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NGNs and
Energy Efficiency
www.itu.int/itu-t/techwatch I T U - T T e c h n o l o g y W a t c h R e p o r t # 7
August 2008
NGNs and
Energy Efficiency
ITU-T Technology Watch Report 7
August 2008
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by Arancha Fernández Romero (tsbtechwatch@itu.int) with Dr Tim
Kelly. It has benefited from contributions and comments from Arthur Levin and David
Faulkner.
The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the International Telecommunication Union or its membership.
This report, along with other Technology Watch Reports can be found at
www.itu.int/ITU-T/techwatch.
Please send your comments to tsbtechwatch@itu.int or join the Technology Watch
Correspondence Group, which provides a platform to share views, ideas and requirements
on new/emerging technologies and to comment on the Reports.
The Technology Watch function is managed by the ITU-T Standardization Policy Division.
© ITU 2008
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.
ITU-T Technology Watch Reports
Figure 1: ICT impact: The global footprint and the enabling effect
In 2020 the global footprint is expected to reach 51.9 GtCO2e (Giga tonnes of CO2 equivalents). Of
this amount, 1.4 Gt would be the direct contribution of ICTs. However by implementing good practices
and use of ICTs, total emissions could be reduced in 7.8 Gt, e.g. 15 per cent of the expected amount.
Source: GeSI (2008) “SMART 2020: enabling the low carbon economy in the information age”,
available at www.gesi.org.
Optical transmission represents a significant Because high speed wireless has a very
element of the NGN architecture. For limited speed range (typically 100 Mbit/s),
example, NTT is building an optical ring optical fibre is necessary to back haul the
system to support its NGN. This is a large traffic to major routing nodes, adding new
capacity optical network interconnecting features and services at lightning speed.
nodes in a ring15. Remote control of nodes (At present it is theoretically possible to
appears to be easier in this type of network; transmit 14 Tbit/s on a single optical fibre.
operations and maintenance are also easier. This means that it could transmit 140 high-
Moreover, optical fibres can replace all or definition movies in one second 16 ). The
part of the usual copper link that connects network architecture that uses optic fibre to
from the network termination point on the replace copper is known under the generic
customer premises to the edge of the term “Fibre to the X” (FTTx), where x might
server cloud. But the big potential of optical be, for instance, the home (FTTH) or the
systems is in the use of optic fibre to central office.
Each fibre leaving the central office is elements17. Moreover, this approach loses a
generally shared by many customers. With lot less energy than copper-based cables
passive optical networks (PONs), signals and can be more economical with respect to
are carried by lasers and sent to their materials 18 . A single strand of glass can
destination without the need for active carry as much data as several thousand
electronics in the outside plant of the copper cables, and it can do so over a
telecommunications network. Carriers can longer distance without using repeaters;
make significant savings through fibre thereby avoiding the cost of transmitting
sharing in the local loop, equipment sharing electrical power to customers’ premises and
in the Central Office and by eliminating the reducing energy costs.
dependence on expensive active network
2.4 Unified network At the user level, NGNs appear to offer the
possibility to access all applications from a
architecture smaller number of devices. This would allow
Network convergence, which is one of the connection to a broadband service such as
principles inherent in NGN, involves a IP over cable or DSL, providing high-speed
migration from multiple separate networks access to a broad range of content,
to a unique IP based network and requires delivered to the user’s computer, telephone,
a centralization of applications and services personal digital assistants (PDAs), or any
control. Traditional separate networks (for other device through a shared router (see
voice, video and data) have their own Figure 4). This can bring about great CO2
billing, management systems etc, which savings in manufacturing, power
duplicates the same functionality, whereas maintenance, battery recharging, and in
the evolution to a unified network could addition the saving of scarce materials
allow telecom operators to share network which in many cases are petroleum-based
equipment and management functions. This plastics.
would dramatically reduce the required
number of operations to execute the 2.5 Reduction in the number
services, and consequently decrease energy
of switching centres
costs. The centralization advantages of NGN,
in terms of consumption of energy and Every communication network requires
resources, can include29: switching or routing centres to interconnect
• Dissemination of simpler terminals that end users’ equipment either via the service
are less energy and material intensive. provider’s network or via other providers’
• Reducing manufacturing complexity and switching/routing centres, establishing the
electronic waste: cables, installation optimal route for a given information
space, etc packet. Traditional networks require
separate switching centres for fixed line,
• Offering the possibility to share central, mobile phone line, TV, multimedia services,
powerful, up-to-date computing
etc. all of which consume significant energy.
resources in data centres
An NGN architecture greatly reduces the
• Reducing the energy consumption of number of centres required because of the
server farms. use of higher capacity routers and higher
• Increasing efficiency (eco-efficiency) by speed transmission.
requiring fewer premises (see below).
