CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

DISPERSION While measures of central tendency are used to estimate "normal" values of a dataset, measures of dispersion are important for describing the spread of the data, or its variation around a central value. Two distinct samples may have the same mean or median, but completely different levels of variability, or vice versa. A proper description of a set of data should include both of these characteristics. There are various methods that can be used to measure the dispersion of a dataset, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. MEASURES OF DISPERSION The measures use to find the dispersion are called measure of dispersion or measures of variation. TYPES OF MEASURES OF DISPERSION 1. 2. Absolute Measures of Dispersion. Relative Measures of Dispersion.

ABSO%UTE MEASURES OF DISPERSION Absolute measures of dispersion are one which gives the amount of dispersion in the same unit as the unit of observations. For example if the observations are in !g the amount of dispersion is also in !g. RE%ATI&E MEASURES OF DISPERSION Relative measures of Dispersion are free from units and amount of dispersion is express in percentage or ratios. TYPES OF ABSO%UTE MEASURES OF DISPERSION The most common absolute measures of dispersion are" i. The range. ii. The mean deviation iii. The standard deviation# and iv. The variance.

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

TYPES OF RE%ATI&E MEASURES OF DISPERSION The most common absolute measures of dispersion are" i. The coefficient of range. ii. The coefficient of mean deviation iii. The coefficient of standard deviation# and iv. The coefficient of variance. THE RAN,E Defined as the difference between the largest and smallest sample values.

One of the simplest measures of variability to calculate. Depends only on extreme values and provides no information about how the remaining data is distributed.

. $%mbolicall% it is given b% R & '( $ )here ' & 'argest value $ & $mallest *alue RAN,E FOR ,ROUPED DATA The range for grouped data ma% therefore be defined as the difference between the upper class boundar% of the highest class and the lower class boundar% of the lowest class. THE COEFFICIENT OF RAN,E The relative measure of range is called coefficient of range and is given b% the formula" +oefficient of range & ' ( $ ,1-'. $

E- m."( # ) Different prices/Rs0 are given below" Rs1 2 1- 12 13 11 P '( + o* +0

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

Find range and coefficient of range. So"/t!o0 R 0'( 1 %2S R 0'( 1 )32)0 1 Rs# 3 CR +R 1 &
L S ,1-L +S 11 1,1-- & 214 11 +1-

E- m."( # 4 Find arithmetic and harmonic mean from the following fre5uenc% distribution" X 6.1 16.1 26.1 36.1 F 1 7 6 3 So"/t!o0 Range & '8$ Range & 36.186.1 & 3CR +R 1 &
L S ,1-L +S 36.1 8 6.1 ,1-- & 29.:24 36.1 + 6.1

E- m."( # 4 Distribution of marks obtained by 100 candidates in an examination is given below: Marks 10-24 25-3 40-54 55-! "0-#4 #5frequency 10 1# 23 2 14 ! $om%ute &i' (ange &ii' $oefficient of range )olution R 0'( 1 5#3255#31 50 CR 1

:.1 ::.1 ,1-- & 72.194 :.1 + ::.1

THE MEAN DE&IATION P '( 4 o* +0

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

The mean deviation is defined as the average of the deviations of the values from an average. /e.g. the mean median or the mode0# the deviations are ta!en without considering algebraic signs. ;t is denoted b% MD.

THE MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEAN The mean deviation about mean of a set of n values <1 <2 =<n is given b% MD &

x x
n

THE MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEAN FROM ,ROUPED DATA ;f <1 <2 =<n are the classes mar!s with f1 f2 =.fn as the corresponding class fre5uencies the mean deviation is given b%

M.D &

COEFFICIENT OF MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEAN The relative measure of mean deviation is called coefficient of mean deviation and it is denoted b% +MD. CMD 1
MD , 1-x

f x x f

THE MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEDIAN The mean deviation about mean of a set of n values <1 <2 =<n is given b% MD &

x median
n

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

THE MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEDIAN FROM ,ROUPED DATA ;f <1 <2 =<n are the classes mar!s with f1 f2 =.fn as the corresponding class fre5uencies the mean deviation is given b%

M.D &

x Median

COEFFICIENT OF MEAN DE&IATION ABOUT MEDIAN The relative measure of mean deviation is called coefficient of mean deviation and it is denoted b% +MD. CMD 1
MD , 1-median

E- m."( # ) Find mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation about mean from the values" 2 6 9 7 1-# So"/t!o0 x x X 6-2 x 7 2 86 6 6 82 2 9 7 2 2 16 6 CMD 1
MD , 1-x

MD &

x x &
n

MD , 1-+MD & x

12 & 2.6 1 2.6 , 1-1 9

+MD & 6-4

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

E- m."( # + Fo8 th( *o""o9!0' *8(:/(0$; <!st8!=/t!o0> C" ss(s F8(:/(0$; So"/t!o0 $" ss(s 182 78111813 16819 1281: Total
x

182 11

78117

11813 22

16819 1-

1281: 9

* 11 17 22 19 29 *
736 29

9 : 12 11 17

F:192 326 111-7 736

x x

x x

1 2 1 6 2

21 39 22 662 22-

fx f

* 11
22* 2+ 29

M.D & CMD 1 CMD 1

f x x & f
MD , 1-x

2 .: , 1-- 1 29.394 11

E- m."( # 4 Find mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation about median from the following fre5uenc% distribution" C" ss(s 182 78111813 16819 1281: F8(:/(0$; 11 17 22 19 So"/t!o0 CB * CF
x median

*
x median

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

6.182.1 2.181-.1 1-.1813.1 13.1819.1 19.181:.1 Total M(<! 0 $" ss 1 /

11 17 22 19 29

9 : 12 11 17

11 33 9229

1 2 1 6 2

21 39 22 662 22-

n 0th value 2 29 Median class & / 0th value & 2

37th value

Median +lass &

1-.1813.1
h

Median Median M(<! 0 M.D &

& & 1

'. f / 8 c0 2 1-.1. ))
3 29 / 8330 22 2

f x Median
22* 2+ 29 MD , 1-median

&

M.D & & CMD 1 CMD 1

2 .: , 1-- 1 29.394 11

&ARIANCE The arithmetic mean of s5uared deviations of the values ta!en from arithmetic mean is called variance. The variance and standard deviation are related indicators of the spread of data within a population or sample. The same distinction exists between the population and sample variance. The population variance and standard deviation denoted 2 and

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

are the deviation among individual measurements from the population mean for the entire population. For the sample variance and standard deviation s2 and s it is how much each individual measurement deviates from the sample mean. As is the case with the mean the population variance and standard deviation are the expected or true deviations. *ariance &$ &
2

( x x )
n

for ungrouped data.

THE &ARIANCE FROM ,ROUPED DATA ;f <1 <2 =<n are the classes mar!s with f1 f2 =.fn as the corresponding class fre5uencies the variance is given b%" *ariance &$ &
2

f (x x) f

for ungrouped data.

STANDARD DE&IATION The positive s5uare root of variance is called standard deviation and sample standard deviation is denoted b% $ and is given b% 6!7 $ 1

( x x )
n

for ungrouped data

2

6!!7

$ 1

f (x x) f

for grouped data.

E- m."( # ) Find variance standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following sample observations" 2 6 9 7 1-. So"/t!o0

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

2 6 9 7 1$ &
2

6-2 x 7 86 82 2 6
2

( x x)
19 6 6 19

( x x )
n

for ungrouped data.

$2 & $ +*

6& 7 1

& &

& &

2.72
2.72 , 1-9

s , 1-x

&

624

E- m."( # + +alculate mean variance standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following fre5uenc% distribution" C" ss(s F 2.182.: 2 3.-83.6 2 3.183.: 12 6.-86.6 21 6.186.: 21.-81.6 12 1.181.: : 9.-89.6 7 So"/t!o0 C" ss(s F ** ( x x ) xx 2.182.: 2 +#7 3#4 4#43 ?#70 3.-83.6 2 4#+ ++#4 )#77 )+#48 3.183.: 12 4#7 ?+#5 0#?5 ))#7) 6.-86.6 21 4#+ )03 0#)) +#7+ 6.186.: 24#7 54 0#04 0#38 1.-81.6 12 3#+ ?+#4 0#43 3#45 1.181.: : 3#7 3)#4 )#47 )+#4+

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

9.-89.6

7 1--

?#+

45#? 434 * 4+53

+#75

++#4) 74#))

fx f

*
2

613 1-26.11 1--

$ &

f (x x ) f
f (x x) f
2

&

&

-.26

$ 1

-.26

-.79

+* &

-.79 , 1-- = 17.:74 6.13

SHORTCUT COMPUTATION OF &ARIANCE AND STANDARD DE&IATION $

2

& &

x ( x)
2

$2

fx f

( fx ) ( f )

for ungrouped data

2

for fre5uenc% distribution

E- m."( # 4 Find variance standard deviation and coefficient of variation b% short cut method from the following sample observations" 2 6 9 7 1-. $olution 2 6 9 7 P '( )0 o* +0 X+ 6 19 39 96

