Short Course on EFFECTIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Renewable Energy Hybrid System

EBARA Hatakeyama Memorial Fund Tokyo, Japan

Renewable Energy Generation

Advantage
use free resources like the sun and wind for fuel operating and maintenance requirements are low no problem for pollution or waste natural resources

Disadvantage
renewable energy production is dependent on natural cycles, i.e., PV doesnt work at night initial cost of these system is higher than comparably sized conventional generators cannot handle the peak loads well without energy storage

Theoretical Output of Renewable Energy

Hydro Energy
Head=1m, Flow=1m3/s P=9.8xQxH(=9.8x1x1=9.8kW)

Solar Energy
Solar Radiation Energy on the earth=1kW/m2

Wind Energy
Rotor Diameter=1m, Wind Speed=10m/s P=0.5 x x A x Cp x V31,000(kW) (=0.5x1.225x/4x0.593x10 31000=0.29kW)

Renewable Energy Density

The required values of each Renewable Energy to generate 10(kWh) are; 1. Hydro Power
Head (m) 1 3 10 Required Flow (m3/s) (m3/hr) 1.36 4,898 0.45 1,633 0.14 490

2. Photovoltaic Power
Assume Solar Irradiation per day=5kWh/(m2day) Required Area of PV Array=50m2 (7.1m square)

3. Wind Power
Wind Speed v (m/s) 5 8 15 Rotor Swept Area A (m2) 373.2 91.1 13.8 Rotor Diameter D (m) 21.8 10.8 4.2

(Note)assume total efficiency is about 75(%)

4. Biogas Power Generation

Fuel : Methane from cattle feces Low Heat Value : 5,000(kcal/Nm3) Total Efficiency of Power Generation=30(%)

Required Methane Gas=5.7(Nm3/hr) (Required Cow Excrements=about 170(kg/hr)

5. Biomass Combustion Power Generation

Material : Rice Husk Low Heat Value : 3,080(kcal/kg) Total Efficiency of Power Generation=25(%) Required Rice Husk=11.2(kg/hr) (required around 30ha paddy field)

Tuek Chaa, Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia

Micro Hydro-Photovoltaic Hybrid System provided by NEDO, Japan

(NEDO:New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan)

Ebara Hatekeyama Memorial Fund Tokyo, Japan

Meteorology in Tuek Chaa Area and Expected Output by MH-PV Hybrid System (Ebara proposed system)
Monthly Average Solar Radiation and Rainfall Data
300 7.00

Solar Radiation
250 6.00

Average Rainfall (mm)

5.00 200 4.00 150

Rainfall
100

3.00

2.00

50

1.00

Solar Radiation(kWH/m2/day)

0 Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

0.00

Month

Expected Power Generation by Micro Hydro & Solar System

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Jan Feb. 0 M ar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.

Power Generation per day (kWh/day)

40kW Micro Hydro System

80kWp Solar System

Aug. Sept.

Solar RadiationNASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy Data Rainfall DataMinistry of Water Resources and Meteorology(MWRM) Assume that the turbine flow will be proportional to the rainfall.

Oct.

Nov.

Month

Dec.

Tuek Chaa Micro Hydro System

(Source : Micro Hydro Homepage : http://www2.tba.t-com.ne.jp)

Upper Reservoir

Penstock(800mmDia. X approx.40m x 2 lines)

Intake Facility

Penstock

Micro Hydro Generating Unit

Turbine Generator : Unit No. : 2 sets Turbine : Type : Fixed Guide vanes and Runner Blades, Propeller Turbine Ratings : 3.43(m) x 0.9(m3/s) x 25.2(kW) x 640(rpm) Generator : Type : 3 Phase, Synchronous Generator Ratings : 30KVA x 220(V) x 50(Hz) x 1,000(rpm) Unit Output : 20(kW)

Photovoltaic Power and Transmission Systems

PV Array

Micro Hydro Power Station

Power Transmission/Distribution Line

Transmission Voltage : 22(kV) Distribution Voltage : 220(V) Length of Transmission Line : Approx. 10km

Micro Hydro Unit proposed by Ebara

View from Gate Downstream Side
Existing Gate To be replaced by new turbine inlet gate Existing Bridge Upper Reservoir

HWL LWL Hg=3.02.5m

Intake Screen The existing Structure will be used Existing Irrigation Channel

Features Unit operation for all season will be available by applying Semi-Kaplan type Turbine.
View from upstream

Trash passed trough Intake Screen can easily pass from the turbine due to no movable guide vanes

Characteristic Comparison between each Turbine Type

(Ebara proposed system)
The operating range of Propeller type turbine is limited as indicated below curves.

80.0

Kaplan Turbine
70.0 (% ), (kW ) Efficiency(%), Gen. Output(kW)

Combined Efficiency Propeller Turbine

Semi Kaplan Turbine

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
3

Generator Output Propeller Turbine Kaplan Turbine Semi Kaplan Turbine

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

3/s) (m (m / s) Turbine Flow

Site before providing MH-PV Hybrid System

Gross Head Measurement at the site

View from upstream Upper Reservoir

View from downstream

Skelton of PV-MH Hybrid System in Vietnam (NEDO)

(Source : Demonstrative Research of Hybrid System on Photovoltaic Power Generation and Micro Hydro Power Generation (NEDO)

Intake Facility

25 kW Micro Hydro Turbine Generator Unit

Turbine : Francis Turbine Net Head : 25(m) Design Flow : 0.145(m3/s) Generator : Induction Generator

Battery Room

Control Panels

Example of Automatic operation of PV-MH hybrid system

Balance of PV/MH Hybrid Operation Power

Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System provided by NEDO in Laos

(Location : Udomxai Province, Lao)
(Source : Micro Hydro Homepage : http://www2.tba.t-com.ne.jp)

1. Micro Hydro Unit :

Power House Output : 70kW Maximum Turbine Flow : 0.57(m3/s) Effective Head : 19.3(m)

2. Solar Power System

Solar Array Capacity : 100kWp

3. Solar Pump System

Pump Unit : 7.5kW Motor Pump x 8Units(Total 60kW) Maximum Pump Discharge : 0.16(m3/s)

4. Budget : 600million yen

Laos/Udomxai Micro Hydro & PV Hybrid System

Site of Hybrid System

Site of Hybrid System

Transformer

Load

River Dummy Load Governor

Upper Reservoir

Power Conditioner

Headrace

Upper Reservoir

Penstock

Water Flow Direction Electric Current Direction

Spillway

Micro Hydro Solar Pump River Weir Lower Reservoir

Skeleton of Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System provided by NEDO

Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System provided by NEDO in Lao

River Intake Facility

Headrace

Village

Transformer

PV Array

Spillway Water Flow Direction

Penstock

Upper Reservoir Micro Hydro Unit Solar Pump

Lower Reservoir

River

Electric Current Direction

In the day time

In the night time

Solar Pump & Micro Hydro Hybrid System provided in Laos/Udomxai by NEDO,Japan

100kWp PV Array Upper Reservoir

Overview of Power House Power House

Lower Reservoir

Upper Reservoir

Micro Hydro Generating Unit

Micro Hydro Generating Unit (Ratings : 19.3m x 0.57m3/s x 70kW)

Unit Control & Distribution Panel

Electrified Village by this system

Micro Hydro-Solar Pump Hybrid System planned by Ebara

Features :
-Post Battery System -Reversible Pump Turbine Generating Unit is used for this system to simplify the system.

Skelton of Micro Hydro Generation and Solar Pump Hybrid System

Specification of Micro Hydro/Solar Generation System planned by Ebara

Average output of Micro Hydro Generation System (kW) Micro Hydro Generation per day (kWh/day) Generator Capacity(KVA) G e n e ra to r Net Head (m) Turbine Flow (m3/s) Generator Output (kW) 15 90 25
Max.14.7 Av.12.4 0.190 20 0.175 15

30 180 45

50 300 70
Min.10.9 0.440 35

Min.10.2 Max.15.7 Av. 13.2 Min.10.7 Max.15.9 Av.13.4 0.155 11 0.342 39 0.310 30 0.275 21 0.544 64 0.500 50

Reservoir Capacity (m3) Outline of Reservoir(WxLxH) (m) Capacity of Solar System (kWp) Household No. to be electrified

3,800 49 x 49 x 4.5 90 approx.150

7,000 55 x 55 x 4.5 160 approx.300

11,000 67 x 67 x 4.5 260 approx.500

Mini/Micro Hydro Power & Solar Generation Hybrid System

Solar & Micro Hydro Hybrid System

Solar Array
Public Power Line

Generator Control Panel

Power Conditioner

Features :
1. Power Conditioner for Solar Generation System will be used in common with Micro Hydro Power Generation by providing bypass circuit for maximum power output tracking device for solar generation. Siphon type micro hydro power unit will be furnished on weir in the stream or pond bank without providing the special civil construction modification works.
Head Race

Siphon Detector

Generator

Max. W.L.

Siphon Intake
Min. WL.

Water Turbine Tail Race

TWL

2.

Weir

Mini Hydro and Solar Hybrid Generation System

Mini Hydro System :
50kW Package type Cross Flow Turbine Generator x 1set Head : 20m, Max. Flow : 0.41m3/s, Speed : 600rpm

Photovoltaic Generation System :

57kW x 315V Solar Generation System x 1 set Total number of PV =627

Economic Evaluation :
(1)O & M Cost : Mini Hydro : 3,200/kW x Max. Output PV Generation System : 10,000/kW x Max. Output
(2)Facility Service Life : Mini Hydro : 30 years PV Generation System : 20 years

Electricity Unit Cost : C=(A + M)E

C : Electricity unit cost (/kWh) A : Annual investment cost () M : O & M Cost () E : Annual Energy Output (kWh)

Mini Hydro and Solar Hybrid Generation System

Requirement of System : System shall be operated as Grid connected system System capacity shall have nearly equal with required annual output (kWh per year) Surplus output : sell to Grid Line Annual load demand : Period April MaySept Oct.March Applicable Hydro Potential : Period April MaySept. Oct.March Duration (days) 30 153 182 Average Flow (m3/s) 0.23 0.41 0.19 Shortage : buy from Grid Line Duration 30 153 182 Average Demand (kW) 30 50 23 Required Output (MWh) 22 184 101

Design Data for Solar System :

Evaluation Results
System Maximum Output (kW) Annual Energy Output (kWh) Ratio of Installation Cost (I) Ratio of Annual Investment (A+M) Ratio of Electricity Unit Cost (C) Mini Hydro PV System 50 257,000 100% 100% 100% 57 51,000 61% 83% 467%

(Note)Each ratio of PV Generation is obtained by comparing with the value of Mini Hydro for each item.

Pilot Test for Wind PV Hybrid Generation System in Mongolia

Equipment Solar System Wind Turbine Generator Battery Capacity Inverter Specification 3.3 kWp 1.8kW 96kWh, 48V 5kVA

Anemometer, Pyrheliometer, Measuring Device Solarimeter, Thermometer, Barometer

Wind Speed

Measurements of Solar Radiation & Wind Speed at Tariat

Radiation

Wind

Solar

Generated Power by the System

Load change per day at Tariat Area

Monthly Average Wind Speed and AC Load

AC loads are connected so as to match with the output of this system.

List of Solar and Wind Energy Systems in Mongolia

Type of Systems Solar bath-houses(Vacuum collector 60-120ltrs) PV and wind systems for public organizations : PV system for hospitals (200 - 400W) PV system for border guard squad PV system for telecom office (900W) PV system for radio-relay station (5.7kW) Solar wind hybrid systems (5-6 kW) PV systems (5kW) PV power plants (200kW) Wind systems (25kW) PV and wind systems for herders : PV systems (4 - 200W) PV systems of JICA (62W) Wind generators (50-200W) 10,000 11,170 All provinces 4,000
(Source) Rural electrification & Renewable Energy utilization in Mongolia (December 2005)

Quantity 30 Zavkhan province

Places

12 22 140 29 6 1 1 1

Khovd, Govi-Altai, Arkhangai provinces Squads in Sulinkheer, Domogovi province All provinces Central provinces Tariat, Adaatsag, Bayan-Undur, Guchin-Us, Bogd, Tsagaanchuluut soum centers Naran soum, Sukhbaatar province Noyon soum, Umnugovi province Bayandelger soum, Sukhbaatar province

PV & Biogas Hybrid System (NEDO)

Capacity : 50kWp

35kW Unit x 2 sets

The biogas is generated from cattle manure from a feedlot and used to fire two 35kW gas engines driving a generator

Solar & Biogas Hybrid System (NEDO)

Gas Holder Tank

Biogas Generation :
Cattle manure
Gas Engine Generator & Control Panel

Sep. 2004 : 4,444kWh Oct. 2004 : 3,800kWh

Solar Panel Array

Solar Generation : Nov. 2004 : 600kWh Oct. 2004 : 900kWh

Solar Output at pm2:30, 2nd Dec.,04 approx. 4.5kW

Why many renewable projects are failed ?

Many renewable projects in developing countries have been installed by aid agencies of developed nations and international organizations. However, some of these projects are failed. The major reasons of these failures were not technologies, but institutional reasons, such as: Lack of rural electrification plan by central government Lack of participation from the local community and neglect of local needs in the planning stage of renewable energy projects. Lack of tariff collection from villagers for proper maintenance of equipment Lack of income generating activities using electricity produced by renewable energy Lack of training for local people

WE NET Concept

HYDROGEN produced by splitting water with photovoltaic or wind electricity is a clean fuel that stores solar energy in a chemical form. Transporting hydrogen is in principle cheaper than transmitting electricity, so converting to hydrogen can be an attractive means of bringing solar energy to major demand centers.

End