CONCEPTUALIZATION

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces.

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life.] On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

Water on Earth moves continually through the hydrological cycle of evaporation precipitation, and and transpiration runoff, usually (evapotranspiration), reaching the sea. condensation, Evaporation and

transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita.[8] However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by humans goes to agriculture.

CONCEPTUALIZATION The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is almost perfectlyspherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields.
[12][13]

It has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km,[5] about 109 times that

of Earth, and its mass (about 210 30 kilograms, 330,000 times that of Earth) accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System.
[14]

Chemically, about three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen,

while the rest is mostly helium. The remainder (1.69%, which nonetheless equals 5,628 times the mass of Earth) consists of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron, among others.[15]

The Moon is

the

only natural

satellite of

the Earth,[d][7] and

the fifth

largestsatellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary[e], having 27% the diameter and 60% the density of Earth, resulting in 181 its mass. The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io, a satellite of Jupiter. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face with its near side marked by dark volcanicmaria that fill between the bright ancient crustal highlands and the prominentimpact craters. The Moon is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a reflectance similar to that of coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have, since ancient times, made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art andmythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and theminute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses. This matching of apparent visual size is a coincidence. Earlier in Earth's history, the Moon was closer to Earth, and would have had an apparent visual size greater than that of the sun.

England is the largest, and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total population of the United Kingdom, while the mainland territory of England occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, Bristol Channel and English Channel. England became a unified state in the year 927 and takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. The capital of England is London, the largest urban area in Great Britain, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most, but not all, measures.

England ranks amongst the world's most influential and far-reaching centres of cultural development. It is the place of origin of the English language and the Church of England, and English law forms the basis of the legal systems of many countries; in addition, London was the centre of the British Empire, and the country was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England was the first country in the world to become industrialised England is home to the Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science. England was the world's first modern parliamentary democracy and consequently many constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that had their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.

The Kingdom of England was a separate state, including the Principality of Wales, until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union resulted in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain

Geography
England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by a 24-statute mile (52 km or 21 nautical mile) sea gap. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to the European mainland. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel.

Much of England consists of rolling hills, but it is generally more mountainous in the north with a chain of low mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and west. Other hilly areas in the north and Midlands are the Lake District, the North York Moors, and the Peak District. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the Tees-Exe line. To the south of that line, there are larger areas of flatter land, including East Anglia and the Fens, although hilly areas include the Cotswolds, the Chilterns, the North and South Downs, Dartmoor and Exmoor.

The largest natural harbour in England is at Poole, on the south-central coast. Some regard it as the second largest harbour in the world, after Sydney, Australia, although this fact is disputed (see harbours for a list of other large natural harbour).

Borders North: South: West: East: Scotland English Channel France Irish Sea Ireland North Sea

Climate England has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round, although the seasons are quite variable in temperature. However, temperatures rarely fall below 5 C (23 F) or rise above 30 C (86 F). The prevailing wind is from the south-west, bringing mild and wet weather to England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean. It is driest in the east and warmest in the south, which is closest to the European mainland. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, although it is not that common away from high ground. The highest temperature recorded in England is 38.5 C (101.3 F) on August 10, 2003 at Brogdale, near Faversham, in Kent. The lowest temperature recorded in England is 26.1 C (15.0 F) on January 10, 1982 at Edgmond, near Newport, in Shropshire.

SYMBOLS OF ENGLAND The three national symbols of England are the St. George's cross (usually seen as a flag), the red rose and the Three Lions crest (usually seen as a badge).

St George's Flag, the England Flag Three Lions Emblem

The three lions are on the badge of England's cricket team

The three lions are on the badge of England's football team

The red rose is widely recognised as the national flower of England.

The red rose is on the badge of the English Rugby Union team.

The oak is the national tree of England

The Royal Family

Queen Elizabeth

Prince Charles

Prince William

These are the important signs to know: = < > If two values are equal, we use the "equals" sign example: 2+2 = 4

If two values are definitely not equal, we use example: 2+2 9 the "not equal to" sign But if one value is smaller than another, we can use a "less than" sign. And if one value is bigger than another, we can use a "greater than" sign example: 3 < 5 example: 9 > 6

The "less than" sign and the "greater than" sign look like a "V" on its side, don't they? To remember which way around the "<" and ">" signs go, just remember: BIG > small small < BIG

The "small" end always points to the smaller number, like this:

Greater Than Symbol: BIG > small Example: 10 > 5 "10 is greater than 5" Or the other way around: 5 < 10

"5 is less than 10"

Do you see how the symbol "points at" the smaller value? ... Or Equal To ... Sometimes you know that a value is smaller, but may also be equal to!

Example, a jug can hold up to 4 cups of water. So how much water is in it? Until you measure it, all you can say is "less thanor equal to" 4 cups.

To show this, we add an extra line at the bottom of the "less than" or "greater than" symbol like this: The "less than or equal to" sign: The "greater than or equal to" sign: