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Types: a. Arsine b. Carbon monoxide c. Cyanide agents d. Sodium monofluoroacetate

Clinical Diagnostic Tests CBC Glucose Determinations Electrolyte Determinations Chest Radiography Pulse oximetry

Diagnostic Test CBC, Blood Glucose, Electrolyte determination, Urine for hemoglobinuria

Riot Control Agents a.k.a Tear Gas

Management Closely monitor serum electrolyte, calcium, BUN, Creatinine, Hgb, Hct

Pulmonary / Chocking Agents

These are chemicals that cause severe irritation or swelling of the respiratory tract causing pulmonary damage and ultimately impairing oxygen delivery.

These are chemical compounds that temporarily inhibit a persons ability to function by causing irritation to the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, and skin. Exposure to riot control agentsis by inhalation or by contact with the skin and/or eyes and leads to rapid onset of symptoms. Assessment: Primarily affects eyes, causing temporary blindness that is due to lacrimation, and blepharospasm. They also produce conjunctival redness; cough; chest tightness; sneezing; and mouth, nose, throat irritation.

Assessment Initial symptoms include eye pain, redness, lacrimation, sore throat, runny nose, coughing and head ache. After hours to several days, victims may develop nausea, hemoptysis and the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema including choking, dyspnea, rales, hemoconcentration and possible cyanosis.

Treatment: No specific treatment requires. Situation improves within 30 min. after exposure ends.

Submitted by: Dimacaling, Encabo, Herbito, Hibaya

Chemical Warfare

Thorough decontamination and, once the path of exposure has been determined, appropriate emergency and supportive measures. Respiratory problems: Requires immediate endotracheal intubation and positive ventilation. Sunctioning may be needed to remove bronchial secretions. Prophylactic anticonvulsants to prevent seizures Oximes to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase Reverse paralysis Anticholinergics to antagonise the muscarinic effects

Assessment Ocular: redness and burning of the eyes with lacrimation, blepharospasm, and lid edema Upper Airway: nasal irritation and discharge, sinus burning, nosebleeds, sore throat, cough, and laryngitis Pulmonary: dyspnea, necrosis of large airway mucosa with sloughing, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, ARDS, respiratory failure Skin: irritation and redness with delayed production of wheals, vesicles, or bullae, followed later by areas of necrosis

Involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

Nerve Agents

Treatment Washing of exposed skin with soap and water. Flushing the eyes with copious amount of water. Avoid 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution or vigorous scrubbing as this may cause deeper tissue penetration. British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) topical or ophthalmic preparation. Intubation and airway management may be required. Careful cleaning and topical antibiotics and pain relief should be instituted.

Specific antidotes: Atropine an antimuscarinic agent, may be required in extremely large quantities, and routine hospital stocks can be quickly depleted. Pralidoxime ( 2-PAM, Protopam) acts to regenerate the enzyme activity at all affected sites, reverses paralysis, an is potentially curative if provided early enough and in sufficient doses.

Are among the most potent and deadly of the chemical weapons. They are rapidly lethal, and hazardous by any route of exposure. (Reutter, 1999; Tucker, 2006)

Assessment: Muscle fasciculation and eventual paralysis may occur Effects and time of onset of a nerve agent are dependent on the concentration of the agent and the amount of time exposed, as well as the route of exposure.

Vesicating/Blister Agents

Blood Agents

a
chemicals that severely blister the eyes, respiratory tract, skin on contact. A.k.a tissue agent, are chemicals that affect the body by being absorbed into and distributed by the blood to the tissues.

Treatment: