CNN that more
than 40 Americans had been wounded.
Officials reached by phone at two hospitals re-
ported treating several dozen victims. Many of
THE WASHN6K* POST
tf
the victims had been burned and were in serious
condition. At least one died, they said.
At a news conference today in the Jordanian
capital before he left for Saudi Arabia, Powell
said he did not know who carried out the attacks,
but added: The suspects are dear though. It has
the earmarks of al Qaeda."
The population in the targeted compounds is
about 40 percent Saudis and other Arabs, and
about 60 percent other foreigners, including
Americans and Britons working in Saudi Arabia,
See SAUDI, 412, Col. 1
 Team One , MAT i3, 2008
Press File
Date:

Publication:

Players: Pasquale J. 'Pat' D'Amuro

FBI Terrorism Chief:

Still After 'the Bad Guys1
In Profile
Pasquale J. "Pat"D'Amuro
Title: Executive assistant
director for
counterterrorism and
counterintelligence, FBI.
Education: Bachelor's
degree in business
administration, Niagara
University.
Age: 47.
Family: Married; one son.
Career highlights: His
24-year career has been
at the FBI, including stints
as supervisor of the Long
Island, N.Y., office;
assistant inspector,
headquarters; program
manager, "Operation
Button Down" organized
crime initiative; assistant
special agent in charge,
national security division,
New York field office;
associate special agent in
charge, criminal division,
New York field office.
Pastime: Golf.

BY FRANK JOH6TON-T>€«WSt«GTO« POST

PasqiMta "fnf D'Amuro is Mptag the FBI JththeCUL

 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publication:

WASHINGTON
IN BRIEF
SepL 11 Attack Victims'
Lawyers Fight Fee Cap
Lawyers for the families of the
3,000 victims of the Sept 11,2001,
terrorist attacks are organizing an
emergency fax and telephone cam-
paign to urge the defeat of a'measure
that would cap lawyers' fees on large
lawsuits.
The lawyers say the legislation,
proposed by Sens. Jon Kyi (R-Am.)
and John Cornyn (R-Tex.), wouTdlfr
fectively end their suit against top
Saudi Arabian officials and charities. .1
who they say helped f u n i * * *
and bear partial responsibility for
the attacks on the World Trade Cen-
ter and Pentagon. The senators say
they hope to attach the proposal to
the fiscal 2004 budget bfll this week.
These plaintiffs don't have mil-
lions of dollars to finance me to in-
vestigate this international case,"
said South Carolina attorney Ronald
Motley, who, with his firm, has spent
$7 million on the suit in the past
year. This measure would under-
mine people who try to sue terrorist
sympathizers, but doesn't affect the
Saudis' ability to pay lawyers."
Kyi, whose measure would apply a
fee-limiting formula on all cases that
result in judgments of more than
$100 million, said he is acting to re-
strict "obscene" lawyers' fees such as
those in the states' mid-1990s law-
suits against the tobacco industry.
 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publication:

TUESDAY, MAY i3,

Terror Sleeper
Cell Suspect ::
Pleads Guilty \ Press
BUFFALO, May 12—A fifth member of
an alleged terrorist sleeper cell in a Buffalo
suburb pleaded guilty today to supporting
terrorism. •.'," "
Yasein Taher, 25, admitted learning jto,ftre
guns and grenade launchers at an al Qaeda
camp in Afghanistan months before/ the
Sept 11,2001, attacks. vt
Taher, acting against his attorney's adyiqe,
became the fiftti member of agroup of six Ye-
meni Americans to enter a plea agreement
with the government in the case. He is ex-
pected to receive an eight-year prison term
when he is sentenced in September. .,
Prosecutors said Taher trained at the 'Af-
ghan camp and was a member of a sleeper
cell, a team of trained terrorists who lie dor-
mant until called to action. /[-I
The other men, Faysal Galab, 27; Shafal
Mosed, 24; Sahim Ahvan, 30; and Yahya £0-
ba, 26, also have been offered sentences of
between seven and 10 years. The sentences
are contingent upon their cooperation in'thjs
and future terrorism investigations, j
They could have faced up to 15 ye^r§ if
convicted at a trial Plea negotiations, with
the sixth suspect are continuing. •' :
In a courtroom full of friends and ijarjufy,
Taher acknowledged hearing Osama c bin
Laden speak against the United State? and
Israel and listening to a fellow trainee asking
others to sign up for suicide missions/ \
Defense lawyers said the young men, had
no advance knowledge of die Sept II at-
tacks and left the camp before completing
their training because they were
by what they heard.
/'*
Toll in Saudi Arabia Rises to at Least 20, U.S. Official Says Team One

Press File

M,y ,3,2003

Toll in Saudi Arabia Rises to at Least 20, U.S. Official Says

By STEVEN R. WEISMAN

R IYADH, Saudi Arabia, May 13 — The death toll from three car bomb attacks late Monday night
that blasted apart buildings in separate residential compounds occupied by Americans and other
foreigners rose to at least 20 today, with scores of others wounded, a United States official said.

The suicide attacks spread terror and confusion through the night and drew condemnation from
President Bush, Saudi leaders and Secretary of State Colin L. Powell, who arrived in Riyadh for
scheduled talks with Crown Prince Abdullah only hours after the blasts.

Mr. Powell toured an apartment complex where the entire front was blown off. There was furniture and
clothing strewn about the area around a 10-foot-deep crater and nearby there was an overturned truck
that had been blasted apart.

Mr. Powell seemed shaken as he toured the site, just as a dust storm whipped through the rubble and a
pungent stench from the explosives hung in the torrid air.

"This was a well-planned terrorist attack, obviously," he said somberly. "The facility had been cased, as
had the others. Very well executed. And it shows the nature of the enemy we are working against.
These are people who are determined to try to penetrate facilities like this for purpose of killing people
in their sleep, killing innocent people, killing people who are trying to help others."

Like other officials, Mr. Powell said there was no evidence that Al Qaeda had carried out the attack, but
he said it had that group's "fingerprints."

[President Bush reacted angrily to the attack.

"Today's attacks in Saudi Arabia, the ruthless murder of American citizens and other citizens, remind us
that the war on terror continues," he said at an appearance in Indianapolis.

The president called the bombings "despicable acts committed by killers whose only faith is hate." The
crowd of 7,000 at the Indiana State Fairgrounds roared its approval when he said, "The United States
will find the killers, and they will learn the meaning of American justice."]

Early reports by a Saudi official put the toll at 20. He said that seven Americans, seven Saudis, two
Jordanians, two Filipinos, one Lebanese and one Swiss died. In addition, nine charred bodies believed
to be those of the suicide attackers were found, the official said.

American officials said the three attacks were almost identical in method. In each case, a vehicle sped to
a lightly guarded entry gate of one of three large residential compounds in the northeastern part of the
sprawling capital. Gunmen shot their way past the sentries and then got inside the guardhouse to open

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/13/international/middleeast/13BOMB.html?pagewanted=p... 5/13/03
U.S. Envoy Says Saudis Failed to Respond to Security Pleas
Team One
Press File
Date:

Publications ^ ^S
May 14,2003
A/}/
/v 7 '
irrA^>

U.S. Envoy Says Saudis Failed to Respond to Security Pleas

By DOUGLAS JEHL and DAVID JOHNSTON

W ASHINGTON, May 14 — The United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia said today that the
United States sought unsuccessfully to persuade the Saudi government to tighten security
around residential compounds in Riyadh before Monday night's attacks.

The ambassador, Robert W. Jordan, said the request had been prompted by intelligence reports that by
late last month had indicated that militants might be in the final stages of planning a terrorist attack.

"As soon as we learned of this particular threat information, we contacted the Saudi government,"
Ambassador Jordan said on the CBS program "The Early Show."

"We continue to work with the Saudis on this, but they did not, as of the time of this tragic event,
provide the additional security we requested."

A spokesman for the Saudi Embassy in Washington, Nail al-Jubeir, said he did not know of any
specific request made by the United States government.

"Was there more that could have been done?" Mr. Jubeir said. "You can always ask that question in
hindsight. But the fact is, these were soft targets, and it's very difficult to protect every residential
compound."

For more than two weeks before the Monday bombings, American and Saudi officials had grown
increasingly alarmed by intercepted communications that provided what they called "strong indications"
that Islamic militants were preparing a terrorist attack against Americans in Saudi Arabia.

"We had indicators that they were planning something," a senior United States government official said
on Tuesday. "We didn't know exactly what."

The answer came this week in Riyadh, with the precise, well-coordinated strikes that claimed at least 20
victims, including at least seven Americans, at three civilian housing complexes.

American officials said on Tuesday that the attacks had almost certainly been carried out by Al Qaeda,
and said they strongly suspected that the nearly simultaneous strikes had been timed at least in part to
coincide with a visit to Saudi Arabia by Secretary of State Colin L. Powell.

Vice President Dick Cheney said the United States must continue to aggressively pursue terrorists. "The
only way to deal with this threat ultimately is to destroy it," he said in a speech.

"There's no treaty can solve this problem," Mr. Cheney said. "There's no peace agreement, no policy of
containment or deterrence that works to deal with this threat. We have to go find the terrorists."

