Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3-08-1025
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit,
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee ) Will County, Illinois
)
v. ) No. 08 CF 1169
)
DREW PETERSON, ) The Honorable
) Richard C. Schoenstedt,
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant ) Lower Court Presiding Judge
DEFENDANT - APPELLEE/CROSS-APPELLANT’S
BRIEF AND ARGUMENT ON APPEAL
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of the Twelfth Judicial Circuit,
Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee ) Will County, Illinois
)
v. ) No. 08 CF 1169
)
DREW PETERSON, ) The Honorable
) Richard C. Schoenstedt,
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant ) Lower Court Presiding Judge
ii
The Gun Control Act, 18 U.S.C. § 921 et seq. ……………………………………22-25
The Law Enforcement Officer’s Safety Act, 18 U.S.C § 926 B et seq. ……………ibid
720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(7)…………………………………………………………………ibid
Supreme Court Rule 303………………………………………………………………..1
Supreme Court Rule 412………………………………………………………………..1
Supreme Court Rule 415………………………………………………………..........1, 9
Supreme Court Rule 604………………………………………………………………..1
Irvin v. Dowd, 336 U.S. 717 (1961)……………………………………………26, 30-31
Murphy v. Florida, 421 U.S. 794 (1975)………………………………………………28
Rideau v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723 (1963)…………………………………………….38
Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563 (1997)………………………………….24
Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 222 (1966)…………………………………………...30
In re Estate of Wernick, 127 Ill. 2d 61, 535 N.E.2d 876 (1989)…………………...8, 26
People v. Birger, 329 Ill. 352, 160 N.E. 564 (1928)…………………………………...26
People ex rel. Carey v. Cousins, 77 Ill. 2d. 531, 397 N.E. 2d 809 (1979)…………...17
People v. Gendron, 41 Ill. 2d 351, N.E.2d 208 (1968)……………………………….17
People v. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310, 652 N.E.2d 288 (1995)…………………...…9-10
People v. Taylor, 101 Ill. 2d 377 (1984)……………………………………………27-29
People v. Weaver, 92 Ill. 2d 545; 442 N.E.2d 255 (1982)……………………………...9
Kaden v. Pucinski, 263 Ill. App. 3d 611, 635 N.E.2d 468 (1st Dist. 1994)……….8, 26
Maxwell v. Hobart Corp., 216 Ill. App. 3d 108, 576 N.E.2d 268 (1st Dist. 1991)...…8
People v. Campobello, 348 Ill. App. 3d 619, 810 N.E.2d 307 (2nd Dist. 2004)...19, 22
People v. Coddington, 123 Ill. App. 2d 351, 259 N.E.2d 382 (5th Dist. 1970)……..27
People v. Derr, 346 Ill. App. 3d 823, 806 N.E.2d 237 (5th Dist. 2004)………….13- 14
People v. Fields, 322 Ill. App. 3d 1029, 751 N.E.2d 97 (5th Dist. 2001)…………...ibid
People v. Hall, 311 Ill. App. 3d 905, 726 N.E.2d 213 (4th Dist. 1999)………15, 16- 17
People v. Kail, 150 Ill. App. 3d 75, 501 N.E.2d 979 (4th Dist. 1986)………………..21
People v. Koutsakis, 255 Ill. App. 3d 306, 627 N.E.2d 388 (3rd Dist. 1993)………....9
iii
Youle v. Ryan, 349 Ill. App. 3d 377; 811 N.E. 2d 1281 (2004)……………………......8
In re Dellinger, 502 F.2d 813 (7th Cir. 1974)……………..……………………..…10-11
United States v. Benson, 941 F.2d 598 (7th Cir. 1991)……………………......12-13, 19
United States v. Falon, 347 F.3d 1000 (7th Cir. 2003)………………………………..17
United States v. Monsoor, 77 F.3d 1031 (7th Cir. 1996)……………………………..11
United States v. Reminga, 493 F. Supp. 1351 (W.D. Mich. 1980)…………………24
Kreshesky v. Codd, 89 Misc. 2d 439 (N.Y. Sup. 1976)……………………………...24
H.R. Rep. No. 108-560 (2003)………………………………………………………….24
iv
NATURE OF THE CASE
defense counsel’s many pretrial motions on Mr. Peterson’s behalf challenging the
validity of the charge was a motion to compel discovery under Rule 412. Counsel
requested any and all documents the State used or relied upon in deciding to
charge Mr. Peterson, as the State's conduct was arguably vindictive and selective,
this case for vindictive and selective prosecution. The trial court denied the
motion as to selective prosecution and denied its use at trial. But the trial court
also granted the motion as to vindictive prosecution and ordered the State to
disclose any and all documents relied upon in deciding to bring the charge. The
State refused, so the trial court dismissed the case with prejudice as a discovery
sanction under Rule 415(g). The State appealed. Mr. Peterson cross-appealed.
JURISDICTION
Mr. Peterson filed this cross-appeal under Rule 303(a)(3) following the
State’s appeal filed on or about December 12, 2008 under Rule 604(a)(1) from the
final judgment entered in the trial court on or about November 12, 2008, which
dismissed this case with prejudice under Rule 415(g) for the State's refusal to
STATUTES INVOLVED
1
ISSUES PRESENTED FOR REVIEW
Trial Court: No
The State-Appellant/Cross-Appellee: No
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant: Yes
III. SHOULD THE TRIAL COURT HAVE DISMISSED THIS CASE UNDER
THE LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER’S SAFETY ACT OF 2004 (LEOSA)?
Trial Court: No
The State-Appellant/Cross-Appellee: No
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant: Yes
Trial Court: No
The State-Appellant/Cross-Appellee: No
Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant: Yes
2
COUNTER-STATEMENT OF FACTS
On October 31, 2007, the State obtained a warrant to search Mr. Peterson’s
home. (C. 15-23; C. 505-10) The warrant authorized the Illinois State Police to
search for and seize a lot of Mr. Peterson’s personal property, including “[a]ny
and all instruments which may have been utilized as a weapon or restraint,
including but not limited to firearms.” (C. 505-10) The Illinois State Police
executed the warrant the same day. (Id.) It seized Mr. Peterson’s firearms,
including the firearm that is the subject of the charge in this case, a
Colt Sporter Lightweight AR-15 .223 Caliber Serial#SL025365 (“the Colt”). (Id.)
On information and belief, Mr. Peterson’s son, Stephen Peterson, who is also a
police officer, delivered the Colt to the Illinois State Police the next day. (Id.)
The seized property was processed at the State’s crime lab, tested,
examined and inspected. 1Following this examination, the Colt sat in an evidence
locker. The State elected not to charge Mr. Peterson with what it thought to be
unlawful possession of the Colt. 2 The State did begin an extensive investigation
of Mr. Peterson, the disappearance of his wife and the death of his former wife.
For the next three months, between January 2008 and April 2008, defense
attorneys filed motions, presented evidence and made argument to the trial court
that the State should return all of the seized property. (Id.) Counsel did not ask
the trial court to order the State to return the Colt. (Id.) Since the Colt was
1
The Court should take judicial notice of People v. Drew Peterson, 07 MR 1063,
in the 12th Judicial Circuit Court, in which Mr. Peterson challenged the State’s
retention of his property and won, prompting the State to charge him in this case.
2
The decision not to charge is consistent with the general principle that a sworn
law enforcement officer is entitled to possess weapons with a barrel length of less
than sixteen inches and also consistent with the lack of any published Illinois
decision of an officer being charged on facts similar to this case.
3
voluntarily surrendered, it was never the subject of any motion to be returned or
any of the trial court’s orders requiring the State to return property. (Id.) Initially,
the trial court ruled that the property, including the firearms (but not the Colt,
which was not the subject of a motion), be returned to Mr. Peterson so long as he
had a lawful permit to possess the firearms. (Id.; see also R. 2-7) Anticipating the
ruling on February 27, 2008, the Illinois State Police revoked Mr. Peterson’s FOID
Then, on March 17, 2008, Mr. Peterson and defense counsel appeared in
the trial court to argue why the firearms should be transferred to Mr. Peterson’s
son, Stephen, who is also a police officer. (C. 12-14; C. 505-10) In response, on
March 25, 2008, the Illinois State Police and the State presented additional ex
parte information to the trial court regarding the firearms (C. 505-10)
Thereafter, on May 13, 2008, defense counsel motioned the trial court to
modify its order, since the government revoked Mr. Peterson’s FOID card, by
ordering the State to release the firearms to Stephen Peterson, a police officer.
(Id.) At an initial hearing, the trial court on the record indicated that it tended to
agree with defense counsel’s position that there was no reason to retain the
property. (Id.) The trial court scheduled the next hearing for May 22, 2008 to
On May 20, 2008, two days before the scheduled hearing to return the
firearm with a barrel length of less than sixteen inches. (Id.; see also C. 2) .
4
Apparently, the State was under the wrong impression that the trial court’s
ruling would necessarily include the Colt, as opposed to the firearms seized
pursuant to the search warrant that were the subject of Mr. Peterson’s motions.
“We’ve known it was an illegal weapon shortly after the gun was taken into
possession by the Illinois State Police. Initially, the determination was made not
to file a charge in that case[, but] we’re faced with the potential that an illegal
weapon may be put back onto the streets . . . .” (Id.; see also R. 505-10)
Within one week, defense counsel filed a motion to dismiss the case under
the Law Enforcement Officer’s Safety Act (LEOSA). (C. 15-23) LEOSA grants
immunity to certain law enforcement officers from prosecution under state law
for possessing a firearm made illegal by state law, as long as it is not a machine
gun, silencer equipped firearm, or a destructive device. (Id.) The Colt was not.
