The education of a torturer; there is a cruel method in the madness of teaching people to torture.

Almost anyone can learn it.

Janice T. Gibson and Mika Today v20.(Nov,198 ! "##$0( !.
T.e /ducation o0 a Torturer Torture--0or 1.atever #ur#ose and in 1.atever na2e-- re3uires a torturer, an individuares#onsib-e 0or #-annin4 and causin4 #ain to ot.ers. 56 2an7s .ands are s.ack-ed be.ind .i2, .is e8es b-ind0o-ded,7 1rote 6r4entine 9ourna-ist Jacobo Ti2er2an about .is torture b8 6r4entine ar28 e,tre2ists. 5No one sa8s a 1ord. :-o1s are s.o1ered. . . . ;He is< stri##ed, doused 1it. 1ater, tied. . . . 6nd t.e a##-ication o0 e-ectric s.ocks be4ins. *t7s i2#ossib-e to s.out--8ou .o1-.7 T.e 4overn2ents o0 at -east 90 countries use si2i-ar 2et.ods to torture #eo#-e a-- over t.e 1or-d, 62nest8 *nternationa- re#orts. =.at kind o0 #erson can be.ave so 2onstrous-8 to anot.er .u2an bein4> 6 sadist or a se,ua- deviant> +o2eone 1it. an aut.oritarian u#brin4in4 or 1.o 1as abused b8 #arents> 6 disturbed #ersona-it8 a00ected so2e.o1 b8 .ereditar8 c.aracteristics> &n t.e contrar8, t.e Na?is 1.o tortured and ki--ed 2i--ions durin4 =or-d =ar ** 51eren@t sadists or ki--ers b8 nature,7 Hanna. 6rendt re#orted in .er book /ic.2ann *n Jerusa-e2. Man8 studies o0 Na?i be.avior conc-uded t.at 2onstrous acts, des#ite t.eir .orrors, 1ere o0ten si2#-8 a 2atter o0 0ait.0u- bureaucrats s-avis.-8 0o--o1in4 orders. *n a 19A stud8, Bniversit8 o0 F-orida #s8c.o-o4ist Mo--8 Harro1er asked 1$ )orsc.ac. e,#erts to e,a2ine inkb-ot test re#orts 0ro2 6do-#. /ic.2ann, )udo-0 Hess, Her2ann Goerin4 and 0ive ot.er Na?i 1ar cri2ina-s, 2ade 9ust be0ore t.eir tria-s at Nure2ber4. +.e a-so sent t.e s#ecia-ists )orsc.ac. re#orts 0ro2 eit.er 62ericans, so2e 1it. 1e---ad9usted #ersona-ities and so2e 1.o 1ere severe-8 disturbed, 1it.out revea-in4 t.e individua-s7 identities. T.e e,#erts 1ere unab-e to distin4uis. t.e Na?is 0ro2 t.e 62ericans and 9ud4ed an e3ua- nu2ber o0 bot. to be 1e---ad9usted. T.e .orror t.at e2er4es is t.e -ike-i.ood t.at torturers are not 0reaksC t.e8 are ordinar8 #eo#-e. &bedience to 1.at 1e ca-- t.e 5aut.orit8 o0 vio-ence7 o0ten #-a8s an i2#ortant ro-e in #us.in4 ordinar8 #eo#-e to co22it crue-, vio-ent and even 0ata- acts. Durin4 1arti2e, 0or e,a2#-e, so-diers 1i-- 0o--o1 orders to ki-- unar2ed civi-ians. Here, 1e 1i-- -ook at t.e 1a8 obedience and ot.er 0actors co2bine to #roduce 1i--in4 torturers. T1ent8-0ive 8ears a4o, t.e -ate #s8c.o-o4ist +tan-e8 Mi-4ra2 de2onstrated convincin4-8 t.at #eo#-e un-ike-8 to be crue- in ever8da8 -i0e 1i-- ad2inister #ain i0 t.e8 are to-d to b8 so2eone in aut.orit8. *n a 0a2ous e,#eri2ent, Mi-4ra2 .ad 2en 1earin4 -aborator8 coats direct avera4e 62erican adu-ts to in0-ict a series o0 e-ectric s.ocks on ot.er #eo#-e. No reas.ocks 1ere 4iven and t.e 5victi2s7 1ere actin4, but t.e #eo#-e didn7t kno1 t.is. T.e8 1ere to-d t.at t.e #ur#ose o0 t.e stud8 1as to 2easure t.e e00ects o0 #unis.2ent on -earnin4.