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/14/international/middleeast/14CND-TERR.html7pagewant... 5/14/03
Death in Riyadh Page 1 of 1

Team One
Press File . ^

May 14,2003 Publication:

Death in Riyadh
he deadly suicide bombings in Saudi Arabia serve as a reminder — if anyone needed it — that the
threat of terrorism out of the Middle East is still very much with us.

The attacks, which seem to have killed at least 20 people, were aimed at several compounds that house
Westerners working in the Saudi capital, Riyadh. Within the walls of the compounds, non-Muslims are
able to replicate something akin to the lifestyles they had back home. American expatriates see them as
a means of maintaining their own cultural preferences, for free mixing of the sexes and the availability
of alcohol and uncensored movies, within the strict Wahhabi religious dictates of Saudi society. But
Islamic fundamentalists have always been affronted by the enclaves, and for terrorists, the compounds
serve as a handy symbol of the modern Western culture they despise. Attacking them also ensures
intense publicity.

The Saudi government, which relies on foreign workers to support key parts of its economy,
understands that it must move quickly to root out the people who strove to make a political point by
plotting yet another murderous attack. That is the obvious first step. The second must be internal
reforms that will reduce the population of unemployed, angry, disenfranchised young people who
connect the United States with a government that ignores their problems.

The Bush administration is already embarked on a plan to take American troops out of Saudi Arabia.
That is a smart idea that will eliminate one target of fundamentalist ire, put our soldiers where they can
be more easily protected and give the Saudi royal family an opening to begin making political and
economic concessions to its restless people. Nothing that happened this week should deter the
administration from pursuing that plan.

Many in the Western world will always view the tragedy of Sept. 11 as being about America, but to the
people who carried it out, the terrorist attack was as much about Saudi Arabia. The United States is a
supporting player in the terrorists' own internal political drama, which centers on fundamentalist
religion, a grandiose vision of their own role in world affairs and an anger at the Saudi government's
alliance with non-Muslim Western nations.

The Bush administration hopes to replace that story with a new one, involving democracy, economic
opportunity and liberty. It would begin with a new era in Iraq, the road to peace in Israel and increasing
democratization in other Arab nations. Right now, with chaos in Baghdad and foot-dragging by Israel,
that path looks treacherous. But it is the best current chance for a way out, toward a future in which
suicide attacks on innocent civilians will be understood by Muslims around the world not as a form of
political protest, but as utter insanity.

Copyright 2003 The New York Times Company I Home I Privacy Policy I Search I Corrections I Help I Back to Top

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/14/opinion/14WED 1 .html?pagewanted=print&position= 5/14/03


CA28 WEDNESDAY, MAT 14, ?oo3 R DM VA
AN INDEPENDENT
The Riyadh Bomb
ECRETARY OFSTATE Colin L. Powell is
right: The horrific terrorist attack in Ri-
yadh, Saudi Arabia, late Monday night had
ddl "the earmarks of al Qaeda." It was a carefully
^coordinated strike by multiple suicide bombers
*that exploited the vulnerabilities of closely
['guarded foreigners' compounds and wreaked
"'fextraordinary damage. It must have required
^excellent intelligence, months of careful plan-
a ning, substantial financing and a group of high-
sly disciplined and motivated operatives.
« Though not on the scale of 9/11, the attack was
t comparable to al Qaeda's simultaneous bomb-
ing of two U.S. embassies in Africa five years
<*ago—at a time when the organization was in-
1 jtact and operating above ground in Afghani-
9stan. The latest strike is a tragedy for the fami-
* ties of the victims and may cause new strains in
.already tense U.S.-Saudi relations. But most of
(all it is a demonstration that notwithstanding
-ithe Bush administration's recent claims of
progress, al Qaeda remains far from van-
quished.
r K Saudi Arabia has now been the site of three
• inajor terrorist bombings against American tar-
r'gets in the past eight years. This time, U.S. and
1 officials can take some consolation from
fact that they at least were not surprised,
governments had warned in recent days
-.that a suicide attack might be imminent, and
Saudi authorities may have been on the trail of
'the terrorists. Last week a large weapons cache
'was discovered in the same part of Riyadh
'"where the bombings took place, and the govern-
'Tnent announced it was seeking 19 suspects, in-
Team One
Press File
Date:
Publication:
NEWSPAPER
cluding 17 Saudi nationals, operating under the
direct command of Osama bin Laden. Cleaifcr
the ability of the United States and its allies to
track al Qaeda's movements and break up its
operations before they occur is improving; sev-
eral attacks, including a major bombing in Paki-
stan, were headed off in recent months. The
coming weeks will offer an important test of
whether Saudi authorities, who cooperated on-
ly haltingly with U.S. investigators after previ-
ous attacks, are willing to pursue this case ag-
gressively and fully share any findings with the
Bush administration.
Though the investigation may yield unex-
pected results, the bombing already seems to
have belied the recent assertion of Saudi Arabi-
an Interior Minister Prince Nayef that al Qaed*
was "weak and almost nonexistent" It ado
casts doubt on President Bush's boast, in his
victory speech aboard an aircraft carrier return-
ing from the Persian Gulf, that "we have seen
the turning of the tide" in the war on terrorism.
There have indeed been major successes
against al Qaeda, including the destruction of
its sanctuary in Afghanistan and the capture or
slaying of just under half its senior operatives. _
But the war in Iraq, which Mr. Bush sought to *
connect to 9/11 and al Qaeda, probably had lit-
tle direct impact on the group, though it MIM
justifiable for other reasons. The fact is that
both al Qaeda and, most likely, Osama bin Lad-
en remain alive and capable of doing great ham
to this country; both the Saudi leadership and
the Bush administration need to accept that re-
ality and redouble their efforts to change it
 Team One
Press File
Date: O5/

Publication: 77^1 KT

TUESDAY, MAY 13,2003

At least 1dead, dozens of

Americans hurt before Powell visit
Saudis Tie Al Qaeda to Attacks (washingtonpost.com) Page 1 of 6