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

140 $
2

1-++0
2

& & & &

x ( x)
2

for ungrouped data

$2 $ +*

22 39 1
7

& 7 & 2.72

s , 1-x

&

2.72 , 1-9

&

624

E- m."( # + +alculate mean variance standard deviation and coefficient of variation b% short cut method from the following fre5uenc% distribution" +lasses 2.182.: 3.-83.6 3.183.: 6.-86.6 6.186.: 1.-81.6 1.181.: 9.-89.6 So"/t!o0 C" ss(s 2.182.: 3.-83.6 3.183.: 6.-86.6 6.186.: 1.-81.6 1.181.: 9.-89.6 * 2 2 12 21 212 : 7 1-F 2 2 12 21 212 : 7 2.2 3.2 3.2 6.2 6.2 1.2 1.2 9.2 613 *1.6 22.6 92.: 1-1 :6 92.6 11.3 6:.9 F-+ 16.17 21.97 232.23 661 661.7 326.67 2:2.61 3-2.12 2129.2-

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

* & & 1 &

fx f

fx f
2

613 1--

4+53
2

$2 S +*

-.26 -.79

( fx ) ( f )

&

2129.2- ( 613) 1-(1-- ) 2

-.79 , 1-- = 17.:74 6.13

SYMMETRY

A distribution or data set is s%mmetric if it loo!s the same to the left and right of the center point. A distribution or data whose mean median mode and median are e5ual is called s%mmetrical distribution or data

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

S@EANESS Departure from s%mmetr% is called s!ewness# TYPES OF S@EANESS There are two t%pes of s!ewness !nown as" >ositive s!ewness. ?egative s!ewness. Pos!t!B( sC(90(ss# ;f the right tail is longer than the left tail the distribution is called positivel% s!ewed. ;n positive s!ewness mean is greater than mode and median lies between mean and median.
,ormal $urve &symmetrical'

.edian .ean

(ig-t-)kewed

N(' t!B( sC(90(ss# ;f the left tail is longer than the right tail the distribution is called negativel% s!ewed. ;n negative s!ewness mode is greater than mean and median lies between mean and median.
,ormal $urve &symmetrical'

.ean

.edian

/eft-)kewed

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

D/(st!o0 # ) For the following measurements" 29 12 26 29 2: 21 33 31 2: 22 +ompute" a0 Range. b0 +oefficient of Range. c0 Mean Deviation. d0 +oefficient of Mean Deviation. A0s# 6 7 )? 6=7 4+E 6$7 4#3 D/(st!o0 # + For the following wages in Rs." 12- 122 121 121 13- 16-. +ompute" a0 Range. b0 +oefficient of Range. c0 Mean Deviation. d0 +oefficient of Mean Deviation. e0 *ariance f0 $tandard deviation. g0 +oefficient of variation. A0s# 6 7 Rs# +0 6=7 7#7E 6$7 Rs#4#58 6(7 Rs#40#)5 6*7 Rs#?#44 6'7 3#0+E D/(st!o0 # 4

6<7 )4#40E

6<7 4#54E

A firm of +hartered Accountants on the basis of their audit reports grouped the assets of 7- @oint stoc! companies in million rupees as follows" Assets 689 987 7811-812 12816 16819 19817 ?o. of firms 2 : 13 311 7 3 +alculate" a0 Range. b0 +oefficient of Range.

A0s#

6 7 Rs# )4 m!""!o0s

6=7 ?4#?4E P '( )4 o* +0

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

D/(st!o0 # 4 The fre5uenc% distribution of the ages of the emplo%ees of a business firm is given below" A'( 1181: 2-826 2182: 3-836 3183: 6-866 6186: 1-816 1181: 9-896 * 2 11: 22 19 19 1 3 2
+alculate variance

D/(st!o0 # 3
A firm of +hartered Accountants on the basis of their audit reports grouped the assets of 7- @oint stoc! companies in million rupees as follows" Assets 689 987 7811-812 12816 16819 19817 ?o. of firms 2 : 13 311 7 3 +alculate" a0 *ariance b0 $tandard deviation. c0 +oefficient of variation.

D/(st!o0 # ?
The average grade of a group of candidates in Aconomics was 76 with a standard deviation of 1-. ;n accountanc% the mean grade of the same group of candidates was 27 with a standard deviation of 7. +ompute the coefficient of variation of economics and accountanc%. ;ndicate for which sub@ect the performance is more consistentB

A0s#

))#5E F )0#4E !0 $$o/0t 0$; .(8*o8m 0$( !s mo8( $o0s!st(0t#

D/(st!o0 # 7 +oefficient of variation of two series are 174 and 9:4 their standard deviations are 21.2 and 11.9 respectivel%. )hat are their arithmetic meansB D/(st!o0 # 8 ;n a surprise chec!ing of passengers in a local bus 2- passengers without tic!ets were caught. The sum of s5uares and the standard deviation of the amount found in their P '( )3 o* +0

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

poc!ets were Rs.2--- and Rs.9 respectivel%. ;f the total fine imposed is e5ual to the amount recovered from them and fine imposed is uniform. )hat is the amount each of them will have to pa% as fineB D/(st!o0 #5 Talent 'td. a Coll%wood casting compan% is selecting a group of extras for a movie. The ages of the first 2- men to be interviewed are 116 19 11 11 91 6: 912 11 12 1: 19 92 12 12 19 16 1: 6:

The director of the movie wants men whose ages are fairl% tightl% grouped around 11 %ears. Deing a statistics buff of sorts the director suggests that a standard deviation of 3 %ears would be acceptable. Does this group of extras 5ualif%B D/(st!o0 # )0 The universit% has decided to test three new !inds of light bulbs. The have three identical rooms to use in the experiment. Dulb 1 has an average lifetime of 162- hours and a variance of 119. Dulb 2 has an average lifetime of 16-- ours and a variance of 71. Dulb 3 has an average lifetime of 131- hours and standard deviation of 9 hours. +alculate +* in each of the above cases in terms of relative variabilit%. )hich was the best bulbB

D/(st!o0 # ))

$tudents ages in the regular da%time MDA program and the evening program of +entral Eniversit% are described b% these two samples" R('/" 8 MBA EB(0!0' MBA

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

21 23 22 21 27 29 23

31 22 621 337 61

Ese a measure of relative variabilit% to suggest which of the two groups will be easier to teach. A0s>Rs#8

D/(st!o0 #)+ The following are the number of defective bolts produced b% two machines" M $h!0( A 2 6 9 1 7 11 3 9 M $h!0( B 3 2 2 11 : 2 1 7

)hich machine showing the more consistent performanceB A0s# M $h!0( A

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

D/(st!o0 # )4 +onsider the following fre5uenc% distribution" C" ss !0t(8B " 1-81: 2-82: 3-83: 6-86: 1-81: Find the mean variance and standard deviation.
6 ICAP S.8!0' +008 M 8Cs 037

F8(:/(0$; 116 26 11 :

D/(st!o0 #)4
A research organiFation selected a sample of 3- visitors to a prestigious shopping mall. The data about the ages of the selected persons have been organiFed into the following table" Age /in %ears0 17 to 23 23 to 27 27 to 33 f 2 2 12 Gou are re5uired to calculate the following" /a0 Range. /b0 $ample variance and sample standard deviation. /c0 +oefficient of variation. 33 to 37 9 37 to 63 3

6 ICAP A/t/m0 +007 M 8Cs 087

D/(st!o0 # )3 ,ormal $urve &symmetrical' The following table shows the distribution of monthl% salaries of a compan%Hs emplo%ees" S " 8; S$ "( 3---831-31-186--6--1861-61-181--1--1811--

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.ean .edian

/eft-)kewed

CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

No# o* 3-2221(m."o;((s Gou are re5uired to calculate" /a0 Mean deviation from Median /b0 +o8efficient of Mean deviation from Median. D/(st!o0 # )?

12-

1--

6 ICAP S.8!0' +00? M 8Cs 07

For the following distribution calculate the variance standard deviation and coefficient of variation" 2- 8 2: 3- ( 3: 6- ( 6: 1- ( 1: 9- ( 9: 2- ( 2: 7- 8 7: * 6 12 1: 21 216 9
6 ICAP S.8!0' +004 M 8Cs 0?7

D/(st!o0 # )7 The mean temperature in Iarachi in the month of Januar% is 190 + with a standard deviation of -.10 +. Kn Januar% 11 the temperature is 60 + standard deviation above the mean. )hat is the temperature on Januar% 11B
6 ICAP S.8!0' +004 M 8Cs 047

Liven" CI *

-86 12

18: 2-

1-816 67

1181: 1-

2-826 2

2182: 3

R(:/!8(<" /i0 +alculate Mean Deviation from Median. /ii0 +alculate coefficient of Mean Deviation from Median.
6 ICAP A/t/m0 +00+ M 8Cs 04G0+7

D/(st!o0 # )8 Find the sample variance sample standard deviation and co8efficient of variation for the following data" $iFe of orders /x0 ?o. of orders /f0 888888888888888888 88888888888888888 2- M 33 3- M 67

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CHEPTER 4

MEASURES OF DISPERSION EXERCISE # 4 BY SHAHID MEHMOOD sm_078@hotm !"#$om

6- M 11- M 99- M 2-

12 9 1
6 ICAP S.8!0' +00) M 8Cs 0?7

D/(st!o0 # )5 The length of 32 items are given below. Find the mean length and the standard deviation of the distribution" %(0'th6!0$h(s7 2-822 23821 29827 2:831 32836 *8(:/(0$; 3 9 12 : 2 6ICAP /t/m0 )555 M 8Cs 047 A0s# +7F 4#)7 D/(st!o0 # +0 The mean of the numbers 3 9 2 a 16 is 7. find the standard deviation of the set of above numbers. 6ICAP S.8!0' )555 M 8Cs 047 A0s# 8

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