Promotion of Plastic Design For Steel and Composite Cross Sections

:%\
European Commission
Science Research Development
'-'
technical steel research
Properties and in-service performance
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in
Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers
Report
EUR 18366 en
STEEL RESEARCH
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Edith CRESSON, Member of the Commission responsible for research, innovation, education, training and youth
DG XII/C.2 RTD actions: Industrial and materials technologies Materials and steel
*V;
*'*
I::
Contact: Mr H. J.-L. Martin Address: European Commission, rue de la Loi 200 (MO 75 1/10), B-1 049 Brussels Tel. (32-2) 29-53453; fax (32-2) 29-65987
European Commission
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers
J. B. Schleich,
P.
Chantrain
ProfilARBED-Recherches 66, rue de Luxembourg L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette
B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau

CTICM Domaine de St Paul BP1 F-78470 Sant-Rmy-ls-Chevreuse
J. Anza, E Espiga
Ensidesa and Labein Cuesta de Olabeaga, 1 6 E-4801 3 Bilbao
Contract No 7210-SA/520/321/935
1
July 1993 to 30 June 1995
Final report
Directorate-General Science, Research and Development
1998
EUR 18366 en
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1 998
ISBN 92-828-4894-9
European Communities, 1998 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in Luxembourg
Printed on white chlorine-free paper
PRELIMINARIES
This Guide for plastic analysis has been elaborated in the scope of the ECSC research project
entitled:
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocode 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)"
That international research project has been carried out
by the following partners:
ProfilARBED, Luxembourg: Mr. Philippe Chantrain,

CTT.CM, France:
MM. Bruno Chabrolin, Yvan Galea, Alain Bureau,
ENSIDESA and LABEEN, Spain: MM. Juan Anza, Fernando Espiga,

and with the following subcontractor:
RWTH - Aachen, Germany: Prof. Gerhard Sedlacek, Dr. Markus Feldmann.

Duration of the project: 2 years (from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995).
This Guide for plastic analysis is the separate Annex aforementionned ECSC research project (Ref. 16).
13
or Part II of the final report Part I of the
Acknowledgements are addressed to the Commission of the European Community and to all members of the C.E.C. F6 Executive Committee "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research and in the elaboration of this guide for plastic analysis, especially MM. Klsak Maciej, Linh Cao Hoang, Conan Yves and Mauer Thierry.
Acknowledgements
This research project n P3263 which has been sponsored by C.E.C., the Commission of the European Community, has been performed from 01.07.1993 to 30.06.1995 by the working group composed of :
-
Profil ARBED (coordinator) CTICM (partner)

ENSIDESA-LABEIN (partner)
(C.E.C. Agreement 72 10-SA/520) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/321) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/935)
We want to acknowledge first all the financial support from the Commission of the European Community, as well as the moral support given during this research by all the members of the C.E.C. Executive Commitee F6 "Steel Structures".
Many thanks are also due to all, who by any means may have contributed in this research :
ProfilARBED-Recherches RPS Department (Luxemburg):
MM. Chantrain Ph., Conan Y. and Mauer Th.,
MM. Klosak M.
CTICM (France)
:
and
Linn Cao Hoang (as trainees),
MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y. and Bureau .,

M. Mazuy F. (as trainee),
-
ENSIDESA and LABEIN (Spain)
MM. Anza J. and Espiga F.,

-
RWTH- LfS (Germany)

M. Feldmann M.,
EPFL - ICOM (Switzerland)
M. Couchman G.
Table of Contents
List of Symbols List of Figures

List of Annexes
References
1.
7
11
13 15
Introduction
1.1. 1.2. 1.3.
17
17
17 18
Obj ectives of the research proj ect

Ways and means
Final report
2. 3.
Bibliography
Generalities
3.1. 3.2. 3.3.
19
19
19
Ductility of plastic hinges: concept

Influence of lateral restraint
Guide for plastic analysis
Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability
considerations
22
25
3.4.
26
4.
Available rotation capacity

4. 1 .
33
33
Generalities about available rotation capacity

Test results
4.2.
4.3.
34
Calculation models of available rotation capacity
34
4.4.
5.
Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity
49
67 67 67
67 68 70
Required rotation capacity

5.1. 5.2.
Introduction
Influence of second order effects
Influence of load level (design loads or collapse)
Influences of loading path
Continuous steel beams
Frames
5.3. 5.4.
5.5. 5.6.
72 76 79 80
83
5.7.
6.
Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams
Review of Eurocode 3 rules
7.
Conclusions
Annexes
Annex 2
Annex 3 Annex 4
91
101
121
Annex 5
Annex 6
147 195
Annex 7
Annex
8
207 215 219 229 265

313
Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex ll Annex 12 Annex 13

Annex 14
379
381
Annex 15
Annex 16
395 407
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Latin symbols
A
Atotal
area of gross cross-section
A5.65
percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L0 = 5,65 JA (where Aq is
the original cross-section area)
Ay
Ayy
shear area of cross-section
shear area of cross-section about y-y axis shear area of cross-section about z-z axis
A^
AWeb
ttea. of the web
of H or I cross-section (= A - 2btf)
ASD
b
allowable stress design

flange width of H or I cross-section
concentrated load
CL
d
web depth of H or I cross-section
DL
E
distributed load
modulus of elasticity or Young Modulus
elastic global analysis
concentrated load concentrated load (for which the 1st plastic hinge occurs)
EGA
F
Fi
Fu
ultimate concentrated load
fu
ultimate tensile strength
fy
fy A fy w
h
yield strength
yield strength of the flange

yield strength of the web
overall depth of the cross-section
radius
iz
of gyration of cross-section about z-z axis
I
ly
Iz
moment of inertia of cross-section
moment of inertia of cross-section about y-y axis moment of inertia of cross-section about z-z axis
kr
ku
factor in formula
factor in formula
system length
L
Lgq
equivalent length of member

distance between two adjacent lateral bracing
gauge length of specimen for tensile coupon test
Lj
L0
LTB
lateral-torsional buckling
bending moment
Mpi z
plastic moment capacity of cross-section about z-z axis (= Wpj z fy)

design bending moment applied to the member
Mjd
normal force; axial load

specific term in formula
design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section (= A fy) design value of tensile force or compressive force applied to the member
Nfl
Npi
Nsd
Pc
point load
Ppl
Pu
plastic point load for which plastic hinge appears in 3 point bending beam
PGA
rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis

distributed load distributed load for which the 1 st plastic hinge occurs
q q
qu
ultimate distributed load
R
Rav
rotation capacity of plastic hinge

available rotation capacity of plastic hinge
Rreq
required rotation capacity of plastic hinge

radian ( = unit for rotations;
1
rad
radian =
180
degrees = 57,3 degrees)
tf
tw
flange thickness of or I cross-section
web thickness of or I cross-section
ULS
Vcr
Vp]
ultimate limit state
total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode

design shear plastic resistance of cross-section (=
design shear force applied to the member
elastic section modulus
Ay .fy /3 )
Vga
Wei
We
external work done by the load
Wj
Wpi
internal work absorbed by the structure

plastic section modulus
plastic section modulus about y-y axis
Wpi y
Wpi z
plastic section modulus about z-z axis
major axis of H or I cross-section
minor axis of or I cross-section
2.
Greek symbols
length factor (showing the position of point load)
Ym
YmO
partial safety factor

partial safety factor for bending moment resistance of cross-section partial safety factor for available rotation capacity Rav
Ymr
7
partial safety factor for available inelastic rotation <pav

deflection of a beam
plastic deflection of a beam
elastic deflection of a beam
virtual displacement
coefficient = j
(with fy in N/mm^)
ultimate strain corresponding to fu
ey
yield strain corresponding to fy

length factor (of adjacent span in continuous beam)
inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
characteristic value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge
<pav
<pav.d
9b> 9c
rotation in perfect hinges obtained from an elastic analysis

remaining inelastic rotation in plastic hinges with elastic return
required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at design loads required inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at ultimate loads (related to structural collapse mechanism, instability,...)
:
9remaining
<Preq
9req.d
<Preq.u
<prot
maximal rotation of plastic hinge obtained by the intersection between decreasing part of experimental (-) curves from 3-point bending tests and the plastic moment level Mpi of the profile
load factor
"
critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame critical load factor for elastic instability in a sway frame with hinges
reduced slendemess of member according to lateral-torsional buckling
X\jl
Arax, Xy
maximal load factor (related to structural collapse : mechanism, instability,...)

collapse load factor for first order plastic global analysis
collapse load factor for second order plastic global analysis
factor in formula (=F/(qL))

bending moments ratio for a member (or parts of it) between lateral bracings
ratio between distributed load on adjacent spans
3.
Drawing symbols
perfect hinge
-O
plastic hinge
t7
y
simple support (with vertical reaction)
fr
simple support (with vertical and horizontal reactions)
fully fixed support
10
List of Figures
Figure 1 : Moment rotation curve of 3-point bending beam Figure 2 : Moment rotation curve for different lateral restraints Figure 3 : Flow-chart for plastic global analysis Figure 4 : Parameters influencing the rotation capacity R of plastic hinges Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xoit in (-) curve Figure 6 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (A) Figure 7 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (B) Figure 8 : (-) curve for uniformly loaded continuous beam Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation <pieq in function of slope in (-) curve Figure 10 : Example of fully supported and uniformly loaded beam
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope
Xcrit in (-) curve
Figure 12 : Plastic hinge stability related to negative slope in (-) curves Figure 13 : Flow-chart : Safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in ( - ) curves Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (b = constant) (Feldmann's model) Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <paV (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model) Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on q>aV (h = constant) (Feldmann's model) Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on <pav (Feldmann's model) Figure 19 : Influence of steel grade on Rav (Feldmann's model) Figure 20 : Influence of span length on Rav (Feldmann's model) Figure 21 : Comparison of rotation capacity Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data Figure 23 : Buckling mode related to unbraced length Lt_TB Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length LltB Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lt_TB for different moment gradients Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global buddings Figure 27 : Flange local + web local buddings Figure 28 : Moment diagram and moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system Figure 29 : Equivalent length L to 3-point bending system Figure 30 : Plastic hinge in structures Figure 31 : Summary table (issued from Annex 10) Figure 32 : Equivalent length L for different moment gradients Figure 33 : Concentrated Load Figure 34 : Distributed Load Figure 35 : Bending moment diagrams for concentrated and distributed loads Figure 36 : Lower flange lateral deformation Figure 37 : Continuous beam with distributed loads Figure 38 : Continuous beam with concentrated loads Figure 39 : Portal frame Figure 40 : (-) curves Figure 41 : Evolution of the plastic rotation in a first plastic hinge Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on cprgq at collapse Figure 43 : Continuous beam Figure 44 : Continuous beam Figure 45 : Continuous beam Figure 46 : Design curves Figure 47 : Continuous beam Figure 48 : Design curves Figure 49 : How-chart for "step-by-step method" Figure 50 : Indicative values of required rotation capacity Rreq of plastic hinges in steel frames Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation <preq of plastic hinges in steel frames Figure 52 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / êlastic m function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
11
Annexes
Annex
1:
"Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)"

Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14) "Design of continuous beams allowing for rotation capacity"
(7 pages)
Annex 2: Annex 3:
(9 pages)
(20 pages)
Document 3263-3-12 (LABEIN) "Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation buckling modes moment gradient & LTB restraints influence" Document 3263-3-17 (LABEIN) "Continuous beam simulation"
Documents 3263-3-10 & 32-3-13 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "Numerical simulations of Spangemacher and Seldacek tests" "Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
Annex 4: Annex 5:
(25 pages)
(46 pages)
Annex 6:
Document 3263-2-9 (CTICM) "Numerical simulations performed by CTICM" Document 3263-3-10 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints influence" Document 3263-3-9 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads, distributed loads and biased concrentrated loads"
Document 3263-2-12 (CTICM) "Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak moment"
(12 pages)
(7 pages)
Annex 7:
Annex 8:
(3 pages)
Annex 9:
(8 pages)
Annex 10:
Document 3263-2-6 (CTICM) "Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various types of portal frames"
(38 pages)
Annex
1 1:
Document 3263- 1-27 (ProfilARBED) "Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable- Tests results and models."
Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH) "Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation of plastic hinges" Document 3263-1-36 (ProfilARBED)
(49 pages)
Annex 12:
(66 pages)
Annex 13:
(203 pages)
"Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic

analysis"
- Part - Available Separately (13 pages)
Annex 14:
Documents 3263-3-15 & 3263-3-14 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "Numerical simulations of singular cases" "Numerical simulation of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
Annex 15:
Annex 16:
Document 3263-3-18 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "M - intersection" (simulations) Document 3263-3-21 (LABEIN) (excerpts) "Feldmann's model checking within LTB limits"
(10 pages)
(25 pages)
13
References
Ref. 1:
Eurocode 3, ENV 1993-1-1, Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1, General Rules and Rules for Buildings, CEN European pre-standard. ENV 1993-1-1 : 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3]) : "The use of steel grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994.
Ref. 2:
Eurocode 4, ENV 1994-1-1, Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures, Part 1.1, General Rules and Rules for Buildings, CEN European pre-standard.
Ref. 3:
"Elasto-plastic behaviour of steel frameworks"; by J.C. Grardy & J.B. Schleich, E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/508; Draft of final report, ProfilARBED-Recherches, Luxembourg, August 1992.
"Elasto-plastic behaviour of metallic frameworks- Interaction between strength and ductility" ; by D'Haeyer R., Delooz M., Defoumy J.; ECSC agreement 7210-SA/204; Draft of final report 1992.
Ref. 4:
Ref. 5:
"Elastish-Plastisches verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und

Werkstoffkennwerte"; SedlacekG., Spangemacher R., Dahl W. und Langenberg P/.EGKS-F6 Projekt 7210-SA/l 13; Abschubericht 1992.
Ref. 6:
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)", E.C.S.C. agreements 72 10-S A/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 1, ProfilARBEDRecherches, Luxembourg, March 1994. "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)", E.C.S.C. agreements 72 10-SA/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 2, ProfilARBEDRecherches, Luxembourg, September 1994.
:
Ref. 7:
Ref. 8
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)", E.C.S.C. agreements 72 10-S A/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 3, ProfilARBEDRecherches, Luxembourg, April 1995.
Ref. 9
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)", E.C.S.C. agreements 72 10-SA/520/32 1/935, Technical report n 4, ProfilARBEDRecherches, Luxembourg, September 1995.
:
Ref. 10
"Rotation Capacity of wide-flange beams under moment gradient", by Lukey A.F. and Adams P.R., Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE Vol. 95, n ST 6, pp. 1173-1188, June
1969.
Ref.
11 :
RWTH Thesis of Mr. Feldmann M.
: "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch belasteten Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 0722-1037).
Ref. 12 Ref. 13
"Experimentelle ermitung der Rotationskapazitt biegebeanspruchte I-Profile", by Roik K. and Kuhlmann U., Stahlbau 56, n 12, December 1987, pp. 353-358.
Projekt P169 "Untersuchung der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzen -Verhltnisse auf das Rotations- und Bruchverhalten von I-Trgem"; von Sedlacek G., Spangemacher R., Dahl W., Hubo R. und Langenberg P.; Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung e.V-Forschung fr die Praxis; 1992. EPFL Thesis n1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995 : "Design of continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity."
Ref. 14
Ref. 15 Ref. 16
Ref. 17
"Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams" by Kemp A.R. & Deckker N.W., The structural Engineer, volume 69, n 5/5, March 1991.
PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Y. Galea, A. Bureau, CTICM, France.
"Improved classification of steel and composite cross-sections: new rules for local buckling in Eurocodes 3 and 4", E.C.S.C. agreements 7210-SA/519/319/934, Draft of final report, ProfilARBED Recherches, Luxembourg, January 1996.
Ref. 18
CM 66 - Additif 80 - DPU P22-701 (French code) : "Rgles de calculs des constructions en