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By Glenn Kessler
Nation Team One
Washington Post Staff Writer
World Wednesday, May 14, 2003; Page A01
Africa Press File
Americas Date:
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, May 13
Asia/Pacific
— A known al Qaeda cell headed
Europe
by a veteran Saudi militant who
Middle East
trained in Afghanistan carried out
The Gulf
- Bahrain
the coordinated car bombings late
- Iran
Monday that ripped apart
- Iraq
buildings and homes in three
- Kuwait
compounds inhabited by The fronts of buildings were sheared off by attacks
in Riyadh late Monday aimed at complexes
- Oman
Americans and other Westerners housing Westerners. (Television Pool Image Via
in Riyadh, Saudi officials said AP)
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia today.
- United Arab
Emirates The ferocious explosions, which Multimedia
- Yemen erupted in the Saudi capital just • Audio: The Post's Glenn Kessler in
Columnists before midnight, killed at least 29 Saudi Arabia describes the destruction
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Live Online "killers whose only faith is hate."
More than 190 people were • MSNBC.yideo: Secretary of State
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injured in the nearly simultaneous Colin Powell talks about the attacks.
Metro
blasts, many so seriously they techi
Business
were not expected to live, the -News From Saudi Arabia-
Technology
officials said, warning that the
inte:
• Saudis Vow to Make Al Qaeda
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final death toll could surpass 100. 'Sorry' for Bombings (Reuters, May
Style 14, 2003)
Education
Travel
President Bush, visiting tornado- al-Qaida (Associated Press, May 14,
stricken areas of Missouri, vowed 2003)
Health * UiS._.AMbassadpr.Cnt|caJ..of..^udi
Real Estate
that those responsible would be Government (Reuters, May 14, 2003)
Home & Garden tracked down, and he depicted the * More.News_frpM.SaMd.i...Arabia
Food bombings as another chapter in
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By Glenn Kessler advertisemer
Nation
Washington Post Staff Writer
World Wednesday, May 14, 2003; Page A01
Africa
Americas
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, May 13 -- At first, Elif Berkel
Asia/Pacific
recalled, she heard what sounded like the click-clack of a
Europe
wheeled suitcase on the sidewalk outside her apartment
Middle East
building. Someone was coming home from a long
is The Gulf
weekend, she thought. Then the cracking sounds got louder,
- Bahrain
- Iran
she said, and she and her husband wondered if a family in
- Iraq
their gated community was celebrating a wedding by firing
- Kuwait
shots into the air.
- Oman
- Qatar Finally, the Turkish couple decided it must be fireworks,
- Saudi Arabia and they flung open the sliding glass door in their living
- United Arab room to take a look. Suddenly, they recalled today, they
Emirates saw a huge orange fireball that covered the sky above their
- Yemen compound, Al Hamra, and they were blown so far back by
Columnists the blast that they hit a wall 10 feet away.
Search the World -Multimedii
Special Reports At almost the same moment — about 11:25 Monday night — * Audio: The Post's Glenr
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similar explosions occurred in two other gated communities at one of the bombed hot
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in the sprawling Saudi Arabian capital, Vinnell and compounds.
World Index * MSNBC yidep: Bush de
Jedawal. The sequence of violence, Saudi and U.S. officials bombings in Saudi Arabia
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said, was identical in all three compounds: gunmen clashed "killers whose only faith i<
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with sentries outside the walls, then reached in and pushed * MSNBC Video: Secreta
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a button that opened the gate. As the intruders kept
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shooting, at least one vehicle packed with explosives
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rushed into the compound, the driver searching for the News From Saudi
place where a bomb would have the most devastating * SaudisLinkCar•Bomb
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impact. 2003)
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Upgrade (Associated Pre
Home & Garden In Vinnell, a housing and training compound operated for 2003)
Food the Saudi Arabian National Guard by Vinnell Arabia, a * Saudis Link Car Bomb
Opinion local subsidiary of Fairfax-based Vinnell Corp., that place AI-Qaida (Associated Pre
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Washington Post Foreign Service
Nation Wednesday, May 14, 2003; Page A01
World
Press File
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CAIRO, May 13 - The Islamic militants Date:
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behind the devastating car bombings in three
Asia/Pacific
residential compounds Monday in Riyadh, Publication:
Europe
Saudi Arabia, were part of an al Qaeda cell
Middle East
whose members fought a gun battle last week
* The Gulf
with Saudi authorities before escaping arrest,
- Bahrain
Saudi officials said today.
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kuwait At the time, police raided a suspected hideout,
- Oman uncovering a weapons cache that included 55
- Qatar hand grenades, 829 pounds of explosives and
- Saudi Arabia 2,545 bullets of different calibers. The May 6
- United Arab raid took place at a safe house "several
Emirates hundred yards from one of the buildings hit"
- Yemen by the triple bombing, a senior U.S. official
Columnists said today.
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in Bosnia and Chechnya and was based at al damaged building after Monday's attack i
Business
Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, the officials compound in Riyadh. Saudi officials said
Technology attacks were carried out by members of i
added. Jehani, 29, assumed a leadership Qaeda cell. (Reuters)
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November of Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri,
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suspected of being instrumental in planning
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the officials said. Al-Nashiri, al Qaeda's * Saudis Tie Al Qaeda to *ttacl
Real Estate (The Washington Post, May 14, 2(
Home & Garden former director of operations in the Persian * Sudden Blasts, Wide Deyasta
Food Gulf, is in U.S. custody. (The Washington Post, May 14, 2(
* U.S. Team peparts to Investi
Opinion Attack in Saudi Arabia (The
Weather The cell has at least 50 to 60 members, they Washington Post, May 14, 2003)
Weekly Sections added. Jehani, who remains at large, came * BpjnbJnfl.May...Boqst.TMs.to.U
back to Saudi Arabia after the U.S. assault on (The Washington Post, May 14, 2(
News Digest * Bush ..Vowsi 'American Jug,|.j^
Classifieds al Qaeda in the Tora Bora mountains in Bom be rs i n Sa udj.. Ara bia (The
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Archives said. Jehani, who is part of the Harbi tribe in a * For U.S. Contractors, a Remh
(The Washington Post, May 14, 2(
Site Index western province of Saudi Arabia, began to
recruit new members and assemble arms,

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FBI Heads to Investigate Saudi Bombing (washingtonpost.com) Page 1 of 4

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World Surviving (Reuters, May 14, 2003)
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WASHINGTON - An FBI team Bombings (Associated Press, May 14,
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sent to look into the deadly 2003)
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heavily on the work of Saudi 14, 2003)
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authorities, who have in the past
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Sports Mueller said during an appearance in Albany, N.Y.
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Travel of the Khobar Towers dormitory that killed 19 U.S. military service
Health members. In the latest bombings, it will be up to the Saudis to secure the
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U.S. lawmakers are demanding that the Saudis offer more cooperation
Opinion
than they had after previous terrorist attacks. Still, the FBI scaled back
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"The attacks ... should really be a wake-up call to the Saudis," said Sen.
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"There's been a measure of cooperation. It can be stronger, and this may

result in stronger cooperation," said Sen. John Warner, R-Va., chairman
of the Senate Armed Services Committee.

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Bombing May Boost Ties to U.S. (washingtonpost.com) Page 1 of 3

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On)f Politics FEDERAL PAGE/ The Administration

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•The Administration By Michael Dobbs
Columns Washington Post Staff Writer
Congress Wednesday, May 14, 2003; Page A23
Supreme Court
Today in Congress By all indications, the suicide bombings in Riyadh were
Players planned as a protest against the U.S. presence in Saudi
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Bush administration officials said they hope that Monday

night's attacks on residential compounds will serve as a
"wake-up call" to the Saudi government, which has tended
Other News: to view the war on terrorism as primarily an American,
Nation Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah vis
World
rather than a Saudi, problem. They noted that the attacks bombing at a hospital in Riyadh.
were preceded by specific U.S. warnings that an al Qaeda Agency via AP)
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Sports attack was imminent.
Business
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Editorial Page News From Saudi
Travel the future of the special relationship between Washington • Saudis Link Car Bomb
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Real Estate 2003)
Home & Garden between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Saudi King • Saudis Link Car Bomb.
Food Abdul Aziz, U.S. officials said. For decades, the United Al-Qaida (Associated Pres
Education 2003)
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States has looked to Saudi Arabia as a source of stable
• FBI Heads to Investig;
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the country's national security. 2003)
Archives • More News from Saudi
Help
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policymaking. The official added that the Saudi
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technical side" to implement vague promises of
cooperation.

A Saudi official, speaking by telephone from Riyadh, said the attacks showed that Sa
and the United States are "in the cross hairs" of al Qaeda. "It will require a lot of cooi
joint efforts to stamp this threat out," he added. "But we are determined to win this w

The bombings in Riyadh occurred at a time of increasing strains in U.S.-Saudi relatio

the political and diplomatic fallout from the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks in the United Stat

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Mail :: INBOX: Press Clips for May 15, 2003 ^^ -. ., **? Page 2 of 17

WASHINGTON, May 14 — Seven months after telling Congress he would do so, George J. Tenet, the director
of central intelligence, has yet to provide the names of agency officials responsible for one of the most glaring ^
intelligence mistakes leading up to the attacks of Sept. 1 1 , according to Congressional and agency officials. —r"^ ^^,

Soon after the attacks, the mistake emerged, showing that the Central Intelligence Agency had waited 20
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months before placing on a federal watch list two suspected terrorists who wound up as hijackers.

Had the information about the two hijackers been promptly relayed to other agencies, the government might
have been able to disrupt, limit or possibly even prevent the terrorist attacks, intelligence officials and
Congressional investigators said. The agency knew that the two, Khalid al-Midhar and Nawaq Alhazmi, had
attended a meeting of Al Qaeda in Malaysia in early 2000.

Mr. Tenet told a joint Congressional committee in October that he would tell the panel the names of
counterterrorism officials responsible for the failure to put the men on the watch list. A spokesman for Mr. Tenet
said Mr. Tenet had not turned over the names because "the committee knows full well who did what," including
"who was handling watch-listing issues at the counterterrorism center."

The failure, however, has angered some lawmakers and families of some of the attacks' victims, who have
wanted a more specific accounting of intelligence and law enforcement lapses.

The Tenet spokesman said the C.I.A.'s inspector general had begun an inquiry into whether any C.I.A. officials
should be criticized or praised for actions before Sept. 1 1 .

The C.I.A., meanwhile, has promoted two top leaders of its unit responsible for tracking Al Qaeda in 2000, when
the agency mistakenly failed to put the two suspected terrorists on the watch list, officials say.

The leaders were promoted even though some people in the intelligence community and in Congress say the
counterterrorism unit they ran bore some responsibility for waiting until August 2001 to put the suspect pair on
the interagency watch list.

Mr. Tenet, in Congressional testimony in October, accepted responsibility for the reporting mistake but said no
one at his agency had been held personally accountable because "we're in the middle of a war."

A C.I.A. official said the investigation by the inspector general began after a joint Congressional committee in
December recommended one.

The New York Times agreed to a C.I.A. request to withhold the names of the two promoted officials because
they still work undercover in counterterrorism activities. While both are employed by the agency, one was on
temporary assignment to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The two declined to be interviewed.

The C.I.A. spokesman said it would be "unfair and not correct" to single out these two officials since lower-
ranking and more senior officials, including Mr. Tenet, could arguably be cited.

Another agency official, however, said that the two officials bore significant operational responsibility for tracking
and reporting on the activities of Al Qaeda.

A major mistake occurred in early January 2000, just before the Malaysia meeting of Al Qaeda, when the C.I.A.
learned that Mr. Midhar had obtained a visa that allowed him repeated entry to the United States. The joint
committee staff said it found no documents showing that the F.B.I., which is responsible for investigating
terrorism inside the United States, had received information from the C.I.A. about the visa. Mr. Midhar moved to
San Diego, attended flight school and lived unnoticed in a building whose landlord was an informant for the
F.B.I.

