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LAMPUNG ZEOLITE UTILIZATION AS GAS EMISSION ADSORBANT ON CHARCOAL MAKING PROCESS Yayat Iman Supriyatna*, David Candra Birawidha, Slamet Sumardi Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI)
yayat_iman@yahoo.com ABSTRACT

One of climate change cause is factory gas emission that has reached the limit. Therefore people agreed for Go green concept to be applied in any aspect of life. The purpose of this reseacrh is to use Lampung zeolite as gas emmission adsorbant on charcoal making. This experiment was started by preparing 80 mesh zeolite as raw material. Zeolite was moulded into pellet by inserting TiO2 on various concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and bentonit as adhesive. This zeolite then being activated by heating on 2000C and placed on adsorber device on the Leucaena glauca making process. Gas emission resulted from the making process is analyzed before and after the process using gas analizer (Autochek Smoke Diesel Meter NFR 10-025). This experiment showed that the zeolite which was used as gas emission adsobance on charcoal making process can adsorb CO, NOx and CO2. Zeolite with 10% TiO2 reduce the highest concentration on CO2 gas emission by 28,17% while the highest NOx gas reducer was reached by Zeolite with TiO2 20%. Keyword : Adsorber, Gas Analyzer, TiO2, Zeolite

1. INTRODUCTION
Environment issues have been main concern for many countries for the last decade. Environment impact is one of main concern on technology devices. Therefore industry race to develop environment friendly devices (Dr. Fahmi A.). Technology advancement has make life much easier and enjoyable, but resulted much negative impact such as pollution and inefficiency on unrenewable natural resources. If technology advances does not concern on negative impact on life, it would not be an advances but deterioration. Environment friendly technology is required for accountable and continuities life. Nowadays environment friendly technology is mainly applied on developed countries because it is highly cost. Meanwhile, developing countries is yet unable to apply this kind of technology.Therefore there is a gap in environment preservation between those countries. These developing countries should start concern to apply environment friendly technology before the environment is permanently damaged. One of the air pollution is contributed by combusting process [1]. Charcoal making process is also involving combusting which is
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Manuscript received Maret 28, 2011. This work was supported in part by Indonesian Institute of Sciences Yayat Iman Supriyatna. is with Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), (phone:+62 721 3559800; fax:+62 721 350054; email: yayat_iman @yahoo.com) David Candra Birawidha is with Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), (e-mail: cb_r500@yahoo.com) Slamet Sumardi is with Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), (e-mail:slumuth@yahoo.com)

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CO2, CO, NOx and SO2. For one stage process, it is averagely resulting 543-3027 ppm CO2, 143-373 ppm CO, and 0.0054-0.13 ppm NOx [2]. Based on decree of the state minister of environmental affairs PP Number 41 1999, gas ambient limit for CO 30 mg/Nm3, NO2 0.4 mg/Nm3, SO2 0.9 mg/Nm3. Therefore it is required special treatment for gas emission so it would fulfill the gas ambient limit [3]. One of the efforts to reduce gas emission in charcoal production is by using activated zeolite as adsorbent [4]. The main concern for using zeolite as adsorbent is sufficient zeolite supply in Lampung, affordable price, has excellent ability as an adsorbent and economical cost. In this experiment, TiO2 was added as a catalyst [3] to accelerated adsorption process. The emission data used for this experiment is 8 hours gas emission during charcoal process which has been carried in Brazil [2]. Using theoretical theory, zeolite requirement was calculated for reducing gas emission concentration [5]. Zeolite effectiveness as an adsorbent is then analyzed. with various variable (Table 1), water and bentonite as adhesive. Zeolite picture with

various TiO2 can be seen on Fig. 1. After pellet was molded, it was activated by heating in the oven for 2 hours at 200 0C. 2- Equipment Installation Equipment required for this process is a series of carbonization furnace with zeolite container as an adsorbent. installation can be seen on Fig. 2. Equipment

Fig. 1. Zeolite as a Pellet

2. EXPERIMENT METHOD 2.1. Materials and Equipments

Materials used in this experiment were zeolite, bentonite, TiO2, Leucaena glauca and water. Equipment used was one carbonization furnace (charcoal furnace), adsorbent, mixer, pellet making equipment, thermometer, Fig. 2. A series of carbonization furnace with adsorber

balance, pail and oven.