Haritos-Fatouros. Psychology

Full Text :%&'()*GHT 198 +usse, 'ub-is.ers, *nc.

-2&bedient-8, $ #ercent o0 t.e2 used 1.at t.e8 t.ou4.t 1ere dan4erous-8 .i4. -eve-s o0 s.ocks 1.en t.e e,#eri2enter to-d t.e2 to. =.i-e t.e8 1ere -ess -ike-8 to ad2inister t.ese su##osed s.ocks as t.e8 1ere 2oved c-oser to t.eir victi2s, a-2ost one-t.ird o0 t.e2 continued to s.ock 1.en t.e8 1ere c-ose enou4. to touc.. T.is readiness to torture is not -i2ited to 62ericans. Fo--o1in4 Mi-4ra27s -ead, ot.er researc.ers 0ound t.at #eo#-e o0 a-- a4es, 0ro2 a 1ide ran4e o0 countries, 1ere 1i--in4 to s.ock ot.ers even 1.en t.e8 .ad not.in4 to 4ain b8 co2#-8in4 1it. t.e co22and or not.in4 to -ose b8 re0usin4 it. +o -on4 as so2eone e-se, an aut.orit8 0i4ure, 1as res#onsib-e 0or t.e 0ina- outco2e o0 t.e e,#eri2ent, a-2ost no one abso-ute-8 re0used to ad2inister s.ocks. /ac. stud8 a-so 0ound, as Mi-4ra2 .ad, t.at so2e #eo#-e 1ou-d 4ive s.ocks even 1.en t.e decision 1as -e0t u# to t.e2. Mi-4ra2 #ro#osed t.at t.e reasons #eo#-e obe8 or disobe8 aut.orit8 0a-- into t.ree cate4ories. T.e 0irst is #ersona- .istor8" 0a2i-8 or sc.oo- back4rounds t.at encoura4e obedience or de0iance. T.e second, 1.ic. .e ca--ed 5bindin4,7 is 2ade u# o0 on4oin4 e,#eriences t.at 2ake #eo#-e 0ee- co20ortab-e 1.en t.e8 obe8 aut.orit8. +train, t.e t.ird cate4or8, consists o0 bad 0ee-in4s 0ro2 un#-easant e,#eriences connected 1it. obedience. Mi-4ra2 ar4ued t.at 1.en t.e bindin4 0actors are 2ore #o1er0u- t.an t.e strain o0 coo#eratin4, #eo#-e 1i-- do as t.e8 are to-d. =.en t.e strain is 4reater, t.e8 are 2ore -ike-8 to disobe8. T.is 2a8 e,#-ain s.ort-ter2 obedience in t.e -aborator8, but it doesn7t e,#-ain #ro-on4ed #atterns o0 torture durin4 1arti2e or under so2e #o-itica- re4i2es. )e#eated-8, torturers in 6r4entina and e-se1.ere #er0or2ed acts t.at 2ost o0 us consider re#u4nant, and in ti2e t.is s.ou-d .ave #-aced enou4. strain on t.e2 to #revent t.eir obedience. *t didn7t. Nor does Mi-4ra27s t.eor8 e,#-ain undirected crue- or vio-ent acts, 1.ic. occur even 1.en no aut.orit8 orders t.e2. For t.is, 1e .ave deve-o#ed a 2ore co2#re.ensive -earnin4 2ode-C 0or torture, 1e discovered, can be tau4.t. =e studied t.e #rocedures used to train Greek 2i-itar8 #o-ice as torturers durin4 t.at countr87s 2i-itar8 re4i2e 0ro2 19 A t.rou4. 19AE. =e e,a2ined t.e o00icia- testi2onies o0 21 0or2er so-diers in t.e /+6 (6r28 'o-ice %or#s! 4iven at t.eir 19A$ cri2ina- tria-s in 6t.ensC in addition, Haritos-Fatouros conducted in-de#t. intervie1s 1it. 1 o0 t.e2 a0ter t.eir tria-s. *n 2an8 cases, t.ese 2en .ad been convicted and .ad co2#-eted #rison sentences. T.e8 1ere a-- -eadin4 nor2a- -ives 1.en intervie1ed. &ne 1as a universit8 4raduate, 0ive 1ere 4raduates o0 .i4.er tec.nica- institutes, nine .ad co2#-eted at -east t.eir second 8ear o0 .i4. sc.oo- and on-8 one .ad no 2ore t.an a #ri2ar8 sc.ooeducation. 6-- o0 t.ese 2en .ad been dra0ted, 0irst into re4u-ar 2i-itar8 service and t.en into s#ecia-i?ed units t.at re3uired service2en to torture #risoners. =e 0ound no record o0 de-in3uent or disturbed be.avior be0ore t.eir 2i-itar8 service. Ho1ever, 1e did 0ind severa0eatures o0 t.e so-diers7 trainin4 t.at .e-#ed to turn t.e2 into 1i--in4 and ab-e torturers. T.e initia- screenin4 0or torturers 1as #ri2ari-8 based on #.8sica- stren4t. and 5a##ro#riate7 #o-itica- be-ie0s, 1.ic. si2#-8 2eant t.at t.e recruits and t.eir 0a2i-ies 1ere antico22unists. T.is ensured t.at t.e 2en .ad .osti-e attitudes to1ard #otentia- victi2s 0ro2 t.e ver8 be4innin4. &nce t.e8 1ere actua--8 servin4 as 2i-itar8 #o-ice, t.e 2en 1ere a-so screened 0or ot.er attributes. 6ccordin4 to 0or2er torturer Mic.ae-s 'etrou, 5T.e 2ost i2#ortant criterion 1as

-Ft.at 8ou .ad to kee# 8our 2out. s.ut. +econd, 8ou .ad to s.o1 a44ression. T.ird, 8ou .ad to be inte--i4ent and stron4. Fourt., 8ou .ad to be 5t.eir 2an,7 1.ic. 2eant t.at 8ou 1ou-d re#ort on t.e ot.ers servin4 1it. 8ou, t.at ;t.e o00icers< cou-d trust 8ou and t.at 8ou 1ou-d 0o--o1 t.eir orders b-ind-8.7 :indin4 t.e recruits to t.e aut.orit8 o0 /+6 be4an in basic trainin4, 1it. #.8sica--8 brutainitiation rites. )ecruits t.e2se-ves 1ere cursed, #unc.ed, kicked and 0-o44ed. T.e8 1ere 0orced to run unti- t.e8 co--a#sed and #revented 0ro2 re-ievin4 t.e2se-ves 0or -on4 stretc.es o0 ti2e. T.e8 1ere re3uired to s1ear a--e4iance to a s82bo- o0 aut.orit8 used b8 t.e re4i2e (a #oster o0 a so-dier su#eri2#osed on a -ar4e #.oeni, risin4 0ro2 its o1n as.es!, and t.e8 .ad to #ro2ise on t.eir knees to obe8 t.eir co22ander-in-c.ie0 and t.e 2i-itar8 revo-ution. =.i-e bein4 .arassed and beaten b8 t.eir o00icers, service2en 1ere re#eated-8 to-d .o1 0ortunate t.e8 1ere to .ave 9oined t.e /+6, t.e stron4est and 2ost i2#ortant su##ort o0 t.e re4i2e. T.e8 1ere to-d t.at an /+6 service2an7s action is never 3uestioned" 5(ou can even 0-o4 a 2a9or.7 *n-4rou# -an4ua4e .e-#ed t.e 2en to deve-o# e-itist attitudes. +ervice2en used nickna2es 0or one anot.er and, -ater, t.e8 used t.e2 0or victi2s and 0or t.e di00erent 2et.ods o0 torture. 5Tea #art87 2eant t.e beatin4 o0 a #risoner b8 a 4rou# o0 2i-itar8 #o-ice usin4 t.eir 0ists, and 5tea #art8 1it. toast7 2eant 2ore severe 4rou# beatin4s usin4 c-ubs. Gradua--8, t.e recruits ca2e to s#eak o0 a-- #eo#-e 1.o 1ere not in t.eir 4rou#, #arents and 0a2i-ies inc-uded, as be-on4in4 to t.e 5outside 1or-d.7 T.e strain o0 obedience on t.e recruits 1as reduced in severa- 1a8s. Durin4 basic trainin4, t.e8 1ere 4iven dai-8 5nationa- et.ica- education7 -ectures t.at inc-uded indoctrination a4ainst co22unis2 and ene2ies o0 t.e state. Durin4 2ore advanced trainin4, t.e recruits 1ere constant-8 re2inded t.at t.e #risoners 1ere 51or2s,7 and t.at t.e8 .ad to 5crus.7 t.e2. &ne 2an re#orted t.at 1.en .e 1as torturin4 #risoners -ater, .e cau4.t .i2se-0 re#eatin4 #.rases -ike 5b-ood8 co22unistsG7 t.at .e .ad .eard in t.e -ectures. T.e 2i-itar8 #o-ice used a carrot-and-stick 2et.od to 0urt.er di2inis. t.e recruits7 uneasiness about torture. T.ere 1ere 2an8 re1ards, suc. as re-a,ed 2i-itar8 ru-es a0ter trainin4 1as co2#-eted, and torturers o0ten 1eren7t #unis.ed 0or -eavin4 ca2# 1it.out #er2ission. T.e8 1ere a--o1ed to 1ear civi-ian c-ot.es, to kee# t.eir .air -on4 and to drive 2i-itar8 #o-ice cars 0or t.eir #ersona- use. Torturers 1ere 0re3uent-8 4iven a -eave o0 absence a0ter t.e8 0orced a con0ession 0ro2 a #risoner. T.e8 .ad 2an8 econo2ic bene0its as 1e--, inc-udin4 0ree bus rides and restaurant 2ea-s and 9ob #-ace2ent 1.en 2i-itar8 service 1as over. T.ese 1ere t.e carrots. T.e sticks consisted o0 t.e constant .arass2ent, t.reats and #unis.2ent 0or disobedience. T.e 2en 1ere t.reatened and inti2idated, 0irst b8 t.eir trainers, t.en -ater b8 senior service2en. 56n o00icer used to te-- us t.at i0 a 1arder .e-#s a #risoner, .e 1i-- take t.e #risoner7s #-ace and t.e 1.o-e #-atoon 1i-- 0-o4 .i2,7 one 2an reca--ed. +o-diers s#ied on one anot.er, and even t.e 2ost success0u- torturers said t.at t.e8 1ere constant-8 a0raid. 5(ou 1i-- -earn to -ove #ain,7 one o00icer #ro2ised a recruit. +ensitivit8 to torture 1as b-unted in severa- ste#s. First, t.e 2en .ad to endure it t.e2se-ves, as i0 torture 1ere a nor2a- act. T.e beatin4s and ot.er tor2ents in0-icted on t.e2 continued and beca2e 1orse. Ne,t, t.e service2en c.osen 0or t.e 'ersecution +ection, t.e unit t.at tortured #o-itica- #risoners, 1ere brou4.t into contact 1it. t.e #risoners b8 carr8in4 0ood to t.eir ce--s. T.e ne1 2en

-E1atc.ed veteran so-diers torture #risoners, 1.i-e t.e8 stood 4uard. &ccasiona--8, t.e veterans 1ou-d order t.e2 to 4ive t.e #risoners 5so2e b-o1s.7 6t t.e ne,t ste#, t.e 2en 1ere re3uired to #artici#ate in 4rou# beatin4s. Hater, t.e8 1ere to-d to use a variet8 o0 torture 2et.ods on t.e #risoners. T.e 0ina- ste#, t.e a##oint2ent to #rison 1arder or c.ie0 torturer, 1as announced sudden-8 b8 t.e co22ander-in-c.ie0, -eavin4 t.e 2en no ti2e to re0-ect on t.eir ne1 duties. T.e Greek e,a2#-e i--ustrates .o1 t.e abi-it8 to torture can be tau4.t. Trainin4 t.at increases bindin4 and reduces strain can cause decent #eo#-e to co22it acts, o0ten over -on4 #eriods o0 ti2e, t.at ot.er1ise 1ou-d be unt.inkab-e 0or t.e2. +i2i-ar tec.ni3ues can be 0ound in 2i-itar8 trainin4 a-- over t.e 1or-d, 1.en t.e intent is to teac. so-diers to ki-- or #er0or2 so2e ot.er re#e--ent act. =e conducted e,tensive intervie1s 1it. so-diers and e,so-diers in t.e B.+. Marines and t.e Green :erets, and 1e 0ound t.at a-- t.e ste#s in our trainin4 2ode- 1ere #art and #arce- o0 e-ite 62erican 2i-itar8 trainin4. +o-diers are screened 0or inte--ectua- and #.8sica- abi-it8, ac.ieve2ent and 2enta- .ea-t.. :indin4 be4ins in basic trainin4, 1it. initiation rites t.at iso-ate trainees 0ro2 societ8, introduce t.e2 to ne1 ru-es and va-ues and -eave t.e2 -itt-e ti2e 0or c-ear t.inkin4 a0ter e,.austin4 #.8sica- e,ercise and scant s-ee#. Harass2ent #-a8s an i2#ortant ro-e, and so-diers are severe-8 #unis.ed 0or disobedience, 1it. de2erits, verba- abuse, .ours o0 ca-ist.enics and -oss o0 eatin4, s-ee#in4 and ot.er #rivi-e4es. Mi-itar8 trainin4 4radua--8 desensiti?es so-diers to vio-ence and reduces t.e strain nor2a--8 created b8 re#u4nant acts. T.eir revu-sion is di2inis.ed b8 screa2in4 c.ants and son4s about vio-ence and ki--in4 durin4 2arc.es and runs. T.e ene28 is 4iven dero4ator8 na2es and #ortra8ed as -ess t.an .u2anC t.is 2akes it easier to ki-- t.e2. %o2#-etin4 t.e tou4.est #ossib-e trainin4 and bein4 re1arded b8 52akin4 it7 in an e-ite cor#s brin4 t.e so-diers con0idence and #ride, and t.ose 1.o acco2#-is. t.is 0ee- t.e8 can do an8t.in4. 56-t.ou4. * tried to avoid ki--in4, * -earned to .ave con0idence in 28se-0 and 1as never a0raid,7 said a 0or2er Green :eret 1.o served in Iietna2. 5*t 1as #art o0 t.e 9ob. . . . 6n8one 1.o 4oes t.rou4. t.at kind o0 trainin4 cou-d do it.7 T.e e00ectiveness o0 t.ese tec.ni3ues, as severa- researc.ers .ave s.o1n, is not -i2ited to t.e ar28. Histor8 teac.er )ona-d Jones started 1.at .e ca--ed t.e T.ird =ave 2ove2ent as a c-assroo2 e,#eri2ent to s.o1 .is .i4. sc.oo- students .o1 #eo#-e 2i4.t .ave beco2e Na?is in =or-d =ar **. Jones be4an t.e T.ird =ave de2onstration b8 re3uirin4 students to stand at attention in a uni3ue ne1 #osture and 0o--o1 strict ne1 ru-es. He re3uired students to stand beside t.eir desks 1.en askin4 or ans1erin4 3uestions and to be4in eac. state2ent b8 sa8in4, 5Mr. Jones.7 T.e students obe8ed. He t.en re3uired t.e2 to s.out s-o4ans, 5+tren4t. t.rou4. disci#-ineG7 and 5+tren4t. t.rou4. co22unit8G7 Jones created a sa-ute 0or c-ass 2e2bers t.at .e ca--ed t.e T.ird =ave" t.e ri4.t .and raised to t.e s.ou-der 1it. 0in4ers cur-ed. T.e sa-ute .ad no 2eanin4, but it served as a s82bo- o0 4rou# be-on4in4 and a 1a8 o0 iso-atin4 2e2bers 0ro2 outsiders. T.e or4ani?ation e,#anded 3uick-8 0ro2 20 ori4ina- 2e2bers to 100. T.e teac.er issued 2e2bers.i# cards and assi4ned students to re#ort 2e2bers 1.o didn7t co2#-8 1it. t.e ne1 ru-es. Duti0u--8, 20 students #ointed accusin4 0in4ers at t.eir c-ass2ates. T.en Jones announced t.at t.e T.ird =ave 1as a 5nation1ide 2ove2ent to 0ind students 1i--in4 to 0i4.t 0or #o-itica- c.an4e,7 and .e or4ani?ed a ra--8, 1.ic. dre1 a cro1d o0 200 students. 6t t.e ra--8, a0ter 4ettin4 students to sa-ute and s.out s-o4ans on co22and,

-$Jones e,#-ained t.e true reasons be.ind t.e T.ird =ave de2onstration. Hike t.e Na?is be0ore t.e2, Jones #ointed out, 5(ou bar4ained 8our 0reedo2 0or t.e co20ort o0 disci#-ine.7 T.e students, at an a4e 1.en 4rou# be-on4in4 1as ver8 i2#ortant to t.e2, 2ade 4ood candidates 0or trainin4. Jones didn7t teac. .is students to co22it atrocities, and t.e T.ird =ave -asted 0or on-8 0ive da8sC in t.at ti2e, .o1ever, Jones created an obedient 4rou# t.at rese2b-ed in 2an8 1a8s t.e Na?i 8out. 4rou#s o0 =or-d =ar ** (see 5T.e T.ird =ave" Na?is2 in a Hi4. +c.oo-,7 's8c.o-o48 Toda8, Ju-8 19A !. 's8c.o-o4ists %rai4 Hane8, =. %urtis :anks and '.i-i# Ji2bardo 1ent even 0urt.er in a re2arkab-e si2u-ation o0 #rison -i0e done at +tan0ord Bniversit8. =it. no s#ecia- trainin4 and in on-8 si, da8s7 ti2e, t.e8 c.an4ed t8#ica- universit8 students into contro--in4, abusive 4uards and servi-e #risoners. T.e students 1.o a4reed to #artici#ate 1ere c.osen rando2-8 to be 4uards or #risoners. T.e 2ock 4uards 1ere 4iven uni0or2s and ni4.tsticks and to-d to act as 4uards. 'risoners 1ere treated as dan4erous cri2ina-s" Hoca- #o-ice rounded t.e2 u#, 0in4er#rinted and booked t.e2 and brou4.t t.e2 to a si2u-ated ce--b-ock in t.e base2ent o0 t.e universit8 #s8c.o-o48 de#art2ent. Bni0or2ed 4uards 2ade t.e2 re2ove t.eir c-ot.in4, de-oused t.e2, 4ave t.e2 #rison uni0or2s and #ut t.e2 in ce--s. T.e t1o 4rou#s o0 students, ori4ina--8 0ound to be ver8 si2i-ar in 2ost res#ects, s.o1ed strikin4 c.an4es 1it.in one 1eek. 'risoners beca2e #assive, de#endent and .e-#-ess. *n contrast, 4uards e,#ressed 0ee-in4s o0 #o1er, status and 4rou# be-on4in4. T.e8 1ere a44ressive and abusive 1it.in t.e #rison, insu-tin4 and bu--8in4 t.e #risoners. +o2e 4uards re#orted -ater t.at t.e8 .ad en9o8ed t.eir #o1er, 1.i-e ot.ers said t.e8 .ad not t.ou4.t t.e8 1ere ca#ab-e o0 be.avin4 as t.e8 .ad. T.e8 1ere sur#rised and dis2a8ed at 1.at t.e8 .ad done" 5*t 1as de4radin4. . . . To 2e, t.ose t.in4s are sick. :ut t.e8 ;t.e #risoners< did ever8t.in4 * said. T.e8 abused eac. ot.er because * re3uested t.e2 to. No one 3uestioned 28 aut.orit8 at a--.7 T.e 4uards7 be.avior 1as si2i-ar in t1o i2#ortant 1a8s to t.at o0 t.e Greek torturers. First, t.e8 de.u2ani?ed t.eir victi2s. +econd, -ike t.e torturers, t.e 4uards 1ere abusive on-8 1.en t.e8 1ere 1it.in t.e #rison 1a--s. T.e8 cou-d act reasonab-8 outside t.e #risons because t.e t1o #rison in0-uences o0 bindin4 and reduced strain 1ere absent. 6-- t.ese c.an4es at +tan0ord occurred 1it. no s#ecia- trainin4, but t.e tec.ni3ues 1e .ave out-ined 1ere sti-- #resent. /ven 1it.out trainin4, t.e student 4uards 5kne17 0ro2 te-evision and 2ovies t.at t.e8 1ere su##osed to #unis. #risonersC t.e8 5kne17 t.e8 1ere su##osed to 0ee- su#eriorC and t.e8 5kne17 t.e8 1ere su##osed to b-a2e t.eir victi2s. T.eir o1n be.avior and t.at o0 t.eir #eers 4radua--8 nu2bed t.eir sensitivit8 to 1.at t.e8 1ere doin4, and t.e8 1ere re1arded b8 t.e #o1er t.e8 .ad over t.eir #risoners. T.ere is no evidence t.at suc. s.ort-ter2 e,#eri2ents #roduce -astin4 e00ects. None 1ere re#orted 0ro2 eit.er t.e T.ird =ave de2onstration or t.e +tan0ord Bniversit8 si2u-ation. T.e +tan0ord stud8, .o1ever, 1as cut s.ort 1.en de#ression, cr8in4 and #s8c.oso2atic i--nesses be4an to a##ear a2on4 t.e students. 6nd studies o0 Iietna2 veterans .ave revea-ed t.at co22ittin4 ab.orrent acts, even under t.e e,tre2e conditions o0 1ar, can -ead to -on4-ter2 #rob-e2s. *n one stud8 o0 1F0 Iietna2 veterans 1.o ca2e to a t.era#ist 0or .e-#, a-2ost F0 #ercent o0 t.e2 1ere concerned about vio-ent acts t.e8 .ad co22itted 1.i-e in t.e service. T.e veterans re#orted 0ee-in4s o0 an,iet8, 4ui-t, de#ression and an inabi-it8 to carr8 on inti2ate re-ations.i#s. *n a si2i-ar 0as.ion, a0ter t.e 0a-- o0 t.e Greek

- dictators.i# in 19AE, 0or2er torturers be4an to re#ort ni4.t2ares, irritabi-it8 and e#isodes o0 de#ression. 5Torturin4 beca2e a 9ob,7 said 0or2er Greek torturer 'etrou. 5*0 t.e o00icers ordered 8ou to beat, 8ou beat. *0 t.e8 ordered 8ou to sto#, 8ou sto##ed. (ou never t.ou4.t 8ou cou-d do ot.er1ise.7 His co22ents bear a disturbin4 rese2b-ance to t.e 0ee-in4s e,#ressed b8 a +tan0ord 4uard" 5=.en * 1as doin4 it, * didn7t 0ee- re4ret. . . . * didn7t 0ee- 4ui-t. &n-8 a0ter1ards, 1.en * be4an to re0-ect . . . did it be4in to da1n on 2e t.at t.is 1as a #art o0 2e * .adn7t kno1n be0ore.7 =e do not be-ieve t.at torture ca2e natura--8 to an8 o0 t.ese 8oun4 2en. Haritos-Fatouros 0ound no evidence o0 sadistic, abusive or aut.oritarian be.avior in t.e Greek so-diers7 .istories #rior to t.eir trainin4. T.is, to4et.er 1it. our stud8 o0 Marine trainin4 and t.e +tan0ord and T.ird =ave studies, -eads to t.e conc-usion t.at torturers .ave nor2a#ersona-ities. 6n8 o0 us, in a si2i-ar situation, 2i4.t be ca#ab-e o0 t.e sa2e crue-t8. &ne #robab-8 cannot train a deran4ed sadist to be an e00ective torturer or ki--er. He 2ust be in co2#-ete contro- o0 .i2se-0 1.i-e on t.e 9ob.