INTRODUCTION Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice.

e. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing, at a more concrete and specific level. A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by designing specific interrelationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and /or prescribing. ach discipline has a uni!ue focus for knowledge development that directs its in!uiry and distinguishes it from other fields of study. "#mith $ %iehr, &''(). *heory-guided, evidence-based practice is the hallmark of any professional discipline. +ursing is a professional discipline ",onaldson $ -rowley, ./0(). Almost /'1 of all +ursing theories are generated in the last &' years. Nursing models are conceptual models, constructed of theories and concepts A paradigm is a model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline.

Nursing Actions, characteristics and attributes of person giving care.

COMPONENTS OF A THEOR DEFINITIONS Theor! a set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way. the doctrine or the principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art. a formulated hypothesis or, loosely speaking, any hypothesis or opinion not based upon actual knowledge. a provisional statement or set of explanatory propositions that purports to account for or characterize some phenomenon.

Con"e#t a mental idea of a phenomenon -oncepts are the building blocks "the primary elements) of a theory.

Constru"t a phenomena that cannot be observed and must be inferred -onstructs are concepts developed or adopted for use in a particular theory. *he key concepts of a given theory are its constructs.

METAPARADIGMS IN NURSING Person 2ecipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and sociocultural components. 3ndividual, family, or community

Pro#osition a statement of relationship between concepts

Con"e#tual mo$el made up of concepts and propositions *hey epresent ways of thinking about a problem or ways of representing how complex things work the way that they do. ,ifferent 4rameworks will emphasize different variables and outcomes and their interrelatedness." 5ordage, &''/) 6odels may draw on a number of theories to help understand a particular problem in a certain

Environment All internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person

Health ,egree of wellness or illness experienced by the person

setting or context. *hey are not always as specified as theory. %aria&les 7ariables are the operational forms of constructs. *hey define the way a construct is to be measured in a specific situation. 6atch variables to constructs when identifying what needs to be assessed during evaluation of a theory-driven program.

%ydia . ;all :-are, -ure, -ore model Cean 9atson8s @hilos ophy and #cience of caring

+ursing care is person directed towards self love. -aring is a universal, social phenomenon that is only effective when practiced interpersonally considering humanistic aspects and caring. -aring is central to the essence of nursing. ,escribed systematically five stages of skill ac!uisition in nursing practice = novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert.

@atricia 5enner8s +ovice to xpert

Mi$$le range theor! a testable theory that contains a limited number of variables, and is limited in scope as well, yet is of sufficient generality to be useful with a variety of clinical research !uestions.

NURSING PHI'OSOPHIES Theor! (e! Points 4lorence +ightingale8s %egacy of caring 4ocuses on nursing and the patient environment relationship. ;elping process meets needs through the art of individualizing care. +urses should identify patients <need-for =help8 by: o o o >bservation ?nderstanding client behaviour 3dentifying cause of discomfort ,etermining if clients can resolve problems or have a need for help

CONCEPTUA' MODE'S AND GRAND THEORIES ,orothea . >rem8s #elf care deficit theory in nursing #elf=care maintains wholeness. *hree *heories: o o o *heory of #elf-are *heory of #elf-are ,eficit *heory of +ursing #ystems

rnestine 9iedenbach: *he helping art of clinical nursing

+ursing -are: o 9holly compensatory "doing for the patient) @artly compensatory "helping the patient do for himself or herself) #upportiveeducative ";elping patient to learn self care and emphasizing on the importance of nurses8 role

7irginia ;enderson8s ,efinition of +ursing

@atients re!uire help towards achieving independence. ,erived a definition of nursing 3dentified .A basic human needs on which nursing care is based. @atient8s problems determine nursing care 6yra strin %evine8s: *he conservation model o

4aye B.Abedellah8s *ypolo gy of twenty one +ursing problems

@roposed that the nurses use the principles of conservation of:

o o o o

-lient nergy @ersonal integrity #tructural integrity #ocial integrity

*he individual and the environment provide three classes of stimuli-the focal, residual and contextual.

A conceptual model with three nursing theories = o o o -onservation 2edundancy *herapeutic intention 5etty +euman8s : ;ealth care systems model

*hrough two adaptive mechanisms, regulator and cognator, an individual demonstrates adaptive responses or ineffective responses re!uiring nursing interventions +euman8s model includes intrapersonal, interpersonal and extrapersonal stressors. +ursing is concerned with the whole person. +ursing actions "@rimary, #econdary, and *ertiary levels of prevention) focuses on the variables affecting the client8s response to stressors. *ransactions provide a frame of reference toward goal setting. 6ajor concepts "interaction, perception, communication, transaction, role, stress, growth and development) @erceptions, Cudgments and actions of the patient and the nurse lead to reaction, interaction, and transaction "process of nursing). 3ndividuality in living. A conceptual model of nursing from which theory of goal attainment is derived. %iving is an amalgam of activities of living "A%s). 6ost individuals experience significant life events which can affect A%s causing actual and

6artha .2oger8s: #cience of unitary human beings

@erson and environment are energy fields that evolve negentropically +ursing is a basic scientific discipline +ursing is using knowledge for human betterment. *he uni!ue focus of nursing is on the unitary or irreducible human being and the environment "both are energy fields) rather than health and illness 3ndividuals maintain stability and balance through adjustments and adaptation to the forces that impinges them. 3ndividual as a behavioural system is composed of seven subsystems: the subsystems of attachment, or the affiliative, dependency, achievement, aggressive, ingestiveeliminative and sexual. ,isturbances in these causes nursing problems. #timuli disrupt an adaptive system *he individual is a biopsychosocial adaptive system within an environment.

3mogene Ding8s Boal attainment theory

,orothy .Cohnson8s 5ehavioural system model

#ister -allista: 2oy<s Adaptation model

+ancy 2oper, 99.%ogan and A.C.*ierney A model for nursing based on a model of living

potential problems. *his affects dependence = independence continuum which is bi-directional. +ursing helps to maintain the individuality of person by preventing potential problems, solving actual problems and helping to cope. 3nterpersonal process is maturing force for personality. #tressed the importance of nurses8 ability to understand own behaviour to help others identify perceived difficulties. *he four phases of nursepatient relationships are: o o o o .. >rientation &. 3dentification E. xploitations A. 2esolution 2amona *.6ercer8s :6aternal 2ole Attainment Datharine Dolcaba8s *heory of comfort

situation: .. @atient &. +urse reactions E. +ursing actions Coyce *ravelbee8s ;uman *o ;uman 2elationship 6odel *herapeutic human relationships. +ursing is accomplished through human to human relationships that began with the original encounter and then progressed through stages of emerging identities. Browth and development of children and mother= infant relationships 3ndividual characteristics of each member influence the parent=infant system and adaptive behaviour modifies those characteristics to meet the needs of the system. A complex theory to explain the factors impacting the development of maternal role over time. -omfort is desirable holistic outcome of care. ;ealth care needs are needs "physical, psycho spiritual, social and environmental needs) for comfort, arising from stressful health care situations that cannot be met by recipients8 traditional support system. -omfort measures include those nursing interventions designed to address the specific comfort needs. -aring is universal and varies transculturally. 6ajor concepts include care, caring, culture, cultural values and cultural variations -aring serves to

;ildegard . @eplau: @sychodynamic +ursing *heory

Dathryn . 5arnard8s @arent -hild 3nteraction 6odel

*he six nursing roles are: o o o o o o .. #tranger &. 2esource person E. *eacher A. %eader F. #urrogate G. -ounselor

3da Cean >rlando8s +ursing @rocess *heory

3nterpersonal process alleviates distress. +urses must stay connected to patients and assure that patients get what they need, focused on patient8s verbal and non verbal expressions of need and nurse8s reactions to patient8s behaviour to alleviate distress. lements of nursing 6adeleine %eininger8s *ranscultural nursing, culture-care theory

ameliorate or improve human conditions and life base. -are is the essence and the dominant, distinctive and unifying feature of nursing 3ndivisible beings and environment co-create health. A theory of nursing derived from 2oger8s conceptual model. -lients are open, mutual and in constant interaction with environment. *he nurse assists the client in interaction with the environment and co creating health @romoting optimum health supersedes disease prevention. 3dentifies cognitive, perceptual factors in clients which are modified by demographical and biological characteristics, interpersonal influences, situational and behavioural factors that help predict in health promoting behaviour

2osemarie 2izzo @arse8s :*heory of human becoming

+ola C.@ender8s :*he ;ealth promotionH model

CONC'USION *he conceptual and theoretical nursing models help to provide knowledge to improve practice, guide research and curriculum and identify the goals of nursing practice. +ursing knowledge is the inclusive total of the philosophies, theories, research, and practice wisdom of the discipline.As a professional discipline this knowledge is important for guiding practice."#mith $ %iehr, &''().