Mr. Tenet, in his testimony, said there was some dispute about what the C.I.A. had told the F.B.I., and he said

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 INBOX: Press Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 4 of 17

pass on for the watch list "the names of all persons it suspected of being terrorists," according to Mr. Shelby.
The cable and guidance are classified, but officials said that, at a minimum, Mr. Midhar met the guidance
standards.

Cable traffic inside the agency was high just before the millennium celebration, when there was concern about
the threat of terrorist actions around the world.

The chief of the bin Laden unit in 2000 was promoted after Sept. 11 to head an important C.I.A. station, and
more recently he was assigned to the F.B.I., where he holds a senior position, officials said. In 2000 there were
about three dozen employees assigned to the bin Laden unit, and about 200 agents worldwide were at the
disposal of the unit, according to the C.I.A.

The director of operations for the C.I.A.'s Qaeda unit in 2000 has since been promoted to the unit's No. 2 post,
officials added.

A government lawyer who examined the mistake with the watch list said officials at the bin Laden unit were
contrite.

"They all took responsibility," the lawyer said. "They all said, 'We dropped the ball.'"

2) U.S. Ambassador Says Saudis Didn't Heed Security Request

By STEVEN R. WEISMAN with DOUGLAS JEHL

New York Times

RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, May 14 — The United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia charged today that some
weeks before the car bombs of Monday night, American intelligence operatives picked up signs of an imminent
terrorist attack and urged the Saudi government to improve security at foreign compounds here, but got little or
no response.

Reflecting what some officials said was increasing American frustration with the Saudi efforts against terrorism,
the ambassador, Robert W. Jordan, praised Crown Prince Abdullah and Prince Saud al-Faisal, the foreign
minister, for their "sincere" vows of a crackdown on military groups. But he also said that "executing the plan to
provide additional security is another matter, and I think there's some ways to go on that, quite frankly."

The ambassador's comments, coming two days after three bomb blasts in Riyadh killed 34 people including 8
Americans, illustrate the depth of continuing strains between American and Saudi officials over cooperation in
fighting terrorism.

Even the White House, which has tried in recent months to repair relations with the kingdom, said today that
Saudi efforts to combat terrorism remain inadequate, despite some recent improvements.

"As with many countries around the world, the fact is that Saudi Arabia must deal with the fact that it has
terrorists inside its own country, and their presence is as much a threat to Saudi Arabia as it is to Americans and
to others who live and work in Saudi Arabia," the White House spokesman, Ari Fleischer, said today.

Responding to Mr. Jordan's claim that the United States had requested additional security at the compounds,
Prince Saud said that he doubted that it could be true. "At no time have there been requests for added security
in which we haven't afforded that security," he said at a news conference today. He did acknowledge that more
than a dozen Saudis linked to Al Qaeda had carried out the bombing, and regretted that Saudi authorities had
let them slip through their hands during a raid on their headquarters last week.

A spokesman for the Saudi Embassy in Washington, Nail al-Jubeir, said later that he did not know of any
specific request made by the United States for additional security around the Riyadh compounds.

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 1BOX: Press Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 6 of 17

In the days before the Riyadh bombing, Mr. Black was among several Bush administration officials who were
voicing cautious optimism that the American war on terrorism may have marginalized Al Qaeda as a significant
threat.

"It's no coincidence" that no operations were mounted during the American war on Iraq, Mr. Black was quoted
as saying in an interview published on May 7 in The Washington Post. "This was the big game for them — you
put up or shut up and they have failed. It proves that the global war on terrorism has been effective, focused and
has got these guys on the run."

In its May 1 warning, however, the State Department had said that terrorists "may be in the final stages of
planning attacks" on American targets in Saudi Arabia. The officials now say the bombings here on Monday
night were carried out by Al Qaeda.

The strains between the United States and Saudi Arabia over terrorism date back to the mid-1990's, with
American officials outraged by a lack of Saudi cooperation into investigations of bombings in Riyadh in 1995 and
in Dhahran in 1996 that killed a total of two dozen Americans.

Even after the Sept. 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the Saudi government for months
publicly refused to acknowledge the fact that 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudis. More recently, however,
officials from both countries say the Saudis have been more forthcoming in acknowledging a problem with
militants within their borders, and have become more aggressive in arresting terrorist suspects.

As evidence of that more aggressive role, Prince Nayef, the Saudi interior minister, said in February his
government was holding 253 people suspected of belonging to Al Qaeda, including 90 with proven links. As a
further indication of their commitment to that path, Saudi officials have publicized the May 6 raid on a Qaeda
safehouse here that uncovered a large arms cache but failed to capture 19 militants who are still at large.

Among those who were sought, and are now suspected of having a major hand in the bombings on Monday, is
a young Saudi named Khaled Jehani, who American officials described today as the leader of a Qaeda cell in
the Riyadh area.

A Saudi opposition figure, Saad al-Faqih, who heads the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, based in
London, and who has no ties to Al Qaeda, said in a telephone interview today that support for the terrorist
organization was growing in the kingdom, in part because of the emergence of "a new generation of religious
scholars."

Among those clerics, Mr. Faqih and others said, are AN al-Khudeir, Nasser al-Fahd, and Ahmed al-Khalidi, who
have been in hiding since before the American-led war in Iraq but have been issuing religious edicts via the
Internet that have urged their followers to resist any crackdown by the Saudi government.

3) U.S. Asked Saudis to Increase Security

Kingdom Failed to Act Quickly in Days Before Bombings, Envoy Says

By Glenn Kessler
Washington Post

RIYADH, Saudi Arabia, May 14 - The United States urgently asked Saudi Arabia to bolster security at
residential compounds inhabited by Westerners just days before this week's terrorist attacks in which eight
Americans died, but the Saudi government failed to act, the U.S. ambassador to Saudi Arabia said today.

Saudi officials quickly denied the charge.

In television interviews on U.S. morning shows, Ambassador Robert W. Jordan asserted that the Saudi
government failed to respond quickly to the U.S. request even after evidence accumulated that a major attack

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 fess Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 8 of 17

compound, would it have made a difference? I'm not sure that it would have." Jordan noted that armed guards
did little to prevent the attack at one site, the compound operated by Vinnell Arabia, a local subsidiary of Fairfax-
based Vinnell Corp.

Asked about the ambassador's comments in the television interviews, Saud denied that Saudi Arabia had failed
to act on such a request. "In each time the American embassy or any other embassy seeks the intensification of
security measures, the government fulfills this request," Saud said.

John Burgess, spokesman for the U.S. Embassy, said Saudi Arabia briefly enhanced security at some
compounds after the request, but then let the matter drop. "The Saudis don't have much staying power," he
said. "They don't stiff us on it. They just didn't do a very good job."

Burgess said the request was made at "very high levels" of the Interior Ministry. A ministry official said both
countries often make requests for cooperation, but he suggested it would have been impossible to supply
security people to all the compounds covered by the U.S. Embassy request.

One U.S. official here said part of the problem is that Saudi Arabia does not have a well-functioning government.
"It has a First World country infrastructure, but it's a Third World country," he said. "You go two people down in
any agency and it's bureaucratic inertia. It's not malicious, necessarily."

"We're frustrated with where we are," a senior U.S. official said, but there is "not a sense of blame or finger-
pointing. It is a sense of, what do we do next to prevent something like this from happening again?"

Saud said the terrorists "will regret what they have done, because they have turned this country into one fist
aimed at putting an end to this heinous wound in the body of this nation so that it won't return."

Noting that 15 of the 19 hijackers in the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States were Saudi, Saud said it
was fate that resulted in 15 attacking the city this week. He remarked that some Americans have blamed Saudi
Arabia for the Sept. 11 terror strikes. "Certainly it goes to the heart of the arguments. No one would accuse us of
being responsible for attacking our country," he said.

Staff writer Karen DeYoung in Washington and correspondent Peter Finn in Berlin contributed to this report.

4) Did the Saudis Do Enough to Prevent Attack?

By Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball

Newsweek Web Exclusive

In the two weeks before this week's terrorist attacks in Riyadh, senior Saudi officials rebuffed repeated U.S.
requests to beef up security at residential compounds that house American citizens and other westerners,
NEWSWEEK has learned.

THIS FAILURE to act has infuriated U.S. officials and raised new concerns about the controversial figure who
has long overseen the country's security forces: Interior Minister Prince Nayef bin Abdul Aziz.

After receiving alarming intelligence that Al Qaeda-linked operatives were in the "final stages of planning" for an
attack against U.S. interests, U.S. Ambassador Robert Jordan met with senior Interior Ministry officials in late
April and strongly urged them to take enhanced security measures at the compounds, including increasing
police patrols and positioning armored vehicles to guard the entries, sources said.

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 'ress Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 10 of 17

U.S. intelligence officials believe that the perpetrators are an Al Qaeda-linked group headed by Khaled Jehani, a
29-year-old Saudi militant who, like many of the 9-11 hijackers, is a graduate of the camps in Afghanistan. There
is still intense debate over just how large the Qaeda presence is in Saudi Arabia. (Privately, officials have
estimated it is 200 to 300 but "we're going to have to take a hard look at that number now," one official says.)
But at the very least, State Department officials are hoping that the attacks could lead to a shake-up within the
Interior Ministry and even Nayef's resignation~a development that one Saudi opposition leader said today is
long overdue.

