Table 10.

4: Placing conditions

Desirable Workability of Concrete for Different Placing Conditions Degree of Workability Compacting factor or slump, mm Very low Strict control required with C.F. of 0.75 to 0.80

Blinding Concrete; Shallow sections; Pavements using pavers Mass Concrete; Lightly reinforced sections in slabs, beams, walls, columns; Floors ; Hand Placed pavements; Canal lining; Strip footings; Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, beams, walls, columns; Slip from work; Pumped concrete; Trench fill; In-Situ Piling; Tremie Concrete;

Low

25-75

Medium

50-100 75-100

High Very High (flowable)

100-150 200

Table 10.5: Level of Workability as measured by Different Test Methods Degree of a workability Values of workability in terms of Slump Vee-Bee time (mm) (sec) --30-20

Compacting factor < 0.70*

Drop table revolutions 96-48

Extremely Low (very stiff) Very low (stiff) Low (stiff plastic) Medium (plastic) High (flowing)

0.75-0.80 0.80-0.85 0.85-0.92 > 0.92

0-25 25-50 50-75 75-150

20-10 10-5 5-2 2-0

48-24 24-12 12-6 6-0

Table-10.6

Minimum Cement Content (kg/m 3 ). Maximum Water-Cement Ratio and Grade of Concrete to Ensure Durability under Specified Exposure with Aggregate of 20mm Nominal Maximum size. Exposure conditions Plain Concrete Minimum Maximum free Cement water- cement content, kg/m 3 ratio Minimum grade of concrete Reinforced Concrete Minimum Maximum free Cement water- cement content, kg/m 3 ratio 300 0.55 Minimum grade of concrete M20

General environment

Concrete surface protected against weather or 220 0.60 --aggressive conditions, except those situated in coastal area. Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet. Concrete exposed to consideration and rain. Concrete continuously under water. 240 0.60 M15 Concrete in contact or buried under nonaggressive soil/ground water. Concrete surface sheltered from saturated salt air in costal area. Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or occasional 250 0.50 M20 freezing whilst wet or severe condensation. Concrete completely immersed in sea water concrete exposed or coastal environment. Very severe Concrete surface exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or severe freezing condition 260 0.45 M20 whilst wet. Concrete with or buried under aggressive subsoil/ground water. Extreme Members in direct contact with liquid/ solid 280 0.40 M25 aggressive chemicals. Note: The Cement content is irrespective of grades of cement. The Cement content and water-cement ratio include satisfy the stipulations of IS: 1489 (part-I) and IS: 455, etc. respectively.

Mild

300

0.50

M25

320

0.45

M30

340

0.45

M35

360

0.40

M40

mineral additives if they are desirable and

Table 10.9: Maximum size of aggregate, mm

Dry Bulk Volume of Coarse Aggregate (ACI 211-1-91) Bluk volume of dry-rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete, for fineness modulus of fine aggregate 2.40 2.60 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.76 2.80 0.46 0.55 0.62 67.00 0.72 0.74 3.00 0.44 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.72

10.00 12.50 20.00 25.00 37.50 50.00

0.50 0.59 0.66 0.71 0.76 0.78

Table 10.10: Factors to be Applied to the Volume of Coarse Aggregate Calculated ob the Basis of Table 10.9 for Mixes of Consistancy other than Plastic Factors for maximum size of aggregates Consistency 10mm 12.5 mm 20 mm 25 mm 37.5 mm Extremely dry Very stiff Stiff Stiff-plastic Plastic (reference) Fluid or flowing 1.90 1.60 1.35 1.08 1.00 0.97 1.70 1.45 1.30 1.06 1.00 0.98 1.45 1.30 1.15 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.40 1.25 1.15 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.09 1.00 1.00

Table 10.11 Approximate Water Requirements for Different Slumps and Maximum Size Coarse Aggregate (ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part-I) Slump, mm Compacting Factor Relative water contant, per cent 10 Non-air entrained concrete Stiff-Plastic: 0.85 92 25-50 Plastic: 0.91 100 75-100 Flowing: 0.95 106 150-175 Approximate mean entrained air, per cent Air-entrained concrete Stiff-Plastic: 0.85 92 25-50 Plastic: 0.91 100 75-100 Flowing: 0.95 106 150-175 Recommended Mild exposure average total air Moderate exposure content, per cent Extreme exposure 207 228 243 3.0 182 203 212 4.5 6.0 7.5 Mixing water (kg/m3 of concrete) Maximum size of aggregate, mm 12.5 20 25 37.5 199 216 228 2.5 177 192 203 4.0 5.5 7.0 190 205 216 2.0 162 177 188 3.5 5.0 6.0 179 193 202 1.5 152 168 177 3.0 4.5 6.0 166 181 190 1.0 143 158 168 2.5 4.5 5.5

50 154 169 178 0.5 139 145 155 2.0 4.0 5.0

Table 10.12: Relationship Between Water-Cement Ratio and average compressive strength (ACI Manual od Concrete Practice, Part-I) Compressive Strength at 28 days, Mpa 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Water-Cement Ratio by Mass Non-air-entrained concrete 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.61 0.69 0.79 Air-entrained concrete ------0.39 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.71