Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A r i e l a E n g b e r C a r l e n n S m i t h Q u e n t i n A n d e r s o n T y l e r B o o t h M i k e J o n e s
INTERPRETATION The results of the box and whisker plot suggest that women rate the importance of cleanliness higher than men in all levels of membership length. This conclusion can be made based on the small range of womens rates and the higher medians in all levels of membership length, demonstrating that the overall expectation for gym cleanliness is higher for women. The range of ratings on cleanliness was found to be much larger for men, especially in the case of men with memberships from 1 to 3 years and 3+ years. This may be attributed to the
fact that males who have been at the ARC less than a year may be SDSU freshman with free memberships and do not renew their membership at the ARC when the free trial ends. Members who return after their free freshman membership expires (1-3yrs, >3yrs) are less concerned with cleanliness of the ARC.
Categorized
Groups
A
single
chart
categorizing
people
into
two
groups
-
Satisfied
and
Unsatisfied
with
further
categorization
by
gender.
The
category
unsatisfied
contains
survey
respondents
who
indicated
satisfaction
of
1,
2,
or
3,
and
the
category
satisfied
is
composed
of
respondents
who
answered
with
a
4
or
5.
INTERPRETATION
The results of the stacked bar chart suggest that approximately 55% of the unsatisfied individuals were women, with approximately 45% of unsatisfied individuals being men. The chart also suggests that out of the total satisfied individuals, approximately 55% were men and approximately 45% of satisfied individuals were women. These results may be attributed to an importance of cleanliness to women being higher overall than men, in conjunction with higher expectations for cleanliness in a gym than men.
Descriptive
Information
GENDER
Results:
Gender
Male
Valid
Female
Total
Missing
System
Total
Frequency
188
210
398
72
470
Percent
40.0
44.7
84.7
15.3
100.0
Valid
Percent
47.2
52.8
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
47.2
100.0
The above frequency table explains that out of a total of 398 valid respondents, there were 188 males and 210 females.
The bar chart shows gender breakdown based on the percentages of valid participants. 47.2% of respondents were male and 52.8% were female. This may be a result of the gender ratio of the SDSU population, as there is a higher proportion of female students than male students.
Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 6am-11am 18.5 21.2 21.2 11am-4pm 22.8 26.1 47.3 Valid 4pm-12am 43.2 49.5 96.8 12am-6am 2.8 3.2 100.0 Total 87.2 100.0 Missing System 12.8 Total 100.0 Out of a total of 410 valid respondents, 87 preferred to work out from 6am to 11am, 107 preferred to work out from 11am to 4pm, 203 preferred to work out from 4pm to 12 am, and 13 preferred to work out from 12am to 6am. .
The bar chart shows gender breakdown based on the percentage of valid participants. The majority (49.5%) of people prefer to work out from 4pm to 12am. This may be explained by the high student membership base at the ARC, because this may be the time students are attending class, making it convenient for them to also go to the gym while they are on campus.
MEMBERSHIP
TYPE
SDSU
Student
Valid
Affiliate/Faculty/Staff/Alumni
Community
Total
Missing
Total
System
Frequency
286
89
24
399
71
470
Percent
60.9
18.9
5.1
84.9
15.1
100.0
Valid
Percent
71.7
22.3
6.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
71.7
94.0
100.0
The frequency table explains that out of a total of 399 valid respondents, there were 286 SDSU student memberships, 89 Affiliate/Faculty/Staff/Alumni memberships, and 24 Community memberships.
The bar chart shows the breakdown of membership type based on the percentages of valid participants. The largest percentage is SDSU student memberships at 60.9%, while the smallest percentage is Community members at 6% of all memberships. This is most likely the result of the location and marketing of the ARC, as it is located on campus (close to where many students live) and is one of the features that the school promotes to incoming freshman and students.
Sample
Information
LEAST
IMPORTANT
FEATURE
INTERPRETATION Staff greeting upon entrance was rated the least important feature of the ARC, as the average respondent rating was approximately 2.9 out of 5. This might be because of the ARCs large membership base, as members may not expect to be greeted when there are so many members as compared to the staff.
