Fluid Dynamics

A science that deals with the study of fluids in motion Also known as Hydrodynamics

Fluid Dynamics
An ideal fluid is a fluid that is incompressible (that is, its

density cannot change) and has no internal friction (called viscosity). The path of an individual particle in a moving fluid is called a flow line. If the overall flow pattern does not change with time, the flow is called steady flow.

2 Types of Flow
1.

Streamline flow / Laminar flow

An orderly flow of molecules. They seem to flow a definite path assuming there is no friction

2 Types of Flow
2. Turbulent flow

A disorderly flow of molecules. They tend to collide with one another At sufficiently high flow rates, or when boundary surfaces cause abrupt changes in velocity, the flow can become irregular and chaotic. In turbulent flow there is no steady-state pattern; the flow pattern changes continuously.

Rate of flow/ Discharge, Q

Q = Volume of Fluid / Time of flow

Q = V / t volume flow rate

Volume = Area x velocity x Time

V = Avt
Q = V/t = Avt / t

Q = Av
Units of Q: m3/s, cm3/s, ft3/s

The Continuity Principle

In any streamline flow of fluid, in the absence of

friction, the mass of any fluid passing in any section is constant.

Continuity Principle: Q1=Q2 (Q is constant)

A1v1 = A2v2

Example
Water flows normally with a speed of 2 m/s through a horizontal pipe of diameter 0.2 m . At a point in the pipe, a 0.1 m diameter constriction exists. Find: a) The rate of flow b) The velocity in the constriction

Bernoullis Principle
It states that the work done

on a unit volume of fluid by the surrounding fluid is equal to the sum of the changes in kinetic and potential energies per unit volume that occur during the flow. At any two points (or sections) along the streamline flow of a liquid, the sum of energies is the same / is constant. From the conservation of energy

Bernoullis Equation
or

Example 1
Water flows in a horizontal pipe of cross sectional area

100 m2 and in a constriction of 50 m2. Find the speed of the two sections of the pipe if the difference in pressure of the sections is 300 N/m2.

Example 2
Liquid of 0.8 SG flows in a horizontal tube 5cm in

diameter. In a section where the tube is constricted to 4cm, the liquid pressure is less than the main tube by 15000 dynes/cm2. Calculate the speeds of the liquid in the main tube and in the constriction.

Example 3
Water flows with a speed of 1 m/s through the main

tube of an inclined pipe where the gauge pressure is 3 x 105 N/m2. What is the absolute pressure at a constriction where the area is one half that of the main tube and the center of the constriction is 20 m lower than the main tube.

Toricellis Theorem
Deals with the set-up where you have a large tank with a

narrow opening allowing for the liquid to flow-out. Both the tank and the narrow opening (nozzle) are open to the atmosphere.

v2 2 gh

Example 1
A tank of large area is filled with water. If a hole at the

bottom allows the water to flow continuously has a diameter of 0.5 in and the volume flow rate of the water is 10 gal/min, what is the height of water inside the tank?
(1 gallon = 231 cubic inches) Ans: h= 4.17ft

Example 2
A stream of water leaves an opening at the side of a

tank. If the opening is 6 m above the ground and hits the ground 12 m away.
What is the speed of the water as it leaves the tank? What gauge pressure pushed on it?

Ans: v1 = 10.85 m/s Pg= 58.861 kPa