Design of Bolted Connections

Bolts and Bolted Connection
Topics p
9 General Information 9 Design Resistance of individual fastener
Non Non-preloaded preloaded Blots Rivet Connections Preloaded Bolts
9 Design g for block tearing g

Worked Example
9 Pin Pi connections i 9 Injection j bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts & Rivets Bolts Rivets
Anchor Bolts
General Information
Types of Bolts Non-Preloaded Non Preloaded Bolts Class 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, & Class 8.8, 10.9 Preloaded Bolts Class 8.8, Class 10.9 The yield strength fyb and the ultimate strength fub for bolts are g given in Table 3.1 in EN 1993-1-8:
Bolt class fyb (N/mm2) fub (N/mm2) 4.6 240 400 4.8 320 400 5.6 300 500 5.8 400 500 6.8 480 600 8.8 640 800 10.9 900 1000
General Information
Tensile Stress Area Th Thread d
Diameter of Bolt d (mm) 12 16 20 24 30 Tensile Area As (mm2) 84.3 157 245 353 561 Tensile Area As determined g at thread region
Shank
Nominal Diameter d Area A determined at shank
Positioning g of Holes
Detailing requirement Minimum end distance Minimum edge distance g Maximum end and edge distance Minimum i i bolts b l spacing i Maximum bolts spacing Holes dimensions Normal +1 mm for M 12 +2 mm for M 16 up M 24 +3 mm for M 27 and bigger Close fitting flushed bolts for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm
e4
e3
S b l f Symbols for end d & edge d di distances t and d spacing i of f fasteners f t

8
Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances f bolts for b lt and d rivets i t are given i in i Table T bl 3.3 33i in EN 1993 1993-1-8. 1 8
Table 3.3: Minimum and maximum spacing and end and edge distances Distances and spacings End distance e1 End distance e2 Distance e3 In slotted holes Distance e4 In slotted holes Spacing p1 Spacing p2 Minimum 1.2d0 1.2d0 1.5d0 1.5d0 2.2d0 2.4d0 min{14t: 200mm} min{14t: 200mm} Maximum 4t + 40mm 4t + 40mm
Failure modes in bolted composite joints: (a) net-section failure; (b) shear-out failure; (c) bearing failure
e1 p1
Adequate q End Distance
Inadequate q End Distance

10
Positioning g of holes
In compression between the fasteners, the local buckling resistance: need not to be checked if p / t < 9 and = 235 / f y
1
according to EN 1993-1-1 using 0,6 p1 as buckling length and t is the thickness of the thinner outer connected part
For staggered rows of fasteners Minimum line spacing of p2 = 1.2d0 Minimum distance between any two fasteners of L = 2.4 2 4 d0
11
Design g of Bolts
Single g & double shear
12
Design g of Bolts - Shear Resistance

Shear Resistance in one Shear Plane 1) When the shear plane passes through the threads of bolt:
Fv , Rd
v f ub As = M2
Where, v = 0.6 for Class 4.6, 5.6 & 8.8 v = 0.5 0 5 for Class 4.8, 48 5 5.8, 8 6 6.8 8& 10.9 fub is the ultimate strength g of bolt As is the tensile stress area of bolt M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
13
Design g of Bolts - Shear Resistance

Shear Resistance in one Shear Plane 2) When the shear plane passes through the shaft of bolt:
Fv , Rd
v f ub A = M2
Where, v = 0.6 for all Class fub b is the ultimate strength of bolt A is the full area of bolt M 2 = 1.25 refer to NA to SS EN 1993
14
Design g of Bolts - Bearing g Resistance

Bearing Resistance
Fb , Rd =
k1 b f u dt
d0
M2
M 2 = 1.25
d
Where, d is the bolt diameter t is i the th nominal i l thickness thi k of f the th e1 connected plate fu is the strength of material b is the smallest of {d, fub/fu, 1.0}
p1
e For end bolts: d = 1 3d 0 p 1 For inner bolts: d = 1 3d 0 4
e2 p2 k1 = min 2.8 - 1.7,1.4 - 1.7,2.5 d0 d0
p2 k1 = min 1.4 - 1.7,2.5 d0

15
Resistance in Bearing g
In oversized holes reduce bearing by 0.8 If load on a bolt is not parallel to the edge, the bearing resistance may be verified separately for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the end p
R 10 30 e1 40 p 1 60 e1 40 tw 5,6 tp 10 L 140 20 IPE 200 P 10 - 140 x 100 M 20 - 5.6 4 4 VSd = 110 kN
10
50 10
16
Bearing g Resistance of Bolt Group p

p1 e1 e1 = 1,2 d 0 F
For holes 2 (end bolts)

1,2 d 0 e1 = = = 0,4 3 d0 3 d0
F
p1 = 3 d0
For holes 1 (inner bolts) Holes 1 Holes 2 3 d0 p1 = 0,25 = 0,25 = 1 0,25 = 0,75 3 d0 3 d0 If F b , Rd F b , Rd for individual fastener, , apply pp y 1), ), if not 2). )
Total bearing resistance based on direct summation 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u Fb , Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,75 0 75 ) = 2,3 M2 M2 M2 Total bearing resistance based on smallest individual resistance 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u 2,5 d t f u Fb. Rd = ( ) = (2 0,4 + 2 0,40 ) = 1,6 M2 M2 M2
17
Design g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance

Non-preloaded bolts in tension Simple method ignores prying action Bolt resistance down-graded More M exact method h d Full bolt resistance used
Total T t l bolt b lt f force Ft = F + Q
Prying Action
18
Design g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance

Tensile Resistance
Ft , Rd =
k2 f ub As
M2
M 2 = 1.25
Where, fub is the strength of bolt As is the tensile stress area of the bolt For countersunk bolts: k2 = 0.63 For regular bolts: k2 = 0.9
19
Punching g Shear Resistance

Punching Shear Resistance
B p , Rd =
tp
0.6d mt p f u
M2
M 2 = 1.25
plate thickness
dm the mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or the nut, whichever is smaller
d1 + d 2 dm = 2
d1 d2
d w dm
20
Combined Shear and Tension

Fv , Ed Fv , Rd
10 1.0
Fv , Ed Ft , Ed + 1 .0 Fv , Rd 1.4 Ft , Rd
0.5
0 0 05 0.5 10 1.0 1.4
Ft , Ed Ft , Rd
21
Reduction of Bolt Shear Resistance

When the thickness of steel packing tp exceeds d/3, the shear h resistance i t should h ld be b reduced d d by b p which hi h is i given i by:
1,0
9d p = but p 1,0 8 d + 3 tp
p
Packing gp plates
tp
05 0,5
0,3 d
1,0 d
1,5 d
22
Effect of Long g Joints

If Lj > 15d, the design shear resistance Fv,Rd should be reduced d db by a reduction d ti factor f t Lf which hi h is i given i as:
Lf
1.0 0.75
Lf = 1
L j 15d 200 d
but 1.0 Lt 0,75
0 0 15d 65d
LJ
23
Rivet Connection
Philosophy of design was used for bolts (class A) Bolts spacing's recommendations came from rivets Table 3.3 for min and max spacing p g of rivets & bolts Clause 3.6 Design resistance of rivets & bolts
24
Slip-Resistant p Connections
The design slip resistance at ultimate of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt should be tanked as:
Fs , Rd =
k s n
M3
FP , C
Wh Where, ks is i the th coefficient ffi i t corresponding di to t different diff t holes h l (see Table 3.6) F F P ,C p.Cd p n in i the th number b of f friction f i ti planes l is the friction coefficient Fp,C is the design preloading force of bolt F s.Rd
FP , C = 0.7 f ub As
f to NA to SS EN 1993 M 3 = 1.25 refer
25
Friction Coefficient
Tests EN 14399-2:2002 High strength structural bolting for preloading Part 2 : Suitability Test for Preloading Table for different classes of friction surfaces With painted surface results in a loss of pre-load
Class of friction surfaces A blasted, metal spraying (EN 1090) B blasted (EN 1090) C cleaned (EN 1090) D cleaned (EN 1090) Slip factor 0,5 04 0,4 0,3 02 0,2
26
Values of ks
Table 3.6 Values of ks Description Normal holes Oversized holes or short h t slotted l tt d holes h l with ith the th axis i of f the th slot l t perpendicular di l to t the direction of load transfer Long L g slotted l tt d holes h l with ith th the axis i of f the th slot l t perpendicular di l to t the th direction of load transfer Short slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer Long slotted holes with the axis of the slot parallel to the direction of load transfer ks 10 1,0 0 85 0,85
0,7 0,76
0,63
27
Slip p Resistance at Serviceability y

The design slip resistance at Serviceability of a preloaded class 8.8 or 10.9 bolt should be tanked as:
Fs , Rd , ser =
k s n
M 3, ser
FP , C
M 3, ser = 1.1 refer f to t NA to t SS EN 1993

F bolts For b lt to t pass the th check, h k it h has to t satisfy ti f Fs , Rd , ser Fv , Ed , ser
28
Combined Shear and Tension

If connection subjected combined tensile force Ft,Ed or Ft,Ed,ser , , , and shear force, the design slip-resistance per bolt should be taken as follows: For ultimate resistance
Fs , Rd =
k s n (FP, C 0.8 Ft , Ed )
M3
k s n (FP , C 0.8 Ft , Ed , ser )
M 3 = 1.25
For serviceability resistance:
Fs , Rd , ser =
M 3, ser
M 3, ser = 1.1
29
Design g for Block Tearing g

Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of bolts along l th the shear h f face of f th the h hole l group accompanied i db by tensile t il rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension face of the bolt group. g p
Block tearing subject concentric load
Block tearing subject eccentric load
30
Block Tearing g Resistance

For symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading
Veff ,1, Rd =
f u Ant
M2
( 1 3)f A +
y
nv
M0
Ant net area subjected to tension Anv net area subjected to shear For bolt group subject to eccentric loading:
Veff ,2, Rd = 0.5
f u Ant
M2
( 1 3)f A +
y
nv
M0
M 0 = 1 .0 M 2 = 1.25
31
Angles g connected through g one Leg g

Where member are connected unsymmetrically or the member itself is unsymmetrical (angles, channels, tees) The eccentricity of the connection should be taken into account For angles connected by a single row of bolts in one leg The member may y be treated as concentrically y loaded The design ultimate resistance based on a modified net section
32

For an unequal angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet is taken as the net section area of an equivalent equal angle
e1
d0
e2
1 bolt
N u , Rd = 2.0(e2 0.5d 0 )tf u / M 2
33

e1 p1 e1 p1 p1
2 bolts
N u.Rd
2A netf u M2
3 or more bolts
N u.Rd =
3A netf u M2
N u ,Rd = 2 Anet f u / M 2
N u ,Rd = 3 Anet f u / M 2
Where: Wh 2 = 0,4 if p1 2,5 d0 2 = 0,7 , if p1 5,0 , d0 3 = 0,5 if p1 2,5 d0 3 = 0,7 if p1 5,0 d0 Anet = net t area of f angle l
34
Worked Example p 1 - Angle g connected through one Leg

Design a single angle to carry an axial permanent action of 70kN and an imposed load of 35kN. Try an 80 60 7 angle of S275 steel connected through the long leg by a single low of two 20mm bolts in 22mm holes at 80mm centres centres, as shown in following Figure
35
Worked Example p 1
Design load = 1.35 70 + 1.5 35 = 147 kN
Design strength: t=7mm, , fy = 275 N/mm2, fu = 430 N/mm2 Net area
A = (56.5 + 76.5) 7 = 931mm 2
Anet = (56.5 + 76.5 22) 7 = 777mm 2
The spacing: p g
p1 = 80 mm
p1 80 = = 3.64 d 0 22
Using U i T Table bl 6.1, 6 1 for f intermediate i t di t values l of f pitch it h p1 values l of f may be determined by linear interpolation
= 0.4 + (3.64 2.5)
0.7 0.4 = 0.54 5 2 . 5
36
Worked Example p 1
The ultimate resistance of the net cross section
N u , Rd =
Anet f u 0.54 777 430 = 10 3 = 164kN M2 1.1
Th yielding The i ldi resistance i of f the h section i

N pl , Rd = Af y
M0
931 275 10 3 = 256kN > 164kN 1.0
N t , Rd = N u , Rd = 164kN > 147kN
Design resistance in block tearing considering rows as staggered:
45
130
37
Worked Example p 1
Ant = (45 11) 7 = 238mm 2
Anv = (130 33) 7 = 679mm 2

Veff , 2 , Rd 1 f y Anv f u Ant = 0 .5 + 3
M2
M0
0.5 430 238 275 679 + 1 .1 3 = 46.5 + 107.8 = 154.3kN > 147 kN =
The angle is satisfactory.
38
Worked Example p 2 Fin Plate

3 x M20, 8.8 P10 - 230 x 110 meteril S235 35 IPE 300 S235 230 70 VSd = 100 kN 45 5 45 70 10 HEA 200 S235
50 50 60
39
80 70 230 70
45 70 70 45 50 50
In beam web
VRd,11 =
0,5 fu,b1 Ant
M2
1 Anv + fy,b1 M0 3
( 0,5 360 (50 11)7,1 1 220 2 22 11)7,1 = + 235 3 1,2510 1,0 103 3 = 39.9 +159kN = 199kN
40

45 70 70 70 70 45 50 50
In beam web
NRd,u,6 =
fu, Ant u b1
M,u
1 Anv + f y,b1 M0 3
360 7,1(140 2 22) 1 2 7,1(50 11) = + 235 1,1 1,0 3 = 223 + 75.1 = 298 kN
41
Pin Connections
Pin connections in which no rotation is required may be d i designed d as single i l bolted b lt d connections, ti provided id d th that t th the length of the pin is less than 3 times the diameter of the pin.
42
Design g of Pin
Given thickness t & do
a FEd M 0 2 d 0 F d + : c Ed M 0 + 0 2 t fy 3 2 t fy 3
Given geometry c, a & do

t 0,7 FEd M 0 : d 0 2,5 t fy
43
Analysis y of Pin - Shear

Resistance of one shear area of pin in shear h 0.5FEd 0.5FEd
b
FV, Rd =
0,6Af up
M2
FV, Ed
Wh Where, fup i is the h ultimate li tensile il strength h of the pin A is the cross cross-sectional sectional area of the pin Fv,Ed = 0.5FEd
a c
c a
M 2 = 1.25
FEd
44
Analysis y of Pin - Bending g

Ultimate Resistance of the pin in bending
0.5FEd b 0.5FEd
M Rd =
1.5Wel f yp
M0
0.8Wel f yp
M Ed
Serviceability Bending Resistance
M Rd , ser =
M 6 , ser
M Ed , ser
a c c a
Where fyp is the yield strength of the pin Where,

Wel is the elastic modulus of the pin,
Wel =
d 3
M 6 , ser
32 = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993
FEd
M 0 = 1 .0
M Ed FEd (b + 4c + 2a ) = 8 45
Analysis y of Pin Bending g & Shear

Combined Shear and Bending moment resistance of the pin:
Fv,Ed b Fv,Ed
M Ed M Rd
Fv , Ed + F v , Rd
1 .0
a c c a
FEd
M Ed
FEd (b + 4c + 2a ) = 8 46
Analysis y of Pin - Bearing g

Ultimate Bearing Resistance of the pin and the plate
Fb , Rd =
1.5tdf y
M0
0.6tdf fy
Fb , Ed
Serviceability Bearing Resistance
Fb , Rd , ser =
M 6 , ser
Fb , Ed , ser
Wh Where, t is i the th thickness thi k of f th the connected t d part; t

d is the diameter of the pin; fy is the lower of the yield strengths of the pin and the connected part;
M 6 , ser = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993 M 0 = 1 .0
47
Analysis y of Pin - Serviceability y

If the pin is intended to replaceable, the contact bearing stress should h ld satisfy ti f
h,Ed f h , Rd
h, h Ed = 0,591
f h , Rd = 2.5 f y
E FEd , ser (d 0 d ) d2 t
M 6 , ser
the diameter of the pin; the diameter of the pin hole; d0 t the thickness of the connected part; fy is the lower of the yield strengths of the pin and the connected part; FEd,ser the design value of the force to be transferred in bearing bearing, under the characteristic load combination for serviceability limit states
48
Injection j Bolts
Injection bolts may be used as an alternative to ordinary bolts and rivets for category A, B & C connections. Bolts of class 8.8 or 10.9 The design ultimate shear load of any bolt in a Category A Preloaded injection bolts should be used for Category B and C connections
49
Injection j Bolts Bearing g Strength g

The design bearing strength of an injection bolt
Fb, b Rd, Rd resin

fb,resin tb, resin kt ks
kt ks d tb ,re sin f b ,re sin = M 4
coefficient depending p g of the thickness ratio bearing strength of the resin effective bearing thickness of the resin 1,0 for serviceability limit state 1,2 for ultimate limit state 1 0 for holes with normal clearances or (1,0 1,0 (1 0 - 0,1 0 1 m), ) for oversized holes; m the difference between the normal and oversized hole dimensions
50
Injection j Bolts
2 1 2 t2 t1 t2
1,33 1,0 ,
1
1.0
1
2.0
2 t1/ t2
(EC3) Figure 3.5:Factor as a function of the thickness ratio of the connected plates
(EC3) Table 3.5: Values of and tb,resin t1/t2 2.0 1.0 < t1/t2 < 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.66-0.33( 1.66 0.33(t1/t2) 1.33 tb,resin b i 2t2 1.5d t1 1.5d t1 1.5d
51
Weld Design
52
Topics p
Basis of design Fillet weld
Detailing g requirements q Design model p method for design g resistance Simplified Design example long g welds Connection to unstiffened flange g members Full resistance of connecting
Full Strength Butt Welds Welding in cold cold-formed formed zones
53
The Heat Source

For structural steelwork the het source is an electric arc. Arc heat is expended during the melting of metal l electrodes l d as it i i is in i the h heating h i of f base parts. Approximate values of arc heat expanded in shielded metal metal-arc arc welding: Dissipation into the environment: 20% Transition with molten drops: 26% Vaporization V i ti of f electrode l t d metal: t l 24% Absorption by base metal: 30%
54
The Heat Affected Zone

Melting point of steel 1400 1500. Arc temperatures typically 6000. Molten metal in the weld pool typically 2500 - 3000. High temperature affects the structure of base metal. Grain size enlarges at boundaries of the weld joint - in the heat affected zone (HAZ). (HAZ) Outside the HAZ grain size is the same as in the base metal. metal
55
The Heat Affected Zone

The metal in HAZ have relatively poor mechanical properties.
56
Carbon Steel: Weldability y

Carbon: Low C steels considered very weldable Medium C steels fairly weldable High C steels poor weldability Other alloys Low alloy steels similar to medium carbon steels High g alloy y steels g generally yg good weldability y under controlled conditions Steels can be assessed in terms of the Carbon Equivalent Value (CEV): M + Si N i + Cu Cr + M o + V CEV = C + n + + 6 15 5
57
Carbon Equivalent q in Steel

CEV = 0.3 0.4 have a low hardenability and are easy to weld. CEV = 0.4 0 4 0.5 0 5 are more hardenable and greater care is required to avoid HAZ hardening. CEV > 0.5 are much more difficult to weld because of their high hardenability.
CE limit for steel plates Grade(MPa) 235 275 355 420 460 460a 550a 690a CEV limit (%) 0.40 0.44 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.50 0.83 0.83
a: quenched & tempered
58
Residual Stress
Unhomogenous heating causes local thermal expansion of metals. This is reflected in residual stress after cooling. Residual stress is a tensile stress in the center of a weld. Tensile stress in a weld is compensated by compressive stress in base metal.
59
Residual Stress
During g welding, g edges g move relative to each other, mostly perpendicular to the welding direction. Residual stress results in shrinkage of the structure. structure The opposite welding sequence may make the distortion smaller. The residual stress decreases as annealing temperature increases.
60
Welded Connections
Four most common types of welds are introduced in EN 1993-1-8: Fillet welds Butt welds Plug g welds Groove G welds ld
(a)butt
a
61
Type of Joints
Transverse fill t weld fillet ld
Longitudinal fill t weld fillet ld
Butt Joint
Lap Joint
Edge Joint
Tee Joint
Corner Joint
62
Weld W ld Symbols S b l (BS EN22553: 1995)
Additional symbols:
Weld all round
Field weld
63
Detailing g Requirements q for Fillet Weld

1. Fillet welds terminating at the end should returned continuously around the corners for a distance > twice the leg length s. 2. The length of the longitudinal fillet weld L should be not less than the transverse spacing Tw. 3. In lap joints the minimum overlap Lp should 4 times min(t1,t2). 4. Single welds should not be used except where the parts are restrained to prevent opening of the joint.
2s min
L > Tw
L Tw
t1
Lp
t2
64
Detailing g Requirements q for Fillet Weld

5. Single fillet welds should not be subject to bending about the longitudinal axis. 6 The longitudinal spacing between 6. effective lengths of weld sw should not exceed 300mm or 16t for compression elements and 24t for tension elements.
sw
incorrect
65
Effective Throat Thickness

The effective throat thickness, a, should be taken as th perpendicular the di l distance di t f from th root the t of f the th weld ld to a straight line joining the fusion faces.
For p penetration fillet weld, , the throat thickness account should be taken of its additional throat thickness.
66
Effective Throat Thickness

Fillet weld often used for connecting parts where the fusion f faces b t between 60 and d 120. A simplified relationship of the throat thickness (a) and the leg g length g ( (s) ) is g given in following: g
Angle Throat between thickness (s) fusion faces() 60 67 a=0.5s
120
0.87 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 0.55 0.5

67
s
60
68 - 74 a=0.87s 75 -80 81 90 91 100 101 106 107 113 114 - 120
Equal legged fillet weld
Fillet Welds
Each weld transfers a l longitudinal it di l shear h VL and d transverse forces or shear VTy and VTz between the plates. The average normal and shear stresses w and w on the weld throat may be expressed in terms of the forces
w La = VTy sin + VTz cos w La =
(V
) - VL Ty cos - VTz sin

2
68
Fillet Welds
It is customary to assume that the static strength of the weld id
determined d t i d by b the th average throat th t stresses t w and d w alone. l From Von. Mises Yield Criterion, the plane stresses must be satisfied
w + 3 w f uw
2 2
In which fuw is the ultimate tensile strength of the weld. Substituting the foregoing two equations into w 2 + 3 w 2 f uw and rearranging leads to
3 VTy + VTz + VL - 2(VTy sin + VTz cos ) ( f uw La )
2 2 2 2
This is often simplified conservatively to

VR af uw L 3
VR = VTy + VTz + VL
2 2 2
69
Simple p Design g Method

The simple design method of EC3-1-8 is based on those VR af uw 2 2 2 equations ti V = V +V +V
L
Ty
Tz
The design weld forces per unit length due to the factored loads are limited by
Fw, Ed Fw, Rd
Where,
Fw, Ed =
VR L
Fw , Rd = a f vw, d
f vw, d = fu 3 w Mw
(4.3)
(4.4)
St l grade Steel d S235 S275 S355 S450
fu (MPa) (MP ) 360 410 470 550
fvw,d (MPa) (MP ) 208 223 241 254
w is a correlation factor
70
Correlation Factor w
Standard and steel grade EN 10025 S 235 S 235 W S 275 S 275 N/NL S 275 M/ML S 355 S 355 N/NL S 355 M/ML S 355 W S 420 N/NL S 420 M/ML S 460 N/NL S 460 M/ML S 460 Q/QL/QL1 S 460 NH/NLH EN 10210 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH EN 10219 S 235 H S 275 H S 275 NH/NLH S 275 MH/MLH S 355 H S 355 NH/NLH S 355 MH/MLH S 420 MH/MLH S 460 NH/NLH S 460 MH/MLH Correlation f factor w 0,80 0,85
0,90
1,00
1 00 1,00
71
Design g Model of Fillet Welds

EC3-1-8 also provides a less conservative directional method, and which assumes w parallel to the weld throat, throat ; and breaks up w into and
The stress Th t model d li in EC3-1-8
a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld
normal stresses perpendicular to the throat normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted) shear h stresses perpendicular di l to the h axis i of f weld ld shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
72
Design g Model
2 2 Based on the criterion w + 3 w f uw , the design resistance of the h fillet fill weld ld will ill b be sufficient ffi i if the h following f ll i are both b h satisfied: i fi d
+ 3( + II )
2 2 2
w M 2 M2
fu
(4 1) (4.1)
and
0.9 f u
Where, fu is the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined; w is a correlation factor
M 2 = 1.25 refer to SS to EN 1993
73
Two Fillet Welds under Parallel Shear

F II = 2 a
From plane stress analysis is
fu F 2a w Mw 3
throat thickness, not ot leg eg length e gt
74
Fillet Weld under Normal Shear

II = 0
= = R
2
H to be Has b satisfied i fi d
+ 3
2 2
w MW
fu
After substitution
2 +3R
) (
2
= 2 R
2
w MW
fu
fu 2 w MW
75
Cantilever Bracket
Shear force
VSd = FSd
Transferred by web fillets
II = FSd 2 ah h
Bending moment
M Sd = FSd e
Transferred by the shape of weld Centre of gravity Iwe and cross section modulus Wwe For weld at lower flange cross section modulus Wwe,1 , and stress is: M Sd
1 = 1 =
2Wwe ,1
For upper weld on flange is:
2 = 2 =
M Sd 2Wwe , 2
76
Flange g Web Weld

Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear h f force:
Vl
VI =
VSd S
VSd
Where, VSd is the shear force S is the static moment of flange to neutral axis I is the moment of inertia
This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness, a, shear stress:
fu VI II = 2a 3 w MW
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force
77
Worked Example p Tension Member

To avoid torsion due to the applied force acting at an eccentricity C = 30mm, b1 < b2 Simple method Take moment about b2,
F C = w (b1a + a (a/ 2 )) or
a= 100
b1
Plate
F=250kN C b2 100X100 angle
F C a2 b1 = - 2 a w
From force equilibrium

F = w (b1 + a + b2 ) b2 = F or
- a - b1
78

Use 6mm fillet weld, w = 0.94 kN / mm for longitudinal weld.
250 30 100 2 b1 = 100 = 29.8mm 2 0.94
b2 =
Add one leg length and rounded to the nearest 5mm, 5mm We get, b1 = 35mm and b2 = 145mm. Directional method Use 6mm fillet weld For longitudinal weld: w, L , Rd = 0.94 kN / mm For transverse weld:
250 - 100 - 29.8 = 136mm 0.94
w ,t , Rd = 1.15kN / mm
79

Moment about b2 F C = wL b1a + wt a(a/ 2 )
100 2 b1 = 250 30 - 1.15 (0.94 100 ) = 18.6mm 2
Force equilibrium
F = wL (b1 + b2 ) + a wt or b = F - a wt - b 2 1
b2 =
Add one l leg l length th and d rounded d dt to th the nearest t5 5mm, We get, b1 = 25mm and b2 = 130mm
250 - 100 1.15 - 18.6 = 125mm 0.94
wL
80
Long g Welds
In lap joints, the design resistance of fillet weld should be reduced by multiplying it by a reduction factor Lw to allow the effects ff of f non-uniform if di distribution ib i of f stress along l its i length. l h
//
//
//
//
Lw
81
Long g Welds
In lap joints longer than 150a, Lw should be taken as Lw,1 , given by:
Lw ,1 = 1.2
0 .2 L j 150a
1 .0
Lj is the overall length of the lap in the direction of the force transfer.
Lw,1
1.2 0.6
0 0 150 300
Lj
a
82
Long g Welds
For fillet welds longer g than 1.7metres connecting g transverse stiffeners, Lw should be taken as Lw,2 given by:
Lw Lw, 2 = 1.1 17 but Lw, 2 1.0 & Lw, 2 0.6 Lw is the length of the weld (in meters).
Lw, 2
1.1 0.6
0 0 1.7 8.5
Lw (m)
83
Connections to Unstiffened Flanges g

Effective width of an unstiffened T-joint
84

For unstiffened I- or H-section, effective width beff should be obtained bt i d f from:
beff = t w + 2 s + 7k t f
tf Where k = t p f y, f f y, p 1 .0
fy,f f is the yield strength of the flange fy,p is the yield strength of the plate f a rolled ll d II or H-section H i s = r for s = 2a for a rolled I- or H-section
85

For unstiffened column flanges,
Ft , fc , Rd = (t wc + 2 s + 7 k t fc )
Where
t fb f yb
M0
f yc t fc ; 1 k = min f t yb fb
t fb
twc is the web thickness of column tfc is i the th flange fl thi k thickness of f column l tfb is the thickness of beam flange fyb is i the th yield i ld strength t th of f beam b fyc is the yield strength of column
t fc t wc rc beff
86
Weld Design g for Full Resistance of Connecting Members

Loading Loading by Normal Force (Not directly in code)
t a > 0,7 f u / Mw
= FSd / (t h) FSd the acting design force fu plate design strength t the h thinness hi of f connecting i plate l b width of connecting plate full capacity of a plate the thickness S235:
w
t
FSd
a > 0,7
( fy / M0) t f u / Mw
(235 / 1,10) t = 0,7 = 0,52 t 0,5 t 360 / 1,25

87
Weld Design g for Full Resistance of Connecting Members

Loading Loading by Shear Force (Not directly in code)
VSd t h
t a > 0,85 f w / Mw
VSd
= VSd / (t h)
the design shear force in weld
full capacity of a plate the thickness S235
f y /( 3 M 0 ) t t 235 /(1,1 3 ) t 0,85 = 0,85 = 0,36 t 0,4 t a > 0,85 f w / Mw f u / Mw 360 / 1,25
88
Full Strength g Butt Welds

Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are connected t d together t th with ith th the thi thickness k of f the th parent t metal. t l For thin parts, it is possible to achieve full penetration of the weld. weld For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to achieve the welding. The types of butt joints:
89
Design g of Full Strength g Butt Welds

The strength of butt welds = parent metal if matching electrodes are used. Matching electrode specified minimum tensile strength, strength yield strength, elongation at failure and Charpy impact value each equivalent, i l t b better tt than, th those th specified for the parent materials.
Wled reinforcement Throat thickness Backing member
90
Throat Thickness of Partial Penetration Butt Welds

The specified penetration should 2t, t is the thickness of the thinner part jointed. The throat thickness of partial penetration butt welds, a, should be obtained by:
a = anom - 2 mm
91
Throat Thickness of T-butt Joints

Full penetration T joints
anom ,1 + anom , 2 t
cnom t 5
and
cnom 3 mm
Partial penetration with an effective width idth
anom ,1 + anom , 2 < t

a1 = anom,1 2 mm a2 = anom,2 2 mm
Partial penetration butt weld considered as a full penetration butt weld
92
Stress Distribution in Butt Weld

Uniform stress distribution along the weld length is often assumed. It is true for plastic redistribution of stresses. In elastic stage, especially fatigue design, the actual stress is much higher than that of the parent metal.
93
Stress Distribution in Butt Weld

High stress concentrations should be avoided occurring at sharp re-entrant corners in joints. To reduce the stress concentration, the gradual transition from one section to the other is recommended.
Transition in section reduces stress concentration
94
Root Opening p g
Root opening is used for electrode accessibility to the base or root of the joint. The smaller the angle of the bevel, the larger the root opening m st be to get good fusion must f sion at the root root. If the root opening is too larger, more weld metal is required.
60
45
30
3mm
6mm
9mm
Root opening
95
Welding g in Cold Formed Zones

Welding may be carried out within a length 5t either side of a cold formed zone, if one of the following conditions is fulfilled: Cold-formed Cold formed zones ones are normali normalized ed after cold-forming but before welding r/t - ratio satisfy the relevant values
Maximum thickness (mm) Fully ll killed kill d Aluminium-killed l i i kill d steel (Al 0,02 %) any any 24 12 10 6
96
r/t 25 10 3,0 30 2,0 1,5 1,0
Joints Classification & Modelling for Structural Analysis y

(this part for information only)
97
Introduction to Joint Design g

Frame components Beams Beam-columns Joints
Beam
Joint
Beam-column
98
Introduction oduc o to o Jo Joint Design es g

The lecture covers all the structural joints which are usually met i a building in b ildi frame: f beam-to-column joints (A) beam splices (B) column splices (C) column bases (D)
A B A C A A D
C A D D
Different types yp of j joints in a structure

99
Sources of Joint Deformability

Joint J i t and d Connection C ti
Joint Left connection Right joint
Connection
Left joint
Right connection
single-sided joint configuration
double-sided joint configuration
100
Joints Classification
Classification of joints according to rotational stiffness: Simple (pinned) joints g j joints Semi-rigid Rigid joints
101
Joints Classification Rotational Stiffness

A joint may be classified according to its rotational stiffness, by comparing its initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini with the boundaries.
102
Joints Classification Column Bases

Column bases may be classified as rigid provided the following conditions are satisfied: in frames where the bracing system reduces the horizontal displacement by at least 80 % and where the effects of deformation may be neglected: If 0 0.5; If 0.5 < 0 < 3.93 & S j ,ini 7 2 0 - 1 EI C / LC ; if 0 3.93 & S j ,ini 48 EI C / LC ; Otherwise if S j ,ini 30 EI C / LC Where, 0 is the slenderness of a column in which both ends are assumed to be pinned.
103
Joints Classification by y Strength g

A joint may be classified as full-strength, nominally pinned or partial strength by comparing its design moment resistance Mj,Rd.
Full-strength joints: design resistance that of the connected members & No plastic hinge.
Full-strength Mj,Rd Partial-strength
Partial-strength joints: The bending resistance < that of the connected members. I In pinned i d joints, j i t the th design d i resistance is quite limited and it is therefore neglected.
Pinned
Boundaries for strength

Joint strength
104
Sources of Joints Deformability y

The bending moment Mb in the beam may be reduced to two statically equivalent forces (one in tension, one in compression) acting in the beam flanges.
Mb
Mb2
Mb1
single-sided joint configuration
double-sided joint configuration

105
Joints Jo s Modelling ode g

In a single-sided joint configuration, two main contributions t the to th deformation d f ti of f the th joint j i t are defined: d fi d The deformation of the column web panel in shear; The deformation of the connection in bending. g
Mc c2 Nc2 Vc2 VV b1 b1 Nb1 Mb1 Mc1 Nc1 Vc1 V wp V wp
Web panel in shear

V b1 N b1 M b1
Joint configuration
Connection in bending
106
Joints Modelling g
For simplify, a single-sided joint configuration may be modelled d ll d as a single i l joint; j i t and a double-sided joint configuration may be modelled as two separate but inter inter-acting acting joints. joints
107
Joints Modelling g
When determining the design moment resistance and rotational t ti l stiffness tiff for f each h of f the th joints, j i t the th influence i fl of f the th web panel in shear should be taken into account by means of the transformation p parameters 1 and 2, where:
1 = 1 2 = 1-
M j ,b 2. Ed M j ,b1, Ed M j ,b1. Ed M j ,b 2, Ed
2 2
1 is the value of for the right-hand side joint; 2 is the value of for the left-hand side joint. will be used to determine design resistance of basic components of f joints j i
108
Joints Modelling g
A simplified method to determine the approximate for 1 and 2 is i shown h in i Table T bl 5.4 5 4 in i EN 1993 1993-1-8: 1 8
109
Joints Modelling g
For frame design, the following joint modelling types are usually made available to designers: rigid / full-strength full strength rigid / partial-strength pinned As soon as the concept of semi-rigid joints is well accepted, new available joint modelling types be identified: semi-rigid / full-strength semi-rigid / partial-strength
110
Semi-Rigid g Joints
Modelling g of j joints ( (elastic design) g ) Mj Mj Mj
rigid joint
pinned joint
semi-rigid joint
111
Semi-Rigid g Joints
The influence is not limited to the moment distribution; the d fl ti deflections, th the other th internal i t l forces, f the th collapse ll mode, d the th collapse load are also affected by the joint properties.
pinned i d frame f
semi-continuous i ti f frame
112
Joints Modelling g & Frame Analysis y

Stiffness Full-strength Rigid Semi-rigid Pinned Continuous Semi-continuous * * Without meaning Resistance Partial-strength Semi-continuous Semi-continuous * pinned * * Simple
Modelling Elastic Continuous Semicontinuous simple i l Rigid Semi-rigid g
Type of Frame Analysis g p Rigid-plastic Full-strength Partial-strength g Elastic-plastic p Rigid/full-strength Rigid/partial-strength g /p g Semi-rigid/full-strength Semi-rigid/partial-strength Pi Pinned d
113
Pi Pinned d
Pi Pinned d
St Structural t lC Connections ti
114
Topics p
9 9 9 9 General Component method Basic s c co components po e ts Resistance
Equivalent T T-stub stub in tension Equivalent T-stub in compression Design resistance of basic components Bending moment resistance
9 Rotational stiffness 9 Rotation capacity
115
General
A joint may be represented by a rotational spring connecting th centre the t lines li of f the th connected t d members. b Th properties The ti of f the spring can be described by the relationship between the bending g moment Mj,Ed p g rotation Ed. j Ed and the corresponding
116
Structural Properties p
The design moment-rotation characteristic includes three main structural properties: Moment resistance (Mj,Rd) The design moment resistance Mj,Rd is equal eq al to the maximum moment of the design moment-rotation characteristic. Rotational stiffness (Sj) The definition of Sj applies pp up p to the rotation Xd at which Mj,Ed first reaches Mj,Rd, but not for larger rotations. Rotation capacity (Cd) Cd is equal to the maximum rotation of the design moment rotation characteristic. moment-rotation characteristic
117
Different Approaches pp

M
Experimentation Curve fitting Finite element analysis Si Simplified lifi d analytical l i l models d l Component C Method M h d
Experiment lt
Function
= C1( kM )1 + C3 ( kM )3 + C5 ( kM )5
hb ta
118
Procedure of Component Method

Decomposition of joint Component description Joint assembly
Column web in tension Connection
Components in tension
Classification Representation Modelling in analyses
Components in compression Web panel in shear Column web in compression Joint
119
Basic Components p of a Joint

The structural properties of basic joint components re given i Table in T bl 6.1 6 1 of f EN 1993 1993-1-8. 1 8 For example: 1. Column web panel in shear
VEd
VEd
Fc,Ed
2. Column web in transverse compression p

Ft,Ed
3. Column web in transverse tension 4. Column flange in bending 5 End-plate in bending 5. 6. Flange cleat in bending etc.
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed
Ft,Ed t Ed
120
Basic Joint Components (Table 6.1)
121
Equivalent q T-Stub in Tension

In bolted connections an equivalent T-stub in tension may b used be dt to model d l the th d design i resistance i t of f the th following f ll i basic b i components: column flange in bending; end-plate in bending; flange cleat in bending; base plate in bending under tension.
F n m t B B
122
L eff 2

T-stub Position
123

Failure modes
FT,Rd
Mode 1: Complete yielding of the flange;
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Q FT,Rd T Rd
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Mode 2: Bolt failure with yielding y g of the flange; g ;
Q
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Q FT,Rd
0.5 FT,Rd+Q
Mode 3: Bolt failure. is the design tension Where, FT,Rd , resistance if a T-stub flange; Q is the prying force.
0 5 FT,Rd 0.5
0 5 FT,Rd 0.5
124

For Mode 1 without backing plates, l t th d the design i t tension i resistance given as:
F/2 Q F/2 F/2 F/2 Q
FT,1, Rd =
FT,1, Rd =
4 M pl ,1, Rd m
or
n
dw F/4
2 M pl ,1, Rd m
(no prying forces)
dw F/4 Q/2 F/2 F/2 F/4 Q/2 F/4 Q/2
Where, ,
M pl,1, Rd = 0,25leff ,1t f f y / M 0

2
Q/2
n C
C
125

For Mode 1 with backing plates.
hbp leff ,1 ebp 2d
e bp h bp b e bp
FT,1, Rd = FT,1, Rd =
Where Where,
4 M pl ,1, Rd + 2 M bp , Rd m 2 M pl ,1, Rd m (no prying forces)
Mp fy / M0 pl,1, , , Rd = 0, 25leff ff ,1t f

2
M bp, Rd = 0,25leff ,1tbp f y ,bp / M 0

2
tbp
126

Where, m, emin, tf and leff are s indicated as following:
Dimensions of an equivalent T T-stub stub flange

127

For Mode 2:
FT,2, Rd =
2 M pl , 2 , Rd + n Ft , Rd m+n
For Mode 3:
FT,3, Rd = Ft, Rd
2 Where M Where, = 0,25leff , 2t f f y / M 0 pl,2 ,Rd
n = e min
but n 1.25m
Ft,Rd is the design tension resistance of a bolt.
128
Equivalent q T-Stub in Compression p

In steel- to-concrete joints, the flange of an equivalent T-stub i compression in i may be b used d to t model: d l
the steel base plate in bending under the bearing pressure on ; the foundation; the concrete and/or grout joint material in bearing.
The design compression resistance of a T-stub flange FC,Rd should be determined as follows:
FC, Rd = (b eff leff ) f jd

Where beff is the effective Where, effecti e width idth of the T-stub T stub flange leff is the effective length of the T-stub flange, fjd is the design bearing strength of the joint
129
Equivalent q T-Stub in Compression p

The area of equivalent T-stub in compression may be d t determined i d as follows: f ll
c=t
fy 3 f jd M 0
where: h t i is the th thickness thi k of f th the T T-stub t b fl flange; fy is the yield strength of the T-stub flange.
130
Design g Resistance of Basic Components p

1. Column web panel in shear For a single-sided joint, or For a double-sided joint in which the beam depths are similar, The design plastic shear resistance Vwp,Rd of an unstiffened column web should be obtained using:
Vwp , Rd =
0.9 f y , wc Avc 3 M 0
Where, Avc is the shear area of the column, see EN 1993-1-1. 1993 1 1
131

1. Column web panel in shear Where a column web is reinforced by adding a supplementary web plate, the shear area Avc may be increased by bstwc. Some S reinforced i f d methods th d given i as:
Examples of cross-section with longitudinal welds
132

2. Column web in transverse compression
Transverse compression i on an unstiffened column
133

2. Column web in transverse compression The design resistance of an unstiffened column web subject to transverse compression should be determined from:
Fc , wc , Rd
k wc beff ,c t wc f y , wc k wc beff ,c t wc f y , wc = but Fc , wc , Rd M0 M1
Where, M 0 = M 1 = 1.0 is a reduction factor, , see Table 6.3 in EN 1993-1-8; ;

k wc = 1.0 if com, Ed 0.7 f y , wc k wc = 1.7 - com, Ed /f y , wc if com, Ed > 0.7 f y , wc
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column web in compression, see clause l 6.2.6.2 6 2 6 2 in i EN 1993 1993-1-8. 1 8
134

2. Column web in transverse compression is the reduction factor for plate buckling
= 1.0
= p - 0.2 / p
p = 0.932
if p 0.72
2
if p > 0.72
2
beff ,c , wc d wc f y , wc Et wc
The column-sway buckling mode of an unstiffened column web in compression should be prevented by constructional restraints. t i t
Column-sway buckling mode

135

2. Column web in transverse compression Table 6.3: Reduction factor for interaction with shear
136

3. Column web in transverse tension The design resistance of an unstiffened column web subject to transverse tension should be determined from:
Ft , wc , Rd
beff , t, wc t wc f y , wc = M0
Where, see Table 6.3 in EN 1993-1-8; For a bolted F b lt d connection, ti beff,t,wc = th the effective ff ti length l th of f equivalent T-stub; F a welded For ld d connection, ti
Ft,Ed ,
beff ,t , wc = t fb + 2 2ab + 5(t fc + s )

s = rc s = 2 ac for rolled section for welded section
137

4. Column flange in transverse bending For welded joints,
Ft,Ed ,
F fc , Rd =
beff , b,fc t fb f y , fb
M0
Wh Where, beff,b,fc is i the th effective ff ti breath b th beff defined d fi d in i clause l 4.10 4 10 For unstiffened column flange, bolted connection, the design resistance and failure mode should be taken as similar to those of an equivalent T T-stub stub flange: each individual bolt-row required to resist tension; bolt-rows rows required to resist tension each group of bolt
138

4. Column flange in transverse bending Definitions of e, emin, rc, and m
139

4. Column flange in transverse bending Effective length (Leff) Circular failure Single bolt Bolt group
Another failure Single bolt B lt group Bolt
140

4. Column flange in transverse bending Circular Failure
F F
F 2r
r=m
r=n
Virtual work on cone deformation
/2
r
Leff ,cp = 2 m

/2
x
/2
141

4. Column flange in transverse bending Effective lengths for an unstiffened column flange
142

5. End-plate in bending An end-plate end plate in bending sho should ld be treated as an equivalent T-stub flange.
Modelling an extended end-plate separate T-stubs For the end-plate extension,
e = ex m = mx
143

Bolt in Corner Circular patterns effective length
1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 06 0,6 04 0,4 0,2 , 0,0
=8
2p
5,5
4,75
4,45
Leff ,op = m
m m+e m2 2 = m+e
1 =
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
144

5. End-plate in bending
Effective lengths for an end-plate end plate given in Table 6 6.6 6 in EN 1993 1993-1-8: 1 8:
145
Design Resistance of Basic Components

6. Flange cleat in bending A bolted angle flange cleat in bending sho should ld be treated as an equivalent T-stub flange.
Effective length leff eff of an angle flange cleat
146

6. Flange cleat in bending Influence of Gap
ra emin m 0,8 r a
a
ra
emin m 0,5 t a
a
g 0,4 t
g >0,4 t
g 0,4 ta
g > 0,4 ta
Effective length eff = 0,5ba
ba
147
Bending g Moment Resistance

The design moment resistance may be derived from the d i design resistances i t of f its it basic b i components t to t internal i t l forces. f For welded connection:
M j , Rd =Ft , Rd z
Where, z is the lever arm; Ft,Rd t Rd is the tension force of tensional flange.
Ft,Rd Fc,Rd
M j,Rd
148

For bolted connection one bolt row
M j , Rd = iFti , Rd zi
Ft.Rd z Fc.Rd
Ft.Rd z Fc.Rd
149

Determination of the lever arm z for beam-to-column joints
z = h - tfb
z
150
Rotational Stiffness
Deformation of a component Rotation in Joint
Fi i = ki E
Fi z Fi z 2 Ez 2 Ez 2 = = = Sj = F 1 1 1 i j i Ki Ki z E Ki Mj
j =
i
i
Fi Z
Where, ki is the stiffness coefficient for b i joint basic j i t component t i; i z is the lever arm; is the stiffness ratio. ratio
151
The stiffness ratio should be determined from: S j ,ini = Sj 2 M M j , Rd j , Ed if 3 S j ,ini = =1 Sj
2 if M j , Rd M j , Ed M j , Rd 3
=
S j ,ini Sj M j , Ed = 1.5 M j , Rd
Type of connection Welded Bolted end-plate Bolted angle flange cleats Base plate connections
27 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.7

152
The stiffness coefficients ki for basic component should be determined from Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8:
Component Column web panel in shear
VEd
Stiffness coefficient ki Unstiffened Stiffened
VEd
k1 =
0.38 Avc z
k1 =
Stiffened
Unstiffened Column web in compression

Fc,Ed
k2 =
0.7beff ,c , wc t wc dc
k2 =
Stiffened welded connection
Column web in tension
Ft,Ed
Other connections
k3 =
0.7beff ,t , wc t wc dc
k3 =
153
Continue
Component Column flange in bending
Ft,Ed
Stiffness coefficient ki
k4 =
0.9leff t fc m3
End-plate in bending
Ft,Ed
k5 =
0.9leff t p m3
Flange cleat in bending
Ft,Ed
k6 =
0.9leff t a m3
154
Equivalent q Stiffness
For end-plate joints with two or more bolt-rows on tension, a single i l equivalent i l t stiffness tiff coefficient ffi i t keq determined d t i d from: f
k eq =
k eff ,i zi
i
zeq
Mj
Where,
1 keff = 1 i k i
zeq = k eff ,i zi
i i 2
z1 z z 2
3
z1 z4
k eff , r hi
155
Rotation Capacity p y
For plastic global analysis For basic safety Ductile D til components t Plate in bending Column web in shear Brittle components bolts welds
M M j.Rd
Cd
0,0
el
Cd
156
Rotation Capacity p y
Deem to satisfy criteria Welded joints Unstiffened
Cd , min = 0,015
Cd , min c b
Unstiffened in tension + stiffened in compression + no shear influence = 0,025 h / h Bolted B lt d joints j i t Plate failure End-plate/column flange thickness
t 0,36 d f ub / f y
157
Hollow Section Joints
158
Topics
9 General 9 Failure F il modes d 9 Example CHS members
Range of validity Design charts
9 Worked examples 9 CIDECT materials
159
Web Design g
tubular shape p is p popular p due to its excellent geometrical properties in compression and torsion mass distributed away from longitudinal axis making it ideal for use as columns
160
because of their hollow centre, they can be easily filled with concrete for composite structural applications good ductile properties and due d t to the th confinement fi t effect, ff t concrete t cannot split away even if ultimate strength is reached
161
Why the fuss about Hollow Section Joint Design?
Hollow Section Joints can be very flexible! Designing un-stiffened joints is a skilled task and must be done at the member design stage
162
Failure Modes for Welded Hollow Section Joints
Mode A: Plastic failure of the chord face
Mode B: Punching shear failure of the chord face
Mode M d C C: Tension T i failure f il of f the web member
Mode ode D: : Local oca buc buckling go of the web member

163
Failure Modes for Welded Hollow Section Joints
Mode E: Overall shear failure of the chord Mode F: Local buckling of the chord walls
Mode G: Local buckling g of the chord face

164
Tip: Minimize the number of Joints (and hence, members)
Warren Trusses are a popular way to minimi e the number minimize n mber of members and joints
165
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular Joint ob e s Problems
General Tips for Designers
166
Welding g of Rectangular g Hollow Sections
167
Welding in Cold-Formed Zones

- restriction at corner regions
May be carried out within a length 5 t
either side of a cold-formed zone only if: Cold-formed zones are normalized after coldforming but before welding r / t - ratio satisfy the relevant values:
Table 4.2 EN1993-1-8 r/t 25 10 3,0 30 2,0 1,5 1,0 10 Maximum M i thickness thi k (mm) ( ) Fully killed Aluminium-killed steel (Al 0,02 %) any any 24 12 10 6
168
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular Joint Problems

General tips for designers Width Ratios
169
Some Golden Rules to Avoid Tubular Joint Problems

Wall Slenderness Web Angles
170
Gapped pp vs. Overlapped pp Truss Joints

Design tips to optimize welded HSS joint design
Select relatively stocky chord Select relatively thin branch Consider virtues of g gapped pp K-connections
Gapped
Overlapped
Easier and cheaper p to fabricate
Higher g static and fatigue g strength, generally Produces stiffer truss ( d (reduces truss t deflections) d fl ti )
171
General
Chapter 7 of EN 1993-1-8 Background CIDECT materials Uni-planar and multi-planar joints Circular, Circ lar square sq are or rectangular rectang lar hollow hollo sections + Uni Uni-planar planar joints Combinations of hollow sections with open sections Detailed application rules to determine the static resistances of joints in lattice structures
172
Geometrical Types of Basic Joints
K joint j i t
KT joint j i t
N jjoint i t
T joint
X joint
Y joint
173
Geometrical Types of Complex Joints
DK joint
KK joint
Xj joint
TT j joint
DY joint
XX joint
174
Failure Modes Chord, Plastic

R t Rectangular l Ch hord face e failure Ci l Circular Ch d of Chords f I or H ------
Chord side wall failure
175
Failure Modes Chord, Shear

Rectangular Circular Chords of I or H
Punchiing shear
Chord s shear failur re
-------
176
Failure Modes - Brace

Rectangular Circular Chords of I or H
Local buckling
Brace fa ailure
177
Circular Hollow Section Joints

Tube model for chord face failure
178

Model for punching shear failure
179

Model for chord shear
gap
180
Rectangular g Hollow Section Joints

Analytical plastic lines model for chord face failure f joints for j i t of f type t T, T Y or X
Y joint
Model
181

Model of the brace effective width Model of chord shear failure
182

Model for the plastification or the local buckling of f the th lateral l t l chord h d side id walls ll
183
Model of the brace effective width Distribution of the stresses and deformations at the end of a RHS member
Joints between Hollow and Open Section Members
184

Model of chord shear failure Shear of the chord in a K joint with gap
185
Model of the local plastification of the chord web
186
CHS Members - Range of Validity

For welded j joints between CHS brace members and CHS chords
0,2 di / d0 1,0 Class 2 and 10 d0 / t0 but 10 d0 / t0 Class 2 and ov 25% g t1 + t2

g
50 40
generally for X joints

g
10 di / ti 50
187
Welded joints between CHS Members in Uniplanar joints

Brace member connections subject j to combined bending g and axial force should satisfy
N i , Ed M ip ,i , Ed + N i , Rd M ip ,i , Rd
Mip,i,Rd ip i Rd Mip,i,Ed Mop,i,Rd table; Mop,i,Ed
M op ,i , Ed 1,0 + M op ,i , Rd
the design g in-plane p moment resistance, , in table; ; the design in-plane internal acting moment; the design g out-of-plane p moment resistance, in the design out-of-plane internal acting moment.
188
Design Charts
Bourrier P., P Brozzetti J.: J: Construction metallique et mixte acier-beton, Tome 2, Conception et mise en oeuvre, Editions Eyrolles APK et ACIER, Eyrolles, ACIER Ce Paris, 1996.
1,0 0,9 0,8 1 f yo t o k p N 1. Rd = CT A1 f y 1 f y 1 t 1 sin 1
d0 t0 10
f yo to k p N1.Rd = Ce A1 f y 1 f y 1 t1 sin1
0,7 06 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
15 20 30 40 50
1,0
189
Worked Example K Joint RHS

Check Ch k the th truss t j i t diagonals joint, di l 1506 and d chord h d 2008 in i angle 45and gap 20 mm. Chord is carrying force N0.Sd = 1363,6 , kN, , and diagonals g 580 kN. Steel S355.
N1.Sd
h1 =1 50
N2.Sd t1=6
b1=150
50 =1 h2
45?
45?
h0=200
542,8
1363
t0=8
e=+20
b0=200
190
Range g of Validity y
For excentricity
0,55 h0 e 0,25 h0 20 mm 0,25 200 = 50 mm
For diagonals
b 35 t
150 35 6
b E 1,25 t fy
150 210000 1,25 6 355
For chord
0 ,5
0 ,5
h0 2 ,0 b0
200 2 ,0 200
b0 35 t0
200 35 8
h0 35 t0
200 35 8
b0 + h0 25 t0
200 + 200 25 8
191
Failure Modes
The possible failure modes
Chord face failure Chord shear failure Punching shear failure Brace failure
192
Chord Face Failure

The diagonal resistance
m m + b hi t0 f y 1 i 1 1 = 8,9 = kn M5 sin 2 m b0 82 355 150 + 150 + 150 + 150 1 = 594,8 kN = 8,9 0 , 902 12 , 5 sin 45 2 2 200 1,15 2
N1. Rd
Factor kn = 0,902 expresses the reduction due to shear force
193
Chord Shear Failure

Gap
h sin (1 + 2 ) h1 h2 g = e + 0 = 2 sin 1 sin 2 2 sin 1 2 sin 2 200 sin (45 + 45 ) 150 150 = 20 + = 27 ,9 mm 2 sin 45 sin 45 2 sin 45 2 sin 45
Sh Shear area
Av = (2 h0 + b0 ) t 0 = (2 200 + 0,241 200 ) 8 = 3586 mm 2
The resistance
N1. Rd = Av f y 1 3 sin M5 = 3586 355 1 = 903,8 kN 3 sin 45 1,15
194
Punching Shear Failure

The diagonal resistance
N1. Rd 1 2 h1 = + b1 + bep = sin 3 sin M5 8 355 2 150 1 = + 150 + 60 = 1 278,9 kN 3 sin 45 sin 45 1,15 t0 f y
The effective width

bep =
10 b1 t 0 10 150 8 = = 60 mm 150 mm = b1 b0 200
195
Brace Failure
F effective For ff ti width idth
beff = 10 b1 t0 f y 0 b0 t1 f y1
2
10 150 82 355 = = 80 mm 150 mm = b1 200 6 355
is the diagonal g resistance

N1. Rd = t1 f y (2 h1 4 t1 + b1 + beff ) 1 = 1 = 937,2 kN 1,15
M5
= 6 355 (2 150 4 6 + 150 + 80 )
196
Final Resistance
Resulting resistace is the minimum: Chord face failure Chord shear failure Punching shear failure Brace failure 594,8 kN 903,8 kN 1278,9 kN 937,2 kN
The diagonal resistance 594 594,8 8 kN is higher compare to the acting forces in both diagonals (580 kN). OK
197
Worked Example - Gusset Plate Connecton

Connect TR 200 200 6,3 by plate P15. Force FSd =150 kN. Steel S355J2H. Bolts M 8.8.
198
Range of Validity
Plate
M1 N1 h1 = 200 N0 M0 b0 = 200 t1 = 15 t 0 = 6,3
t 0 ,2 b0 15 = 0,075 0,2 200

Chord
M0 N0 h 0 = 200
h0 0 ,5 2 ,0 b0
200 0 ,5 2 ,0 200
b0 35 t0
h0 30 t0
b0 + h0 25 t0
200 + 200 = 63 ,4 25 6 ,3
199
200 = 31,7 35 6,3
200 = 31,7 35 6,3
Chord Face Failure

M1 = 6 kN kNm N1 h1 = 200 N0 M0 b 0 = 200 t 1 = 15 t 0 = 6,3
M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
Additional factors
= h1 / b0 = 200 / 200 = 1
km = 1
n=
M0 j
1,1
N 0 ,Sd A0 f y ,0
M 0 ,Sd W0 f y ,0
)=
6 000 1,1 1 300 000 + = 0 ,260 1 4 745 355 262,2 355

200
k m = 1,3 ( 1 n ) = 1,3( 1 0,260 ) 1,0
Design Check
M1 = 6 kNm N1 h1 = 200 N0 M0 b 0 = 200 t1 = 15 t 0 = 6,3
M0
N0 = - 300 kN
h 0 = 200
N1.Rd = N1.Rd
t 0 f y ,0 1 t1 / b0
(2 + 4 (
1 t1 / b0 k m
1,1
M0 Mj
6,3 2 355 1,1 2 1 + 4 1 15 / 200 k m = = 0,0779 1 15 / 200 1,1 1,0
M pl ,1.Rd = 0,5 N 1.Rd h1 = 0,5 0,0779 200 = 7 ,79 M Sd

201
CIDECT Materials
Wardenier J., Kurobane Y., Parker J.A. Dutta D., Yeomans N.: Design guide for circular i l hollow h ll section i (CHS) (C S) joints j i under predominantly static loading, CIDECTT, Construction with hollow steel sections, Verlag TUV Rheinland Gmbh, Kln, 1991. Wardenier J., Dutta D., Yeomans N. Parker J.A., Bucak O.: Design Guide for Structural Hollow Sections in Mechanical Applications, CIDECTT, Construction with hollow steel sections, Verlag TUV Rheinland Gmbh, Kln, 1995.
202
Worked Example - End Plate in Tension

Check the end plate connection of CHS loaded in tension; force NSd = 450 kN. Steel S235. Based on CIDECT materials.
d0=168 e1=51 e2=50 50 NSd
t0=5
t p =20
8 x M20 - 8.8 NSd

203
Design Check - Plate

Minimal plate thickness
tp 2 N Sd M 0 = f y f3 2 450000 1,15 = 16,3 mm 235 5,30
Shape factor f3 is taken form graph
f 3 = 5,30
for ratio on exes x of graph
d 0 t0 168 5 = = 0,617 d 0 t 0 + 2 e1 168 5 + 2 51
Souinitel
10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
d 0 - t0 d 0 - t 0 + 2 e1
204
Design Check - Bolts

Bolt resistance
Bt . Rd = 0,9 AS f ub = 0,9 245 800 = 121,7 kN 1,45
Mb
asked number of bolts

N Sd 0,67 Bt . Rd 1 1 450000 1 1 = 7,73 = + 1 1 f + 5,30 186 0 , 67 121700 r 3 1 5,30 ln f 3 ln r 135 2
and r1, r2 are calculated as

r1 = 0,5 d 0 + 2 e1 = 0,5 168 + 2 51 = 186 mm r2 = 0,5 d 0 + e1 = 0,5 168 + 51 = 135 mm
205

Design of Bolted Connections

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Design of Bolted Connections

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Bolts and Bolted Connection

9 Design g for block tearing g

9 Pin Pi connections i 9 Injection j bolts

S b l f Symbols for end d & edge d di distances t and d spacing i of f fasteners f t

Adequate q End Distance

Inadequate q End Distance

Design g of Bolts - Shear Resistance

Design g of Bolts - Shear Resistance

Design g of Bolts - Bearing g Resistance

e For end bolts: d = 1 3d 0 p 1 For inner bolts: d = 1 3d 0 4

e2 p2 k1 = min 2.8 - 1.7,1.4 - 1.7,2.5 d0 d0

p2 k1 = min 1.4 - 1.7,2.5 d0

Bearing g Resistance of Bolt Group p

For holes 2 (end bolts)

Design g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance

Total T t l bolt b lt f force Ft = F + Q

Design g of Bolts - Tensile Resistance

Punching g Shear Resistance

Combined Shear and Tension

0 0 05 0.5 10 1.0 1.4

Reduction of Bolt Shear Resistance

Effect of Long g Joints

but 1.0 Lt 0,75

Slip p Resistance at Serviceability y

M 3, ser = 1.1 refer f to t NA to t SS EN 1993

Combined Shear and Tension

For serviceability resistance:

Design g for Block Tearing g

Block tearing subject concentric load

Block tearing subject eccentric load

Block Tearing g Resistance

Veff ,2, Rd = 0.5

Angles g connected through g one Leg g

Angles g connected through g one Leg g

N u , Rd = 2.0(e2 0.5d 0 )tf u / M 2

Angles g connected through g one Leg g

Worked Example p 1 - Angle g connected through one Leg

Anet f u 0.54 777 430 = 10 3 = 164kN M2 1.1

Th yielding The i ldi resistance i of f the h section i

931 275 10 3 = 256kN > 164kN 1.0

N t , Rd = N u , Rd = 164kN > 147kN

Design resistance in block tearing considering rows as staggered:

Anv = (130 33) 7 = 679mm 2

Worked Example p 2 Fin Plate

Worked Example p 2 Fin Plate

0,5 fu,b1 Ant

Worked Example p 2 Fin Plate

Given geometry c, a & do

Analysis y of Pin - Shear

Analysis y of Pin - Bending g

Serviceability Bending Resistance

Where fyp is the yield strength of the pin Where,

32 = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993

Analysis y of Pin Bending g & Shear

Analysis y of Pin - Bearing g

Serviceability Bearing Resistance

Wh Where, t is i the th thickness thi k of f th the connected t d part; t

M 6 , ser = 1.0 refer to SS to EN 1993 M 0 = 1 .0

Analysis y of Pin - Serviceability y

Injection j Bolts Bearing g Strength g

Fb, b Rd, Rd resin

kt ks d tb ,re sin f b ,re sin = M 4