INTERPRETATION
Approximately 21% of valid respondents stated that PUMP!! was their music preference for the gym. This may be because members like to work out to high intensity music.
INTERPRETATION ESPN, Comedy Central, and MTV were chosen most often by ARC members when asked what TV shows they would like to watch at the gym. ESPN was chosen 193 times, Comedy Central was chosen 150 times and MTV was chosen 132 times. This may be because people who are sports fans also maintain an active lifestyle through having an ARC membership.
Each subscript letter denotes a subset of Primary time working out categories whose column proportions do not differ significantly from each other at the .05 level.
The crosstabulation clearly demonstrates that there is no notable difference between the actual data and the expected data, implying a nonmonotonic relationship between gender and workout time. Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 1.538a 1.537 .436 385 df 2 2 1 Asymp. Sig. (2- sided) .464 .464 .509
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 39.49.
The chi-squared difference test portrays the significance of the difference between these two variables. With the p-value (0.464) being much greater than the beta value (.05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis that gender and workout time are independent of one another.
students 1 faculty 2 * Primary time working out Crosstabulation Count 1.00 Expected Count students 1 faculty 2 % of Total Count 2.00 Expected Count % of Total Count Total Expected Count % of Total Primary time working out 6am 11am 11am 4pm 4pm 12am 49a 61.6 13.5% 32a 19.4 8.8% 81 81.0 22.3% 77b 77.6 21.2% 25b 24.4 6.9% 102 102.0 28.0% 151b 137.7 41.5% 30b 43.3 8.2% 181 181.0 49.7% 277 277.0 76.1% 87 87.0 23.9% 364 364.0 100.0% Total
Each subscript letter denotes a subset of Primary time working out categories whose column proportions do not differ significantly from each other at the .05 level. Unlike gender, the crosstabulation taking membership type into account actually does demonstrate that there is a notable difference between the actual data and the expected data, implying a monotonic relationship. Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value 16.207a 15.489 15.684 364 df 2 2 1 Asymp. Sig. (2- sided) .000 .000 .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 19.36. With the p-value (.000) being less than the beta value (.05), we reject the null hypothesis that membership type and workout time are independent of one another. INTERPRETATION The data indicates that gender does not have an effect on the time of day an individual works out, and that regardless of gender, a higher percentage of people work out later in the day overall. This can be a result of the ARCs high level of student membership and the effect their school schedule plays upon their workout habits. The results also indicate that there is a difference between membership type and workout times. Students tend to work out later in the day, but staff members have no central tendency at any particular time of day. This could possibly be due to students having schedules that typically tend to be in the earlier part of the day (with work and school in consideration) and faculty having more flexible schedules.
QUESTION
On
average,
do
people
find
the
quality
of
cardio
room
equipment
to
be
more
important
than
the
quality
of
selectorized
(pin
loaded)
equipment?
Is
there
a
difference
between
their
average
satisfaction
with
the
performance
of
cardio
equipment
and
selectorized
equipment?
This
research
question
requires
two
analyses
to
test
if
ARC
members
have
a
different
average
score
on
two
different
continuous
variables;
cardio
room
equipment
and
selectorized
(pin
loaded)
equipment.
We
chose
to
run
a
paired
samples
t-test
with
95%
confidence
to
determine
this
difference.
Paired
Samples
Test
Mean
Paired
Differences
Std.
Std.
Error
Deviation
Mean
95%
Confidence
Interval
of
the
Difference
Lower
Importance
-
Quality
of
cardio
room
equipment
Pair
-
Importance
-
1
Quality
of
selectorized
(pin
loaded)
weight
machines
Upper
t
df
Sig.
(2- tailed)
.342
.845
.040
.264
.420
8.649
455
.000
The results of the paired samples test shows that there is in fact a difference in the perceived importance in quality of cardio room equipment and selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines. This is clear from the the t- value (8.649) being greater than the z-value (1.96) and the significance (.000) being less than beta (.05). We are 95% confident that there is a statistical difference between the importance in quality of cardio room equipment and that of selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines. The positive range also implies that the perceived importance in quality of cardio room equipment is greater than that of selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines.
Paired Samples Test Mean Paired Differences Std. Std. Error Deviation Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Performance - Quality of cardio room equipment - Performance - Pair 1 .197 Quality of selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines Upper t df Sig. (2- tailed)
.730
.037
.124
.270
5.301
385
.000
The results of the paired samples t-test shows that, with 95% confidence, that there is in fact a difference in the perceived performance in quality of cardio room equipment and selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines. This is clear from the the t-value (5.301) being greater than the z-value (1.96) and the significance (.000) being less than beta (.05). The positive range of the confidence interval also implies that the perceived performance in quality of cardio room equipment is greater than that of selectorized (pin loaded) weight machines. INTERPRETATION The results of our paired samples t-test shows that on average, people rank the importance and performance in quality of cardio room equipment higher than the importance and performance of quality pin loaded weight machines. This could possibly be a result of a higher proportion of women than men being surveyed, as women reportedly use cardio equipment more than men while men use weight machines more than women, but further analysis would be needed to identify a correlation.
QUESTION
Is
there
a
difference
between
how
SDSU
students
and
Affiliates/Faculty/Staff/Alumni
perceive
the
performance
of
ARC
staff
members?
Specifically,
is
there
a
difference
between
how
these
two
groups
assess
staff
performance
based
on:
- Staff
accessibility
- Whether
staff
greet
members
upon
arrival
- Whether
staff
make
members
feel
welcome
- How
often
members
seek
staff
assistance
Because
one
continuous
outcome
variable
is
dependent
on
a
single
categorical
predictor
variable,
an
independent
samples
t-test
will
be
used
to
test
if
there
is
a
significant
difference
between
the
two
membership
types
and
their
satisfaction
with
ARC
staff
members
based
upon
accessibility,
whether
they
greet
members
upon
arrival,
whether
they
make
members
feel
welcome,
and
with
how
often
members
seek
staff
assistance.
There is only a significant difference between SDSU Students and Faculty with how they perceive performance of ARC staff in regards to being greeted when entering the ARC. We are 90% confident that students will on average feel less satisfied with how they are greeted when they enter the ARC than faculty. Faculty has a higher perception than students do, as signified by the negative confidence interval for that particular variable. It is also signified by the fact that this variables p-value (.001) is less than beta (.10). For the three other variables, we fail to reject Ho and are 90% confident that there is no significant difference between how satisfied students and faculty are with ARC staff member performance. In regards to feeling welcome at the ARC, the p-value (.224) is greater than beta (.10). Satisfaction with being able to find a staff person when needed also shows no significant difference as signified by the p-value (0.839) being greater than beta (.10), as well with how often one wants to find a staff person; p-value of .879 compared to .10.
INTERPRETATION SDSU Affiliates/Faculty/Staff/Alumni have a higher satisfaction level with how they are greeted by ARC staff members than students do. This could be due to the fact that ARC staff members tend to be students, as power roles might influence their likelihood to greet faculty, but further analysis is needed to determine the causality of these results.
QUESTION
Can
members
monthly
hours
spent
at
the
gym
be
predicted
by
their:
-
Gender
-
Favorite
T.V.
station
(ESPN
&
ESPN
2)
-
Overall
satisfaction
-
Perceived
importance
of
clean
stretching
mats
-
Perceived
importance
of
room
temperature
To
test
to
see
if
members
monthly
hours
spent
at
the
gym
can
be
predicted
by
various
other
variables,
such
as
gender,
favorite
TV
station,
overall
satisfaction,
perceived
importance
of
clean
stretching
mats,
and
perceived
importance
of
room
temperature,
we
will
run
a
linear
regression
to
find
a
line
that
best
predicts
the
trends
of
the
data
and
to
test
the
strength
of
correlation.
Gender
- - Low R2 value shows weak correlation p-value (.000) compared to beta (.05) implies significance, however positive range for confidence interval actually shows that women will spend between 1.7904.111 hours more than men at the ARC per month (with 95% confidence)
TV Channel
- -
Very low correlation for both TV channels (.004 for ESPN and .001 for ESPN2) Insignificant difference (if any) signified by confidence interval containing 0 in both variables
Overall Satisfaction
- - - Some correlation (.153) There IS a significant difference (p-value .000 < beta .05) Negative confidence interval implies a significant difference as well and that people who are MORE satisfied spend LESS time at the ARC per month (we can predict about 2.679 less hours with 95% confidence)
- Low correlation (.076) - Shows significance (positive confidence interval) - People who place higher importance on clean mats spend more time at the arc per month (by 7.036 hours) INTERPRETATION Though these results may not seem intuitive, they may be explained by those members who are more experienced gym members who more frequently go to the gym, and therefore, they can better assess what they value in a gym than those who do not go as often.
- - - INTERPRETATION People who are less satisfied with the temperature of rooms at the ARC may be more frequent gym users, causing them to have a stronger opinion as to how much they value this factor in a gym. Very low correlation (.02) Shows significant difference, p-value (.002) is less than beta (.05) Confidence interval does not contain 0, and has a positive range, implying that people who rank the importance of temperature as very important will spend more time at the ARC per month
Gender
Through analyzing the demographics of the SDSU population, we have reason to believe that female student concern with body in addition to the high ratio of women to men will predict that women will spend more hours a month at the ARC. Students have generally live closer to the ARC, than faculty who live closer to campus also live closer to the ARC, making it more conven, on average, than faculty, and therefore Members who have held their ARC membership for longer have decided to maintain their membership, implying that they utilize their membership. Therefore, those who have had a longer membership are predicted to spend more time per month than those who have held a shorter membership. Those who are more satisfied with the temperature of the ARC are predicted to spend a longer time at the gym when they do go, and therefore, are more likely to spend more time per month overall than those who are dissatisfied with the temperature of the gym. People who work out in the mornings may have less time to spend while they are at the gym than those who go later in the day, predicting that people who go later in the day will spend more time per month at the gym.
Membership Type
Mem_Type
Membership Length
Mem_Length
Prf_Atm_Temp
WrkoutTime
Gender
Model Summary Model R R Square
b
Adjusted R Square
.244
.059
.057
5.8805
a. Predictors: (Constant), men 0 women 1 b. Dependent Variable: FAKE DATA. This is a SIMULATED variable. It it the number of hours a respondent spends at the ARC, on average, the previous month.
Low R2 value shows weak correlation p-value (.000) compared to beta (.05) implies significance, however positive range for confidence interval actually shows that women will spend between 1.7904.111 hours more than men at the ARC per month (with 95% confidence) INTERPRETATION - - Women may be predicted to spend slightly more time at the ARC per month than men because they tend to use cardio machines, giving them aerobic workouts over a long amount of time, as opposed to men who more frequently use weight machines for anaerobic workouts that take less time. However, to explore the relationships between gender and workout time further we would need to conduct exploratory research to determine what factors (such as length of typical workout) may be the cause of this weak positive relationship between women and workout time.
Membership Type
- -
Low correlation coefficient (.012) Significant difference (.027<.05) and no 0 in confidence interval. Positive range in confidence interval implies that faculty members spend more time per month at the arc (we can predict about 1.136 more hours with 95% confidence)
INTERPRETATION Staff who choose to be ARC members may spend more time at the gym due to an external factor explained by their choice to become ARC members (such as involvement with sports teams). More research must be done to assess the underlying factors influencing ARC membership to explore the relationship between membership type and monthly hours.
Membership Length
- -
Some correlation (.367) Significance (.000<.05), 0 is not in the confidence interval, positive range in confidence interval implies that individuals who have had a membership for a longer period of time spend more time at the arc per month. Y=.606x + 13.661 Members with longer memberships will spend about 4.452 more hours (with 95% confidence)
- - -
Low correlation (.011) Significance (.037<.05) and no 0 in confidence interval Negative range of confidence interval implies that people who are LESS satisfied with the performance of temperature of the rooms spend MORE time at the ARC per month (95% confidence)
INTERPRETATION People who are less satisfied with the temperature of rooms at the ARC may be more frequent gym users, causing them to have a stronger opinion as to how much they value this factor in a gym.
Workout time
- -
Hardly any correlation (.001) Insignificant results, p-value (.500) is greater than beta (.05); also shown through confidence interval range containing 0