Fresnel Equations and Light Guiding

Reading - Shen and Kong Ch. 4

Outline Review of Oblique Incidence Review of Snell
s Law Fresnel Equations Evanescence and TIR Brewster
s Angle EM Power Flow

TRUE / FALSE
1. The Fresnel equations describe reflection and transmission coefficients as a function of intensity. 2. This is the power reflection and transmission plot for an EM wave that is TE (transverse electric) polarized:
T
n1 = 1.0 n2 = 1 . 5

R
i

B [Degrees]

3. The phase matching condition for refraction is a direct result of the boundary conditions.
2

Oblique Incidence at Dielectric Interface

Hr Er Ei Hi Hr Er Ei Hi Et Transverse Magnetic Field Et Transverse Electric Field

Ht

Ht

y
3

Partial TE Analysis
Hr Er Ei Hi

z=0
Et Ht

i jkix xjkiz z Eo e Ei = y r jkrx x+jkrz z e Er = y Eo t jktx xjktz z Eo e Et = y

i = r = t

Tangential E must be continuous at the boundary z = 0 for all x and for t.

i jkix x r jkrx x t jktx x Eo e + Eo e = Eo e

This is possible if and only if kix = krx = ktx and i = r = t. The former condition is phase matching kix = krx = ktx
4

Snell
s Law
Er

n1

n2
Et

Ei

kix = krx n1 sin i = n1 sin r i = r

5

kix = ktx n1 sin i = n2 sin t

Snell
s Law

TE Analysis - Set Up
Hr Er Ei ki Hi Medium 1 Medium 2 r i t Ht z=0 Et kt
Eo ej (kix xkiz z) Ei = y rEo ej (kix x+kiz z) Er = y Et = y tEo ej (kix xkiz z) H t jk E = jH 1 H= kE E = kiz ) Hi = ( z kix x
2 2 kx + kz = k2 = 2

kr

To get H, use Faraday
s Law

Eo j (kix xkiz z) e 1 rEo j (kix x+kiz z) e 1 tEo j (ktx xktz z) e 2

kx = k sin kz = k cos

Hr = ( z kix + x kiz ) z ktx + x ktz ) Ht = (

6

TE & TM Analysis Solution

TE solution comes directly from the boundary condition analysis

t cos i i cos t r= t cos i + i cos t

TM solution comes from

1 1 cos i i cos t t r = 1 1 cos t t cos i + i

2t cos i t= t cos i + i cos t

1 cos i 2t t = 1 1 t cos i + i cos t

Note that the TM solution provides the reflection and transmission coefficients for H, since TM is the dual of TE.

Fresnel Equations - Summary

From Shen and Kong just another way of writing the same results TE Polarization
r Eo 2 kiz 1 ktz = i = 2 kiz + 1 ktz Eo

TM Polarization
r Eo = i = Eo

rTE

rTM

2 kiz +
2 kiz

1 ktz 1 ktz

tTE

t Eo 22 kiz = i = 2 kiz + 1 ktz Eo

tTM

t Eo = i = Eo

2 2 kiz 2 kiz + 1 ktz

Reflection of Light (Optics Viewpoint 1 = 2)

Hr Er Ei Hi Hr Er Ei Hi Et

TE: r = TM: r =

n1 cos i n2 cos t n1 cos i + n2 cos t n2 cos i n1 cos t n2 cos i + n1 cos t

Et
E-field perpendicular to the plane of Ht incidence

c
Reflection Coefficients

TE

n1 = 1.44 n2 = 1.00

y
Ht

|r |

TM

E-field parallel to the plane of incidence

|r |

Incidence Angle i

Incident ray (unpolarised)

Brewster
s Angle

Reflected ray (TE polarised)

B + t = 90 n1 n2

Image in the Public Domain

Sir David Brewster (1781 1868) was a Scottish scientist, inventor and writer. Rediscovered and popularized kaleidoscope in 1815.

n1 sin (B ) = n2 sin (90 B ) = n2 cos (B )

Refracted ray (slightly polarised)

B = arctan
@ i = B TE: r =

n2 n1

n1 cos B n2 cos t =0 n1 cos B + n2 cos t

n2 cos B = n1 cos t n1 sin B = n2 sin t

10

n2 cos B n1 cos t TM: r = =0 n2 cos B + n1 cos t

Total Internal Reflection Beyond the critical angle, refraction no longer occurs
thereafter, you get total internal reflection TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION n2sin2 = n1sin1  crit = sin-1(n1/n2) Image in the Public Domain for glass (n2 = 1.5), the critical internal angle is 42 for water, it
s 49 a ray within the higher index medium cannot escape at shallower angles (look at sky from underwater)
incoming ray hugs surface

n1 = 1.0 n2 = 1.5 42

11

Snell
s Law Diagram

Tangential field is continuous

kix = kit
Total Internal Reflection
kx
Radius = k2

Refraction
kx

ktx
r t t c t

kz
kix

kz

Radius = k1

k 1 < k2
12

k 1 > k2

Total Internal Reflection & Evanscence

Snell
s Law dictates n1 sin(i) = n2 sin(t) , or equivalently, kix = ktx . For n1 > n2 , t = 90 at i = sin-1(n2/n1)  C. What happens for i > C ?

n1 > n2

kx

ktz2 = kt2 ktx2 < 0  ktz = j tz , with tz real. The refracted, or transmitted, wave takes the complex exponential form

kr
c c

kt

kz

exp(- j ktx x - tz z) . This is a non-uniform plane wave that travels in the x direction and decays in the z direction. It carries no time average power into Medium 2. This phenomenon is referred to as total internal reflection. This is the similar to reflection of radio waves by the ionosphere.

ki

1 2

13

Total Internal Reflection in Suburbia

Moreover, this wheel analogy is mathematically equivalent to the refraction phenomenon. One can recover Snell
s law from it: n1sin1 = n2sin2 .

The upper wheel hits the sidewalk and starts to go faster, which turns the axle until the upper wheel re-enters the grass and wheel pair goes straight again.
14

Frustrated Total Internal Reflection In Suburbia

k1

An evanescent field can propagate once the field is again in a high-index material.

15

Applications of Evanescent Waves

fingertip

Image in the Public Domain

light source

camera

The camera observes TIR from a fingerprint valley and blurred TIR from a fingerprint ridge.
Image in the Public Domain

16

Light Propagating Through a Multimode Optical Fibre

Jacket 400 m

Buffer 250 m Cladding 125 m Core 8 m Image in the Public Domain

Single Mode Fibre Structure

The optic fiber used in undersea cables is chosen for its exceptional clarity, permitting runs of more than 100 kilometers between repeaters to minimize the number of amplifiers and the distortion they cause. A cross-section of a submarine communications cable: 1. Polyethylene 2. "Mylar" tape 3. Stranded steel wires 4. Aluminum water barrier 5. Polycarbonate 6. Copper or aluminum tube 7. Petroleum jelly 8. Optical fibers Typically 69 mm in diameter and weigh around 10 kg per meter
17

Image in the Public Domain

Submarine communication cables crossing the Scottish shore

Image by Jmb at http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/File:Submarine_Telephone_Cables_ PICT8182_1.JPG on Wikipedia.

Optical Waveguides Examples

Image by Apreche http://www.flickr.com/photos/ apreche/69061912/ on flickr Image by Rberteig http://www.flickr.com/photos/ rberteig/89584968/ on flickr

LCD screen lit by two backlights coupled into a flat waveguide

Image by Mike Licht http://www.flickr.com/photos/notionscapital/ 2424165659/ on flickr

Optical fiber
18

Today
s Culture Moment

Global Fiber Optic Network

Image in the Public Domain

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare

Image by Paul Keleher http://commons.wiki media.org/wiki/File:Trench_USA-fiber.jpg on Wikimedia Commons.

19

Today
s Culture Moment

Laying Transcontinental Cables

Image in the Public Domain

20

METAL REFLECTION

Three Ways to Make a Mirror

Kyle Hounsell. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse

MULTILAYER REFLECTION

Image is in the public domain

Image is in the public domain: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ File:Dielectric_laser_mirror_from_a_dye_las er.JPG

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

21

Transporting Light
We can transport light along the z-direction by bouncing it between two mirrors
y x
Mirror

Mirror

..the ray moves along both y- and z-axes..

Ex (y, z ) = Aejky y ejz

where

nko kz

ky

ky = nko sin

kz = nko cos
22

Transverse Electric (TE) Modes

Ex (y, z ) = A1 e+jky y + A2 ejky y ejz

y

= am um (y )ejm z
x

Mirror

Mirror

d/2 0 d/2

STANDING WAVE IN y-DIRECTION

z
m=1 2 3 6

23

Perfect Conductor Waveguide

y x
Mirror Mirror

d/2 0 d/2

z
m=1 2 3 6

um (y ) =

2/d cos ky y 2/d sin ky y kym

if m = odd if m = even =m d um (y ) =
24

Boundary Conditions

my 2/d cos d m y 2/d sin d

if m = odd if m = even

Transporting Light
y x
Mirror Mirror

d/2 0 d/2

z
m=1 2 3 6

um (y ) =

2/d cos ky y 2/d sin ky y

if m = odd if m = even =m d
2 kz, m

kym = nko sin m

nko ky kz,m
2 = k 2 m2 2 d

kz,m = nko cos m

25

Transporting Light
y x
Mirror Mirror

d/2 0 d/2

z
m=1 2 3 6

nko ky kz,m

The solutions can be plotted along a circle of radius k=nko

ky = ko sin nko M m 3 2 1 kz,m kz,m nko = nko cos m

kym = nko sin m

=m d

kz,m = nko cos m

26

Waveguide Mode Propagation Velocity

Mirror

Mirror

Velocity along the direction of the guide

steeper angles take longer to travel through the guide

27

Lowest Frequency Guided Mode

Cut-off Frequency

Number of Modes

Mirror Mirror

Frequency of light (color)

28

Solutions for a Dielectric Slab Waveguide

y d 2 0 d 2 m=1 2 3 4 8

What does it mean to be a mode of a waveguide?

29

Slab Dielectric Waveguides

ky

n2 k o n1 k o
n1 ko sin c

steepest incidence angle

m c m 0 0 n2 k o
30

1 0 n1 k o

shallowest incidence angle

kz =

Comparison of Mirror Guide and Dielectric Waveguide

Metal Waveguide

Dielectric Waveguide

n2 n1 n2

31

Key Takeaways
n1 > n2

kx

Total Internal Reflection. What happens for i > C ? ktz2 = kt2 ktx2 < 0
ktz = j tz , with tz real.

kr
c c

kt

Evanescent field

kz exp(- j ktx x - tz z)
Waveguide Modes

ki

1 2
y

um ( y ) =
x
Mirror

my 2/d cos d my 2/d sin d

Mirror

if m = odd if m = even

d/2 0 d/2

m=1 2

6
32

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.007 Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers

Spring 2011

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