"He's had failure after failure-he's proven useless," said AN Ahmed, director of the Saudi Institute, a
Washington-based group that is critical of the Saudi government. "He spends most of his time arresting people
for their ideas, not fighting terrorism."

ANOTHER FRUSTRATING SEARCH

Ever since the war on Iraq ended, there has been considerable attention to the often frustrating search by the
U.S. military for chemical and biological weapons--the purported primary reason we invaded the country in the
first place. There has been far less attention to the hunt for terrorists which, during Secretary of State Powell's
now famous speech to the United Nations last February, was the other reason advanced for getting rid of
Saddam Hussein.

As it turns out, the results so far are equally inconclusive. So far, for example, there have been no signs of Abu
Musab Zarqawi, the Jordanian terrorist who ran an Al Qaeda-affiliated group that Powell had asserted had
received safe haven in Iraq. But privately, Pentagon officials have been touting the arrest of at least one alleged
Zarqawi associate, Abu Muaz. Sources says Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz got excited when he
learned recently of Muaz's apprehension near Baghdad, and at least one official described him as a "high level"
and "significant" figure in Zarqawi's network.

But as with virtually all intelligence issues when it comes to Iraq, there is considerable dispute within the U.S.
government about Muaz. He is not wanted by the FBI for any crimes, and U.S. officials are unclear what terrorist
acts, if any, he can be linked to. The CIA attaches much less significance to his arrest, describing mysterious
Muaz as more a "midlevel operative' in the Zarqawi network.

And to date, even U.S. military officials acknowledge, he's the only possible Al Qaeda terrorist who has been
located anywhere in Iraq.

5) Where Next for al-Qaeda?

Tuesday's suicide strikes in Saudi Arabia may be the start of a campaign to hit U.S. targets in the Arab world

By TONY KARON

TIME Magazine

The war in Iraq was a major challenge to al-Qaeda, whose propaganda had always maintained that the U.S.
lacked the stomach for a fight, and whose leader's audiotaped call for retaliation for the U.S. invasion went
largely unheeded. But lest anyone count Osama bin Laden's movement out of the post-Saddam Middle East
equation, it struck back to devastating effect in Saudi Arabia on Tuesday: Some 29 people, including at least
eight Americans are reported to have been killed in three coordinated suicide bombing attacks on heavily-
guarded compounds housing foreigners in Riyadh. The attack was not wholly unexpected. On May 1, the State
Department had warned Americans to stay away from the desert kingdom, citing intelligence reports of a
terrorist attack in the final stages of preparation. Just last week, Saudi security officials uncovered a cell
comprising some 19 al-Qaeda members allegedly planning attacks on the royal family (the suspects managed
to elude capture after a Shootout). Also last week, self-styled al-Qaeda operative Abu Mohammed al-Ablaj had
emailed a message to a Saudi weekly newspaper warning that the movement was planning a major operation in
the Gulf, "targeting the rear of the American army."

The attack marks a dramatic shift for al-Qaeda, which had for the most part avoided conducting terror

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 5ress Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 12 of 17

The Saudi bombings are a reminder that al-Qaeda is very much alive after 18 months of the war on terror. But
while an occasional attempt to mount a spectacular attack on the U.S. mainland remains a real danger, changed
circumstances and opportunities may tempt the network to focus its efforts in the Arab territories whose
"liberation" from U.S. influence remains one of the movement's founding objectives.

6) U.S. Is Investigating Al-Qaeda Link In Iran

By John Walcott
Philadelphia Inquirer

WASHINGTON - U.S. intelligence agencies are investigating whether senior al-Qaeda leaders hiding in Iran
may have helped to plan or coordinate the terrorist bombings that killed 34 people, including eight Americans,
late Monday in Saudi Arabia.

Intelligence officials said several al-Qaeda leaders, including Saif al-Adel, who is wanted in connection with the
1998 bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa and who might now be the group's third-ranking official, and
Osama bin Laden's son Saad had found refuge in Iran, where they remain active.

National security adviser Condoleezza Rice, speaking to foreign journalists in Washington yesterday, made no
mention of a possible link between al-Qaeda members in Iran and the Saudi bombings but said: "We are
concerned about al-Qaeda operating in Iran."

The Iranian government has expelled more than 500 lower-ranking al-Qaeda members and denies harboring
any of the group's senior leaders. The U.S. officials, who all spoke on condition of anonymity, said there was
evidence that members of Iran's Revolutionary Guard were sheltering Adel, the younger bin Laden, other al-
Qaeda leaders, and some other members of bin Laden's family.

The officials emphasized that no hard evidence had been found that al-Qaeda fugitives in Iran had a hand in the
Saudi bombings. The suspicions have given a new urgency to United Nations-sponsored talks between White
House aide Zalmay Khalilzad and Iranian officials in Geneva.

In the talks, senior administration officials said, the United States is seeking an end to Iran's suspected nuclear-
weapons program, promises that Tehran won't try to export its Islamic revolution to Iraq, an end to Iranian
support for other groups such as Hezbollah and Islamic Jihad, and the return of fugitive members of Ansar al
Islam, a small group with al-Qaeda ties that was crushed last month by U.S. and Kurdish forces in Iraq.

Among other things, the officials said, Iran has asked the United States to disarm and disband the Mujahedeen
Khalq, an Iranian rebel group that was based in Iraq and backed by Saddam Hussein. That effort, a senior U.S.
official said yesterday, has been complicated by legal questions, some of them about how to deal with members
of the group who are U.S. citizens.

If the CIA or other intelligence agencies find evidence confirming suspicions that the Saudi bombings were
planned or supported from Iran, one senior U.S. official warned, the conversation with Iran "could become a
confrontation."

Asked what the administration's options would be in that case, another senior official conceded that trying to
seize Adel and others would be extremely difficult, but added: "The military option is never off the table."

The suspicions of a link between Iran and the bombings are focused largely on Adel, who some U.S. officials
think is now the head of al-Qaeda operations in the Persian Gulf.

Some officials think that Khaled Jehani, the leader of the al-Qaeda cell in Saudi Arabia that is suspected of
carrying out the attacks, began reporting to Adel after former gulf operations chief Abdul Rahim al-Nashiri was
captured in November. Nashiri is now in U.S. custody. Other officials, however, think Jehani may have taken
over from Nashiri and also is running the Saudi cell, which Saudi intelligence officials think may have had more
than 100 members, on his own.

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 Press Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 13 of 17

Saudi officials said suspected al-Qaeda members arrested before the bombings had told interrogators that
Jehani's group was planning to initiate a major operation in Saudi Arabia during the U.S. invasion of Iraq, but
that the invasion came sooner than they expected. AI-Qaeda's targets, the suspects reportedly said, included
the Saudi royal family as well as Americans and other Westerners.

Several times recently, one U.S. official said, Osama bin Laden expressed frustration to his lieutenants in Iran
that al-Qaeda had struck no significant blows as the United States invaded Iraq. "The fact that his frustration
was directed toward those in Iran is interesting," one official said.

7) New York Gets $200 Million for Defense Against Terror

By RAYMOND HERNANDEZ
New York Times

WASHINGTON, May 14 — The Bush administration announced today that it planned to provide New York a
little more than $200 million in grants to help it defend itself against terrorist attack.

The money was part of a $700 million aid package that Congress and President Bush approved last month to
help densely populated cities considered most vulnerable to terrorist attack.

It was unclear until today how much money New York would receive as part of the package. The money is being
disbursed by the Department of Homeland Security.

The $700 million pot was created after New York officials complained that the city, a past target for terrorists,
was being shortchanged because Washington had been apportioning security aid to cities by using a formula
that did not take into account vulnerabilities.

The aid package comes as New York City spends about $13.5 million a week beefing up security at airports,
subway stations, bus terminals and other landmarks in the wake of the Sept. 11 terrorist attack.

The package was praised by officials in the administration of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg who have argued
that the city should receive at least $175 million, or about 25 percent of the entire $700 million pot of money.

Of the $700 million in grants announced today, about $500 million will be divided among 29 cities to use as they
see fit. Those include New York City ($125 million), Washington ($42.4 million), Chicago ($29.9 million) Houston
($23.7 million), Los Angeles ($18.9 million) and San Francisco ($18.6 million), according to the administration.

The Bush administration has also set aside about $75 million for vulnerable ports and $65 million to beef up
security for mass transit systems across the nation.

Roughly $30 million has been set aside to help officials in the New York-New Jersey metropolitan region
prepare for any radiological disaster, according to federal officials.

8) A Terror Tracking System By Any Other Name

The Pentagon's Total Information Awareness program gets an image makeover

By TIMOTHY J. BURGER

TIME Magazine

After attacks from civil liberties advocates on the left and the right, the Pentagon is planning to change a

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 .. INBOX: Press Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 14 of 17

controversial system now being developed to hunt terrorists plotting attacks on the U.S. Change its name,
anyway.

