The French Revolution

The Crisis of the French Monarchy Grew out of long term tensions- seven years war France was a rich nation with an impoverished government

The Monarch seeks new taxes Failure = failure of parlements 25 years after 7 years war, stamndoff between ministers and others for tax schemes to tap wealth of nobility, Corruption and bad leaders XV appointed rene maupeou New minister- break parlements and increase nobility taxes - abolished parlements, exiled them to other places XVI was all like nah man parlements are awesome and put them back Necker- swiss banker, produced false reports saying debt wasnt as bad Calonne- minister of finance, new taxes, internal trade, lower taxes on salt, transform peasants services to money payments Local assemblies to approve stuff

The Aristocracy and the Clergy resist Taxation Huge clash with nobles Wanted to dismiss necker XVI dismissed calonne, replaed with Brienne Brienne wanted to put in land tax Institutions of aristocracy and church had brought monarchy to its knee royal absolutism had been defeated

The Revolution of 1789 Calling of estates general = huge consequencezx Determination of social groups to reorganize gov to assure future political influence of all forms of wealth Radical middle class leaders Parlements had behun to challenge the former as the true representative of nation- king Print culture, helped revolution Huge political debaters Some say- core accomplish,ent of revolution was to lay foundations for republic that could assure liberty and property Revolution did not simply arose from conflict of aristocracy and bourgeoisieMust more complicated

The Estates General become the National Assembly After this guy was called---- estates clashed Representatives of the 3rd estate wanted more Sieyes- what is the third estate? Everything

Debate over organization and voting 2 move to limit influence of 3rd 1- equal # of reprs from each estate 2- parelemtns of paris ruled that voting should be conducted by order rather than headeach easte rather than each member, should have 1 vote This made it so 2nd and 1st estate could always outvote third Showed aristocracy didnt care Royal council said that monarchy and fiscial reforms would be best served by making 3rd estate stronger 3rd estate would have tweice as many representative than nobles or clergy

The cahiers de Doleances This ^ = list of grievances Presented to king Unified weight and measurements, free press, periodic meetings of estates general Huge demand for cahiers- equality of righyts among subjects National assembly- third estate and some clergy + nobles

The tennis court oath Oath- continue to sit until constitution Then a ton of nobles joined Composed of people from all 3 orders- who shared liberal goals for administration. Consitutuional and economic reforsms

Fall of Bastille Dismiised necker Steady and slowy poorly executed attempt to undermine national assembly and halt revolt They regarded dismissal of necker as opening of royal offensive against assembly Stormed army/prison Released falsly imprisoned people/ found no weapons/ kuilled some guards National guard offered command to Lafayette- hero of American revolt Journees- days on which populace redirected course of revolt Louis satisfied some people/ didnt work out in long run

The great fear and the surrender of Feudal Privileges Royal troops would be sent to kill Burning of chateaux, destruction of documents, refusal to pay feudal dues Peasants wanted food supplies and land Venting all the anger Noble had to give what they lost and what they could have not gained without civil war in the rural areas Later they would aalso in many cases, receive compensation Bad harvests and deep economic depressions= helped revolution reach huge proportions

The Declaration of the Rights of Citizen and Man Enlightenment + declaration of independence Freedoms, gov to protect those freedoms Equality Freedoms just like USA All towards abuses of past Death certificate of the old regime Men no women

The Royal Family Forced to return to paris women wanted bread Parisians---- king sanctions the decrees of the assembly March of women = first example of popular insurrection against monarch

The Reconstruction of France Administration, rationalism, economics, unregulated freedom, religion, anticlericalism Middle class and elites united

Political reorganization Powers of war and peace vested in assembly- legislative assembly

Active and passive citizens Elaborate system iof indirect elections- stop popular pressure on gov Active and passive cities--- active = pay 3 days worth of money in tax per year They could vote for reps Only certain people could be reps Gougesdeclaration of the rivghts of womenchanged document, added women Wake up, discover your rights

Departments replace provinces National assembly rationality of enlightenment All ancient judicial coursts abolished Split up all land

Economic policy Workers organizations forbidden New stuff = peasants did not like Assembly crushed attempts of workers to protect wagechapelier lawforbade unions

Confiscation of church land National assembly suppressed old taxes, new land taxes, ineffecuebt Took church land and sold them, more inflation, schism, civil war

The assignats Gov bonds Value guaranteed by revenue to be generated from sale of church stuff Didnt work put more stress

The Civil Consitituion of the Clergy Legislation reduced number of bishopries--- borders of the dioceses into confonformity with those of the new departments This thing was a huge blunder Bitter relations with church and gov Group made clergy stake an oath to support civil constitution of clergy.. not many did so Pope condemned this group and declaration of rights of man Crisis for all catholicsside with pope or gov Louis wanted refractory clergy

Counterrevolutionary activity Aristocrats left France--- migrs went to other countries, made counter revolutionary ideas Count of Artois- younger brother of Louis Louis left Paris---- caught, national constitution said he was abducted Declaration of pillnitz--- Austria and Prussia would help France and preserve monarchy if other European powers would help Nobody else wanted to help Britain Last acts of constitution assembly/

A Second Revolution Peasants resisted revolutionary changes Other powers saw French revolution dangerous to their own country

End of the monarchy Jacobinsmost radical thought of enlightenment Clubs Girondists--- legistaltive assemblies leadership,,, from jacobins Oppose counterrevolution Forced emigres to return.. and forced clergy to accept the thing above ^^^ Declared war on Austria--- war would help monarchy Girondists thought war would make revolution stronger Dangerous politics Group of women led by leon--- petition to bear arms and fight for revolution Duke of Brunswick- issued manifesto promising destruction of paris if harm came to royal family --- increased distrust of king

The Convention and the role of the sans-culottes September massavres--- paris commune murdered 1200 people in jails Many didnt do anything, political prisoners Antimonarchical Called French republicno monarchy Goals of the sans-culottes

The Thermidorian Reaction The end of the terror Wealthy people and professionals replaced sans-culottes New convention--- repealed law of 22 prairials Jacobin club closed Catholic worship revived Wanted to return everything for before revolutionwomen less rights

Establishment of the directory Upper body- mean over 40 years, husbands pr vwidowed Council of five hundred- men at least 30, married or singled Thermidor= political reaction Political structure based on rank and birth had given way to system on civic equakity and social status based on property owner ship Levee en masse- French demonstrated to Europe idea of secular nationhood Peasants had it pretty good after revolution--- now owned their land Peasants had to pay no monetary compenstation

Removal of the sans-culottes from political life Vendemaiaire- sections of paris led by royalists- tried to rise up convention. Used artillery to kill them Bonaparte commanded cannon. Suppression of the sans-culootes, narrow franchise of the constitution, the rule of the 2 thirds and the catholic royalist revival presented the directory with problems that it never succeeded in overcoming