There are many different causes of deaseas. It is helpful to group them into categories. 1.

communicable diseases These diseases are caused by harmful parasites. Then can be passed from one person or animal to another, either directly or indirectly. Diseases caused by viruses ( measles, smalifox ). Diseases caused by bacteria (tuberculosis) , and diseases caused by worms (roundworms,hookworms) Are all communicable diseases. 2. deficiency diseases These diseases occur when the body does not receive enough of a substance it needs to remain healthy. Examples of deficiency diseases include protein calorie malnutrition and beri-beri. 3. degenerative diseases This group of illness usually occure in old age an example of a degenerative disease of osteoarthritis 4. physical causes Illness producted by injuries-such as burns, near drowning, and other accidents-belong in this group. 5. abnormal functions Diseases may result from abnormal functioning of body 6. Level disease 6. congenital disease These diseases are present from birth, somo, such as sicle cell anemia, are passed from parent to child others are result of damage to the body during birth. Examples include some mental deficiencies, paralysis, and cerebral palsy 7. alien growth This group of diseases includes many forms of cancer. 8. mental disorders Some of these disorders result from dficullies in the patients life, such as personal problems with faily or friends. 9. diseases of unknown cause The causes of some illnesses-for example, some types of heart disease-are not known.

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DISEASES II

VOCABULARY A 1. Micro very small Microscope= Instrument used to see small objects The microscope is used to observe things that are very small Microbiology= study of small living organisms Bacteria and viruses studied in microbiology courses 2. Re back, away from Resistance= action against; opposition Resistance to disease is common in healthy people. Remove to take away Disinfectants remove disease-causing organisms 3. Pre before Prevent= to keep from happening Good diet helps prevent deficiency diseases. Prescribe= to order medicine or order treatment the doctor prescribe medicine 4. Trans across Transmission= passing on to another, transfer Transmission of communicable diseases can be direct or indirect. Transfusion= transfer of blood or other liquid into a blood vessel Blood transfusions replace blood lost during an accident or an operation 5. Iso alone, separate Isolate= to separate from other persons or things In Hospitals, patients with communicable diseases are isolated Isolation= keeping apart from others Isolation of smallfox patients prevents the spread of this communicable diseases 6. It is inflammation Poliomyelitis= inflammation of the spinal cord Paralysis due to the inflammation of the spinal cord is called poliomyelitis Gastroenteritis= inflammation of the stomach and intestines When the stomach and the intestines are inflamated, the condition is called gastroenteritis. 7. Infect cause disease Infectious= able to cause disease

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7. control (v) to regulate Some diseases are controlled by immunization through drugs. 8. freshwater (adj) water low in salt content Freswater fish are found in lakes and rivers. 9. filter (n, v) separated out, to separate out The scientist filtered the solution to obtain a sample of bacteria. 10. spore (n) an asexual reproductive cell A single spore develops into a new organism.

Vocabulary Exercises

READING SELECTION The agents or parasites that couse communicable diseases vary greatly in size. Some parasites, like viruses, are so small that they cannot be seen under a light microscope. Other parasites, like the tapeworm, may be more than a meter long. Some common parasites are described below: 1. Viruses are the smallest living microorganisms known. They cannot be seen under the light microscope but only under the electron microscope. Viruses can pass though a fine filter that can hold bacteria. Viruses cannot live for very long outside living cells. Some examples of virus diseases are smallpox, rabies, and the common cold. 2. Rickettsiae are larger than viruses and can be seen with the light microscope. The most widespread diseases coused by rickettsiae is typhus. 3. Bacteria can be seen under the light microscope and can be separated by fine filters. Some barteria can live freely in.

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VOCABULARY A 1. Demos people Epidemic disease affecting many people Many people become ill at the same time during an epidemic. Epidemiology study of disease Epidemiology is concerned with the spread of disease among people in a community. 2. Inter between ,among Intercourse relationship netween people Some diseases are transmitted by sexual intercourse. Intercellular between cells Fluid is found in the intercellular spaces of tissues 3. Feces solid waste material of digestion Feculent containing feces Disease may transmitted by the organisms found feculent water. Fecal pertaining to feces Fecal material is eliminated from the body 12 hours after eating a large meal. VOCABULARY B 1. Cough (v) to expel air and mucus,with force,from the lungs through the mouth People with colds cough and spread the cold virus through the air. 2. Sneeze (v) to expel air and mucus,with forces,from the lungs through the nose If you have a cold,you should cover your nose when you sneeze. 3. Spit (v) to release saliva with force through the mounth Infection organism found in saliva are released when people spit 4. Spread (v) to scatter,to release over a large area Infections are spread by coughing ,spitting,and sneezing.

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5.

Crowd (n) a large number of people or things in a small space Crowded (adj) many people or things pushed together A crowd of people transmits many disease-causing organism An epidemic can start on a crowded bus

6. Swallow (v) to cause food to pass from the mouth through the throat and into the stomach When a person swallows, food moves along the esophagus to the stomach 7. free-living (adj) able to exist by oneself, independent Some insects depend on a host during stages of larval development; others are free-living 8. Uncooked (adj) not cooked, raw Many people may become infected with parasites found in uncooked meat 9. Droplet (n) small amount of liquid Manu viruses are present even in small droplets of mucus

READING SELECTION A. Ways in which diseases are spread directly Infectious diseases are passed directly from one person to another without any intermediate stage. Diseases are transmitted from one human to another in the following ways : 1. Transmission by droplets Large numbers of organisms that cause disease are released when patients exhale. Coughing, sneezing, and spitting also spread disease. Epidemics can occur when people are crowded together. Some examples of diseases spread by droplets are measles, smallpox, the common cold, streptococcal tonsillitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, and meningitis.

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Common cold, streptococcal tonsillitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis and meningitis. 2. Transmition by direct skin contact Disease causing organisms are found on the surface of the skin. Many diseases are spread through direct contact with the skin of the patient, including yaws and scabies, leprosy and venereal disease. Two venereal disease, syphilis and gonorrhea are transmitted by skin contact during sexual intercourse. 3. Transmition by the fecal mouth route Large numbers of infectious agents are found in the feces or vomit of sick people. Disease of the digestive tract are spread by the fecal mouth route. The germs are transmitted to healthy people either directly to the mouth by the fingers or indirectly by infecting food and water. Flies also spread disease of the digestive tract they feed on feces and then transmit the disease causing organisms to unprotected food. Some examples of diseases spread by the fecal mouth route are cholera, bacterial and amebic dysentery, thypiod, poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) and bacterial food poisoning. Epidemics of digestive tract diseases occur when the water supply of community is infected. B. ways in which diseases are spread indirectly Some diseases are not transmitted directly to other humans by the infected persons. One method of indirect transmission is the spread of the infecting agents by an animal or insect that has been in contact with the diseased person. In a second method of indirect transmission, a parasite lays eggs in the body of the diseased person. These eggs are passed out of the body through vomit or feces. The eggs develop into the infective stage outside the patients body and spread the disease to other people.

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1. Transmission by parasites Ascaris (roundworm) eggs develop into the infective stage outside the human body and transmit disease when they are swallowed. Hookworm eggs become free-living larvae in the earth. The larvae transmit infection by entering a persons body through the skin. 2. Transmission by insects Some diseases transmitted indirectly from person to person by insect carriers are malaria, by anopheline mosquito; onchocerciasis (river blindness), by the simulium (black fly); and typhus, by the body louse. Other diseases are transmitted indirectly from animals to humans by insect carriers. For example, yellow fever is transmitted from monkeys to human by mosquitoes. Bubonic plague is transmitted from rats to people by fleas. 3. Transmission by animals that pass a stage in another animal Schistosome worms must live in freshwater snails before reaching the free-living stage of larvae development. The free-living larvae become infective and are capable of transmitting schistosomiasis when they penetrate a persons skin. The guinea worm larvae must reach a level of development in cyclops before they are capable of infecting the person who swallows them. The beef tapeworm develops in the cow and infects the person who eats uncooked beef.

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