2010 Interational Conference on Power System Technology

Review on Frequency Control of Power

Systems with Wind Power Penetration
Yuan-zhang 5\, cn|orcmbcr, LLL, Zhao-sui ZHANG, Guo-jie LI, cmbcr, LLL, and Jin LIN
Abstract-The increasing penetration of wind power may
infuence the frequency stability of power systems. Therefore,
new control schemes are necessary for wind turbines and power
systems to support the frequency control. Currently, most of the
published control methods can be classifed into 3 levels, i.e.,
wind turbine level, wind farm level and power system level. The
wind turbine level control enables wind turbines, particularly the
variable speed wind generators, to provide dynamic response and
power reserves for the primary frequency control by
implementing the inertial, droop or deloading controller. The
wind farm level control distributes the central control command
from the system to the local wind turbines and energy storage
units for the desired generation. The power system level control
coordinates wind farms with conventional power plants for the
secondary control to recover the frequency to the reference value
faster than for the no coordination control case. This paper
presents a review on the latest studies in relation to the 3-level
frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration.
Ndm Terms-Central control, coordination control,
deloading control, droop control, frequency control, inertial
control, local control, power system, wind farm, wind turbine
I. INTRODUCTION
I
N recent years, power systems are facing more fequency
stabilit challenges with large-scale wind power integrating
into the grid. Synchronous generators can automatically
regulate the speed governors to support frequency control.
However, wind generators provide small or even no
contributions to fequency stabilit. Therefore, the fequency
control schemes are required to be well designed for the
system with wind power to maintain the fequency deviating
inside the appropriate region.
For a fequency drop event, three securit indices, i.e.,
fequency change rate, fequency nadir and steady state
fequency deviation [1][2], and their impact factors are taken
into account in this paper. The fequency change rate is
determined by the inertia of the whole system; The fequency
nadir is determined by the power disturbance, the kinetic
energy of the rotating masses, the number of generators
subjected to primar control and the dynamic characteristics
of the generators, loads and controllers; The steady state
fequency deviation is determined by the droop characteristics
This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation
of China (50977050),
The authors are fom State Key Laborator of Power Systems, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P K China
(e-mail: zhangzs05@mails,tsinghua,edu,cn).
978-1-4244-5940-7/1 0/$26,0020 1 0 IEEE
of all generators. Chinese standard [3] requires the maximum
fequency excursion of 0.2 Hz. This excursion can be
relaxed to 0.5 Hz if the system capacit is small.
The fequency control of power systems is usually formed
of primar control and secondar control [1][4]-[7]. The
primary control is an automatic adjustment of power by the
local control and inertial response of the generators and loads
within 30 seconds [4][5]. The instantaneous power and power
consumption are balanced so the fequency is re-established
by the primary control afer a fequency event. However, the
re-established fequency is usually diferent fom the
reference value. In the secondary control, the speed droop
characteristics of the generators are increased or decreased by
the operators or automatic generation control (AGe).
Therefore, the fequency can be reset to the reference value
fom 30 seconds to 30 minutes afer a fequency event [4].
This paper presents a review on the participation of wind
power for the primar and secondar fequency control.
According to the latest studies, the control schemes can be
divided into a 3-level hierarchy, i.e., wind turbine, wind farm
and power system level controls. On the frst wind turbine
level for the primar control, the additional local controllers
including inertial, droop and deloading controllers are
installed on the power electronic converters of variable speed
wind turbines or the pitch controllers of all kinds of wind
turbines. The inertial control supports the fequency control in
the transient process. The droop control simulates the similar
fequency droop characteristics to that of synchronous
generators. The deloading control provides the power reserves
for the wind farm. On the second wind farm level, the desired
generation for the system is achieved in the cooperation of
central control and local control. The central controller
receives the power command fom system operators or AGC,
and then distributes this command to the local controllers of
the wind turbines and energy storage units in the wind farm.
On the third power system level for the secondar control, a
better fequency behavior is obtained by the coordination
control between the AGC-controlled thermal plants and the
wind farms. The thermal plants can be started earlier by the
coordination controller to support the fequency control and
the fequency can be recovered to 50 M faster than for the no
coordination case.
II. WIND TRBINE LEVEL CONTROL
Wind turbines can be divided into fxed speed and variable
speed categories. A fxed speed wind turbine generally utilizes