For example, BT currently maintains 16
This increase in efficiency is one of the separate communication networks,
main achievements of the ICT sector; the including the PSTN that carries voice calls.
traffic per energy ratio measured in bits per Moving to NGN, as part of BT’s 21st
Joule(bits/J) 30 , has increased from Century Network (21CN) programme, will
100bits/J in 1991 to 300bits/J in 2006, a require only 100-120 metropolitan nodes
factor of three in only 15 years 31 . Such compared with its current 3000 locations33.
metrics need to be treated with caution as This will provide higher quality services and,
the number of bits transmitted per annum more flexibility with the same coverage at
has multiplied 1000 fold32. Being efficient is reduced expenditures. Because
always a high priority for every company, infrastructure is shared, the requirements
but if it includes creating economic value for heating, lighting, air-conditioning etc
and reducing environmental impact and are reduced34.
resource use at the same time, then the
value added is much higher. NGNs bring Most new technologies have the potential to
about a high operational efficiency and this reduce power consumption. For instance,
reduces the carbon footprint, making today’s Mobile Switching Centre Server
communication technologies even more (MSC-S) consumes around 35 per cent less
attractive to users while playing a bigger power per subscriber than its predecessor.
role in daily activities, and substituting for A single MSC-S node, capable of serving
other activities that generate much bigger 1.3 million subscribers, can now be housed
GHG emissions. in one cabinet, occupying less than half a
square metre of floor space, cooling and
6 Conclusion
NGNs represent a revolutionary change in requirements, cutting the number of
the field of information and communication switching centres and limiting the
technologies; a migration towards a more energy consumption of DCs.
advanced and modern platform for • the second impact, whose magnitude is
communications that will enable the offer of likely to be much larger, are the indirect
new services and applications with great consequence of the activities, services
potential for energy efficiency and and technology that accompany the
effectiveness. As networks change, so do migration to an NGN infrastructure,
the ways in which people use them. such as remote collaboration,
Tomorrow’s high-speed communication e-commerce, e-learning and several
networks will employ packet switching new services and applications that may
technologies instead of circuit switching emerge with the widespread adoption of
technologies. New access technologies will an NGN backbone.
provide multiple alternatives to existing
services. NGNs will be relatively invisible to While the direct effects may be easier to
customers; rather they will see only the measure, the indirect effects appear to
multiple applications and harmonious inter- have greater potential contributions to the
working that NGNs facilitate. During the reduction of the GHG emission in other
transition period to NGNs, it is likely that sectors of the economy.
they will co-exist with conventional ITU will be working closely with its
networks. It is important, therefore, to membership to lead efforts to achieve a
keep the network changeover period as climate-neutral ICT industry, promoting the
short as possible to avoid a dramatic use of more energy efficient devices and
increase of electricity consumption and CO2 networks, exploring ways to reduce ICT
emissions from having dual networks in use. power needs, dispose of – or, better,
NGNs appear to have a significant potential recycle – ICT equipment in an
in reducing the carbon footprint of the ICT environmentally responsible manner, and
sector and, more importantly in reducing developing a standardized methodology for
that of other sectors. These effects can be calculating the carbon footprint of ICTs. In
measured at two levels: this way, ICTs can become an integral part
of national, regional and global strategies
• the primary level is represented by the
and policies to combat climate change.
direct effects of the NGN architecture,
and includes enhancing the efficiency of
the network, reducing power
A. Actual Trials
Description of project Emissions saving (period) Source and website
“Protecting out changing world” BT
• NGN architecture deployment 30-40 % compared to today’s presentation in ITU Symposia on ICTs and
PSTN Climate Change, and Dittberner Associates
International, www.dittberner.com/
• Telework program at the 450 t GHG per year US National Science Foundation (NSF),
National Science Foundation www.nsf.gov/
(51% of 1’200 employees)
• Business traveling 98 % of average CO2 emissions “Reducing greenhouse gas effect of travel
substitution by compared to face to face meetings business with video-conference”, Telefonica
teleconferencing I+D, www.tid.es
• CoolCenter50 project to 50 % of total consumption (in 5 Hitachi Ltd, www.hitachi.com/
reduce power consumption in years)
Yokohama and Okayama
data centres
• Fujitsu green policy for ICTs 760 Kt of CO2e in four years Fujitsu Green Policy Innovation
(2007-2010) www.fujitsu.com/
B. Projections
Description of project Emissions saving Source and website
(period/date)
• Smart use of ICTs in a global 15% of the total, equivalent to “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon
scale 7800 Mt CO2e (by 2020) economy in the information age”,
www.smart2020.org/
• Multiple power modes for 25 TWh per year (by 2015) European Commission Stand by Initiative
broadband equipment www.sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/html/st
andby_initiative_broadband%20communica
tion.htm
• FTTH implementation in 330 kg of CO2e (in 15 years) FTTH Council Europe, www.ftthcouncil.eu/
Europe
• Unitary fixed/mobile 74 % in telephony equipment “Green Benefits of Mobile PBX”, OnRelay
telephony office network report,
www.onrelay.com/index.php?id=120
• Telecommuting, 460 Mt of CO2e by 2020 GeSI report “SMART 2020: Enabling the low
videoconferencing, e-paper, carbon economy in the information age”,
e-commerce and online www.smart2020.org/
media
• 10 million customers shifted 330 Kt of CO2e (in materials WWO/ETNO report “Saving the planet at
from traditional to virtual saving) the speed of light”, , www.etno.be/
answering machines
• Making use of broadband- 20 % GHG for conventional solar “Broadband Communication Enables
enabled smart controller in water heaters Sustainable Energy Services” Australian
water heaters 75 % for electrical water heaters National University, www.cs.anu.edu.au/
• Improving cooling systems in 24 % reduction in energy “SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon
DC consumption (by 2020) economy in the information age”,
www.smart2020.org/
1
See the GeSI study – SMART 2020: enabling the low carbon economy in the information age – the world’s first
comprehensive global study of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector’s growing
significance for the world’s climate, issued the 20th of June 2008, by the Climate Group and the Global
e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI). See the report at www.gesi.org.
2
See the major ITU initiative on the overall topic of ICTs and climate change, as part of ITU’s concern with the role
of telecommunications and information technologies in the protection of the environment. See
www.itu.int/themes/climate/
3
See more about ITU work on ICTs and climate change at website www.itu.int/themes/climate/
4
See a general overview of NGN at ITU-T Recommendation Y.2001 (12/2004).
5
See www.clarin.com/suplementos/informatica/2005/08/17/f-00211.htm.
6
The NTT NGN field trials (which began in December 2006) included among other changes, integration
technologies for integrating diverse services in an economical and efficient manner to achieve service
convergence, see more www.ntt.com
7
See BT website www.bt.com/.
8
See Next Generation Networks Global Standards Initiative webpage, www.itu.int/ITU-T/ngn/index.html, and
related study groups leaders of the different technologies.
9
Estimates of the precise energy savings vary. The estimate of 30 per cent comes from the implementation of BT’s
21CN (see “Protecting out changing world”, presentation by Donna Young (BT) at ITU symposium on ICTs and
climate change, London, 17-18 June 2008, available at:
www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/06/0F/T060F0000090007PDFE.pdf. The estimate of 40 per cent comes from
Dittberner Associates International (www.dittberner.com/), who have constructed a number of models showing
the benefits of NGN, which show an average 40 per cent saving in energy requirements as well as a 40 per cent
saving in investment requirements and an 80 per cent saving in space requirements (see for instance
presentation at: www.iee.org.hk/iee/files/58.pdf).
10
“Sustainable energy use in mobile communications” White Paper, August 2007, Ericsson
www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepapers/sustainable_energy.pdf .
11
This power savings are though (by OnRelay) to come from the equipment sharing between fix and mobile line. If
personal mobile telephones are usually on during working hours, by using these phones for business calls instead
of having an extra device at the office it is expected to generate great power savings on manufacturing fixed line
telephones, according to this report. OnRelay is a privately software company which is promoting power saving of
telephony. Despite of the accuracy of this report, equipment sharing seems to bring about great power savings.
See more on this study at www.onrelay.com/index.php?id=120.
12
A Code of Conduct is understood as a voluntary commitment of individual companies with the aim of reducing
energy consumption of products and systems without hampering the fast technological developments and the
service provided. See more about the European Commission Codes of Conduct in
www.sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/html/standby_initiative.htm.
13
See the Code of Conduct in Broadband equipment reported by EU:
www.sunbird.jrc.it/energyefficiency/html/standby_initiative.htm.
14
Home gateway Initiative (HGI), at: www.homegatewayinitiative.org/.
15
From the article “Network Core Technologies for a Next Generation Network”, Hideki Kasahara, Jun Nishikido,
Kazuhiro Oda, Kunihiro Onishi, and Yoshio Kajiyama, NTT, available at:
www.nttreview.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr200706sf2.htm.
16
See the article “Evolving ICT and Challenges in R&D”, by Takashi Hanazawa, NTT.
17
From ITU work on Optical Networks, see more at www.itu.int.
18
The Green Frog Silicon Valley (www.greenfrog.typepad.com/weblog/
19
Data based in European averages of broadband users. See more about fiber to the home at the FTTH council
website www.ftthcouncil.eu/ , and the main outcomes of this particular study at
www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/studies/Impact%20fibre%20optique%20UK%2026%2002%2008%20A.pdf.
See www.free-fiber-to-the-home.blogspot.com/.
21
www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/09/05/T09050000010003PDFE.pdf.
22
The topic “Opportunities and techniques for power saving in DSL” was presented by Les Humphrey, BT in the ITU
tutorials held in February 2008 on energy savings on ICTs.
23
CDMA (code division multiple access) is a mobile digital radio technology. It allows several transmitters to send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel, sharing a bandwidth of frequencies. To read
more about this technology see for instance www.450world.org/.
24
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, a type of 3G cellular network. It provides simultaneous support for a
wide range of services with different characteristics on a common 5MHz of frequency carrier.
25
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless data.
26
Wireless technology commonly used in home networks, mobile phones, video games etc
27
From Nera Ecoinomics Consulting, www.nera.com/.
28
See www.engnet.anu.edu.au/DEpeople/Haley.Jones/publications/DennisJonesTSA_Final.pdf.
29
From the book “Next Generation Networks, Perspectives and Potentials” Jinming Li Salina & Pascal Salina (2007),
John Wiley& Sons, Ltd.
30
1 Joule (J) of power consumption is equivalent to 2.7778 ×10−4 watt hour.
31
Ibid.
32
See Dave Faulkner’s presentation on “Access Network Transport, Energy Saving Checklist”, from ITU Symposium
on ICTs and Climate Change, Kyoto April 2008.
33
See BT’s 21CN project to migrate to NGN in the UK, www.btplc.com/21cn/.
34
See the presentation “The NGN age has arrived” by By Gao Xianrui & Zhou Yanqing, Huawei Technologies
www.huawei.com/file/download.do?f=348.
35
Ibid.
36
See more of the IEE E-Server project in the Intelligent Energy Europe website
www.ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html.
37
Cloud computing consist in a massive computer server farm linked to high speed networks. Cloud storage is a
model of networked data storage that uses virtual servers. See InfoWorld article on cloud computing at
www.infoworld.com/article/08/04/07/15FE-cloud-computing-reality_1.html and Errett Cord
www.ecord.us/articles_cloud_computing.php
38
See more of this report at: www.thegreengrid.org/gg_content/White_Paper_7_-_Five_Ways_to_Save_Power.pdf
39
See Telefónica I+D website www.tid.es.
40
See ITU TechWatch reports, www.itu.int/ITU-T/techwatch/.
41
Ibid.
42
See website of the National Science Foundation www.nsf.gov/.
43
The SMART 2020 report mentions that in 2005, between 1-2% of the US workforce teleworked, and according to
a survey by US teleworking coalition, TelCoa, 54% of companies thought that teleworking made it difficult for
employees to collaborate and 46% thought it made it harder to manage employee performance which could be
due to cultural barriers to adopt dematerialization technology, since technological barriers are not generally
perceived as a major barrier.
44
See more about ITU e-learning centre at www.itu.int/ITU-D/hrd/elearning/index.asp.
45
www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com13/index.asp.
46
www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/com15/index.asp.
47
See more on ITU-T Study Groups work at www.itu.int/ITU-T/studygroups/.
48
See documentation of the symposia, background report, chairman’s final report, presentations and videos in the
website: www.itu.int/ITU-T/worksem/climatechange/index.html.
NGNs and
Energy Efficiency
www.itu.int/itu-t/techwatch I T U - T T e c h n o l o g y W a t c h R e p o r t # 7
August 2008