Avitabile Shaker Excitation PDF

IMAC 27 - Orlando, FL - 2009 Shaker Excitation
Peter Avitabile
UMASS Lowell
Marco Peres
The Modal Shop
Shaker Excitation
Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab
Shaker Excitation Objectives of this lecture:

Overview some shaker excitation techniques
commonly employed in modal testing methods
Review deterministic and non-deterministic Present excitation techniques that have developed
from a historical standpoint
Present some MIMO testing information
Shaker Excitation
Vibration Shaker Qualification vs Modal Shaker

Many people are familiar with vibration shakers used for qualification of equipment where specific loading is applied to replicate the actual operating environment.
TEST ITEM
F I X T U R E
ATTACHMENT FIXTURE
EXPANDER HEAD
SHAKER MOUNTING TABLE DRIVER COIL SHAKER ARMATURE
SHAKER BODY
SHAKER BASE
This is a much different testing technique than what is done for modal testing (where high loads are not applied to the structure)
Shaker Excitation
Shaker Excitation for Modal Testing

RESPONSE TRANSDUCER
Excitation device is attached to the structure using a long rod called a stinger or quill
STRUCTURE UNDER TEST FORCE TRANSDUCER STINGER
SHAKER
Its purpose is to provide input along the shaker excitation axis with essentially no excitation of the other directions It is also intended to be flexible enough to not provide any stiffness to the other directions The force gage is always mounted on the structure side of the quill NOT ON THE SHAKER SIDE
Shaker Excitation
Excitation Configuration
Shaker
Test Signal -random -burst Random -pseudo-random -periodic-random -Chirp
Stinger
force sensor
AUTORANGING
structure
AVERAGING
Power Amplifier
AUTORANGING AVERAGING WITH WINDOW
AUTORANGING
AVERAGING
Shaker Excitation
Reason for Stinger Purpose of Stinger

Decouple shaker from test structure Force transducer between stinger and structure decouple Forces acting in any other direction will be unaccounted
forces acting in the axial direction only for creating error in the measurements Modal Shaker
Bending Axial
Force Gage
Stinger Structure
Shaker Excitation 6 Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab
Possible Problems with Stinger

Suspect increase in stiffness when stinger is at higher location
Axial stiffness
Axial and bending stiffness
Shaker Excitation
Stinger Configuration with Through Hole Shaker

2-part chuck assembly Force sensor
Modal Exciter
collet
armature
stinger
Shaker Excitation
Test Structure
Common Stingers
Piano wire
Modal stinger
Threaded metal rod
Threaded nylon rod
Shaker Excitation
Common Stingers Types of Stingers Available

Drill Rod Threaded Rod Metal
Nylon
Piano Wire Axial stiffness provided through a preload on wire Essentially no lateral stiffness Requires shaker and test fixture to be fixed
Shaker Excitation
10
Shaker Excitation
CORRECT Force gage divorces the stinger/ shaker from the structure
WRONG Stinger becomes part of the test structure
Shaker Excitation
11
The Overall Measurement Process

INPUT
INPUT FORCE OUTPUT RESPONSE
OUTPUT WINDOWED SIGNAL
WINDOWED INPUT
WINDOWED OUTPUT
AVERAGED INPUT, OUTPUT AND CROSS SPECTRA
AVERAGED INPUT POWER SPECTRUM
AVERAGED CROSS POWER SPECTRUM
AVERAGED OUTPUT POWER SPECTRUM
COMPUTED FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION AND COHERENCE
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION
COHERENCE FUNCTION
Shaker Excitation
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Signal Types
Excitation techniques can be broken down into two categories:
Deterministic Signals Non-Deterministic (Random) Signals
Shaker Excitation
13
Signal Types - Deterministic

Deterministic Signals conform to a particular mathematical relationship can be described exactly at any instant in time response of the system can also be exactly defined if the system character is known swept sine, sine chirp, digital stepped sine are examples
Shaker Excitation
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Signal Types Non-Deterministic

Non-Deterministic (Random) Signals do not conform to a particular mathematical relationship can not be described exactly at any instant in time described by some statistical character of the signal generally have varying amplitude, phase and frequency content at any point in time pure random, periodic random, burst random are examples
Shaker Excitation
15
Signal Types Deterministic vs Non-Deterministic

Good for IDENTIFICATION of system linearity
Deterministic Signals conform to a particular mathematical relationship can be described exactly at any instant in time response of the system can also be exactly defined if the system character is known examples :swept sine, sine chirp, digital stepped sine
Non-Deterministic (Random) Signals do not conform to a particular mathematical relationship can not be described exactly at any instant in time described by some statistical character of the signal generally have varying amplitude, phase and frequency content at any point in time examples: pure random, periodic random, burst random
Good for LINEARIZATION of slight nonlinearities
Shaker Excitation
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Excitation Signal Characteristics

RMS to Peak Signal to Noise Distortion Test Time Controlled Frequency Content Controlled Amplitude Content Removes Distortion Content Characterizes Non Linearites
Shaker Excitation
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Summary Excitation Signal Characteristics
Ref: University of Cincinnati

Remarks on General Excitation Characteristics The complete solution F0 2 of a forced harmonic x & & + 2 n x & + n x = sin t m excitation will result in two parts of the response transient part which decays with time and - the steady state part of the response
F0 sin(t ) x(t) = k 2 2 2 1 2 + n n + X1e t sin 1 2 n t + 1
n
Steady State
Transient
Shaker Excitation
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Remarks on General Excitation Characteristics

2
The complete solution of a forced harmonic excitation will result in two parts of the response transient part which decays with time and - the steady state part of the response
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0 10 20 30 40 50
x & & + 2n x & + 2 nx =
F0 sin t m
60
70
80
90
100
F0 sin(t ) x(t) = k 2 2 2 1 2 + n n + X1e t sin 1 2 n t + 1

n
Steady State
Transient
Shaker Excitation
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Vibrations Convolution for SDOF Sine Excitation

Start of Sine Steady State Reached End of Transient
Sine input AVI
Shaker Excitation
21
Swept Sine Excitation

INPUT EXCITATION
OUTPUT TIME RESPONSE
Slowly changing sine signal sweeping from one frequency to another frequency
Shaker Excitation
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Analog Slow Swept Sine Excitation

A slowly changing sine output sweeping from one frequency to another frequency ADVANTAGES best peak to RMS level best signal to noise ratio good for nonlinear characterization widely accepted and understood DISADVANTAGES slowest of all test methods leakage is a problem does not take advantage of speed of FFT process
Shaker Excitation
23
Random Excitation
AUTORANGING AVERAGING
An ergodic, stationary signal with Gaussian probability distribution. Typically, has frequency content at all frequencies.
Shaker Excitation
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Random Excitation
An ergodic, stationary signal with Gaussian probability distribution. Typically, has frequency content at all frequencies. ADVANTAGES gives a good linear approximation for a system with slight nonlinearities relatively fast relatively good general purpose excitation DISADVANTAGES leakage is a very serious problem FRFs are generally distorted due to leakage
Shaker Excitation
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Random Excitation
Time signal
1
Frequency Signal
INPUT
0s
1.999s
0Hz
400Hz
0s
1.999s
0Hz
AVG: 10
400Hz
Notice that the coherence is very poor at all frequencies
Shaker Excitation
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COHERENCE
OUTPUT
FRF
Random Excitation
Effects of averaging
-40 CH1 Pwr Spec
dB Mag
-40
-90 0Hz
1
AVG: 1
CH1 Pwr Spec
dB Mag
800Hz -40
-90
10
0Hz AVG: 10
CH1 Pwr Spec
dB Mag
800Hz
-90
100
0Hz AVG: 100 800Hz
Shaker Excitation
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Random Excitation with Hanning Window

AUTORANGING AVERAGING WITH WINDOW
An ergodic, stationary signal with Gaussian probability distribution. Typically, has frequency content at all frequencies.
Shaker Excitation
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An ergodic, stationary signal with Gaussian probability distribution Typically, has frequency content at all frequencies. ADVANTAGES gives a good linear approximation for a system with slight non linearities relatively fast overlap processing can be used relatively good general purpose excitation DISADVANTAGES even with windows applied to the measurement leakage is a very serious problem FRFs are generally distorted due to leakage with (significant distortion at the peaks) excessive averaging necessary to reduce variance on data
Shaker Excitation
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Time signal
INPUT
Frequency Signal
0s
1.999s
0Hz
400Hz
0s
1.999s
0Hz
AVG: 10
400Hz
Notice that the coherence is very poor at resonant frequencies
Shaker Excitation
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COHERENCE
OUTPUT
FRF
Random Excitation with Overlap Processing

OVERLAP PROCESSING
10
used to reduce test time with pure random excitations Hanning window tends to weight the first and last quarter of the time block to zero and this data is not effectively used in the normal averaging process effectively uses the portion of the block that has been heavily weighted to zero overlap processing allows for almost twice as many averages with the same data when fifty percent overlap is used
Shaker Excitation
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Pseudo Random Excitation

IFT
An ergodic, stationary signal consisting of only integer multiples of the FFT frequency increment. Signal has constant amplitude with varying phase. Note that the transient part of the signal must decay and steady state response achieved before measurements are taken to assure leakage free FRF.
Pseudo Random Excitation

An ergodic, stationary signal consisting of only integer multiples of the FFT frequency increment. Signal has constant amplitude with varying phase. ADVANTAGES always periodic in the sample interval relatively fast fewer averages than random frequency spectrum is shapeable DISADVANTAGES sensitive to nonlinearities same excitation is used for each average
Shaker Excitation
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Periodic Random Excitation

AUTORANGING AVERAGE AUTORANGING AVERAGE
IFT
IFT
An ergodic, stationary signal consisting of only integer multiples of the FFT frequency increment. Signal has varying amplitude with varying phase. Note that the transient part of the signal must decay and steady state response achieved before measurements are taken to assure leakage free FRF.
Periodic Random Excitation

An ergodic, stationary signal consisting of only integer multiples of the FFT frequency increment. Signal has varying amplitude with varying phase. ADVANTAGES always periodic in the sample interval frequency spectrum is shapable determines a very good linear approximation of the FRF since leakage is minimized DISADVANTAGES a different signal is generated for each measurement longest of all excitation techniques except swept sine
Shaker Excitation
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Burst Random Excitation

Current ~ force Voltage ~ velocity
A random excitation that exists over only a portion of the data block (typically 50% to 70%). NOTE: Voltage mode amplifier necessary creates back emf effect to dampen response at end of burst
Shaker Excitation
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A random excitation that exists over only a portion of the data block (typically 50% to 70%) ADVANTAGES has all the advantages of random excitation the function is self-windowing no leakage DISADVANTAGES if response does not die out within on sample interval, then leakage is a problem
Shaker Excitation
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Time signal
End of burst
Frequency Signal
INPUT
0s
Shaker off
1.999s
0Hz
400Hz
Response decays exponentially

0s 1.999s 0Hz AVG: 10 400Hz
Notice that the coherence is very good even at resonant frequencies Notice the sharpness of the resonances and measurement quality.
Shaker Excitation
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COHERENCE
OUTPUT
FRF
Sine Chirp Excitation

A very fast swept sine signal that starts and stops within one sample interval of the FFT analyzer
Shaker Excitation
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A very fast swept sine signal that starts and stops within one sample interval of the FFT analyzer ADVANTAGES has all the same advantages as swept sine self windowing function good for nonlinear characterization DISADVANTAGES nonlinearities will not be averaged out
Shaker Excitation
40

Time signal
INPUT
Frequency Signal
0s
1.999s
0Hz
400Hz
0s
1.999s
0Hz
AVG: 10
400Hz
Notice that the coherence is very good. Notice the sharpness of the resonances and measurement quality.
Shaker Excitation
41
COHERENCE
OUTPUT
FRF
Digital Stepped Sine Excitation

AUTORANGING AVERAGE AUTORANGING AVERAGE
IFT
IFT
Sine waves are generated at discrete frequencies which correspond to the digital values of the FFT analyzer for the frequency resolution available. The system is excited with a single sine wave and steady state response measured. Once one spectral line is obtained, the next digital frequency is acquired until all frequencies have been measured.
Digital Stepped Sine Excitation

Sine waves are generated at discrete frequencies which correspond to the digital values of the FFT analyzer for the frequency resolution available. The system is excited with a single sine wave and the steady state response is measured. Once one spectral line is obtained, the next digital frequency is acquired until all frequencies have been measured. ADVANTAGES excellent peak to RMS level excellent signal to noise ratio good for nonlinear characterization leakage free measurements obtained DISADVANTAGES slowest of all test methods
Shaker Excitation
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Comparison - Random/Hann, Burst Random, Chirp
RANDOM
BURST RANDOM
SINE CHIRP
Shaker Excitation
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Random with Hanning Window vs Burst Random

Frequency Response Function
RANDOM
Coherence
RANDOM
BURST RANDOM
BURST RANDOM
When comparing the measurement with random and burst random, notice that the random excitation peaks are lower and appear to be more heavily damped when compared to the burst random. - also notice the coherence improvement at the resonant peaks.
Shaker Excitation
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RANDOM
COH
FRF
BURST RANDOM
RANDOM & HANNING
BURST RANDOM
Shaker Excitation
46
COH
FRF
RANDOM & HANNING BURST RANDOM
Shaker Excitation
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BURST RANDOM
RANDOM
117Hz
143Hz
Windows will always have an effect on the measured FRF even when the same window is applied to both input and output signals There will always be a distortion at the peak and the appearance of higher damping Windows always, always, always, ... distort data!!!
Linearity Check with Sine Chirp Excitation
ONE FORCE UNIT
FIVE FORCE UNITS
TEN FORCE UNITS

Shaped Spectrum
S H A P E D S P E C T R U M E X C I T A T I O N
Uncontrolled broadband excitation techniques are used for most modal testing performed today. However, the relatively flat excitation spectrum causes a wide variation in the response accelerometers. This may be a problem when tesing sensitive equipment. A shaped spectrum, that is contolled, provides an input level that complements the response of the system. This provides a better usage of the ADC since wide variations in level over the frequency range of interest are minimized.
Shaker Excitation
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Shaped Spectrum
Shaker Excitation
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Multiple Input Multiple Output Shaker Testing
Shaker Excitation
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Multiple Input Shaker Excitation Objectives of this lecture:

Discuss several practical aspects of
multiple input multiple output shaker testing MIMO testing
Discuss some tools commonly used in
Shaker Excitation
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Multiple Input Shaker Excitation

Provide a more even distribution of energy Simultaneously excite all modes of interest Multiple columns of FRF matrix acquired More consistent data is collected Same test time as SISO case
Shaker Excitation
54
Excitation Considerations - MIMO Multiple referenced FRFs are obtained from MIMO test
Energy is distributed better throughout the structure making better measurements possible
Ref#1 Ref#2 Ref#3
Shaker Excitation
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Multiple Input Multiple Output Shaker Testing
[G XF ]=[H ][G FF ]
H11 H [H]= 21 M H No ,1 H12 L H1, Ni H 22 L H 2, Ni M M H No , 2 L H No , Ni
where
Measurements are developed in a similar fashion to the single input single output case but using a matrix formulation
[H ]=[G XF ][G FF ]1
No - number of outputs Ni - number of inputs
Shaker Excitation
56
MIMO Testing - Principal Component Analysis
Check for independent shaker inputs. Perform a SVD on the input shaker matrix commonly called Principal Component Analysis
[G FF ]=[U ][S][V ]T
The singular values of the SVD should produce large singular values at all frequencies for all shaker excitations. This indicates that the shaker excitation are linearly independent and inversion is possible
Multiple and Partial Coherence Two additional coherence functions are needed: Multiple coherence defines how much of the output signal is linearly related to all of the measured input signals. It is very similar to the ordinary coherence of the single input case. Partial coherence relates how much of the measured output signal is linearly related to one of the measured input signal with the effects of the other measured input signals removed. All of the partial coherences sum together to form the multiple coherence.
Shaker Excitation
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Principal Component Analysis Check for shaker linear independence
Shaker Excitation
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MIMO FRF and Multiple Coherence Typical MIMO measurements acquired
Shaker Excitation
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SISO vs MIMO FRF SISO FRF MIMO FRF
Shaker Excitation
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Blue Frame -SISO vs MIMO -Reciprocity Checks
RANDOM WITH WINDOW BURST RANDOM SINGLE INPUT SINGLE OUTPUT TESTING
RANDOM WITH WINDOW BURST RANDOM MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT TESTING
Shaker Excitation
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FRFs look reasonably similar

SISO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1 & #2 MIMO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1 & #2
but take a closer look
SISO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
Shaker Excitation
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SISO
SISO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1
SISO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1 & #2
Notice the variance on the FRF measured and the peak shifting
SISO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #2
RANDOM HANNING
64 Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab
Shaker Excitation
Blue Frame -SISO vs MIMO -Reciprocity Checks Burst random improves the data but the peaks of the FRFs do not remain the same when single shaker testing is performed
SISO
SISO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1
SISO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
SISO - BURST RANDOM - REF #2
BURST RANDOM
65
Shaker Excitation
MIMO
MIMO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1
MIMO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #1 & #2
MIMO - RANDOM - HANNING - REF #2
RANDOM HANNING
66
MIMO random improves the consistency but there are other differences that can be seen at the antiresonance
Shaker Excitation
MIMO
MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1
MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
MIMO burst random improves the data in all respects
MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #2
BURST RANDOM
67 Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab
Shaker Excitation
SISO/MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
SISO/MIMO - BURST RANDOM - REF #1 & #2
The peaks are definitely shifted relative to the SISO and MIMO data But which is the actual mode ???
Shaker Excitation
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Excitation Considerations - MIMO
Large or complicated structures require special attention

Shaker Excitation
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Multiple shakers are needed in order to adequately shaker the structure with sufficient energy to be able to make good measurements for FRF estimation
Shaker Excitation
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Flimsy dryer cabinet MIMO test
Shaker Excitation
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Excitation Considerations - MIMO Complicated structures require special attention when measuring frequency response functions for modal testing. Extremely lightweight structures are very difficult to test and obtain high quality FRFs
Shaker Excitation
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Excitation Considerations - MIMO Measurements on the same structure can show tremendously different modal densities depending on the location of the measurement
Shaker Excitation
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Things no one ever told me !!! Shaker testing is very powerful but there are many issues that must be understood. Some of these are identified on the next pages
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Reciprocity Even on simple structures, reciprocity can be a problem but not due to the structure
0
(m/s2)/N dB
FRF 6:-X / 2:+X FRF 2:-X / 6:+X

-90
Here is an example of a stinger flexibility due to rotation effects the upper portion of the structure has a rotational effect
Hz
500
Reciprocity SISO FRF Measurements Using SISO, several measurements were made at different locations as shown
20
g/N dB
FRF 1:-Z/3:-Z FRF 3:-Z/1:-Z
While only a few sample measurements are shown, there is an effect of the shaker location on the structure and the rotational stinger effect.
-100 0
Hz
900
Stinger Alignment or Damaged Stinger An incorrectly aligned stinger or a poorly fabricated stinger can ruin a test
40.00
40
Stinger Alignment Effects
35.00 35
Damaged Stinger Effect
(g/lbf ) dB
Straight Stinger Stinger Bent Straight Stinger Bent Stinger Impact Impact
-40.00 -40 300.00 300 Hz
( ((m/s2)/N ) dB
(m/s2)/N dB
g/lbf dB
Straight Stinger Straight Stinger Poorly Fabricated Damaged Stinger Stinger

-20.00 1000.00
Hz
700.00
20
700
1000
Hz Hz
1200.00 1200
Here are two examples of the effect on an FRF measurement due to these problems
Shaker Excitation
77
Stinger Length The length of the stinger can also have an impact on the measured response.
30.00
25.00
Stinger Length Comparisons
Stinger Length Comparisons

1 inch 3 inch 5 inch 7 inch Impact
) (g/lbf dB
1 inch 3 inch 5 inch 7 inch Impact
-80.00 50.00
-25.00
(g/lbf) dB 450.00
Hz
900.00
Hz
650.00
Too short a stinger will have higher lateral stiffness and too long a stinger will have flexibility
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Stinger Type There are many different stinger types

30.00
30
Stinger Type Comparison
20
g/lbf (g/lbf ) dB dB
Thin Drill Rod Thick Drill Rod Piano Wire Thin Drill Rod Thick Drill RodRod Nylon Threaded Piano Wire Nylon Threaded Rod Steel Threaded Rod Steel Threaded Rod Impact Impact
-90.00 0.00
g/lbf dB
Thin Drill Rod Thick Drill Rod Piano Wire Nylon Threaded Rod Steel Threaded Rod Impact
90
Hz Hz
900.00 900
-25
450
Hz
625
There can be an effect due to these differences
Shaker Excitation
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IMAC 27 - Orlando, FL - 2009 Shaker Excitation

Peter Avitabile
UMASS Lowell
Marco Peres
The Modal Shop
Shaker Excitation
80

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IMAC 27 - Orlando, FL - 2009 Shaker Excitation

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Shaker Excitation Objectives of this lecture:

commonly employed in modal testing methods

from a historical standpoint

Present some MIMO testing information

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Vibration Shaker Qualification vs Modal Shaker

SHAKER MOUNTING TABLE DRIVER COIL SHAKER ARMATURE

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Shaker Excitation for Modal Testing

STRUCTURE UNDER TEST FORCE TRANSDUCER STINGER

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Reason for Stinger Purpose of Stinger

Possible Problems with Stinger

Axial and bending stiffness

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Stinger Configuration with Through Hole Shaker

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Threaded metal rod

Threaded nylon rod

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Common Stingers Types of Stingers Available

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

WRONG Stinger becomes part of the test structure

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

The Overall Measurement Process

OUTPUT WINDOWED SIGNAL

AVERAGED INPUT, OUTPUT AND CROSS SPECTRA

AVERAGED INPUT POWER SPECTRUM

AVERAGED CROSS POWER SPECTRUM

AVERAGED OUTPUT POWER SPECTRUM

COMPUTED FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION AND COHERENCE

FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Deterministic Signals Non-Deterministic (Random) Signals

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Signal Types - Deterministic

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Signal Types Non-Deterministic

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Signal Types Deterministic vs Non-Deterministic

Good for LINEARIZATION of slight nonlinearities

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Excitation Signal Characteristics

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Summary Excitation Signal Characteristics

Ref: University of Cincinnati

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Remarks on General Excitation Characteristics

x & & + 2n x & + 2 nx =

F0 sin(t ) x(t) = k 2 2 2 1 2 + n n + X1e t sin 1 2 n t + 1

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Vibrations Convolution for SDOF Sine Excitation

Sine input AVI

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Swept Sine Excitation

OUTPUT TIME RESPONSE

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Analog Slow Swept Sine Excitation

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab

Dr. Peter Avitabile Structural Dynamics & Acoustic Systems Lab