Eur. Phys. J. C manuscript No.

(will be inserted by the editor)

On Aharonov-Casher bound states

E. O. Silvaa,1 , F. M. Andradeb,2 , C. Filgueirasc,3 , H. Belichd,4
1 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Universitário do Bacanga, 65085-580 São Luís-MA, Brazil
2 Departamento de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazi
3 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Caixa Postal 10071, 58109-970 Campina Grande-PB, Brazil
4 Departamento de Física e Química, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29060-900, Vitória-ES, Brazil
arXiv:1203.3096v5 [quant-ph] 23 Apr 2013

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract In this work bound states for the Aharonov-Casher free electrons, can influence the interference pattern. Con-
problem are considered. According to Hagen’s work on the sidering a charged particle which propagates in a region with
exact equivalence between spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov- no external magnetic field (force-free region), it is verified
Casher effects, is known that the ∇ · E term cannot be ne- that the corresponding wave function n may developo a quan-
glected in the Hamiltonian if the spin of particle is consid- tum phase: hb|aiinA = hb|aiA=0 exp(iq ab A · dl) , which
R
ered. This term leads to the existence of a singular potential describes the real behavior of the electrons propagation.
at the origin. By modeling the problem by boundary condi-
tions at the origin which arises by the self-adjoint extension Topological effects in quantum mechanics are phenom-
of the Hamiltonian, we derive for the first time an expression ena that present no classical counterparts, being associated
for the bound state energy of the Aharonov-Casher problem. with physical systems defined on a multiply connected space-
As an application, we consider the Aharonov-Casher plus time [1]. This issue has received considerable attention since
a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We derive the ex- the pioneering work by Aharonov and Bohm [2], where they
pression for the harmonic oscillator energies and compare it demonstrated that the vector potential may induce measur-
with the expression obtained in the case without singularity. able physical quantum phases even in a force-free region,
At the end, an approach for determination of the self-adjoint which constitutes the essence of a topological effect. The in-
extension parameter is given. In our approach, the parameter duced phase does not depend on the specific path described
is obtained essentially in terms of physics of the problem. by the particle nor on its velocity (non-dispersiveness). In-
stead, it is intrinsically related to the non-simply connected
nature of the space-time and to the associated winding num-
1 Introduction ber. This is a first example of generation of a topological
phase, the so called Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect. Many years
Physical processes which exhibit a cyclic evolution play an later, Aharonov and Casher [3] argued that a quantum phase
important role in the description of quantum systems in a also appears in the wave function of a spin-1/2 neutral parti-
periodically changing environment. The system can present cle with anomalous magnetic moment, µ, subject to an elec-
a classical description, such as a magnetic dipole precession tric field arising from a charged wire. This is the well-known
around an external magnetic field, or quantum behavior such Aharonov-Casher (AC) effect, which is related to the AB
as the electron in a condensate, produced by collective mo- effect by a duality operation [4]. This phase is well estab-
tion of atoms. In this context, the role played by the elec- lished if the wire penetrates perpendicularly to the plane of
tromagnetic vector potential is remarkable. The presence of the neutral particle motion. The AC phase and analogous
a vector potential in a region where it does not produces effects have been studied in several branches of physics in
an electric or a magnetic field in the configuration space of recent years (see for example the Refs. [5–7, 7–17]).

a e-mail: edilbertoo@gmail.com
In order to study the quantum dynamics of these sys-
b e-mail: fmandrade@uepg.br tems we must consider the full Hamiltonian (including the
c e-mail: cleversonfilgueiras@yahoo.com.br electromagnetic field sources). For example, when we are
d e-mail: belichjr@gmail.com studying the nonrelativistic dynamics of a spin-1/2 charged
2

particle in an electromagnetic field 1 , it is common to neglect Dirac equation (with h̄ = c = 1)

terms that explicitly depend on the spin, namely, ∇ × A and h µ i
∇ · E terms. However, these sources lead to singular solu- iγ µ ∂µ − σ µν Fµν − M ψ = 0, µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, (1)
2
tions at the origin [18–23]. Hagen [4] showed that there is
an exact equivalence between the AB and AC effects when where M is the mass of the particle and ψ is a four-component
comparing the ∇ · E term in the AC Hamiltonian with the spinorial wave function and the γ-matrices obey the commu-
∇ × A term in the AB Hamiltonian. He concluded that the tator relation
∇ · E term cannot be neglected when we consider the spin of i µ ν
σ µν = [γ , γ ] . (2)
the particle [4]. Recently, the ∇ · E term was considered by 2
Shikakhwa et. al [24] in the scattering scenario. However, an
By introducing a spin projection parameter s in 2+1 dimen-
analysis of the energy spectrum considering this term is not
sions Eq. (1) reduces to a set of two two-component wave
found in the literature. This is the main subject of present
functions. In this case, the Dirac matrices are conveniently
work, which aims to study the AC bound states.
defined in the Pauli representation [4]
In AB-like systems, an interesting question which emerges
nowadays is the study of the phase generation in real situa- β = γ 0 = σ3 , β γ 1 = σ1 , β γ 2 = sσ2 . (3)
tions, such as in condensed matter, putting, for example, a
wire in some material [25]. To reproduce this scenario it is In this representation, the Dirac equation is found to be [4]
advisable to couple the charged wire to a harmonic oscilla-  
1

tor (HO), and then analyze this influence on the dynamics of Mβ + β γ · ∇ − µsE0 ψ = E¯ ψ, (i = 1, 2) (4)
i
the neutral particle. The vibration of a crystalline lattice, in
which the wire is embedded, is simulated by HO behavior where Ei0 ≡ εi j E j denotes the dual field and εi j = −ε ji , ε12 =
[26, 27]. +1. By applying the matrix operator
In this paper, we analyze the AC problem taking into   
1
account the ∇ · E = λ δ (r)/2πr term in the nonrelativistic M + β E¯ − β γ · ∇ − µsE0 β (5)
Hamiltonian. Using the self-adjoint extension method [28], i
we model the problem by boundary conditions [29] and de- in Eq. (4) we obtain
termine the expression for the energy spectrum of the parti-
E¯ 2 − M 2 ψ = − (γ · π) (γ · π) ψ


cle and compare with the case where one neglects the such
term. We also address the AC problem interacting with a = π 2 + µσ3 ∇ · E0 ψ,


(6)
two-dimensional harmonic oscillator located at the origin
of a polar coordinate system and compare our results with where π = 1i ∇ − µsE0 .
those known in the literature. In Sec. 2 the equation of mo- In the usual AC effect the field configuration (in cylin-
tion for the AC problem is derived in the nonrelativistic drical coordinates) is given by
limit. In Sec. 3 the bound states for AC problem is examined.
λ r̂ λ δ (r)
Expressions for the wave functions and bound state energies E= , ∇·E = , (7)
are obtained fixing the physical problem in the r = 0 region, 2πε0 r 2πε0 r
without any arbitrary parameter. In Sec. 4 the AC problem where E, is the electric field generated by an infinite charge
interacting with a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator lo- filament and λ is the charge density along the z-axis. To an-
cated at the origin of a polar coordinate system is consid- alyze the nonrelativistic limit we assume
ered. Again, modeling the problem by boundary conditions,
we found the expression for the energy spectrum of the os- E¯ = M + E ,
cillator in terms of the physics of the problem without any E  M, (8)
arbitrary parameter. In Sec. 5 we present the procedure to
determine the self-adjoint extension parameter. In Sec. 6 a and Eq. (6), using Eq. (7), assumes the form
brief conclusion is given.
ĤNR ψ = E ψ, (9)

where
2 The equation of motion for the AC problem
ϕ̂ 2 ησ3 δ (r)
 
1 1
In order to study the dynamics of a neutral particle with a ĤNR = ∇ + sη + , (10)
2M i r 2M r
magnetic moment µ in a flat space-time we start with the
1 In
where
particular electric (magnetic) field generated by an infinitely long,
infinitesimally thin line of charge (or solenoids) which we are inter- µλ
ested here. η= . (11)
2πε0

The nonrelativistic Hamiltonian above describes the planar
dynamics of a spin-1/2 neutral particle with a magnetic mo-
ment µ in an electric field.
Before we go on to a calculation of the bound states
some remarks on Hamiltonian in (10) are in order. If we
do not take into account the ∇ · E term, the resulting Hamil-
tonian, in this case, is essentially self-adjoint and positive
definite [30]. Therefore, its spectrum is R+ , it is translation-
ally invariant and there are no bound states The introduction
of ∇ · E changes the situation completely. The singularity at
origin due the ∇ · E, is physically equivalent to extracting
this single point from the plane R2 and in this case the trans-
lational invariance is lost together with the self-adjointness.
This fact has impressive consequences in the spectrum of
the system [31]. Since we are effectively excluding a por-
tion of space accessible to the particle we must guarantee
that the Hamiltonian is self-adjoint in the region of the mo-
tion, as is necessary for the generator of time evolution of
the wave function. The most adequate approach for study-
ing this scenario is the theory of self-adjoint extension of
symmetrical operators of von Neumann-Krein [28, 32, 33].
The existence of a negative eigenvalue in the spectrum can
be considered rather unexpected, since the actions of it sug-
gest it is positive definite operator. However, the positivity
of such an operator just not only depends on its action, but
also depends on its domain. Moreover, the ∇ · E gives rising
to a two-dimensional δ function potential at origin, and it is
a well known fact that an attractive δ function allows at least
one bound state [32, 34].
In particular, we analyze the changes in the energy lev-
els and wave functions of the particle in the region near the
charge filament. For this system, the commutator

ĤNR , Jˆz = 0,

(12)
where Jˆz = −i∂ϕ + σz /2 is the total angular momentum op-
erator in the z direction. So, the solution for the Schrödinger
equation (9) can be written in the form
f (r)ei(m j −1/2)ϕ
 
Φ(r, ϕ) = E , (13)
gE (r)ei(m j +1/2)ϕ
with m j = m + 1/2 = ±1/2, ±3/2, . . ., m ∈ Z. By substi-
tution Eq. (13) into Eq. (9), the radial equation for fE (r)
becomes
H fE (r) = E fE (r), (14)
where
H = H0 +Ushort , (15)
 2
ξ2

1 d 1 d
H0 = − + − , , (16)
2M dr2 r dr r2
3
η δ (r)
Ushort = , (17)
2M r
with
ξ = m + sη. (18)
In what follows we assume that η < 0 to ensure we have an
attractive δ function with at least one bound state.
Since we are considering an infinite hollow cylinder of
radius r0 with charge density per unit length λ , is suitable to
rewrite the short-range potential as (see [35] and references
therein)
η δ (r − r0 )
U short (r) = . (19)
2M r0
Although the functional structures of Ushort and U short are
quite different, as discussed in [36], we are free to use any
form of potential provided that only the contribution of the
form (17) is excluded.
3 Bound states for AC problem
Now, the goal is to find the bound states for the Hamilto-
nian (15). This Hamiltonian includes a short-range interac-
tion U short modeled by a δ function. Such kind of point in-
teraction also appears in several AB-like problems, e.g., AB
problem of spin-1/2 particles [21, 35, 37, 38], AC problem
in a CPT-odd Lorentz-violating background [39, 40], in the
coupling between wave functions and conical defects/cosmic
strings [41, 42], and coupling between wave functions and
torsion [7].
To deal with the singularity point at r = 0, we follow the
approach in [29]. Then we temporarily forget the δ function
potential and find which boundary conditions are allowed
for H0 . This is the scope of the self-adjoint extension, which
consists in determining the complete domain of an operator,
i.e., its complete set of wave functions. But the self-adjoint
extension provides us with an infinity of possible boundary
conditions and therefore it cannot give us the true physics
of the problem. Nevertheless, once having fixed the physics
at r = 0 [43, 44], we are able to fit any arbitrary parameter
coming from the self-adjoint extension and then we have a
complete description of the problem.
Since we have a singular point, even if H0† = H0 , we
must guarantee that the Hamiltonian is self-adjoint in the
region of motion for their domains might be different. The
von Neumann-Krein method [28] is used to find the self-
adjoint extensions. An operator H0 with domain D(H0 ) is
self-adjoint if D(H0† ) = D(H0 ) and H0† = H0 . In order to
proceed with the self-adjoint extension, we must find the de-
ficiency subspaces N± , with dimensions n+ and n− , which
4

are called deficiency indices of H0 . A necessary and suffi- a choice for the boundary condition in the region around
cient condition for H0 to be self-adjoint is that n+ = n− = 0. r = r0 and describes the coupling between U short (r) and the
On the other hand, if n+ = n− ≥ 1 then H0 has an infinite wave function. As we shall see below, the physics of the
number of self-adjoint extensions parametrized by a unitary problem determines such parameter without ambiguity.
n × n matrix, where n = n+ = n− . To find a fitting for ρ compatible with U short (r), we write
The potential in this case is purely radial and we decom- Eqs. (14) and (20) for E = 0 [29],
pose the Hilbert space H = L2 (R2 ) with respect to the angu-  2
ξ2

lar momentum H = Hr ⊗ Hϕ , where Hr = L2 (R+ , rdr) and d 1 d
+ − +U short f0 = 0, (26)
Hϕ = L2 (S1 , dϕ), with S1 denoting the unit sphere in R2 . dr2 r dr r2
The operator −∂ 2 /∂ ϕ 2 is essentially self-adjoint in Hϕ [28]
and we obtain the operator H0 in each angular momentum
d2 ξ2
 
1 d
sector. We have to pay special attention for the radial eigen- + − fρ,0 = 0, (27)
functions, due to the singularity at r = 0. dr2 r dr r2
Next, we substitute the problem in Eq. (14) by implying the zero-energy solutions f0 and fρ,0 , and we re-
H0 fρ,E = E fρ,E , (20) quire the continuity for the logarithmic derivative [29]

with fρ,E labeled by a parameter ρ which is related to the f˙0 (r0 ) f˙ρ,0 (r0 )
r0 = r0 . (28)
behavior of the wave function in the limit r → r0 . But we f0 (r0 ) fρ,0 (r0 )
cannot impose any boundary condition (e.g. f = 0 at r = 0)
The left-hand side of Eq. (28) is achieved integrating Eq.
without discovering which boundary conditions are allowed
(26) from 0 to r0 ,
to H0 .
In order to find the full domain of H0 in L2 (R+ , rdr), we
Z r0 Z r0
1 d d f0 (r) δ (r − r0 )
(r )rdr = η f0 (r) rdr
have to find its deficiency subspaces. To do this, we solve 0 r dr dr 0 r
the eigenvalue equation Z r0
f0 (r)
+ξ2 rdr. (29)
0 r2
H0† f± = ±ik0 f± , (21)
From (26), the behavior of f0 as r → 0 is f0 ∼ r|ξ | , so we
where H0† is given by Eq. (16) and k0 ∈ R is introduced for
find
dimensional reasons. The only square-integrable functions
Z r0 Z r0
which are solutions of Eq. (21) are the modified Bessel func- f0 (r)
rdr ≈ r|ξ |−1 dr → 0. (30)
tions 0 r2 0
√
f± (r) = const. Kξ (r ∓ε), (22) So, we arrive at

with ε = 2iMk0 . These functions are square-integrable only f˙0 (r0 )

r0 ≈ η. (31)
in the range ξ ∈ (−1, 1), for which H0 is not self-adjoint, and f0 (r0 )
the dimension of such deficiency subspaces is (n+ , n− ) =
The right-hand side of Eq. (28) is calculated using the asymp-
(1, 1). So we have two situations for ξ , i.e.,
totic representation for the modified Bessel functions in the
− 1 < ξ < 0, (23) limit z → 0,
0 < ξ < 1. π

z−ν zν

Kν (z) ∼ − , (32)
To treat both cases of Eq. (23) simultaneously, it is more 2 sin(πν) 2−ν Γ (1 − ν) 2ν Γ (1 + ν)
convenient to use
in Eq. (25) and it takes the form
√
f± (r) = const. K|ξ | (r ∓ε). (24)
f˙ρ,0 (r0 ) Ω̇ρ (r0 )
r0 = , (33)
Thus, the domain D(H0,ρ ) in L2 (R+ , rdr) is given by the set fρ,0 (r0 ) Ωρ (r0 )
of functions [28]
where
√ √ 
fρ,E (r) = f|ξ | (r) +C K|ξ | (r −ε) + eiρ K|ξ | (r ε) ,

(25) √" √ #
(r −ε)−|ξ | (r −ε)|ξ |
Ωρ (r) = −|ξ | −
where f|ξ | (r), with f|ξ | (r0 ) = f˙|ξ | (r0 ) = 0 ( f˙ ≡ d f /dr), is the 2 Γ (1 − |ξ |) 2|ξ |Γ (1 + |ξ |)
regular wave function when we do not have U short (r). The " √ −|ξ | √ |ξ | #
(r ε) (r ε)
last term in Eq. (25) gives the correct behavior for the wave + eiρ −|ξ | − . (34)
2 Γ (1 − |ξ |) 2|ξ |Γ (1 + |ξ |)
function when r = r0 . The parameter ρ ∈ [0, 2π) represents
 5

Substituting (31) and (33) in (28) we have In polar coordinates (r, ϕ) it can be written as

Ω̇ρ (r0 ) 1
= η, (35) V̂HO = Mω 2 r2 , (41)
Ωρ (r0 ) 2
where we considered ωx = ωy = ω.
which determines the parameter ρ in terms of the physics of
Let us now include the potential of the oscillator (41)
the problem, i.e., the correct behavior of the wave functions
into the AC Hamiltonian (10), which leads to the following
for r → r0 .
eigenvalue equation
Next, we will find the bound states of the Hamiltonian
H0 and using (35), the spectrum of H will be determined ĤHO Φ = i∂t Φ, (42)
without any arbitrary parameter. Then, from Eq. (20) we
achieve the modified Bessel equation (κ 2 = −2ME , E < 0) where

ĤHO = ĤNR + V̂HO . (43)

d2
  2 
1 d ξ 2
+ − + κ fρ,E (r) = 0, (36) By proceeding in the same manner as in Sec. 3, we can write
dr2 r dr r2
the solutions as
whose general solution is given by
φ 0 (r)ei(m j −1/2)ϕ
 
 √ Φ(r, ϕ) = E , (44)
ζE 0 (r)ei(m j +1/2)ϕ

fρ,E (r) = K|ξ | r −2ME . (37)
which implies the following radial equation for eigenvalues
Since this solutions belongs to D(H0,ρ ), it is the form (25)
for some ρ selected from the physics of the problem at r = H 0 φE 0 (r) = E 0 φE 0 (r), (45)
r0 . So, we substitute (37) in (25) and compute f˙ρ,E / fρ,E r=r
0
using (32). After a straightforward calculation we have the where
relation
H 0 = H00 +U short , (46)
h i
2|ξ | |ξ | |ξ |
f˙ρ,E (r0 ) |ξ | r0 (−ME ) + 2 Θξ
= 2|ξ |
fρ,E (r0 ) r (−ME )|ξ | − 2|ξ |Θ  2
ξ2

0 ξ 1 d 1 d
H00 =− + − 2 2
−γ r , (47)
Ω̇ρ (r0 ) 2M dr2 r dr r2
= , (38)
Ωρ (r0 )
and γ 2 = M 2 ω 2 .
with Θξ = Γ (1+|ξ |)/Γ (1−|ξ |). By using Eq. (35) into Eq. In order to have a more detailed study of the problem we
(38) and solving for E , we find the sought energy spectrum will analyze separately the motion of the particle in the r 6= 0
region and including the r = 0 region. This approach allows
1/|ξ |
us to see explicitly the physical implications of the ∇ · E
 
2 η + |ξ | Γ (1 + |ξ |)
E =− . (39) term on the energy spectrum of the particle and thus makes
Mr02 η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
it clear that the fact cannot be neglected in the Hamiltonian.
Notice that there are no arbitrary parameters in the above
equation and we must have η ≤ −1 to ensure that the en-
ergy is a real number. The AC problem only has bound states 4.1 Solution of the problem in the r 6= 0 region
when we take into account the ∇ · E, which gives an attrac-
tive δ function. In this case, Eq. (45) does not contain the U short term. Then,
the general solution for φE 0 (r) in the r 6= 0 region is [45]
1+ξ 1 2
4 AC plus a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator φE 0 (r) = Aξ γ 2 rξ e− 2 γr M(d, 1 + ξ , γr2 )
1+ξ 1 2
+ Bξ γ 2 rξ e− 2 γr U(d, 1 + ξ , γr2 ), (48)
In this section, we address the AC system plus a two-dimensional
harmonic oscillator (HO) located at the origin of a polar co- where d = (1 + ξ )/2−ME 0 /2γ, M(a, b, z) and U(a, b, z) are
ordinate system by using a same approach as in Sec. 3. the confluent hypergeometric functions (Kummer’s functions)
The potential of the harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional [46], A and B constants. However, only M is regular at
ξ ξ
space is given by origin, this implies that B = 0. In the above solution, more-
ξ
1 1 over, if d is 0 or a negative integer, the series terminates
V̂HO = Mωx2 x2 + Mωy2 y2 . (40) and the hypergeometric function becomes a polynomial of
2 2
6

degree n [46]. This condition guarantees that the hypergeo- Since H00† = H00 and, from (52), the square integrable solu-
metric function is regular at origin, which is essential for the tion to above equation is given by
treatment of the physical system since the region of inter-
γr2
est is that around the charge filament. Therefore, the series φ± (r) = rξ e− 2 U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ), (54)
in (48) must converge if we consider that d = −n, where
n ∈ Z∗ , Z∗ denoting the set of nonnegative integers, n = where d± = (1 + ξ )/2 ∓ ik0 /2γ. Let us now consider the
0, 1, 2, 3, .... This condition also guarantees the normalizabil- asymptotic behavior of U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ) as r → 0 [45],
ity of the wave function. So, using this condition, we obtain " #
(ξ )(γr) −ξ (−ξ )r ξ
the discrete values for the energy whose expression is given Γ Γ
U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ) ∼ + . (55)
by Γ (d± ) Γ (d± − ξ )

E 0 = (2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, n ∈ Z∗ . (49) Working with the expression, let us find under which condi-
tion
The energy eigenfunction is given by Z
1+|ξ | |φ± (r)|2 rdr, (56)
|ξ | − 21 γr2 2
φE 0 (r) = Cξ γ 2 r e M(−n, 1 + |ξ |, γr ), (50)
has a finite contribution from the near origin region. Taking
where Cξ is a normalization constant. Notice that in Eq.
(54) and (55) into account, we have
(49), |ξ | can assume any noninteger value. However, we will
see that this condition is no longer satisfied when we include
h i
lim |φ± (r)|2 r1+2ξ −→ A1 r1+2ξ + A2 r1−2ξ , (57)
the ∇ · E term. To study the dynamics of the particle in all r→0
space, including the r = 0 region, we invoke the self-adjoint
where A1 and A2 are constants. The equation above shows
extension of symmetric operators. The procedure used here
that φ± (r) is square integrable only for ξ ∈ (−1, 1). In this
to derive the result of Eq. (49) is found in many articles in
case, since N+ is expanded by φ+ (r) only, we find that its
the literature, where the authors simply ignore the term in-
dimension n+ = 1. The same applies to N− and φ− (r) re-
volving the singularity. As we will show in the next section,
sulting in n− = 1. Then, H00 possesses self-adjoint exten-
this procedure reflects directly in the energy spectrum of the
sions parametrized by a unitary matrix U(1) = eiϑ , with
system.
ϑ ∈ [0, 2π). Therefore, the domain D(H00† ) in L2 (R+ , rdr)
is given by
4.2 Solution including the r = 0 region 0 0
D(H0† ) = D(H0 ) ⊕ N+ ⊕ N− . (58)
Now, the dynamics includes the U short term. So, let us follow
So, to extend the domain D(H00 ) to match D(H00† ) and there-
the same procedure as in Sec. 3 to find the bound states for
fore make H00 self-adjoint, we get
the Hamiltonian H 0 . Like before we need to find all the self-
adjoint extension for the operator H00 . The relevant eigen- 0
D(H0,ϑ ) = D(H00† ) = D(H00 ) ⊕ N+ ⊕ N− , (59)
value equation is
we mean that, for each ϑ , we have a possible domain for
H00 φϑ ,E 0 (r) = E 0 φϑ ,E 0 (r), (51) D(H0,ϑ
0 ). But will be the physical situation which will deter-

mine the value of ϑ . The Hilbert space (59), for both cases
with φϑ ,E 0 labeled by a parameter ϑ which is related to the
of Eq. (23), contains functions of the form
behavior of the wave function in the limit r → r0 . The so-
lutions of this equation are given in (48). However, the only h γ r2
square integrable function is U(d, 1 + ξ , γr2 ). Then, this im- φϑ ,E 0 (r) = φ|ξ | (r) +C r|ξ | e− U(d+ , 1 + |ξ |, γr2 )
2

plies that Aξ = 0 in Eq. (48), so that i

+ eiϑ U(d− , 1 + |ξ |, γr2 ) , (60)
1+ξ
− 21 γr2
φϑ ,E 0 (r) = γ 2 rξ e U(d, 1 + ξ , γr2 ). (52)
where C is an arbitrary complex number, φ|ξ | (0) = φ̇|ξ | (0) =
To guarantee that φϑ ,E 0 (r) ∈ L2 (R, rdr)
it is advisable to 0 with φ|ξ | (r) ∈ L2 (R+ , rdr). For a range of ϑ , the behavior
study the behavior as r → 0, which implies analyzing the of the wave functions (60) was addressed in [47]. However,
possible self-adjoint extensions. as we will see below, if we fix the physics of the problem at
Now, in order to construct the self-adjoint extensions, let r = r0 , there is no need for such analysis because the value
us consider the eigenvalue equation of ϑ is automatically selected.
In order to find the spectrum of H00 we consider the limit
H00† φ± (r) = ±ik0 φ± (r). (53) r → 0 of φϑ ,E 0 (r), that is, we substitute (52) in the left side
 7

of (60) and, using (55), after equating the coefficients of the The right-hand side of Eq. (67) is calculated using the asymp-
same power in r, we have totic behavior of φ± (r) (see Eq. (55)) into Eq. (60), and it
take the form
eiϑ
 
A 1
=C + , (61) φ̇ϑ ,0 (r0 ) Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
Γ (d) Γ (d+ ) Γ (d− ) r0 = , (70)
φϑ ,0 (r0 ) Ωϑ0 (r0 )
and
where
eiϑ
 
A 1
=C + , (62)
" #
Γ (d − |ξ |) Γ (d+ − |ξ |) Γ (d− − |ξ |) Γ (|ξ |)(γr)−|ξ | Γ (−|ξ |)r|ξ |
Ωϑ0 (r) = +
Γ (d+ ) Γ (d+ − ξ )
whose quotient leads to " #
−|ξ | Γ (−|ξ |)r|ξ |
iϑ Γ (|ξ |)(γr)
1 iϑ
+ Γ e(d− ) +e + , (71)
Γ (d − |ξ |) Γ (d+ ) Γ (d− ) Γ (d− − |ξ |)
= iϑ
. (63)
Γ (d) 1
+ Γ (d−e −|ξ |)
Γ (d+ −|ξ |) Replacing (69) and (70) in (67) we arrive at
The left-hand side of this equation is a function of the energy Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
E 0 while its right-hand side is a constant (even though it = η. (72)
Ωϑ0 (r0 )
depends on the extension parameter ϑ which is fixed by the
physics of the problem). Then we have the equation With this relation we select an approximated value for pa-
  rameter ϑ in terms of the physics of the problem. The solu-
| ME 0
Γ 1−|ξ 2 − 2γ tions for (51) are given by (52) and since this function be-
  = const. (64) longs to D(H0,ϑ
0 ), it is of the form (60) for some ϑ selected
1+|ξ | ME 0
Γ 2 − 2γ from the physics of the problem at r = r0 . So, using (52) in
(60) we have
Therefore we have achieved the energy levels with an arbi-
trary parameter ϑ , and we get inequivalent quantizations to 2|ξ |
φ̇ϑ ,E 0 (r0 ) |ξ |[r0 γ |ξ |Γ (d) +Θξ Γ (d − |ξ |)]
different values of it [48]. Each physical problem selects a r0 = 2|ξ |
φϑ ,E 0 (r0 ) r0 γ |ξ |Γ (d) −Θξ Γ (d − |ξ |)
specific ϑ .
Next, we replace problem H 0 = H00 + U short , by H00 plus Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
self-adjoint extensions. So, consider the static solutions (E 0 = = . (73)
Ωϑ0 (r0 )
0) φ0 (r) and φϑ ,0 (r) for the equations
 0  Using Eq. (72) into the above equation we obtain
H0 +U short φ0 (r) = 0, (65) 0
|
Γ ( 1+|ξ ME
2 − 2γ )
 
1 η + |ξ | Γ (1 + |ξ |)
=− . (74)
| ME 0 2|ξ | η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
Γ ( 1−|ξ
2 − 2γ ) γ |ξ | r0
H00 φϑ ,0 (r) = 0. (66)
Eq. (74) is too complicated to evaluate the bound state en-
Now, to find the value of ϑ , the continuity of logarithmic ergy explicitly, but its limiting features are interesting. If we
derivative is required take the limit r0 → 0 in this expression, the bound state en-
ergy is determined by the poles of the gamma functions, i.e.,
φ̇0 (r0 ) φ̇ϑ ,0 (r0 )
r0 = r0 . (67)
φ0 (r0 ) φϑ ,0 (r0 ) 
(2n + 1 − |ξ |)ω, for −1 < ξ < 0,
E0 = (75)
The left-hand side of Eq. (67) is obtained by integration of (2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, for 0 < ξ < 1,
Eq. (65) from 0 to r0 . Since the integration of the harmonic or
term
Z r0 Z r0 E 0 = (2n + 1 ± |ξ |)ω, (76)
2 2 1+2|ξ | 2 2 1+2|ξ |
γ r r φ0 (r)dr ≈ φ0 (r = r0 ) γ r r dr → 0,
0 0 where n ∈ Z∗ . The + (−) sign refers to solutions which are
(68) regular (singular) at the origin. This result coincides with
the study done by Blum et al. [49]. It should be noted that in
as r0 → 0, the result is the same as in (31). Then, we arrive
the absence of spin (i.e., when ∇ · E is absent), like showed
at
in Sec. 4.1, we always have a regular solution it is the plus
φ̇0 (r0 ) sign which must be used in (76). In the next section we will
r0 = η. (69) confirm this using another approach.
φ0 (r0 )
8

Another interesting case is that of vanishing harmonic extensions H0,α 0 of H00 are parametrized by the boundary
ξ
oscillator potential. This is achieved using the asymptotic condition at the origin,
behavior of the ratio of gamma functions for γ → 0 [45],    
1 |ξ | 1
  lim r|ξ | g(r) = αξ lim |ξ | g(r) − lim r0 g(r0 ) |ξ | ,
|
Γ 1+|ξ 2 − ME
2γ

−ME |ξ |
 r→0+ r→0+ r r0 →0+ r
 ∼ , (77) (80)
Γ 1−|ξ | − ME
2 2γ
2γ
where αξ is the self-adjoint extension parameter. In [32] is
showed that there is a relation between the self-adjoint ex-
which holds for E < 0 and this condition is necessary for the
tension parameter αξ used here, and the parameters ρ and
usual AC system to have a bound state. Using this limit in
ϑ used in the previous sections. The parameters ρ and ϑ ,
Eq. (74) one finds
which are associated with the mapping of deficiency sub-

−ME
|ξ |
1

η + |ξ |

Γ (1 + |ξ |) spaces, that extend the domain of operator to make it self-
=− 2|ξ |
. (78) adjoint, are mathematical parameters. The self-adjoint ex-
2γ γ |ξ | r0 η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
tension parameter αξ has a physical interpretation, it repre-
sents the scattering length [55] of H0,αξ [32]. For αξ = 0
Then, by solving Eq. (78) for E , we obtain
we have the free Hamiltonian (without the δ function) with
2

η + |ξ |

Γ (1 + |ξ |)
1/|ξ | regular wave functions at origin and for αξ 6= 0 the bound-
E =− 2 . (79) ary condition in (80) permit a r−|ξ | singularity in the wave
Mr0 η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
functions at origin.
which agrees with the result obtained in Eq. (39). Thus, in For our intent, it is more convenient to write the solu-
the limit of vanishing harmonic oscillator, we recover the tions for (45) for r 6= 0, taking into account both cases in
usual AC problem. (23) simultaneously, as
Now we have to remark that this result contains a sub- 1+|ξ | γr2

tlety that must be interpreted as follows: the presence of the φE 0 (r) = Aξ γ 2 e− 2 r|ξ | M(d, 1 + |ξ |, γr2 )
singularity restricts the range of ξ given by ξ ∈ (−1, 1). If 1−|ξ | γr2
+ Bξ γ 2 e− 2 r−|ξ | M(d − |ξ |, 1 − |ξ |, γr2 ),
we ignore the singularity and impose that the wave function
(81)
be regular at the origin (φ (0) ≡ φ̇ (0) ≡ 0), we achieve an
incomplete answer to spectrum (76), because only the plus where Aξ , Bξ are the coefficients of the regular and singular
sign is present in the equation and ξ can have any noninte- solutions, respectively. By implementing Eq. (81) into the
ger value. [50–52]. In this sense, the self-adjoint extension boundary condition (80), we derive the following relation
approach prevents us from obtaining a spectrum incompati- between the coefficients Aξ and Bξ :
ble with the singular nature of the Hamiltonian at hand when  αξ0 E 0 
we have (19) [42, 53]. We must to take into account that the αξ0 Aξ γ |ξ | = Bξ 1 − lim r2−2|ξ | , (82)
4(1 − |ξ |) r→0+
true boundary condition is that the wave function must be
square integrable through all space and it does not matter if where αξ0 is the self-adjoint extension parameter for the AC
it is singular or not at the origin [29, 42]. plus HO system. In the above equation, the coefficient of
Bξ diverges as limr→0+ r2−2|ξ | , if |ξ | > 1. Thus, Bξ must be
zero for |ξ | > 1, and the condition for the occurrence of a
5 Determination of self-adjoint extension parameter singular solution is |ξ | < 1. So, the presence of an irregular
solution stems from the fact the operator is not self-adjoint
Following the procedure describe in [35], here we determine for |ξ | < 1, recasting the condition of non-self-adjointness
the so called self-adjoint extension parameter for the AC of the previews sections, and this irregular solution is associ-
problem plus a harmonic oscillator and for the usual AC sys- ated with a self-adjoint extension of the operator H00 [56, 57].
tem. The approach used in the previous sections gives us the In other words, the self-adjoint extension essentially consists
energy spectrum in terms of the physics of the problem, but in including irregular solutions in D(H00 ) to match D(H00† ),
is not appropriate for dealing with scattering problems. Fur- which allows us to select an appropriate boundary condition
thermore, it selects the values to parameters ρ and ϑ . On the for the problem.
other hand, the approach in [54] is suitable to address both In order to Eq. (81) to be a bound state, φξ ,E 0 (r) must
bound and scattering scenarios, with the disadvantage of al- vanish for large values of r, i.e., must be normalizable at
lowing arbitrary self-adjoint extension parameters. By com- large r. By using the asymptotic representation of M(a, b, z)
paring the results of these two approaches for bound states, for z → ∞,
the self-adjoint extension parameter can be determined in Γ (b) z a−b Γ (b)
terms of the physics of the problem. Here, all self-adjoint M(a, b, z) → ez + (−z)−a , (83)
Γ (a) Γ (b − a)
 9

the normalizability condition yields the relation for the relation of the self-adjoint extension parameter and
  the physics of the problem for usual AC system. Then, the
1+|ξ | E0
Γ (1 + |ξ |) Γ 2 − 2γ relation between the self-adjoint extension parameter and
Bξ = − A . (84)
Γ (1 − |ξ |) Γ 1−|ξ | − E 0 ξ the physics of the problem for the usual AC has the same

2 2γ
mathematical structure as for the AC plus HO. However,
From Eq. (82), for |ξ | < 1 we have Bξ = αξ0 γ |ξ | Aξ and by we must observe that the self-adjoint extension parameter
using Eq. (84), the bound state energy is implicitly deter- is negative for the usual AC, confirming the restriction of
mined by the equation negative values of the self-adjoint extension made in [58],
  in such way we have an attractive δ function. It is a neces-
| ME 0
Γ 1+|ξ2 − 2γ 1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) sary condition to have a bound state in the usual AC system.
  =− 0 . (85) It should be mentioned that some relations involving the
Γ 1−|ξ | − ME
0
αξ γ |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
2 2γ self-adjoint extension parameter and the δ function coupling
By comparing Eq. (85) with Eq. (74), we find constant (here represented by η) were previously obtained
  by using Green’s function in [58] and renormalization tech-
1 2 η + |ξ | nique in [59], both, however, lacking a clear physical inter-
= . (86)
αξ0 2|ξ |
r0 η − |ξ | pretation.
We have thus attained a relation between the self-adjoint ex-
tension parameter and the physical parameters of the prob-
lem. Eq. (85) coincides with Eq. (53) of Ref. [58] for the
6 Conclusions
AB system with the exact equivalence condition between
the vector potential and electric field [4], i.e.,
By modeling the problem by boundary conditions at origin
eAi = µsεi j E j . (87) which arises by the self-adjoint extension of the nonrela-
tivistic Hamiltonian, we have presented, for the first time,
The limiting features of Eq. (86) are interesting. For αξ → 0 an expression for the energy spectrum of a spin-1/2 neutral
or ∞, from the poles of gamma function, we have particle with a magnetic moment µ moving in a plane sub-
(
(2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, for αξ0 = 0, ject to an electric field, i.e., for the usual AC system taking
0
E = (88) into account the ∇ · E term, which features a point interac-
(2n + 1 − |ξ |)ω, for αξ0 = ∞.
tion between the particle and the charged line. The presence
These bound states energies coincide with those regular and of the ∇ · E term, which gives rise to an attractive δ function
irregular solutions given in Eq. (76) of the previous section. for λ < 0, ensures that we have at least one bound state.
From relation (86) the regular wave function, when αξ0 = 0 As an application, we also addressed the AC problem
and the ∇ · E is absent, is associated with 0 < ξ < 1, and the plus a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator located at the
irregular wave function, when αξ0 = ∞, is associated with origin of a polar coordinate system by including the term
−1 < ξ < 0. Mω 2 r2 /2 in the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian. Two cases were
Like before, another interesting limit is that of the van- considered: (i) without and (ii) with the inclusion of ∇ · E
ishing oscillator potential. So, using the limit (57) in (85), in the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian. Even though we have ob-
we have tained an equivalent mathematical expression for both cases,
it has been shown that in (i) ξ can assume any value while
−ME |ξ |
 
1 1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) in (ii) it is in the range ξ ∈ (−1, 1). In the first case, it is
=− , (89)
2|ξ | γ αξ γ |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |) reasonable to impose that the wave function vanish at the
with αξ the self-adjoint extension for the usual AC system. origin. However, this condition does not give a correct de-
From this equation we have the spectrum for the usual AC scription of the problem in the r = 0 region. Therefore, the
system in terms of the self-adjoint extension parameter, energy spectrum obtained in the second case is physically
acceptable.
1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) 1/|ξ |
 
2 Finally, we determine the self-adjoint extension parame-
E =− − . (90)
M αξ Γ (1 − |ξ |) ter for the AC plus HO and for the usual AC problem based
This result also coincides with Eq. (3.13) of Ref. [21] for on the physics of the problem. Like showed in [35] this self-
the AB system, with the exact equivalence cited above. By adjoint extension parameter can be used to study scattering.
comparing this equation with (79) we arrive at The scattering in the AC system was studied in [4, 24, 60]
  using other methods than self-adjoint extension. Results in
1 2 η + |ξ | this subject using self-adjoint extensions will be reported
= − 2|ξ | , (91)
αξ r0 η − |ξ | elsewhere.
10

Acknowledgements 21. D.K. Park, J.G. Oh, Phys. Rev. D 50(12), 7715 (1994).
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