In a report to Congress expected May 20 and now being circulated to top Defense Department brass for
comment, the Total Information Awareness program headed by controversial ex-Navy Admiral John Poindexter
is slated to be re-named with the more narrowly-focused moniker Terrorist Information Awareness, sources in
and outside the Pentagon tell TIME. Pentagon spokespeople declined comment on the plan or on what, if any,
substantive changes might accompany a possible name-change.

In a recent congressional hearing, Tony Tether, head of the Pentagon agency that houses the program, said
TIA would be operated with the expectation that "the American public and their elected officials must have
confidence that their liberties will not be violated before they would accept this kind of technology."

Critics have said the program, as described by Poindexter at various points since its inception, could promote
Big Brother-like government snooping on ordinary Americans as much as on terror suspects.

"We must become much more efficient and more clever in the ways we find new sources of data, mine
information from the new and old, generate information, make it available for analysis, convert it to knowledge,
and create actionable options," Poindexter said last year. Poindexter has been controversial for his role in the
Reagan administration Iran-Contra scandal, which led to a 1990 conviction for providing false information to
Congress, though that verdict was ultimately overturned in 1992.

9) Budget Shortfall Could Prompt Cutbacks in Airport Screeners

By Stephen Barr
Washington Post

Eight months into fiscal 2003, the Transportation Security Administration faces a budget shortfall, doesn't know
how big it will be and hopes to wrap up its spending plan in the next week or two.

James M. Loy, the head of the TSA, has been revising his spending blueprint every 60 days for much of the
past year. He has faced unexpected start-up costs, large outlays for contractors and a Capitol Hill budget
impasse that delayed this year's appropriations.

Faced with a possible deficit of $ 500 million this year, Loy has been taking steps to cut costs. Partly because of
the budget constraints and partly because of persistent criticism about the size of the agency's workforce from
Rep. Harold Rogers (R-Ky.), the agency is cutting back on screeners.

"Every time we came to a fork in the road, we took the security path. That was the right thing. Now I'm insisting
that we have to be as conscious of efficiency and effectiveness and stewardship of the taxpayer dollar," Loy
said in a recent interview.

According to a March 31 tally, the agency has 55,600 passenger and baggage screeners. Loy plans to cut 3,000
jobs by May 31 and another 3,000 by Sept. 30. The reductions should save the agency about $ 288 million in
fiscal 2004. Loy also plans to pick up about $ 500,000 per day in savings by lifting a requirement that law
enforcement officers be posted at airport checkpoints.

Loy said he sent members of his executive team to the largest airports to talk to screeners about the agency's
budget problem and the staff cutback. To meet its goal, the agency will not hire replacements as jobs come
open and will encourage screeners to switch from full time to part time. The agency also will try to accelerate the
removal of screeners with records of poor job performance or misconduct, Loy said.

At airports deemed to be overstaffed, screeners will be offered bonuses to move to understaffed airports.

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 .. INBOX: Press Clips for May 15, 2003 Page 15 of 17

If layoffs are required, the TSA plans to take into account the skills and job experience of employees rather than
the time they have put in with the agency, Loy said. "We will hold on to the very best screeners we have," he
said. "This is not last in, first out."

But a union official questioned whether Loy has the leeway to set up layoff rules, because Congress, in creating
the agency, suggested it use the Federal Aviation Administration as a model for pay and performance systems.

"If it comes to layoffs, we think the law tells them to use FAA or Transportation Department procedures and not
make up their own," Peter Winch of the American Federation of Government Employees said.

Using FAA procedures would ensure fair treatment and protect veterans from layoffs, he said.

"They have attracted a good workforce . . . and I think they are in danger of blowing the whole thing," Winch
said.

Winch has been traveling across the country trying to organize screeners at the nation's 31 largest airports,
even though screeners do not have the right to join unions. AFGE has filed petitions with the Federal Labor
Relations Authority to represent more than 6,000 screeners and has filed a lawsuit to overturn a ban on unions
at the TSA.

The TSA's efforts to sort out its budget comes at a sensitive time because congressional hearings are underway
on fiscal 2004 appropriations. Yesterday, Loy testified before the Senate Appropriations subcommittee that
oversees TSA spending, and Sen. Robert C. Byrd (D-W.Va.) quickly pointed out that he was troubled at the
prospect of sorting out the TSA's 2004 funding request when he had not seen a final 2003 spending plan.

Under TSA's staff changes, 240 airports would lose screeners and 148 would get more; workforce levels would
be unchanged at 33 airports.

Sen. Thad Cochran (R-Miss.) asked Loy yesterday how airports could appeal the TSA's decision to cut screener
jobs. Loy said the agency has asked its airport security directors to work with local authorities to come up with
the right staffing levels.

"We are after the right data," Loy said.

10) Plan to Hike Security at LAX Faulted

Rand says costly project backed by Hahn would increase vulnerability, not lessen it. Mayor's office disputes
findings.

By Jennifer Oldham
Los Angeles Times

A $9.6-billion modernization plan billed by Mayor James K. Hahn as a way to make Los Angeles International
Airport more secure would in fact make passengers and airport personnel more vulnerable to terrorist attacks
with small luggage bombs, shoulder-fired missiles or chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, according to the
first independent analysis of the proposal.

By consolidating passengers and vehicles at a check-in center nearly a mile from the facility, the mayor's plan
could greatly increase the number of casualties if such an attack occurred, according to a study by the Rand
Corp., a nonprofit research institute based in Santa Monica.

The eight-page study, commissioned by Rep. Jane Harman (D-Rolling Hills) and completed by Rand at no
charge, cited numerous security concerns with key elements of the mayor's plan. Hahn has been trying to sell
his proposal to airlines and residents as a way to make the world's fifth-busiest airport less attractive for
terrorists.

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 Team One
Press File
Date:

Publication:

A18 FRIDAY, MAT 16, ?oo3 DM VA WAR AGAINST TEMKHIISM

Bearing Attack, Kenya Searches for Al Qaeda

killed more than 240 people. don't want to take any chances. Afl mends Americans defer all nones-
Mohammed, who intelligence of- of this is hutting Kenya too much. sential travel to Kenya at this time."
ficials say is a member of al Qaeda We want it to end." The Thanksgiving Day bombing
fcOBI, May who trained in Afghanistan with Fears of a third major al Qaeda- in Mombasa, which killed 11 Ken-
that terrorists could be1 Osama bin Laden, was seen in Mog- linked attack in Kenya in five years
j an attack in Kenya in the adishu, the Somali capital, after the were heightened with the State De- out within minutes oC an unsuc?
coming days spurred law enforce- Nov. 28bombingof the Paradise Ho- partment warning after this week's ressful attempt to shoot down an Is-
ijt officials to launch a nation-' tel in the Kenyan port of Momba- triple suicide bombings fa Riyadh. raeli airiiner using two shoulder-
J search today for a leading SU9- sa—an operation in which he is also "The U.S. government has received launched missiles. Since then, more
f--.m the 1998 U.S. embassy a suspect Now Kenyan officials say indications of terrorist threats in the than 500 Kenyan security officials
bombings, while Britain suspended they believe he is in the country and region aimed at American and West- have undergone specialized training
Sights to and from the country and planning another attack. ern interests, including civil avia- in the United States, and the State
Western embassies increased securi- "He is at large," said Douglas tion. The government of Kenya Department's Office of Diplomatic
ty. * Kaunda, spokesmanfor the National might not be able to prevent such at- Security has given Kenya $800,000
(""^ Officers in Kenya's anti-terrorism Ministry of Security. "After this tacks," the warning said, adding worth of airport security equipment
\t said Fazul Abdullah Moham- week's attacks in Saudi Arabia, we that the State Department "recom- A Western diplomat here, who
med^ a Comoros islander who is
wanted by the FBI on murder charg-
es fo|-bis alleged rote in the embassy
/ attacks in Nairobi and Dar es Sa-
/ laam, Tanzania, reportedly has re-
/ turned to Kenya from neighboring
( Somalia. The —* *—*~J—
Suspect
asked not to be identified, cautioned
that Kenya's efforts to improve secu-
rity were being undercut by the per-
vasive poverty that has left this
country's police force without
un-
In London, Britain's Transporta-
tion Department said that "the
threat level to U.K.crvfl aviation in-
terests in Kenya has increased to im-
minent," and suspended flights. The
Association of British Travel Agents
said the move could leave as many
as UOO British tourists stranded in- by the FBI, batoKflnf inspect in
definitely. bonUigsoftwoU.&<
 ALiaeda 1 r-

Tied to tE WASHINGTON POST

Riyadh Blasts lie

jre to
In Iran With Other Terrorists
Ings ,
and SifSAN SCHMIDT
WosHinaton Pott Staff Writers \t
^e^^pleaers, wo jbers unleashed five at-
Jjuring more than 100,
teted of being connect-
, a spokesman for Mo-
i that the attacks were
in." He said the pej-
tty."
unned by the Moroc-
ttoperation has often
hy, has cracked down
fundamentalists they
a extremely good, of-
ligence and conduct
help Moroccan aa-
team of FBI agents
« Friday, part of ^
icers, who will het
Arabia afone, one
niorl
strator, U.S. coun-
tackers may have
g about, or were a
Ined responsibfli-
one longtime in-
fience.
-ASSOCIATED PRESS'-.
nt authorities said they
y injured. i is desperate to prove it is still active and, be-
cause of this, they e^^ further attacks in the corning days or

ts weeks.
1 think they're back—we've seen the hiatus,
counterterroriffln official said, referring to thi
matta<fedurir«andiTghtaftertheU.S.v^aga^iraoJwnfch
tacks sparked widespread condemnation^^in Muslim eountries.
law enforcement officials said several suspected al Qaeda '
°:
iynipathizers have been arrested in the United States in recent
.ha knife
provide information about them.
ust have "We have been very active. We have picked up several people,

else-
purity eling to Kenya, where threat reporting is intense and where 1
higher ish airliners have suspended flights, as well as in other parts of
East Africa and Asia, including Indonesia, the Philippines and
idirec- Malaysia. ,
aid the Intelligence and counterterrorism officials believe the Saudi
ien, be- bombings and other recent attempted attacks-^sgre carried out
pproach- by, as one official said, "regular al Qaeda folks, whoTtewemoved
their at- up into positions of authority because other people nave"1»een
d sports taken into custody." jN.
at of the "People who were previously below the level of top opera- ^
tVhen the tional planners are stepping up," another senior U.S. official
n from en- said. "But many of the names are familiar to us."
.-s pulled a " -The official and others interviewed said the network's leader-
ship structure has been deeply disrupted, but noted that many
elee at the thousands of extremists were trained in the Afghanistan camps
Ip, but as he over the last decade, and only a fraction—about 3,000—haje^
cer.anexplo- been captured or killed.
iste blew up, Khalid Sheik Mohammed, the chief of operations who was
; bellman and captured in Pakistan in March, has told interrogators, "You've
FindLaw Legal News - New Al Qaeda Military Chief to Bring New Secrecy Page 1 of 3

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WAR IN IRAQ Sunday, May 18, 2003 Print This I Email This FindL
WAR ON TERROR TortR
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New Al Qaeda Military Chief to Bring New Secrecy Limits
Presid
Can D
By AN
News Front Page SEBO

By Jane Macartney, Asian Diplomatic

Civil Rights Comii
Correspondent Colum
Grossi
Environment SINGAPORE (Reuters) - The Egyptian who guards Updati
Civil U
Immigration the elusive Osama bin Laden has taken over as al
Labor Qaeda's military commander following capture of AND: I
Personal Injury Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the mastermind of Enforc
September 11, a terror expert said on Monday. Interne
Politics
Product Liability FindL
Supreme Court saifal-Adel^ho is believed to have turned 40 last month, has a $25
Tech & IP
million price on his head on the FBI's list of most wanted terrorists.
The United States had indicted him over the 1998 bombings of the
1575
U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.
Commentary
1545
International Al Qaeda turned to al-Adel after Mohammed's arrest in Pakistan in
1515
Entertainment March removed the military commander whose careful years of
planning resulted in the devastating September, 2001 strikes on New 1485
Sports r
York and Washington, said Rohan Gunaratna, author of "Inside Al Data I
Book Reviews Qaeda: Global Network of Terror." i

Weather
News Wires "They chose him because he is their most competent man and he fits Mode
into the typical al Qaeda, Islamic jihad mindset," said Gunaratna, now
Associated Press Digital
based in Singapore. Rights
Court TV
ByJAI
CSMonitor
Al-Adel has shown ruthless efficiency in his role as chief of al Qaeda's
security and above all in protecting bin Laden, the world's most
wanted man, said Gunaratna. Featu
Special Coverage
Worldj
Featured Docs As a highly structured organisation, he said, Bin Laden's al Qaeda [PDF J
would have made a point of formally appointing a successor to Khalid
The Spin Room
Sheikh Mohammed. New C
Message Boards Again;
Al-Adel may bring a different style to future attacks. [PDFF

"They will become much more secretive, much more discreet, they Initial

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Mail:: INBOX: Press Cliips for June 16, 2003 Page 1 of 21

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Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2003 07:56:12 -0400
From: Stephanie Kaplan <skaplan@9-11commission,gov>4P
To: Staff <staff@9-11commission.gov>4P, Commissioners <comrnissioners@9-11commission.gov>4|
Reply-to: "" <skaplan@9-11commission.gov>^
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NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES

Press Clips for June 16, 2003

"'HEADLINES***

1) Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within (Newsweek)

2) Pursuit of al-Qaeda keeps coming back to Fla. (USA Today)

3) Sept. 11 survivor adds personal touch to work of independent commission (AP)

4) Hunt in N. Iraq For al Qaeda Is Hit and Miss (WP)

5) Defense Teams Seek Access to an Operative for Al Qaeda (NYT)

6) Saudis Say Raid Prevented an Imminent Terror Attack (AP)

7) Former Aide Takes Aim at War on Terror (WP)

8) 5-Year Hunt Fails to Net Qaeda Suspect in Africa (NYT)

9) Padilla kept out of sight, but case is very visible (Chicago Tribune)

***FULL-TEXT***

1) Al Qaeda in America: The Enemy Within

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"Mail:: INBOX: Press Clips for June 11, 2003 Page 1 of 12

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Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2003 07:37:19 -0400
From: Stephanie Kaplan <skaplan@9-11commission.gov>4P
To: Staff <staff@9-11commission.gov>^P, Commissioners <commissioners@9-11 commission.gov><*
Reply-to: "" <skaplan@9-11 commission.gov>^
Subject: Press Clips for June 11, 2003
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NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES

Press Clips for June 11, 2003

""HEADLINES***

1) Peters Township: Survivor of Pentagon attack has a positive attitude (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)

2) Mueller meets with 9-11 relatives, hears criticism, praise (AP)

3) The Moussaoui Case: Nothing Comes Easy (TIME)

4) U.S. troops arrest suspected militants with possible ties to al-Qaida (Knight-Ridder)

5) 3 More Terror Suspects Held in Thailand (LAT)

6) Former Baggage Handler Denies He Is An AI-Qaeda Member (Sydney Morning Herald)

7) Airline system used to screen suspected terrorists evokes ire (CSM)

8) Nuclear plants near airports may be at risk (USA TODAY)

9) United Pilots Could Get Clearance for Stun Guns in Cockpit (LAT)

