10 SPE 084287 (Pratikno) Decline Curve Analysis Type Curves Frac Wells (Wpres) PDF

SPE 84287
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells
H. Pratikno, ConocoPhillips (Indonesia) J. A. Rushing, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
Contact: Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-3116 (979) 845-2292 t-blasingame@tamu.edu
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells Slide 1
SPE 84287
Executive Summary
Executive Summary Introduction
(1/5)
This work is motivated by the need for a decline type curve for the case of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture in a bounded reservoir.
z Top View of Well Configuration

Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture. No Flow Outer Boundary.
z Side View of Well Configuration

Fixed width, planar fracture. After Cinco-Ley, et al.
Slide 3
Executive Summary Solution Mechanism
(2/5)
Using "desuperposition," we have created a solution to represent the flow behavior of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture in a bounded circular reservoir:
pCMD,inf ( x D 1 1, y D = 0, u ) = 2
0 q fD ( x' , s)[K0 ( xD-x'

1
u ) + K 0 ( x D + x' u )dx'
C fD
xD
x'
q fD ( x" , s)dx" dx' +
sC fD
+ sfq fD ( x D , s)
u (1+ xD) 1 1 K1( u reD ) u (1 xD) + I0 ( z ) dz + I 0 ( z ) dz 0 0 2u u I1( u reD )
z Desuperposition Solution:
Developed to provide a convenient mechanism to correlate performance. Validated as very accurate approximation. Recognize that other solutions are available, again this solution was used due
to its convenience and accuracy.
Slide 4
Executive Summary Solution Check
(3/5)
z Solution Check (FcD=2):
Comparison against numerical simulation (various "penetration" cases). "Desuperposition" model is consistent throughout range of data. Should be considered accurate enough for analytical developments.
Slide 5
Executive Summary Decline Curves
(4/5)
a. Doublet, et al (1996): "Fetkovich-McCray" format INFINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=).
b. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=10).
z Decline Type Curves: Fractured Wells Infinite fracture conductivity:

Less complex solution, but
somewhat ideal for use in practice.
Finite fracture conductivity:
FcD=10: Moderate to high fracture

conductivity case. FcD=0.5: Low fracture conductivity case.
c. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=0.5).
Slide 6
Executive Summary Example Analysis
(5/5)
a. qg and pwf vs production time Example 1 (East Texas "tight gas" case).
b. pp/qg vs material balance time (ta,bar) Example 1 (East Texas "tight gas" case).
z Example 1: East Texas Gas Well Good record of production history: Data editing used to filter poor or
"extra-transient" data. Type Curve Match: (FcD=5)
c. Example 1 Data match on "Fetkovich-McCray" format type curve (FcD=5).
Rate profile is consistent. Pressure profile appears accurate.
Very good match of data functions. Match of transient data is excellent,

good data acquisition (pressure).
Slide 7
SPE 84287
Outline of Presentation
Presentation Outline
z Executive Summary z Objectives and Rationale Need for a suite of decline type curves for the case of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture. z Desuperposition Solution Proposal and validation of the solution. z Development of the Decline Type Curves z Type Curve Suite Various cases Library of decline type curves. z Validation Field Examples Example 1 East Texas (tight gas). Example 2 East Texas (tight gas). z Summary
SPE 84287
Objectives and Rationale

Objectives and Rationale z Objectives:

Develop a rigorous suite of decline type curves for
the case of a well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture (previous efforts were numerical and did not consider auxiliary data functions). Provide a systematic procedure for analysis based on multiple data plots ultimately culminating in the "summary plot" the decline type curve. Provide illustrative applications of the new type curves using field data.
z Rationale: The decline type curve model (in "Fetkovich-
McCray" format) for the case of a well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture is missing from the literature. The motivation for this work is based on the observation that many cases can not be resolved with the existing infinite-conductivity fracture model (presented in 1996).
SPE 84287
Desuperposition Solution
Desuperposition Solution z Schematic Model:

Well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture pro-
duced at a constant flowrate (we will deal with the variable-rate issue as part of the data analysis). Closed outer boundary (used a circle for simplicity).
z Desuperposition: (Approximate Solution)

Start with transient flow solution for the case of a
well with a finite-conductivity vertical fracture (Cinco-Meng). Add this solution to the boundary-dominated flow relation for a well with an infinite-conductivity vertical fracture (Ozkan-Raghavan).
Slide 13
Desuperposition Schematic Model
(1/4)
The schematic model for the case of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture in a bounded reservoir is:
z Top View of Well Configuration

Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture. No Flow Outer Boundary.
z Side View of Well Configuration

Fixed width, planar fracture. After Cinco-Ley, et al.
Slide 14
Desuperposition Approximate Solution
(2/4)
Using "desuperposition," we have created a solution to represent the flow behavior of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture in a bounded circular reservoir:
pCMD,inf ( x D 1 1, y D = 0, u ) = 2
0 q fD ( x' , s)[K0 ( xD-x'

1
u ) + K 0 ( x D + x' u )dx'
C fD
xD
x'
q fD ( x" , s)dx" dx' +
sC fD
+ sfq fD ( x D , s)
u (1+ xD) 1 1 K1( u reD ) u (1 xD) + I0 ( z ) dz + I 0 ( z ) dz 0 0 2u u I1( u reD )
z Desuperposition Solution:
Developed to provide a convenient mechanism to correlate performance. Validated as very accurate approximation. Recognize that other solutions are available, again this solution was used due
to its convenience and accuracy.
Slide 15
Desuperposition Validation
(3/4)
a. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=0.2).
b. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=).
c. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=2).
d. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=10).
Slide 16
Desuperposition (FcD=2)
(4/4)
z Solution Check (FcD=2):
Comparison against numerical simulation (various "penetration" cases). "Desuperposition" model is consistent throughout range of data. Should be considered accurate enough for analytical developments.
Slide 17
SPE 84287
Development of the Decline Type Curves
Development of the Decline Type Curves z Decline Type Curve Variables z Correlation of the bDpss parameter:
Definition of tDd and qDd Auxiliary functions (qDdi, qDdid, NpDd and tDd ) Use the desuperposition solution to establish the
bDpss parameter for each case (considers fully developed pseudosteady-state flow behavior). Development of a correlating relation.
Slide 19
Decline Type Curve Variables z Dimensionless Decline Time: tDd
(1/2)
t Dd =
2 bDpss
t DA
z Dimensionless Decline Rate: qDd
qDd = qD bDpss
Slide 20
Decline Type Curve Variables

z Dimensionless Decline Rate Integral: qDdi
qDdi = NpDd tDd = 1 tDd
(2/2)
q Dd ( ) d
tDd 0
z Dimensionless Decline Rate Integral-Derivative: qDdid

dqDdi dqDdi qDdid = = tDd = qDdi qDd dln(tDd ) dtDd
z Dimensionless Cumulative Production: NpDd

NpDd =
tDd
q Dd ( ) d
z Dimensionless Material Balance Time: tDd tDd NpDd 1 tDd = qDd ( ) d = qDd 0 qDd
Slide 21
bDpss Parameter Definition z Definition of the bDpss parameter:
(1/4)
General result for pseudosteady-state flow behavior:
pD , pss (t DA ) = bDpss + 2t DA
bDpss is defined by combination of the pseudosteadystate relation and the new desuperposition solution:
bDpss = pD ,ds - 2t DA
A single value of bDpss (at pseudosteady-state) is established (for a given reD value) by plotting the bDpss parameter versus tDA for a single reD case and selecting the asymptotic (or constant) value which occurs during fully developed pseudosteady-state flow behavior.
bDpss Parameter Definition
(2/4)
z Correlation of bDpss versus tDA: Various reD values (FcD =1)
Note asymptotic behavior as tDA grows large (i.e., pseudosteady-state flow). Obtain a database of bDpssreD pairs for a particular FcD value.
Slide 23
bDpss Parameter Correlation z Correlation for the bDpss parameter:
(3/4)
Slide 24
bDpss Parameter Correlation Plot
(4/4)
z Correlation of bDpss versus reD: Various FcD values
Similarity of bDpss vs. reD indicates consistency in bDpss definition. Correlation is more than sufficient for analytical and practical applications.
Slide 25
SPE 84287
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells Library of Decline Type Curves
Library of Decline Type Curves:

z Decline type curve models are available for: Unfractured Well: Production time format (1973) Unfractured Well: Material balance time format (1994) Fractured Wells: Material balance time format z The present work (i.e., the case of a well with a finiteconductivity vertical fracture) evolved because of a need for a better physical representation of the fractured well case (compared to the infinite conductivity fracture solution). This is particularly true for the case of wells in low permeability (or tight) gas reservoirs.
Infinite Conductivity Vertical Fracture (1996) Finite Conductivity Vertical Fracture (Present Work)
Slide 27
Library of Decline Type Curves: Summary
(1/7)
a. INFINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=) (1996).
b. FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=0.1).
c. FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=1).
d. FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=10).
e. FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=100).
f. FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=1000).
Slide 28
Library of Decline Type Curves: Fetkovich
(2/7)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for an Unfractured Well:

Production time format. Analogous to original Fetkovich type curve (note Arps' solutions).
Slide 29
Library of Decline Type Curves: Doublet, et al.
(3/7)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for an Unfractured Well:

"Material balance time" format. Note the unified behavior for all trends during boundary dominated flow.
Slide 30
Library of Decline Type Curves: Doublet, et al.
(4/7)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Type Curve for a Fractured Well:

Well with an INIFINITE conductivity vertical fracture in circular reservoir. Material balance time format (unified pseudosteady-state behavior).
Slide 31
Library of Decline Type Curves: Present Work
(5/7)

Well with a FINITE conductivity vertical fracture in a circular reservoir (FcD=10) Material balance time format (unified pseudosteady-state behavior).
Slide 32
(6/7)
z "Fetkovich-McCray" Format Type Curve for a Fractured Well:

Well with a FINITE conductivity vertical fracture in a circular reservoir (FcD=1) Material balance time format (unified pseudosteady-state behavior).
Slide 33
(7/7)

Well with a FINITE conductivity vertical fracture in a circular reservoir (FcD=0.1) Material balance time format (unified pseudosteady-state behavior).
Slide 34
SPE 84287
Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells Examples
Example 1: East Texas Gas Well
(1/2)
a. qg and pwf vs. t: Example 1 (East Texas Gas Well).
b. pp/qg vs. Gp: Example 1 (East Texas Gas Well).
c. pp/qg vs. ta,bar: (edit plot) Example 1 (East Texas Gas Well).
z Example 1:
Good production history. Good trend of pp/qg vs. Gp
(initial estimate for G) Good data edit and data plots. Type curve match is excellent confirms reservoir model and yields extraordinary match for all data functions (this is likely due to the high-quality, high frequency pressure data). d. pp/qg vs. ta,bar: (data plot) Example 1 (East Texas Gas Well). e. Data match on type curve (FcD=5). Example 1 (East Texas Gas Well).
Slide 36
(2/2)
z Example 1: East Texas Gas Well (tight gas reservoir)

Model: FINITE conductivity vertical fracture in a circular reservoir (FcD=5) Excellent match for all data functions.
Slide 37
(1/2)
a. qg and pwf vs. t: Example 2 (East Texas Gas Well).
b. pp/qg vs. Gp: Example 2 (East Texas Gas Well).
c. pp/qg vs. ta,bar: (edit plot) Example 2 (East Texas Gas Well).
z Example 2:
Very consistent production
history. Acceptable trend of pp/qg vs. Gp (initial estimate for G) Good data edit and data plots. Type curve match (FcD=2) is very good to excellent. Reservoir model is confirmed, and the characteristic behavior of a finite conductivity vertical fracture is observed.
d. pp/qg vs. ta,bar: (data plot) Example 2 (East Texas Gas Well).
e. Data match on type curve (FcD=2). Example 2 (East Texas Gas Well).
Slide 38
(2/2)
z Example 2: East Texas Gas Well (tight gas reservoir)

Model: FINITE conductivity vertical fracture in a circular reservoir (FcD=2) Very good match for all data functions.
Slide 39
SPE 84287
Summary
Summary:
(1/2)
z We have successfully constructed, validated, and applied a new set of unified decline type curve solutions for the behavior of a well with a finite conductivity vertical fracture producing from a closed homogeneous reservoir. z The decline type curves developed in this work can be applied to analyze and interpret production data from a fractured well, and are used to estimate the following parameters:
Formation permeability, Fracture half-length, Fracture conductivity, Volume of in-place fluids, and Reservoir drainage area.
Slide 41
Summary:
(2/2)
z The proposed method is error tolerant and generally robust and should be the preferred method of analysis/interpretation for production data acquired from low permeability gas reservoirs. z As always, we encourage vigilance in the acquisition of production data particularly wellbore pressures as a function of time.
Slide 42
SPE 84287
End of Presentation

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SPE 84287

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Executive Summary Introduction

z Top View of Well Configuration

z Side View of Well Configuration

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Executive Summary Solution Mechanism

0 q fD ( x' , s)[K0 ( xD-x'

q fD ( x" , s)dx" dx' +

u (1+ xD) 1 1 K1( u reD ) u (1 xD) + I0 ( z ) dz + I 0 ( z ) dz 0 0 2u u I1( u reD )

to its convenience and accuracy.

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Executive Summary Solution Check

z Solution Check (FcD=2):

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Executive Summary Decline Curves

a. Doublet, et al (1996): "Fetkovich-McCray" format INFINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=).

b. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=10).

z Decline Type Curves: Fractured Wells Infinite fracture conductivity:

Finite fracture conductivity:

FcD=10: Moderate to high fracture

c. Pratikno (2002): "Fetkovich-McCray" format FINITE conductivity vertical fracture (FcD=0.5).

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Executive Summary Example Analysis

Rate profile is consistent. Pressure profile appears accurate.

Very good match of data functions. Match of transient data is excellent,

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Objectives and Rationale

Objectives and Rationale z Objectives:

z Rationale: The decline type curve model (in "Fetkovich-

Desuperposition Solution z Schematic Model:

z Desuperposition: (Approximate Solution)

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Desuperposition Schematic Model

z Top View of Well Configuration

z Side View of Well Configuration

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Desuperposition Approximate Solution

0 q fD ( x' , s)[K0 ( xD-x'

q fD ( x" , s)dx" dx' +

u (1+ xD) 1 1 K1( u reD ) u (1 xD) + I0 ( z ) dz + I 0 ( z ) dz 0 0 2u u I1( u reD )

to its convenience and accuracy.

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

a. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=0.2).

b. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=).

c. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=2).

d. Comparison of desuperposition solution with numerical simulation results (FcD=10).

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

z Solution Check (FcD=2):

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Decline Type Curve Variables z Dimensionless Decline Time: tDd

z Dimensionless Decline Rate: qDd

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

Decline Type Curve Variables

z Dimensionless Decline Rate Integral-Derivative: qDdid

z Dimensionless Cumulative Production: NpDd

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells

bDpss Parameter Definition z Definition of the bDpss parameter:

General result for pseudosteady-state flow behavior:

bDpss Parameter Definition

z Correlation of bDpss versus tDA: Various reD values (FcD =1)

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves Fractured Wells