a turbine, a gearbox and a squirrel-cage induction generator to
convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. With a
low normal slip of 1 %-2% [8], a fxed speed wind turbine can
provide an inertial response to the fequency fuctuation due
to the coupling between the rotational speed and system
fequency. Thus, the integration of fxed speed wind turbines
increases the system inertia, however, the inertial response is
generally smaller and slower than that of synchronous
generators [8][9].
Variable speed wind turbines mainly refer to permanent
magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) and doubly fed
induction generators (DFIGs). A PMSG contains a multi-pole
magnet rotor and a back-to-back ACIDCIAC converter
attached to the stator. Consequently the generator is fully
decoupled fom the grid. The energy is transmitted through
the converter fom the stator to the grid. DFIGs that are more
common than the other wind turbine technologies also use
power electronic converters, however, attached to the rotors.
The rotor that supplies the AC excitation current is connected
to the power system through the converter while the stator is
connected directly to the power system [10].
The power electronic converters enable the variable speed
wind turbines to capture wind energy over a wide range of
wind speeds, improve the power qualit and regulate both the
active and reactive power. However, the decoupling control
isolates the rotational speed fom the system frequency so the
variable speed wind turbines ofer no response to the
fequency excursion [8]. Another problem is that traditional
wind turbines always operate at the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) so they store no power reserves to support
the fequency control in the steady state.
In the wind turbine level control, additional controllers are
installed on the converters of variable speed wind turbines or
pitch controllers to relate the electromagnetic torque and
fequency. The wind turbines transiently support the
fequency control by implementing the inertial control which
is obtained by the approaches of "hidden" inertia emulation
and fast power reserve emulation. The droop control simulates
the similar fequency droop characteristics to that of
synchronous generators. The deloading control enables the
wind turbines to operate over deloading curves instead of the
MPPT and saves the available power as reserves by using
pitch control (pitching) or increasing the rotational speed from
the MPPT value (overspeeding). The power reserves can
balance the instantaneous power and provide the permanent
support for the long-term frequency regulation. Therefore,
wind generators are able to participate in the primary
fequency control by using the wind turbine level control
A. Inertial Control
(a) "Hidden" inertia emulation
The basic reason for emulating the "hidden" inertia is to
reduce the maximum fequency change rate [11].
Synchronous generators and fxed speed wind turbines can
automatically release the kinetic energy of the rotating mass
for a sudden fequency change while variable speed wind
2
turbines cannot due to the decoupling operation [12].
However, a variable speed wind turbine can emulate the
similar inertia to that of synchronous generators by
implementing the inertial controller as shown in Fig. 1 [13].
P-- + P
'
:
Ccavect
'
L____ .
Fig. I. "Hidden " inertia emulation for variable speed wind turbines.
The inertia constant is always used to express the inertial
characteristics. The so-called "hidden" inertia of variable
speed wind turbines is estimated by [12][14]:
H =
J
O
om
2S
(1)
where S is the nominal apparent power, Onom is the nominal
rotor rotational speed and J is the equivalent moment of
inertia. The "hidden" inertia is comparable to the inertia of
conventional generators [15]. For a two-mass mechanical
model used in this work, Jis [10][16]:
J = J
lr
I n
2
+
J
gen
(2)
where n is the gearbox ratio, (_, is the turbine moment of
inertia and Jgen is the generator moment of inertia. For a 2 MW
wind turbine, the total moment of inertia is approximately six
times of that of the conventional generator [17]. The active
power control signal (inertial power) Pin of the inertial control
is achieved by [12][14]:
d
O
s
y
s
P
n
=
2
H
x
O
s
y
s
x-
dt
where
O
sys is the system rotational speed.
(3)
The wind turbine can fast store or release a large amount of
kinetic energy in the rotating mass because of the power
electronic converter control, large moment of inertia and wide
rotational speed range. Variable speed wind turbines can
considerably release greater kinetic energy than fxed speed
wind turbines and conventional generators can [12][15].
() Fast power reserve emulation
In fact, the inertial power is just a control signal and it can
be defned in diferent forms fom (3). For example, [5]
defned the inertial power as a constant power of 10% nominal
active power for 10 seconds over a wide operation range for
an E-82 2 MW wind energy converter. The short-term
constant power which is called "fast power reserve" can
support the fequency control for a short while [15][18][19].
The fast power reserve Peont is derived fom [18]:
1
2
1
2
Pons'!
=
'
J
O
ro -'
J
O
rt (4)
where t (t < tma is the lasting time of the fast power reserve
since the beginning of the fequency event,
O
r is the initial
rotor rotational speed and
O
r is the rotor rotational speed
corresponding to t. Thereby the reference rotor rotational
speed in Fig. 2 is obtained by:

{r,re/ {r (rO
2

2
_
l ceost
|meas
(5)
I
0cnvedcr
Fig. 2. Fast power reserve emulation for variable speed wind turbines.
The fast power reserves compensate the power loss for a
short period and save time for other slower generators to
participate in the fequency control [18].
B. Droop Control
The droop control is described by the fequency droop
characteristics in Fig. 3 [20] to produce an active power
output change which is proportional to the fequency
deviation [14][21][22]. The fequency deviation is given by:

I
mea -Jom
(6)
where Imeas is the measured system fequency and
fom is the
nominal system fequency (reference fequency). The active
power control signal (active power increase) of droop control
is obtained by:

(7)
'
where RWT is the speed adjustment rate, PI is the total active
power corresponding to Imeas and Po is the initial total active
power corresponding to
fom
.
]
-1
]____ ................ ..
|0
|
Fig. 3. Frequency droop characteristics.
One application of droop control is to be implemented in
the converter of variable speed wind turbine as shown in Fig.
4 [14]. However, the power increase LP which is absorbed
fom the kinetic energy causes the rotational speed decrease
due to the MPPT operation. The turbine may stall if the
rotational speed is falling too low. This phenomenon may not
be avoided because the wind turbine cannot provide extra
permanent power to reduce the fequency deviation [9].
Therefore, the droop controller should be ended on time like
the fast power reserve emulation.
--------------------
: Droop
`
(

'
___
`

'
control
'
____________________ J
+
3
1-----1
P + P

Convertor 1
L____ .
Fig. 4. Droop control for variable speed wind turbines.
Another application is to use the droop control with the
deloading control that is presented in Section II-C. Droop
control does not affect much initial fequency change rate but
greatly infuences the fequency nadir [16].
L Deloading Control
Traditional wind turbines always operate on the MPT
curve in Fig. 5 to extract the wind energy as much as possible.
The deloading control enables wind turbines to operate over
deloading curves instead of the MPPT and save the available
power as reserves for the long-term fequency control. The
deloading possibilities are obtained by pitching and
overspeeding as shown in Fig. 5 [23]-[25]. The active power
can be changed by regulating the pitch angle fom {min to a
larger value {I for a constant wind speed |,, and constant
rotational speed. The power can also be changed by increasing
the rotational speed over the MPPT speed for a constant wind
speed |,,and a constant pitch angle {min
'
P
VPP1
l r
Fig. 5. Deloading possibilities-overspeeding and pitching.
In fact, decreasing the rotational speed below the MPT
speed (underspeeding) in Fig. 5 is as well as a deloading
possibility. However, underspeeding may decrease the small
signal stabilit while overspeeding improves the small signal
stability compared with pitching [23]. Meanwhile, the rotor
has to frstly absorb extra energy fom the grid and increase
the rotational speed which may lead to a second fequency
drop. Therefore, overspeeding is preferable [24][25].
(aJ Pitch control
Traditional pitch control is valid when the rotational speed
is above the maximum value for a high wind speed condition
as shown in Fig. 6 [10]. Fig. 7 shows a kind of modifed pitch
control which is widely used at present to store power reserves
for wind farms [13][26]-[28].
u,neas
umax
Fig. 6. Traditional pitch control.
Fig. 7. Modifed pitch control.
The pitch control is feasible for both variable speed and
fxed speed wind turbines. The response of pitch control is
slower compared with the system frequency dynamics because
of the mechanical time constant of the pitch controller [11].
() Rotational speed control
Overspeeding is achieved by the rotational speed control in
Fig. 8 which is more convenient than pitch control when the
rotational speed is below the maximum value [11][23]. In
addition, overspeeding can protect the pitch blade fom wear
and tear compared with only pitching for the low wind speed
condition [23]. However, the wind speed is diffcult to be
accurately measured [25].
Fig. 8. Rotational speed control for variable speed wind turbines.
Unlike pitch control which involves the servo time constant,
rotational speed control is obtained by the power electronic
converter of the variable speed wind turbine in a considerably
faster manner [11].
D. Discussion
The fequency change rate is decreased by the inertial
control during the transient process. The frequency nadir is
increased by inertial control and droop control. The steady
state fequency deviation is reduced by the deloading control
[14][21][22][29]. Therefore, the three fequency security
indices may be maintained at the appropriate values if the
inertial, droop and deloading controllers are applied together.
In the inertial and droop control, the rotational speed frstly
decreases because the kinetic energy is released to the grid.
Therefore, the controllers should be ended on time to prevent
the turbine fom stalling by decreasing the rotational speed
below the lower limit.
The loading of generators also afects the dynamic response
of the wind turbines in the MPPT operation. For instance, [16]
showed that DFIG could barely provide the required inertial
response without exceeding the rotor current limit if the
MPPT power were over 80% rated power. At rated power, the
dynamic contribution is restricted because the rotor current is
4
already around its maximum value and it cannot be much
frther increased. Therefore, the deloading control is
necessar not only to keep power reserves but also to improve
the capabilit of dynamic response.
III. WIND FAR LEVEL CONTROL
The overall model of wind farm level control is built up
with a hierarchical structure of central control and local
control as shown in Fig. 9 [6][30]-[32]. The central controller
receives the active power command PWF fom the operators or
AGC (secondary control). Afer that, PWF is distributed to the
local controllers of wind turbines and energy storage system
(ESS) units for the desired generation. The local controller
ensures the distribution signal and sends the feedback
information of generation capabilities to the central controller.
PW1 Pwn'" PWn PESS1 PESSj'" PESSI
PMPPT1
Wind farm power command distribution
AESS1
|oca|
conIro|
CenIra|
conIro|
Fig. 9. Wind farm level control hierarchy-- central control and local control.
A. Local Control
The local control scheme use either a number of deloaded
wind turbines or ESSs in a wind farm [31][32]. The deloading
control proposed in Section II-C receives the control
command fom the wind farm in Figs. 7 and 8 for the
secondar fequency control.
==Grid
Fig. 10. Distributed ESS and aggregated ESS.
There are basically two ESS confgurations in a wind farm
as shown in Fig. 10 [32], i.e., (a) one large aggregated ESS
which is directly connected to the grid based on the exteral
and non-wind technologies like batteries, compressed-air and
pumped hydro [33] for the whole wind farm and (b) several
small distributed ESSs which are installed on the variable
speed wind turbines by implementing the devices such as
bateries [34], fywheels [35] and supercapacitors [36]. The
distributed ESS on PMSG is similar to that on DFIG in Fig.
10 and is also connected to the DC part of the ACIDCIAC
converter. [32] showed that the distributed ESS was as
efective as the aggregated ESS in frequency deviation
reduction.
The choice of ESS depends on the demands of the control
process. From the point of view of reaction time, there are fast
and slow energy storage devices. From the point of view of
capacity, i.e., the length of operating time, there are short-,
medium- and long-term energy storage devices. For fequency
control, fast and medium-term ESS is suitable [31].
B. Central Control
The set point PWF of system command should be
appropriately allocated to wind turbines and ESS units by the
wind farm central control as follows:
P W P WTlolal + P ESSlolal
(8)
where PWtota! is the total active power command for the wind
turbines and P ESStota! is the total active power command for the
ESS units. The simplest distribution scheme is based on
equitable distribution, thus the output control signal for the i
th wind turbine is obtained by [6]:
_ _ _ P MPTi
Wi - Wtotal n
L
PMPT
i=l
(9)
where PMPTi is the generation ability (MPPT power) of the i
th wind turbine corresponding to the wind speed. Similarly,
the output control signal for the j-th ESS is:
AEESj
P ESS P ESSlolal -k--
L
AEESj
j=1
where AESSj is the capacity of the j-th ESS.
(10)
[37] described another rough distribution method to restrain
the power fuctuation which was caused by the random wind
speed. In short, the higher the wind speed is, the larger the
weighting factor for the wind power output is. Therefore, the
output control signal for the i-th wind turbine under wind
speed |,is given by:
_

_
.
W(Vw)x N(Vw)
.
_
1
_
Wi Wlolal
LW(Vw)xN(Vw) N(Vw)
(11)
where N/|,) is the number of wind turbines operating at wind
speed |, and H/|,) is the weighting factor for each level of
wind speed, e.g., assuming that the wind speed range is O 15
mls in the wind farm, separate the range into 5 levels and
defne W(O11 mls) = , W(112 ms) = 2, . . . , W(415 mls)
= 5. Therefore, the wind turbine under higher wind speed is
roughly assessed to provide more power than the wind turbine
under lower wind speed. The wind speed fuctuation is not
considered any frther in this paper.
C. Discussion
As mentioned in Section II-B and D, the inertial control or
5
droop control should be ended on time to prevent the
rotational speed fom falling too low. However, there will be a
sudden drop of the power output when switching of the
controller. The undesirable sudden drop may cause another
fequency reduction especially when many generators end the
controllers together. The solution is to switch of each
controller at different time or by using a gradual change to
normal operation instead of the abrupt change [14][15][22].
The switching control can be completed by the modifed wind
farm level control too. However, the set points of switching
time, inertial power of inertial controllers and speed
adjustment rates of droop controllers are considered to be the
local control signals instead. The distribution strategy of the
modifed wind farm level control is much more complex than
the equitable distribution and is determined by the current
rotational speed, the number of selected wind turbines and the
system requirement, etc.
Deloading of wind turbines means increased wear and tear
of the blade and hub material due to the fequent pitch control
[38] as well as a generation loss because not all available wind
energy is converted into electricity. The use of ESS reduces
the generation loss but leads to a higher investment and
maintenance cost. In addition, no energy storage is 100%
efcient which also cause some losses [31]. Therefore, the
economic benefts need to be optimized considering the above
factors.
Actually, not all the wind turbines in the wind farm are
necessar to operate at deloading. The number of selected
wind turbines and their deloading extent, i.e., the ratio
between PWTtotal and PESStota! in (8), are determined by the
system operation, wind speed, ESS capabilit and economy
benefts.
The fequency control support by ESS is limited due to the
little capacity of ESS. ESSs may reduce the fequency
excursion for a while but cannot permanently infuence the
steady state fequency. Therefore, conventional power and
wind power should be rectifed to support the long-term
fequency control [31].
The wind farm level control can send the appropriate
commands to the local generating units from a global vision.
In this strategy, the wind turbines can operate in the best
condition for the fequency control which cannot be obtained
fom the point of view of wind turbine level control.
IV. POWR SYSTEM LEVEL CONTROL
So far, most of the studies are related to the wind turbine
and wind farm level controls and few studies focus on the
system level fequency control considering the wind power
penetration. Almost all of the relevant research on system
level control observed the impact of increasing wind power on
fequency stability [2][8][39] or proposed the simple
coordination control method between the wind farm and
conventional plants [7][40].
In this paper, the fequency control is deemed to be
composed of primary and secondary control during the
dynamic and quasi-steady state processes within 30 minutes.
Therefore, the economic dispatch, i.e., the so-called tertiary
control, is not taken into account.
A. Wind-Thermal Coordination Control
The secondary control is concerned for the power system
level control to restore the fequency to 50 Hz, so the load
reference should be regulated. The inertial control increases
the system inertia but the inertial power may mask the load
changes for a few seconds because of the considerably
released kinetic energy fom the rotating mass. Therefore, the
synchronous generators may delay their responses to the
fequency events [7].
P enhanced solution as shown in Fig. 11 [7][20][40] is to
let the AGC-controlled thermal plants be aware of the
fequency control support by the wind farm as soon as
possible. The wind farm is equivalent to an individual wind
turbine with droop and inertial controllers. The two additional
controllers may be enough to improve the fequency stabilit.
However, the wind-thermal coordination control can achieve
an even better fequency behavior. The droop control changes
the power reference of the wind farm as well as communicates
usys
Inerial COnt|Ol
6
with a selected set of AGC-controlled thermal plants through
the coordination control. The droop power LP is distributed
by the coordination control as follows:
=1
el
(12)
(13)
where Pci is the coordination control signal, Kci is the
participation factor for each thermal plant supporting the wind
farm. Pci modifes the AGC error which is similar to the area
control error (ACE).
In this way, the thermal plants will realize the power
imbalance since the very beginning. Therefore, the thermal
plants will start earlier to support the fequency control and
the fequency can be controlled and recovered back to 50 Hz
faster than for the no coordination control condition.
The wind-thermal coordination control is based on the same
principle as the tie line bias control. However, the AGC error
uses the coordination control signal P ci instead of the tie line
power deviation.
|c1
AGC
-.l
|c| _
r----I
speed
|
j governor
|
|cN
Load reference

*
Wind farm
(equivalent to single wind turbine)
Coordination control
AGC-controlled
thermal plant
Fig. 11. Coordination control between wind fa and thermal plants.
B. Wind Power Penetration Impact on Frequency Stabilit
During a fequency drop, the inertial response of fxed
speed wind turbines is much smaller and slower than the
inertial response of synchronous generators because the
allowable slip of 1 %-2% for the wind turbine reduces the
coupling of the rotational speed and system fequency. The
variable speed wind turbines without wind turbine level
control show negligible inertial response due to the
decoupling between rotational speed and the system fequency.
Therefore, the maximum fequency change rate is sensitive to
the amount of installed wind power. The power system with
more wind power penetration leads to the greater fequency
change rate which has little to do with the ratio between
variable speed and fxed speed wind turbines. The fequency
nadir for the system with only fxed speed wind turbines
reaches the same level as for the no wind power condition.
However, the fequency nadir is considerably lower if more
variable speed wind turbines are integrated into the grid. Thus,
the maximum fequency change rate and fequency nadir
events may increase in the future as the wind power
penetration increases. The additional controllers on the
variable speed wind turbines can effectively reduce the
fequency change rate and nadir. The benefcial efect of the
large amount of kinetic energy stored in wind turbines could
be of signifcant importance if the energy were utilized in a
large-scale way [2][8][39].
V.CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a review on the fequency control of
power system with wind power penetration. The control
strategies in the recent studies can be separated into wind
turbine, wind farm and power system levels.
The wind turbine level control supports the primar
fequency control. The inertial, droop and deloading
controllers are installed on the power electronic converters of
variable speed wind turbines or pitch controllers of all kinds
of wind turbines. The inertial control emulates the "hidden"
inertia or fast power reserve to slow down the fequency
change rate in the transient process. The fequency nadir can
be increased by both inertial control and droop control. The
deloading possibilities are achieved by two approaches of
overspeeding and pitching. The deloading control stores the
deloaded power as reserves for the wind farm to reduce the
steady state fequency deviation. The restrictions of the wind
turbine level controllers are also discussed.
The wind farm level control is composed of central control
and local control. The central controller receives the active
power command fom operators or AGe and distributes the
command to the local controllers. The local control refers to
the wind turbine deloading control and ESS control. The local
control ensures the distribution signal for the desired
generation of wind turbines and ESSs in the wind farm. The
modifed wind farm level control is also presented to
overcome the restrictions of the droop control and inertial
control. The factors which affect the distribution strategy are
frther reviewed fom the point of view of economy and
technology.
The power system level control supports the secondar
fequency control. Only the wind-thermal coordination control
method is presented due to the little research in relation to the
area of system level control. The inertial power which is
released by the inertial control may transiently mask the load
changes and the thermal plants may delay their response to the
fequency events. However, the thermal plants can be started
earlier to support the wind farm by the coordination control
and the frequency can be recovered to 50 Hz faster than for
the no coordination case. The coordination control is based on
the same principle as the tie line bias control. The wind
penetration impact on the fequency stability is also described.
Therefore, the fequency securit indices of change rate,
nadir and steady state deviation are maintained at the
appropriate values by using the 3-level control methods.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
This work was supported by Vestas Technology b
Singapore Pte Ltd.
VII. REFERENCES
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generation units," Ph.D. dissertation, Delf University of Technology,
Netherlands, 2006.
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O'Malley, "An assessment of the impact of wind generation on system
frequency control," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. I, pp.452-460,
Feb. 2010.
[3] Power qualitFrequency deviation for power system, Chinese
Standard GBfT 15945-2008, Jun. 2008.
[4] I. Moore, and J. Ekanayake, "Frequency response fom wind turbines,"
in UPEC 2009, pp. 1-5.
[5] S. Wachtel, and A. Beekmann, "Contribution of wind energy converters
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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Yaaa-zhaag StS (M'99-SM'01) received the B.S. degree from Wuhan
University of Hydro and Electrical Engineering, China, the M.S. degree from
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), China, and Ph.D. degree fom
Tsinghua University, Beijing, in 1978, 1982, and 1988, respectively, all in
electrical engineering. He is now a chair professor at Tsinghua University and
dean of School of Electrical Engineering at Wuhan University. His main
research interests are in the areas of power systems dynamics and control,
voltage stability and control, and renewable energy.
Zhae-sa| DSG received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering fom
Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China in 2009. He is now a Ph. D.
candidate at Tsinghua University. His main research interests are renewable
energy and the stability analysis on power systems.
Gae-j|eLlreceived his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from
Tsinghua University, P.R. China in 1989 and 1993, respectively. He also
received Ph. D. degree in the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University Singapore in 1999. He is now an associate
professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, P.
R. China. His current research interests include power system analysis and
control, wind power analysis ad control, and power quality.
1|a LlS received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering fom Tsinghua
University, Beijing, P.R. China in 2007. He is now a Ph. D. candidate at
Tsinghua University. His main research interests are renewable energy and the
stability analysis on power systems.
8