(2) Between the warrant execution and the time the Illinois State Police
revoked his FOID card, Mr. Peterson was a duly authorized law
(3) Mr. Peterson was also not under any disciplinary actions with the
(4) Mr. Peterson was also not prohibited from carrying firearms by any
In its written opinion of July 30, 2008, the trial court found that LEOSA was in
full force and effect at all relevant times, LEOSA covered the Colt, Mr. Peterson
was a duly appointed and authorized police officer with proper identification,
5
authorized to carry a firearm, not intoxicated and under no disciplinary actions
at all times relevant to this case, and maintained the right to carry a concealed
firearm under LEOSA. (C. 407-08) However, the trial court ultimately denied the
would be legal under state law (as the State argued) (C. 406-09)
the State’s discovery requests. (C. 485-97) Counsel advised that Mr. Peterson
to this case. (Id.) The State failed to supplement its discovery in response.
these claims. (C. 505-10) In particular, the motion requested “any and all
charges against the Defendant [that] are related to the affirmative defenses of
documentation being pertinent to the claims. (Id.) The State still failed to.
The trial court heard oral argument on November 12, 2008. (R-194-223)
Defense counsel argued that the purpose of the motion to compel was to aid in
selective prosecution. (R. 200-08; R. 213-19) The factual basis offered to support
the motion included a timeline detailing the State’s conduct in this case from the
day of the search warrant execution, through the motions to retain Mr. Peterson’s
property, the FOID card revocation, and the State’s published comments in local
6
and national media this case and about Mr. Peterson in general. (R. 203-04) The
State argued that counsel had not made “a colorable claim” of either vindictive
court took the motion under advisement until November 20, 2008. (R. 219-20)
From the bench on November 20, 2008, the trial court ruled that the State
should produce documents. The trial court concluded there was a colorable
claim for vindictive prosecution. (R. 229-31) The trial court granted the motion as
to vindictive prosecution and ordered the State to produce “any and all
documents or reports that were used or relied upon by the State in determining
that this charge would be brought against this defendant.” (Id.) As the State
Following the bench ruling on the record, the parties proceeded into
chambers to argue other motions. In chambers, the State asserted that it would be
“better off” if the trial court dismissed the charges to allow the State to rightaway
appeal the case. Then again, on the record in open court, the State asked to have
the case dismissed. (R. 266) The State indicated that it would not comply with the
discovery order, regardless of the time the trial court gave to comply. (R. 273)
The trial court advised the State that the court expected attorneys to follow the
court’s ordered and, “with little option” given the State’s refusal, sanctioned the
7
LAW & ARGUMENT
I.
A. Standard of Review
court’s discretion. Youle v. Ryan, 349 Ill App 3d 377; 811 N.E. 2d 1281 (2004). An
appellate court will not overrule a discovery ruling unless there is an abuse of
that discretion. Id. Additionally, the abuse of discretion standard applies to the
trial court's exercise of its authority over procedural aspects of a case, including
sanctions, In re Estate of Wernick, 127 Ill. 2d 61, 77-78, 535 N.E.2d 876 (1989), and
rulings on discovery matters, Maxwell v. Hobart Corp., 216 Ill. App. 3d 108, 576
N.E.2d 268 (1st Dist. 1991). An abuse of discretion is a ruling "made without the
Kaden v. Pucinski, 263 Ill. App. 3d 611, 615, 635 N.E.2d 468 (1st Dist. 1994).
The issue is whether the trial court properly dismissed this case, at the
State’s request, when the State refused to comply with an order for discovery.
At the outset, the Court should be cognizant of the fact that the State
asked the trial court to dismiss this case. The State openly refused to comply with
the trial court’s discovery order, in chambers and in open court. Not only did
State Attorney John O’Connor refuse to comply, he confirmed with his assistant
attorneys, in open court, that the entire State Attorney department refused to
comply (R. 270-72) The State reiterated its refusal, again in open court, even after
8
the trial court explained the court’s narrow discovery ruling. (R. 271-72) As the
trial court aptly stated, the State left the trial court “with little option.” (R. 272)
The appropriate sanction for a discovery violation is left to the trial court’s
discretion and is entitled to great weight. People v. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310, 652
N.E.2d 288 (1995). Each case must be examined on its facts to determine whether
a violation is harmless. People v. Weaver, 92 Ill. 2d 545, 442 N.E.2d 255 (1982).
evidence, the likelihood that prior notice could have helped the defense, the
feasibility of a continuance, and the willfulness of the violation. Id. The sanction
Ill. App. 3d 306, 627 N.E.2d 388 (3rd Dist. 1993). Dismissal is an appropriate
The evidence was a field sobriety test that indicated a substance seized from the
defendant at the time of his arrest was not cocaine. A subsequent laboratory test
indicated that the substance was cocaine. Id. at 311-13. The State charged the
appropriate under Rule 415(g), in addition to under the due process clause,
because the substance “was essential to and determinative of the outcome of the
9
In this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion. The violation was
willful and unreasonable. The discovery order was narrow. The State needed
only to produce the documents it used or relied upon to bring these charges
against this defendant. Contrary to the State’s conclusion, the trial court did not
give defense counsel carte blanche authority to peruse all of the State’s files at
leisure. Nevertheless, the State stated repeatedly that it would not comply.
The documents the trial court ordered the State to produce are, like the
defense counsel maintains, the State is guilty of vindictive prosecution, then the
case must be dismissed. The evidence strikes at the very viability of this case. Just
as the Newberry evidence would show whether the State did or did not have a
case of cocaine possession, the State’s disclosures will show whether the State
immunize itself from discovery of vindictive prosecution and then avoid case
prosecutorial misconduct, but allowing the State to act this way encourages
misconduct by permitting the State to (1) vindictively prosecute, (2) hide the
evidence needed to prove it, and then (3) defy court orders and proceed to trial.
The State consciously chose to disregard the trial court’s order. Whatever the
State’s concerns, the proper choice would have been to appeal -- not revolt. The
lawyer’s duty is not to defy orders, but to follow them. Judges may make
mistakes, but that is what appeals are for. “Lawyers are required to obey even
incorrect orders; the remedy is on appeal.” In re Dellinger, 502 F.2d 813, 816 (7th
lawyer for the [government].” Id. As the trial court aptly stated, trial courts
The decision did not exceed the bounds of reason. Therefore, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion. This Court should affirm.
Despite the clear articulation of the issue, State mischaracterizes the issue
by claiming that the trial court’s decision that there is a colorable basis of
vindictive prosecution was error – the real issue, as explained above, is whether
the trial court should have dismissed the case. It should have. To the extent this
however, the discovery order was justified because there is a colorable basis (at
Vindictive prosecution exists if the prosecution was pursued in retaliation for the
App. 3d 1029, 751 N.E.2d 97 (5th Dist. 2001) (citing United States v. Monsoor, 77
F.3d 1031 (7th Cir. 1996)). In determining whether the prosecution is retaliatory, a
court should consider “whether (1) the prosecutor harbored genuine animus[]
and[,] (2) absent this motive, defendant would not have been prosecuted.” Id.
3
The published Illinois cases call these “affirmative defenses” and “claims.” No
case has held that using one term rather than the other is a basis for reversal.
11
Animus can be imputed. Id. The defendant need only present “a colorable basis”
People v. Benson, 941 F.2d 598 (7th Cir. 1991)). A “colorable basis” is “some
evidence tending to show the essential elements of the claim.” Benson, 941 F.2d
at 611. To justify an evidentiary hearing to argue the claim for dismissal, the
The State mischaracterizes the law in its brief on appeal by claiming that
defense counsel was required to plead facts to pass the ‘”sufficient evidence”
determine whether to dismiss the case. As Fields explains, the standard to justify
needed only to plead “some evidence tending to show the essential elements of
The State’s first argument on this issue, that the trial court should have
lacks merit. First, the State never argued at the hearing. Regardless, the trial court
must have found it relevant. The trial court specifically allowed discovery into
vindictive prosecution “given what I know at this point.” (R. 230). What the
trial court knew included “the time lines” and “the information that’s been
provided by the parties.” (R. 230). There was obviously a basis to make the
ruling, and no crafty bolding and italicizing (see the State’s brief on appeal) can
mask that. For example, the trial court’s statement that “this Court is not making
any ruling as of today that the State is pursuing this prosecution in retaliation for
the exercise of a protected right” is nothing more than a statement that the
12
motion hearing was not a Fields “sufficiency of the evidence” evidentiary motion
hearing to dismiss the case for vindictive prosecution. (Id.) Actually, this
statement supports our argument that the trial court had properly conducted a
The State’s second argument, that this case does not “fit the genre” of
vindictive prosecution, also lacks merit. First of all, the entire argument assumes
facts the State must prove at trial, assumes guilt, assumes the State innocent of
vindictive prosecution, etc. More importantly, there are only three published
Illinois cases that discuss vindictive prosecution, People v. Derr, 346 Ill. App. 3d
823, 806 N.E.2d 237 (5th Dist. 2004), Fields, and People v. Hall, 311 Ill. App. 3d
905, 726 N.E.2d 213 (4th Dist. 1999), and none of them support the State.
Derr is a case about the State’s decision to pursue a first degree murder
manslaughter. The case spanned almost three years, during which the State
produced evidence of a drunk victim whose fight with the defendant lead to a
blow to the face and cardiac arrest, a coroner’s report confirming the State’s
theory, eyewitnesses who could place the defendant with the victim, and the
defendant’s wife’s detailed report of how the defendant stole jewelry from the
victim’s body. Derr, 346 Ill. App. 3d. at 823-27. The State charged the defendant
The defendant’s counsel delayed trial for two years with continuances. Id. The
defendant then entered an Alford plea in exchange for the State’s promise to
drop the concealment charge. The day of sentencing, the defendant’s counsel
as promised, the defendant’s punishment would be probation. Id. The trial court
13
granted the continuance and vacated the plea. Id. Just before trial, nearly three
years after the case began, the State motioned to amend its information to charge
the defendant with first degree murder on the theory that the victim died during
a forcible felony, when the defendant removed the victim’s jewelry. Id.
The defendant’s counsel claimed the new charge was vindictive – the
State’s way to punish the defendant for withdrawing his plea. The trial court
disagreed, and so did the Illinois Court of Appeals for the Fifth District:
Defense counsel did not raise the fact that none of the numerous
continuances obtained on the pending charges over the years had
tolled the speedy trial demand on charges that should have been
joined in the charging document from the prosecution's inception.
In other words, defense counsel failed to pursue the defendant's
speedy trial rights, a legal avenue that would have protected him
from the murder charge.
Id. In other words, the State could have brought the charge initially. What
prejudiced the defendant was not the State but defendant’s counsel.
In this case, there is no first charge that the State could have brought. The
State’s only charge is the unlawful use of a weapon charge. Unlike the evidence
in Derr supporting the charge, in this case the charge is tainted from the outset.
As argued at the motion hearing, this includes: the State’s conduct in this case in
coordination with the police departments from the day of the search warrant
execution, through the motions to retain Mr. Peterson’s property under his
constitutional rights; the FOID card revocation; the State’s refusals to supplement
discovery; and the State’s published remarks. The State builds its entire case on
“evidence” it has procured hand-in-hand with the police. Rather than support
the State, Derr warns courts to question the propriety of the State’s first charges.
14
Fields is a case about the burden a defendant must sustain to obtain an
officer. Fields, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 1030-32. Initially, the corrections department
reprimanded the defendant with one year’s lost time, one year’s segregation and
one year’s loss of good credit. Id. Three months later, the defendant and two
fellow inmates filed a class action lawsuit against the department. Id. Two weeks
after that, the department began to investigate the battery incident in more
detail. Id. After the investigation, the department sent a letter to the State
prosecutor recommending criminal charges. Id. The State did bring charges.
for further discovery of vindictive prosecution and selective prosecution. Id. The
trial court held, and the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District agreed, that the
defendant failed to make a prima facie showing for either. The reason was, the
defendant failed to argue that the State had an improper motive for the charges.
Indeed, the defendant’s counsel specifically conceded “he [was] not alleging any
type of misconduct by the prosecutor.” Id. at 1032-33. Nor did counsel establish a
counsel merely presented the letter and said the prosecutor never declined to
forth a colorable basis that his prosecution was vindictive or selective.” Id.
vindictive, as defense counsel set forth at the motion hearing. Unlike the
defendant in Fields, Mr. Peterson does not concede that the State has not
engaged in misconduct. The State has. The conduct includes, but is not limited
15
to: coordination with the police departments from the day of the search warrant
execution, through the motions to retain Mr. Peterson’s property under his
about this case, to name a few. Rather than help the State, Fields tells us that the
proper standard to apply is the “colorable basis” standard. In this case, Mr.
prosecutorial decisions. The State charged the defendant with traffic offenses for
driving under the influence and improper lane use, but at the time of the offenses
the defendant was also arrested for criminal battery. Hall, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 906.
The night before trial, the prosecutor handling the traffic offenses called another
prosecutor to discuss an evidence defect. Id. at 907-09. The next morning, that
prosecutor and the defendant engaged in an argument about the defect. Id. That
afternoon, the prosecutor who “argued” charged the defendant with battery. Id.
The trial court presumed that the State engaged in vindictive prosecution.
Id. at 910-11. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth District held that the pretrial
presumption was error. The Court of Appeals remanded with these instructions:
Id. On remand, the defendant bears the burdens of production and persuasion at
the evidentiary hearing for vindictive prosecution.
16
In this case, the trial court did not apply a presumption of vindictiveness –
we were not even at an evidentiary hearing. The motion was a motion for
discovery to investigate and prepare for a future evidentiary hearing. Therefore,
the State’s reliance on Hall, like Fields, is misplaced. Rather than help the State,
Hall holds that the proponent may prove with objective evidence obtained in
discovery that the State’s charging decision was vindictive before the trial court
can make any decision on the defense.
The State’s interpretation of the ruling on appeal is flawed for many other
reasons, too. First, the trial court specifically said it was not relying on the
timeline alone. (Thus, the State’s reliance on United States v. Falon, 347 F.3d 1000
(7th Cir. 2003), holding that charge timing alone is insufficient to justify discovery
into vindictive prosecution, is misplaced.) Second, the trial court did find enough
evidence to justify discovery that the State or an agency prevailing on the State
harbored animus toward Mr. Peterson, specifically saying, “[G]iven what I know
at this point, I am going to allow discovery on that particular issue.” (R. 231)
(Thus, the State’s reliance on Fields, holding that if an agency is the animus
source then the agency must “prevail on” the prosecution, is also misplaced.)
Finally, the trial court did not rule that the State is never entitled to wide
Cousins, 77 Ill. 2d. 531, 397 N.E. 2d 809 (1979), holding that prosecutors are
The facts do tend to show that the State pursued Mr. Peterson because he
exercised his statutory or constitutional rights. In fact, the State argued at the
motion hearing that the State only charged and sought an indictment against
Mr. Peterson because he enforced his constitutional rights to have other property
17
from the October 2007 warrant execution returned. (R. 212). The State was
“concerned” that the February 2007 motion to request that the State return the
other property would include the Colt – even though, as the State now admits in
from the motion and the trial court’s order to return the property. The trial court
deferred ruling to November 20, 2008. That day, the trial court ruled:
Holding in Mr. Peterson’s favor is also good policy. Stripped of its lofty
statements about prosecutorial discretion, the State’s basic argument is: the
State’s pretrial decisions are never vindictive; the State is only guilty of
exercised his rights to challenge that charge; and whatever the State does pretrial
is not evidence of vindictive prosecution. That makes no sense. To allow the State
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing this case. Given
the record and State’s admissions on appeal, this Court can affirm the dismissal
18
II.
A. Standard of Review
The de novo standard applies to issues of law and the application of law
to uncontroverted facts. People v. Campobello, 348 Ill. App. 3d 619, 626, 810
The issue is whether the trial court should have determined there is a
colorable basis of selective prosecution to justify discovery from the State and,
regardless, whether the trial court erred in exceeding defense counsel’s motion
and denying use of selective prosecution at trial. These are issues of law or the
de novo.
discovery from the State for a future selective prosecution hearing. Selective
prosecution means “the defendant (1) was singled out for prosecution while
other violators similarly situation were not prosecuted; and (2) the decision to
exercise of constitutional rights.” Fields, 322 Ill. App. 3d at 1033. The defendant
precluding the defense from arguing selective prosecution at trial. The trial court
concluded “it is the Defense burden at this time to show that, number one, their
client was singled out . . . and, number two, that the decision to prosecute was
based on some arbitrary classification . . . .” (R. 229-230). But the hearing was a
discovery hearing, not the Fields evidentiary hearing. The trial court applied the
wrong burden.
tending to show the essential elements of the claim. The State selected
Mr. Peterson for this charge, leaving other similarly situated officers uncharged.
The only reason the State charged Mr. Peterson was because he exercised his
constitutional rights to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. After the
warrant execution, Mr. Peterson enforced his rights to possess property that the
State had no legal interest in. (C. 505-10) The State and the Illinois State Police
fought him. (Id.) The trial court ruled that the property, including the firearms
(but not the Colt), be returned (Id.; see also R. 2-7) Anticipating the ruling, the
Illinois State Police the same day revoked his FOID card, thereby preventing
execution of the trial court’s order. On May 13, 2008, defense counsel motioned
the trial court to modify its order so that the firearms could be transferred to
Stephen. (Id.) At an initial hearing, the trial court indicated that it tended to agree
that there was no reason to retain the property. (Id.) The same day as the hearing
to issue the ruling, however, the State filed its complaint. Chuck Pelkie, the
State’s spokesperson, publicly stated that State brought the charge only because
the State did not want an “illegal weapon put back out on the street.” (Id.; see
also R. 505-10) However, the Colt was not a subject of the motion (C.505-10)
20
While the State does have discretion to charge for crimes, that discretion
People v. Kail, 150 Ill. App. 3d 75, 501 N.E.2d 979 (4th Dist. 1986), the
Court of Appeals for the Fourth District held that the State cannot charge a
suspected prostitute for failing to have a bicycle bell but not other violators. The
officer who arrested the defendant testified that but for the police department’s
policy to enforce the law against suspected prostitutes, and the officer’s
suspicions that the defendant was a prostitute, the officer would not have
arrested the defendant. Id. at 76-78. The Court of Appeals reversed the verdict
suspected prostitutes and the State’s interest in enforcing the law. Id. at 78.
decision to enforce 720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(7)(ii) only against Mr. Peterson. The
dearth of cases speaks for itself. For example, the State never charged officer
Stephen Peterson, who the indictment also names as possessing the Colt. If the
No police officers in Illinois have been indicted under this statute, and
counsel referenced officers who could testify that officers in the Bolingbrook
Police Department, Will County Sheriff’s Department and Illinois State Police
officers possess firearms with barrel lengths less than sixteen inches. Only
Therefore, if this Court reverses the trial court’s decision to dismiss this
case, then the Court should also reverse the trial court’s decisions to deny
discovery into selective prosecution and to deny the defense from arguing it at
trial – if not affirm the dismissal given the sufficient evidence of it.
21
III.
A. Standard of Review
Law Enforcement Officer’s Safety Act of 2004 to conclude that Mr. Peterson is not
immune from criminal charges under 720 ILCS 5/24-1(a)(7)(ii). This is an issue of
review is de novo.
LEOSA is a subpart of the Gun Control Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 921 – 930 (GCA),
which provides:
preemption statute in that some parts of the GCA do not preempt state law.
22
As a subpart of the GCA, LEOSA’s immunity provision at issue in this
case, 18 U.S.C. § 926B(a), necessarily preempts state law. The immunity provision
states:
LEOSA states that the police officer “may carry a concealed firearm.” It
does not use the term “carry on his person,” or “may carry a concealed
carry firearms legal under state law.” No matter how much the State wants
wholesale judicial legislation and ignoring the words Congress chose to use.
The right to carry a firearm necessarily includes the right to possess the
firearm. At some point, the officer must take his firearm out – to use it, to clean it,
to qualify with it, etc. If that officer is immune from state criminal charges
carrying that firearm concealed, why not when he takes the firearm out to use it
he takes the firearm off is person at night to sleep? Or if he sits down to clean it
on a break from work before putting it back on his person to head out for patrol?
No. Imagine the absurdity too if, as the State argues, states had the right to
charge that immune officer with illegal possession. Such a right would render
LEOSA meaningless.
23
To the extent the Court believes it necessary to read beyond LEOSA’s clear
in the enactment of LEOSA. Moreover, the Supreme Court of the United States
laws broadly. See, e.g., Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563 (1997).
disavowed any intent to occupy the field of gun control to the exclusion of [S]tate
police powers.” Kreshesky v. Codd, 89 Misc. 2d 439, 441 (N.Y. Sup. 1976).
GCA to preempt all contrary State laws. LEOSA became one of them.
enacting LEOSA. First, LEOSA was necessary to establish parity between sister
permit a law enforcement officer from other States to carry a concealed weapon
within their borders. This legislation would allow current and retired police officers to
carry a concealed weapon in any of the 50 States,” regardless of whether the State is
also the officer’s domicile State. H.R. Rep. No. 108-560 at 3-4 (2003) (emphasis
added). The legislation was intended to apply broadly to all law enforcement
long as the officer fell within LEOSA’s qualification provision. Id. at 54, 55.
coded alert system, and stringent airport security regulations are but a few
24
examples. LEOSA is among them. Even before LEOSA, freedom from State
restrains on firearm carry was essential to citizen safety, as the District Court for
United States v. Reminga, 493 F. Supp. 1351, 1351-52 (W.D. Mich. 1980)
(emphasis added). Clearly, Congress intended the use of firearms in the GCA to
have broad reaching meaning. At the same time, Congress used LEOSA to
permit law enforcement officers to combat firearms with like firearms. Thus,
federal immunity. The immunity was essential for two reasons. One was to
assure law enforcement officers from moving across State lines that they would
not have to be concerned with whether their firearm was permissible under the
State’s laws. The other was to keep law enforcement officers from having to
repeal a gun fight on the beat with a knife. To say otherwise is to say the officer
Therefore, if this Court does reverse the trial court’s dismissal, then this
Court should also reverse the trial court and hold as a matter of law that LEOSA
immunizes Mr. Peterson from charges and this case must be dismissed.
25
IV.
A. Standard of Review
determine whether the venue meets “the minimum guarantee of due process.”
Irvin v. Dowd, 336 U.S. 717 (1961). As a state constitutional right, the abuse of
discretion standard applies because trial court exercises its authority over
procedural aspects of a case. People v. Birger, 329 Ill. 352, 160 N.E. 564 (1928); In
The issue is whether the trial court should have granted Mr. Peterson’s
for the state right, and de novo, for the constitutional right.
are reasonable grounds to believe that the prejudice the defendant alleges
actually exists and that, by reason of the prejudice, the defendant cannot obtain a
fair and impartial trial. People v. Birger, 329 Ill. 352, 160 N.E. 564 (1928). The trial
court’s inquiry is not whether the facts alleged to support a claim of prejudice are
26
true but whether, if true, they raise a reasonable apprehension that the defendant
cannot receive a fair and impartial trial. Id.; See also People v. Coddington, 123 Ill.
App. 2d 351, 259 N.E.2d 382 (5th Dist. 1970); People v. Gendron, 41 Ill. 2d 351,
Illinois law also governs venue changes by statute. 725 ILCS 5/114-6
provides, in pertinent part, “A defendant may move the court for a change of
place of trial on the ground that there exists in the county in which the charge is
pending such prejudice against him on the part of the inhabitants that he cannot
circumstances that [the defendant’s] trial [will not be] fundamentally fair.”
Murphy v. Florida, 421 U.S. 794, 799 (1975). It is important to examine whether
where the trial was held.” Rideau v. Louisiana , 373 U.S. 723, 726-27 (1963).
a change of venue on facts similar to the facts in this case – and, in some, with far
Illinois Supreme Court held that venue for a criminal trial that had received
“extensive news coverage” in two area newspapers and radio talk shows should
have been changed. Sixty-one percent of the community could identify the
defendant, and posters around the community offered a reward for his turn in.
27
Media coverage in the community and the surrounding areas was
progress, court proceedings, and voir dire. The newspapers also reported that
the defendant took a lie detector test. One paper went so far as to say the
defendant “did not pass” the test. Id. Others reported alleged confessions.
The defendant’s counsel motioned for a venue change, which the trial
court denied on the “belief” that the court could find unbiased jurors. Id. On
appeal, the Illinois Supreme Court held, “When it became apparent that, in view
of the details of the information that had been disseminated by extensive press
unfamiliar with the facts highlighted by the media to be able to reach a verdict
based solely on admissible evidence presented in the courtroom, the trial judge
was obliged to grant the defendant’s motion for change of venue.” Id. Once the
judge is aware that there has been intensive publicity which includes
The pretrial publicity and apparent animosity toward Mr. Peterson in this
Almost immediately after October 28, 2007, camera crews and media
began camping out in front of Mr. Peterson’s house, and soon thereafter roaming
the Courthouse steps. CNN, Fox, WGN, Chicago Tribune, and countless others,
regularly cover this story. Initially, coverage was hourly, then regularly on
televised morning talk shows and primetime news and legal talk shows.
Mr. Peterson’s arrest was so public that three helicopters and a crowd of news
reporters followed him on his way to surrender to the trial court’s arrest warrant.
28
A Google search of the name “Drew Peterson” yields 419,000 hits (at least),
Chicago Tribune website yields over 1,100 hits. The Naperville Sun has covered the
case since October of 2007, and an author working for the Naperville Sun has
told news reporters that the reason why the charge was brought was because the
State did not want an “illegal weapon put back out on the street.” In July 2008,
persons allegedly working with the Illinois State Police went on the talk show
media alleged statements Mr. Peterson made. The Bolingbrook Police allowed a
from the non-public parts of the police station on Fox News and On the Record.
The Taylor Court held on facts similar to these that the trial court was
obligated to change venue. In on facts similar to these that the trial court was
two local newspapers and some radio talk shows, a public opinion poll, a poster,
and some articles reporting lie detector test results and confessions. That
“extensive” coverage was sufficient under Illinois law to render venue impartial.
Here, the coverage is worse. No one can deny that CNN, Fox News and the host
of other media outlets, have covered this case and this defendant since at least
October 2007. No one can deny the Chicago Tribune and the Naperville Sun have
reported on this case regularly. The Naperville Sun has even published a book
29
about Mr. Peterson, featuring him on the cover connected to a lie detector
nation, and Will County is no exception. These reports include hearsay and other
throughout the pretrial hearings, at the time this case was scheduled for trial,
Therefore, if this Court does reverse the trial court’s dismissal, then this
Court should also reverse the trial court’s decision not to change venue under
Illinois law.
Under federal law, the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United
‘indifferent’ jurors.” Irvin, 366 U.S. at 722 (1961). The failure to “accord an
accused a fair hearing violates even the minimal standards of due process.”
measures to assure that the accused is tried by an impartial jury free from
motion to change venue for due process on facts similar to the facts in this case.
Sheppard, the defendant was on trial for a highly scrutinized murder. The media
30
roamed the courthouse corridors, set up a press table outside the courtroom, and
sat just a few feet from the jury box; newsmen handled exhibits; the press
difficult for jurors to hear. Id. The trial court denied the defendant’s motions to
change venue. The Supreme Court of the United States reversed, holding that
murders. The crimes were covered extensively, by news media in the locality,
and aroused great excitement throughout the county. The court granted the
defendant’s first motion to change venue, then denied the second, the third and
the fourth. The Supreme Court of the United States reversed, holding that the
reasonable apprehension that the defendant would not obtain a fair, impartial
trial was “clear and convincing” because, inter alia: a reading of the exhibits
cartoons and pictures were unleashed against him during the six or seven
months preceding his trial; newspapers in which the stories appeared were
Therefore, if this Court does reverse the trial court’s dismissal, then this
Court should also reverse the trial court’s decision not to change venue.
31
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Court should affirm the trial court's
November 22, 2008 order dismissing this case because the State refused to
comply with the trial court's discovery order. To the extent this Court will
reverse the trial court, the Court should also reverse the trial court's pretrial
prosecution hearing, not to dismiss the case under LEOSA, and not to order a
change venue. The Court should not award the State any expenses for oral
Respectfully submitted,
For:
Joel Brodsky Andrew P. Abood (P43366)
BRODSKY & ODEH THE ABOOD LAW FIRM
8 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 3200 246 East Saginaw Street, Suite One
Chicago, Illinois 60603 East Lansing, Michigan 48823
32
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I certify that this brief conforms to the requirements of Rules 341(a) and
(b). The length of this brief, excluding the pages containing the cover, statement
For:
Joel Brodsky Andrew P. Abood (P43366)
BRODSKY & ODEH THE ABOOD LA W FIRM
8 South Michigan Avenue, Suite 3200 246 East Saginaw Street, Suite One
Chicago, Illinois 60603 East Lansing, Michigan 48823
33