***FULL-TEXT***

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 f/l
f
Hizballahland
Gal Luft
W HEN ISRAEL pulled out of its security zone
in southern Lebanon three years ago, it
was widely predicted that the radical Shiite group
Hizballah, whose forces had relentlessly attacked
the occupying Israeli troops, would close up mili-
tary operations and henceforth focus solely on
Lebanese domestic affairs. In the event, the exact
opposite occurred: promptly declaring that its next
objective was the liberation of the entire land of
Palestine and the destruction of the "Zionist enti-
ty," Hizballah seized control of the 350-square-
mile area that had been occupied by Israel, turning
it into a de-facto state within a state. In Hizbal-
lahland, as the area might now be called, the group
has managed to amass an impressive stockpile of
weapons, including 10,000 rockets and missiles ca-
pable of hitting a quarter of Israel's population, and
it has continued to launch numerous armed attacks
across the border.
Indeed, ever since the inception of the Palestin-
ian intifada in September 2000, Hizballah has per-
sistently tried to provoke Israel into opening a sec-
ond front on its northern border. In addition to
armed attacks, the terrorist organization has insti-
gated a water dispute between Israel and Lebanon
by pushing an initiative to divert water from a trib-
GAL LOTT is co-director of the Institute for the Analysis of
Global Security (IAGS) in Washington, D.C. His article,
"Who is Winning the Intifada?," appeared in the July-Au-
gust 2001 COMMENTARY.
[56]
utary of the Jordan River. It has fanned the flames
of the intifada itself by delivering weapons and
know-how to Palestinian terrorist groups. And it
has openly propagandized for the destruction of Is-
rael by means of its media and web outlets and
through such wildly popular Hizballah-sponsored
video games as Special Force (available in English
and French as well as Arabic and Farsi), whose aim
is to show "the defeat of the Israeli army and the
heroic actions taken by the heroes of Islam's resis-
tance In Lebanon."
So far, these efforts to drag Israel into war have
failed. Preoccupied with their ongoing conflict
with the Palestinians, and well aware that a move
to disarm Hizballah would entail confronting the
organization's two sponsors, Syria and Iran, the Is-
raelis have shown little desire to reenter Lebanon.
Nor is Israel the only country that has declined to
engage the terrorist organization directly. Even
though, prior to September 11, Hizballah had
killed more Americans than any other terrorist
group, the U.S., too, has preferred to focus its en-
ergies elsewhere. The name of Sheikh Hassan
Nassrallah, Hizballah's fiery leader and perhaps the
most popular man in the Muslim world, is all but
unknown here, and while the Bush administration
has closely followed Hizballah activities in the
Middle East and especially its links to al Qaeda,
concern has not been translated into action.
This might soon have to change. Just as in May
2000, when Hizballah defied expert opinion by re-
Scoring the War on Terrorism
Daniel Byman
J UDGING FROM recent head-
lines, things are going pretty well
in the war on terrorism. In his
State of the Union address, President
Bush declared, "We have the terrorists on
the run. We're keeping them on the run.
One by one, the terrorists are learning the
meaning of American justice." Several
months later, Attorney General John
Ashcroft unabashedly claimed, "We are
winning the war on terrorism." Praise is
also flowing from outside the govern-
ment. Writing in the Washington Post,
David Ignatius portrays an Al-Qaeda that
is intimidated, divided, demoralized and
reduced in both capacity and morale.1
Apparently, even the long-term looks
bright. Max Boot contends that "the
prospect of spending the rest of their lives
in Guantanamo Bay may even dissuade
some of the more faint-hearted Islamists
from taking up arms."2 Highlighting this
progress was the March arrest of Khalid
Sheikh Mohamed—the latest, and per-
haps most devastating, of a series of
deaths, detentions and disruptions that
Al-Qaeda has suffered.
A closer look, however, leaves room for
skepticism, or at least caution. The United
Daniel Byman is assistant professor in the Security
Studies Program of Georgetown University
and a non-resident senior fellow at the Saban
Center for Middle East Policy at the
Brookings Institution.
. The National Interest—Summer 2003-
States has made considerable—even sur-
prising—progress in defeating a skilled and
vast enemy. Nevertheless, the job is far
from complete. The May 2003 terrorist
attacks in Saudi Arabia and Morocco pro-
vide painful proof that Al-Qaeda remains a
lethal threat. More importantly, Al-Qaeda
and the ideology it promulgates remain
strong, and the Middle East in particular
will remain fertile ground for anti-U.S.
radicalism for many years to come. As a
result, for years and perhaps decades
Americans must live with the risk of large-
scale terrorist violence.
The Perils of Measuring Success
S
UCCESSFUL counter-terrorism
is notoriously difficult to mea-
sure. Unlike a conventional mili-
tary campaign, there is no enemy capital
to capture or industrial base to destroy.
Even a divided and demoralized terrorist
organization still has the capability to lash
out and kill many innocents.
To gauge success, it is tempting to rely
on a "body count" approach. In their pub-
lic statements to Congress on February 11,
2003, FBI Director Robert Mueller m, CIA
Director George Tenet and other senior
'Ignatius, "What the Enemy Sees", Washington Post,
January 10, 2 003.
2 Boot, "Key Qaeda Capture", New York Post,
March 1,2003.
.15
 Which Way to Mecca?
1.
We are, in this country right now, en-
gaged in the process of constructing,
rather hurriedly, as though we had
better quickly get on with it after years
of neglect, a standard, public-square
image of "Islam." Until very recently,
we had hardly more than the sugges-
tions of such an image—vagrant notions
of stallions, harems, deserts, palaces,
and chants. A Peter Arno drawing in
The New Yorker sixty-five years ago
more or less summed the matter up. A
stetson-hatted tourist leans out of his
roadster to ask a turbaned man pros-
trate in prayer by the side of the road:
"Hey, Jack, which way to Mecca?"
The reason for the rush to change
this casual mixture of ignorance and
indifference is clear enough: Septem-
ber 11, suicide bombers, Kuta Beach,
Osama, Nairobi, the Cole—and now
the Iraq war. What isn't clear, and will
not become so for quite some time, is
where it all is taking us, what our sense
of this obscure and threatening Other
that has appeared suddenly—and lit-
erally—on our domestic horizon is
going ultimately to be. The familiar,
almost intimate enemy we precipi-
tously lost with the dissolution of the
Soviet Union is being replaced in our
minds by something far less well de-
fined, much further removed from the
political history of nineteenth- and
twentieth-century Europe and Amer-
ica. Communism, with its roots in the
Enlightenment and the French Revo-
lution, at least had a Western pedi-
gree. Marx and Lenin emerged from
historical backgrounds all too recog-
nizable, with ideological intentions de-
rived, on the face of them, from some
Clifford Geertz
Thomas Simons, Clinton's last am-
bassador to Pakistan, a career diplomat
retired to Stanford's Center for Inter-
national Security and Cooperation,
sets "political Islam" against the back-
ground of a sweeping historical macro-
phase: "IT [i.e., information technology]-
led globalization." Vartan Gregorian,
the head of the Carnegie Corporation
and former president of Brown Uni-
versity, in search of "the best means
to facilitate multilateral dialogues be-
tween Western and Muslim intellectu-
als, professionals... clerics... and the-
ologians," produces a power-point ex-
ecutive summary of what Islam is about
for his board of trustees, and gets the
Brookings Institution to publish it, the
Rockefeller and MacArthur founda-
tions to support conferences to examine
it. Paul Berman, a historian of the New
Left, his subject remaindered, turns his
attention to ferreting out the "deep,"
"sophisticated" philosophy behind Is-
lamic extremism so as to formulate a
comparably reflective, comparably mil-
itant counterposition.3 Many arrows
The Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria, May 2002 fired in many directions with varying
force, varying effectiveness, and vary-
ing intent. What are we to make of it
AMONG THE BOOKS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW all? Which way to Mecca indeed?
What Went Wrong? Islam in a Globalizing World
The Clash Between Islam 1 he problem is made all the more
by Thomas W. Simons Jr.
and Modernity difficult by the fact that these arrows
Stanford Law and Politics,
in the Middle East are not being fired randomly into the
111 pp., $14.95 (paper)
by Bernard Lewis. empty air, but, as the above catalog
Perennial, The Shade of Swords: suggests, onto a scene already crowded
186 pp., $12.95 (paper) Jihad and the Conflict with ideological combatants. The
Between Islam and Christianity American idea of Islam, various, irreg-
The Crisis of Islam: byM.J. Akbar. ular, and charged with foreboding, is
Holy War and Unholy Terror Routledge, 272 pp., $25.00 being built up at a time when the
by Bernard Lewis. American idea of America is itself the
Islam: A Short History
Modern Library, subject of no little doubt and dispute,
184pp., $19.95 by Karen Armstrong.
Modern Library, and the country as a whole seems em-
• barked on a disconsonant and quarrel-
 Which Way to Mecca? Part II
1.
Since the end of the cold war,
when a lot more collapsed
than walls and regimes, many
of the large-scale concepts by
means of which we had been
accustomed to sorting out the
world have begun to come
apart. East and West, Commu-
nist and free world, liberal and
totalitarian, Arab, Oriental,
underdeveloped, third world,
nonaligned, and now appar-
ently even Europe have lost
much of their edge and defini-
tion, and we are left to find our
way through vast collections of
strange and inconsonant par-
ticulars without much in the
way of assistance from finely
drawn, culturally ratified natu-
ral kinds.
After the bolt-from-the-blue
attacks on the World Trade
Center in 1993 and 2001 fur-
ther disturbed our sense that
we understood what was going
on in the world and could han-
dle it, "Islam," about which we
had, in any case, only the most general
of notions, began to undergo the same
sort of decomposition for us. It, too,
has rather fallen apart as a settled and
integral object of knowledge about
which it is possible to have a view and
a theory. Introductions to Islam, and
bottom-line evaluations of it as a reli-
gion, a culture, a society, a Weltan-
schauung, or a civilization, continue to
be written and continue to be con-
sumed.1 But they seem to be of declin-
ing force, relics of a time when things
Clifford Geertz
Children studying at a koranic school in Medina, Saudi Arabia
AMONG THE BOOKS DISCUSSED IN THIS REVIEW
Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam After Jihad:
by Gilles Kepel.
Harvard University Press,
454 pp., $29.95
Militant Islam Reaches America
by Daniel Pipes.
Norton, 307 pp., $25.95
The Two Faces of Islam:
The House of Sa'ud
from Tradition to Terror
by Stephen Schwartz.
America and the Struggle
for Islamic Democracy
by Noah Feldman.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux,
260 pp., $24.00
Faithlines:
Muslim Conceptions of Islam
and Society
by Riaz Hassan.
Oxford University Press,
tion within the multicultural
world of the coming twenty-
first century.
i^.epel sees this new Islamism
— _——_J—••——.^.^ -._ - -
as stemming from aj'cultural
revolution," from a collective
change of mind inspired and
given direction by the teach-
ings of a^nandful]oT7ejigious
intellectuals, and driven for-
ward by the foundering of sec-
ujarjjnojg£nizjngjiationglism
everywhere from Algiers and
Tehran to Karachi and Jakarta.
Scarcely a generation after
many Muslim nations gained
their independence from co-
lonial rule, "the Islamic world
entered a religious era that
largely canceled out the na-
tionalist period which pre-
ceded it." From the 1960s and
1970s and on into this century,
petro-Islam [was built] on
the ruins of Arab [and third-
world] nationalism.... What
had previously been viewed
[by Western observers, by
secular intellectuals, by reforming
elites] as a conservative, some-
what retrograde religion, whose
social and political relevance was
declining in the face of progress
and modernization, suddenly be-
came the focus of intense interest,
hope, and dread.
__Kep_e[ traces the founding impulse,
the originating, cultural-revolution
phase of all this, to_the_writings^and
aj^tations of three men jiuring the
very yeafs,~the 1960s and 1970s, when