Experiment Procedure
1- Raw Material Preparation First stage of the process is preparing 80 mesh zeolite. After zeolite was ready, it was molded into pellet with TiO2 addition

3- Data Collecting and Analyzing Data on this experiment is obtained by 5 different composition treatment of

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adsorbance (Table 1). Gas emission resulted from those treatments is analyzed gas
Sample Zeolite Concentration TiO2 Concentration Zeolite (kg) TiO2 (kg)

analyzer. EBT analyzes [6] was carried before treatment by adsorbent to yield surface area and pores volume of zeolite pellet.

1 2 3 4 5

100% 95% 90% 85% 80%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

50 47.5 45 42.5 40

0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Table 1. Adsorbent Composition

3. RESULTS
This experiment was carried as a batch experiment. We analyzed gas emission using zeolite as adsorbent. Results can be seen on table 2.

resulted without using zeolite as adsorbent and

Table 2. Gas Emission Analysis Analysis Parameter No Parameter CO (%) Non Adsorbent 1 2 Zeolite Adsorbent Zeolite Adsorbent + TiO2 5% 3 Zeolite Adsorbent + TiO2 10% 4 Zeolite Adsorbent + TiO2 15% 5 Zeolite Adsorbent + TiO2 20% 6.07 4.95 4.76 18.45 21.58 CO Reducing (%) 128 110 99 14.06 22.65 NOx (%) NOx reducing (%) 19.04 18.14 17.37 4.73 8.77 CO2 (%) CO2 reducing (%)

4.36

28.17

50

60.93

16.06

15.65

4.54

25.21 7.08

26

79.69 85.94

17.07

10.35 4.67

5.64

18

18.15

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4. DISCUSSION
From table 2, it can be seen there are 3 different gas emissions reducing of CO, CO2, NOx. Graph for gas emission reducing percentage is shown on Fig. 3., Fig. 4., and Fig. 5. The highest CO reducing (28.17 %) is achieved using sample 3.

Fig. 3. Correlation between adsorbent variables with CO gas emission decreasing

The highest NOx reducing is achieved using sample 5 which is 85.94 % (Fig. 4). Sample 3 and 4 significant reducing gas emission (60.94 % and 76.96 %), even though it is still lower than sample 5. Fig. 4. shows TiO2 addition to zeolite has linear correlation with NOx emission reducing. This is to break down various organic compounds, including molecules mercaptan, acetaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide [3]. Titanium dioxide is inserted in the zeolite only serve as a catalyst to accelerate the process of gas absorption of CO, CO2, NOx by zeolite. The ability of the catalyst depends on the surface of porous solids are commonly known as the support of a catalyst, for example, silica gel and alumina.

consistent with the statement Ibosuki (1996), that the TiO2 catalyst to oxidize NO2 and able

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Fig. 4. Correlation between adsorbent variables with NOx emission decreasing

The highest CO2 reducing is achieved using sample 3 which is 15.65 % (Fig. 5). TiO2 concentration is not always equivalent to CO2 emission reducing. Fig. 4. shows that TiO2 addition higher than 10% will decrease Zeolite ability as adsorbent

Fig. 5. Correlation between adsorbent variables with CO2 emission decreasing

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EBT Analysis result on table 3 shows that sample 3 (Zeolite adsorbent + TiO2 10%) resulting 47.34 m2/gr total surface area, 0.1742 cc/gr total pores volume and 60.21 A0 pores distance. Sufficient total pores volume and relatively small pores distance resulting higher pore density and allowing higher adsorb rate. With a total pore volume is large enough and the distance between the relatively small pores, the pore density, the better and allows the process of gas absorption into the larger pores, characterized by larger pores will be able to absorb gas molecules of CO, CO2 and NO2 (Tjokrokusumo, 1998). Adsorption

process is referred to as the process of gas adsorption by solids [3]. TiO2 concentration is not always equivalent to the gas emission concentration reducing. Figure 1 shows that TiO2 addition higher than 10% will decrease Zeolite ability as adsorbent. catalyst but not as adsorbent [2]. TiO2 act as

Table 3. EBT Gas Analyzer Result on Zeolite Pellet

Sample Surface Area (m2/gr) Pores Total Volume (cc/gr) Average Pores Distance (A0) 1 2 3 4 5 49,77 48,25 47,34 44,22 41,81 Decrease the concentration of CO, CO2 and NO2 after passing through a zeolite media inserted TiO2 occurs because the structure of zeolite as a medium absorbing layer has undergone a change. These changes occur because of the TiO2 molecule inserts into the structure of the zeolite layer has a larger molecular size than the size of cations contained in the structure of the zeolite layer. It inserts between the layers of TiO2 in zeolites occurs at the time of stirring with a homogenizer. Stirring is intended to mean mixing solids with solids TiO2 zeolite to both homogeneous. TiO2 molecule that has inserts will shift the cations exist in the space between the layers of activated carbon. Cations in zeolites are generally not strong antarlapis
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0,1183 0,1465 0,1742 0,1495 0,1418

47,53 75,81 60,21 54,04 67,81

bound so it is easily shifted by molecular TiO2. Once homogenous, the structure of the zeolite layer was formed after the insert TiO2 molecule is still fragile, so the media needs to be heated. This heating process in addition to aiming to stabilize the zeolite layer structure, also for the removal of water content in zeolite. Heating was carried out at 200 C for three hours. Through heating, water molecules also occupy the space between the layers of zeolite will be lost. Thus the volume of space between the layers of zeolite after the insertion of TiO2 will be greater as a result of its molecule inserts TiO2 and the disappearance of water molecules.

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The phenomenon is what causes the gases CO, CO2 and NO2 can be adsorbed in greater amounts in zeolite media is inserted TiO2. Gas CO, CO2 and NO2 which has become adsorbed will diffuse from the outer layer to the innermost layer. Both of these gases will occupy the space between the layers in the structure of zeolites with larger capacity. research and the officials who are not directly involved.

CONCLUSIONS
The process of absorption of the gas emissions result from the manufacture of charcoal carbonization furnace is successful In experiments with zeolite in pellet form, the operation still going well with the best of CO gas decreased by 28.17% (sample 3), best NOx gas reductions amounting to 85.94% (sample 5), the best CO2 reduction of 15.65 % (sample 3). Addition of TiO2 which produces the largest pore volume and decreased levels of gas emissions on average most of the addition of 10% (sample 3). In general, the best sample as the third adsorbent exhaust gases from the furnace carbonization results of sample 3 compared with other samples.

REFERENCE
[1] Kris Basuki, dkk., Penurunan Konsentrasi CO dan NO2 Pada Emisi Gas Buang Kelapa Menggunakan yang Disisipi Arang TiO2, Tempurung Prosiding

Seminar Nasional IV SDM Teknologi Nuklir, Yogyakarta, ISSN :1978-0176, 2008. [2] David M. Pennise,, Kirk R. Smith, Jacob P. Kithinji, Maria Emilia Rezende, Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Other Airbone Pollutants from Charcoal Making in Kenya and Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.106 No.D20 pp:143-155,

Brazil, 2001. [3] Kris Tri Basuki, Penurunan Konsentrasi CO dan NO2 Pada Emisi Gas Buang Dengan Menggunakan media

RECOMENDATION
Necessary follow-up experiment with other forms of adsorbent as an absorber in addition to form pellets and the optimization process to produce a better process. Needs to be thoroughly by calculating the saturated time to find out the needs of zeolite as an adsorbent in a larger scale.

Penyisipan TiO2 Lokal pada Karbon Aktif, JFN, Vol.1, ISSN 1978-8737, 2007. [4] Arifin M. dan Harsodo, Zeolit

Alam, Potensi, Teknologi, Kegunaan dan Prospeknya di Indonesia, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral, Bandung, 1991. [5] Herry Rodiana Eddy, Potensi dan Pemanfaatan Zeolit di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan Banten, Direktorat Jenderal Geologi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Bandung, 2000.

ACKNOELEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by DIPA Mineral Processing Division. The authors would like to thank the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) as an institution where the authors worked and conducted
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[6] Hardjatmo, Karakteristik Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Mineral, Bandung,1999.

Mineralogi dan Sifat Kimia-Fisika Zeolit,

Yayat was born in Cirebon,April 27th 1985. Graduated from elementary school at SDN 2 Beber in 1998, graduated from junior high school SMPN 1 Beber in 2001, and graduated from high school SMAN 2 Cirebon in 2004. Then pursue graduate studies at Diponegoro University majoring in chemical engineering and graduated in 2008. Worked as a chemistry laboratory assistant in the department of chemical engineering physics Diponegoro University, Indonesia in 2006-2007. then worked as an assistant to basic chemical laboratory in chemical engineering, University of Diponegoro, Indonesia during 20072008. Worked as a food technology engineering staff in LAPTIAP - Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Indonesia in 2009. Starting January 2010 until now works in Mineral Processing Division Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) as a researcher. Scientific papers: Recovery Nikel from Electroplating Waste by Coagulation and Floculation Process, Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University, March 2008 Pengaruh Penambahan Limbah Plastik sebagai Campuran dalam Pembuatan Briket Batubara, Seminar Nasional Metalurgi, Oktober 2010.

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