MECHATRONICS ASSIGNMENT # 1

SUBMITTED TO Dr. Khalid Qamar Submitted by Muhammad Waleed tahir (29) DATE: 06/11/13

Sensors Transducers & audio components: Sensors convert a physical parameter to an electrical signal. Transducers convert energy from one form into another; audio components are special transducers converting acoustical energy into electrical outputs. Accelerometers Sensors used in the measurement and analyzing of vibration, shock and acceleration. Acoustic Sensors) A device used to transform sound energy into electrical energy. Sensor utilizes electromechanical, MEMS, ultrasonics, and other technologies. Applications include military, security audio, range detection, material thickness and/or contamination, etc. Air Flow Sensors A device used to detect speed or velocity of air and convert indication into electrical signals. Sensors may utilize barometers with flow hoods. Applications include medical, HVAC, fuel-to-air ratio sensing, environmental testing, leak detection, etc. Alarms Produce an audible output that can vary according to tone type, audio frequency, and sound pressure. These components are found in alarms, sirens, audio alerts and other audible warning devices. Angle Measuring Sensors Angle measuring sensors are used to determine orientation/direction of a particular object. May incorporate position, tilt, inertial devices, etc. Applications include construction industry, material handling, military, robotics, transportation, etc.

Audio Amplifiers Audio amplifiers amplify low-power audio frequency signals, normally frequencies between 20 Hz20 KHz, to levels suitable for driving loudspeakers and are the final stage in a typical audio playback chain. Audio Equalizers, Mixers and/or Bridges; Crossover Networks Equalizers are adjustable filters that compensate for unequal audio frequency response. Mixers combine audio signals. Bridges mix multiple inputs and feed back composite audio. Crossovers are networks that filter signals into separate frequency bands. Audio Transducers Couple audio data into a form enabling a speaker to produce the sound quality. These transducers may contain either electromagnetic or piezoelectric elements for operation. Aural Warning Devices Used as aural alarm element. May be piezoelectric or electromagnetic. Piezoelectric sounders use metal plate that vibrates with expansion/contraction of piezoceramic element; electromagnetic sounders produce single continuous sound/intermittent tones. Biometric Sensors Used in the determination and recognizability of specific human physiological characteristics. Sensors can be used to analyze fingerprints, facial forms, hand geometry, hand veins, eyes, voice, DNA, etc. to determine a person's identity. Chemical Sensors Detect physical properties of specific target chemicals. Sensed quantities include volume, density, signature or spectra,

conductivity, heat capacity, temperature, refractive index, etc. Applications include medical, environmental testing, security, etc. Computer Speakers Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are small external speakers commonly equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. Current Sensors Current sensors detect either AC or DC electrical currents in wire/cable and then generate proportional signals. Current sensors can detect analog and unipolar outputs in AC currents and unipolar, bipolar, and digital output in DC currents. Current Transducers Current transducers are usually used to describe devices that convert AC or DC electrical current signals into analog instrumentation signals used in industrial control systems. Directional Microphones) Directional microphones, or unidirectional microphones, are sensitive to sounds from only one direction. Spatial response patterns are of the cardioid type, with a narrow microphone response area directly in front of the announcer. Displacement Transducers Displacement transducers indicate distance traveled by object relative to rest position. Usually transducer converts movement of rod or armature into electrical energy. Transducers used in hydraulics, automotive, aerospace, geological applications, etc. Force Transducers Transducers convert tension, compression, and shear forces into a voltage that can be measured. Commonly detected by allowing an

elastic member on the object to deflect or expand, and then measure the positional change with a displacement-type sensor. Gas Sensors Devices used to provide in-line flow sensing to gases and mass flow. Sensed quantities include flow rate, volume, density, leakage, signature or spectra, etc. Applications include medical, HVAC, environmental testing, security, etc. General Purpose Speakers General purpose replacement speakers refer to substitute speakers used to replace existing units that are old, defective, etc. Often substituted for use in consumer electronics e.g. radios, automobiles, intercoms, musical instruments, etc. Hall Effect Generators A Hall effect generator creates an output voltage proportional to the magnetic field strength from a current flow. The Hall effect is used in various sensor devices e.g. for rotating speed, fluid flow, current, pressure, etc. Hall Effect Sensors A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output in response to slight changes in magnetic fields. Commonly used for proximity switching, positioning, pressure, speed detection, fluid flow, and current sensing. Headphones, Handsets & Chestsets Headphones refer to a pair of tiny speakers worn over the ears. When phones are connected to source this allows user to listen to audio. A headset is a microphone/headphone used in telecommunications. Chestsets used with headsets and allow portability. High Fidelity Speakers

High fidelity speakers is a term used by stereo listeners and audiophiles to refer to speakers of high-quality fidelity (frequency response, power handling, etc.) to reproduce sound that is very faithful to the original master recording. Humidity Transducers Humidity transducers measure relative air humidity or water vapor content. These transducers convert humidity changes into a resistance variation, altering signals received into electrical currents or differential electrical signals. Image Sensors Device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. Used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. Sensor is typically a CCD or a CMOS active-pixel sensor. Light sensors, or photodetectors, change light resistance, or produce voltage/current when detecting presence/absence of light source. Applications include photography, communications, military, fiber optics, security, robotics, transportation, etc. Linear, Displacement Encoders Electromechanical devices that can be attached to a shaft to produce a series of pulses indicating shaft position. Encoders often used in industrial servo control applications. Liquid Flow Sensors Liquid flow sensors/transducers determine the velocity flow or quantity of moving fluid. Probe devices interface with moving fluid in-line, insertion, or non-invasive. Common liquid flow indicators include flow sensors, mass flow sensors, and flow meters.

Liquid Flow Transducers Liquid flow transducers determine the velocity flow or quantity of moving fluid. Liquid Level Sensors Commonly found in the automotive, hydraulics, chemical, petroleum, etc. industries. Sensors utilize magnetic, mechanical or pneumatic principles depending upon physical material to be detected. Liquid Level Transducers Liquid Level Transducers utilize magnetic, mechanical or pneumatic principles depending upon physical material to be detected. Magnetic Pickup Transducers Pickup devices act as transducers that capture magnetic changes (e.g. Hall effect sensors), or mechanical vibrations, and convert them to electrical signals. Magnetic Strip Encoders Magnetic strip encoders are used, most commonly, to create controlled access or identification cards and systems. The encoder modifies the magnetism of iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material, thus activating the strip or card. Magnetostrictive Transducers Operate using contraction or expansion of a rod of ferromagnetic material, such as iron, nickel, or cobalt, in a magnetic field. Components used in factory automation, servo controls, and electrical actuation of linear motors.

Microphone Accessories Pertains to all the accessories that are used with microphones in audio systems. Including microphone stands, holders, booms, windscreens, covers, pop filters, etc. Noise-Canceling Microphones Filters out ambient noise from desired sound e.g. in aircraft cockpits. A separate diaphragm picks up ambient noise without picking up intended signal. Then one diaphragm combines out of phase with intended signal from another diaphragm to cancel noise. Omnidirectional Microphones Microphones which are sensitive to audio inputs from all spatial directions. Applications include consumer electronics, choral groups, voice communications, musical instruments, transportation, etc. Piezoelectric Actuators Contain piezoelectric elements and do not contain conventional electromagnetic coils. Uses of these devices are found in alarms, sirens, ringers, signaling devices, etc.