L1

L2

a e = max 100, d f

Projected area

45 o

L1

L2
(b) Two Intersecting Cones

(a) Single Cone

L4

(c) Four Intersecting Cones

Tabulated values of equation (65) are presented in Section 12. The following simplified expressions, which have been derived in Section 12., can be used in place of equation (65) leading to slightly more conservative side covers than those calculated with equation (65). for Grade 4.6 bolts and Grade 250 rods a e = 4 d f when f c = 20, 25 and 32 MPa 100 when f c = 20, 25 and 32 MPa for Grade 8.8 bolts a e = 6 d f when f c = 20 and 25 MPa = 5 d f when f c = 32 MPa 100 when f c = 20, 25 and 32 MPa The requirement of a minimum side cover of 100 mm is based on recommendations of [21], [26] and [39].

6 f c

f uf

(65)

5.4.6.
L4

Minimum embedment lengths

Figure 37 Common bolt layouts (Ref. [47])

The effective projected areas of each anchor bolt layout shown in Fig. 37 is calculated as follows: A ps.1 = effective projected area of isolated anchor bolt (no overlapping of failure cones) as shown in Fig. 37(a) = L 2 1 A ps.2 = effective projected area of 2 anchor bolts with overlapping of their failure cones as shown in Fig. 37(b); = d 2 2 1

The recommended minimum embedment length Ld of an anchor bolt is determined in accordance with the design guidelines specified in [2] adjusted to suit AS 3600. ae

Ld

Lh

2 cos 1(s2L 2) + s L 2 s 2 4 2 2 360

Edge of Concrete Foundation

Figure 38 Hook, embedment lengths and edge distances for anchor bolts (Ref. [26])
The minimum embedment length Ld for an isolated anchor bolt should be calculated as follows: (refer to Fig. 38) Ld = 100 (66) 2 where: = 0.7 (based on in Clause 9.2.3 of AS 3600) f ufA s = 0.33 f c Even if it has been observed that for shallow anchors the angle at the bolt head formed by the concrete failure cone tends to increase from 90 degrees to 120 degrees (therefore increasing the concrete pull-out capacity) a minimum limit of 100mm is here introduced in equation (66) as cracks might be present at the concrete surface. Refer to Section 12. for the derivation of equation (66) and of the simplified expressions shown below which can be used in place of equation (66). for Grade 4.6 bolts and Grade 250 rods d2 + d 2 + 4 f f

A ps.4 = effective projected area of 4 anchor bolts with overlapping of their failure cones. In this case each failure cone overlaps with all other 3 failure cones as shown in Fig. 37(c). = d 2 4 0.75

+ s L 2 s 24 + s 24 2 4 where the inverse cosine term is in degrees.

2 cos 1(s2L 4) 360

5.4.5.

Concrete cover requirements

The cover requirements for an anchor bolt are determined in accordance with [2] and [17] in order to prevent lateral bursting of the concrete which can occur when a bolt is located close to a concrete edge as shown in Fig. 33. The minimum cover to be provided is calculated as follows: [17][2]

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 36 NUMBER 2 SEPT 2002