acier".
15
Ref. 19
ECCS european recommendations on plastic global analysis of steel structures, R 7, 1976. Excerpt from Chapitre 13 - Calcul plastique des constructions - Volume I Structures dpendant d'un paramtre, 3eme dition, Massonnet Ch., Save M., 1976.
Ref. 20:
Ref. 21 Ref. 22
"Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A. Nethercot, R.M. Lawson, The steel Construction Institute 1992.
EN 10025 + Al : "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery conditions (includes amendment Al : 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10095), August 1993.
EN 10113 : "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN, March 1993.
"Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994.
Ref. 23
Ref. 24
"Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC, ECCS, Trento, 1995.
16
1.
Introduction
Objectives of the research project
Presently in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) (Ref. 1) and in Eurocode 4 (design of composite steel and concrete structures) Ref. 2), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first one refers to mechanical characteristics of steel and the second one to the geometry of the used profiles.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED (Ref. 3), CRM (Ref. 4) and RWTH Aachen (Ref. 5) have allowed to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for conventional steel. The results of these researches have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes 3 and 4 (b / 1 - ratios and its yield stress dependence, fu / fy > 1.2, u > 20. y, Aj > 15 %) are very safe sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels {S 460).
1.1
A new single criterion called rotation capacity allows to quantify the capacity of a profile to develop a plastic hinge without discrimination for high strength steels. This rotation capacity of plastic hinges includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the cross-sections, ductility, deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of welding procedures, influence of defects and, the analysed structure (geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because guides and practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and required rotation capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite crosssections (steel beam collaborating with a concrete slab) and for all the steel shapes included in sales programme and in function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of structures.
These both practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be able to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required rotation capacity fornis structure with the available rotation capacities of the used cross-sections.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and composite cross-sections in Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4, with the support of expertises.
In such
a way the competitivity of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved and with this advantage their market share will increase substantially.
1.2
Ways and means
(1) The following financially independent partners participated in the research project:
ProfilARBED - Recherches, Luxembourg : Mr. Chantrain Ph.

CTICM, France : MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y., Bureau A.
LABEIN and ENSIDESA, Spain : MM. Anza J., Espiga F.

(2) The technical co-ordination was handled by ProfilARBED - Recherches Department "Recherches et Promotion technique Structure (RPS)". It was decided that only one common ECSC report had to be written by ProfilARBED for each period. Each report included the contributions done by different partners during the different four research periods (Ref. 6, Ref. 7, Ref. 8, Ref. 9).
(3) During this research project, the main works were distributed between partners as follows:
-ProfilARBED:
. .
management of the project, comparison of existing design models evaluating available rotation capacities of plastic hinges (see chapter 4.3),
17
development and safety evaluation of models about available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (with RWTH Aachen University as subcontractor) (see Annex 12), development of chapter 1 (Generalities) and chapter 3 (Available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapters 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 and Annex 13),
CTICM:
numerical simulations of continuous beams and frames to evaluate required rotation capacity of plastic hinges (see chapters 5.5 and 5.6 ), development of chapter 2 Oêquired inelastic rotations of plastic hinges) and chapter 4 (Design examples) of the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 5 and Annex 13),
:
- LABEIN
safety evaluation of rotation capacities of plastic hinges (see chapter 3.4), numerical simulations of tests results (see chapter 4.4.1), numerical simulations about nominal cases (see chapter 4.4.2), numerical simulations about beams submitted to My - loading (see chapter 4.4.3), numerical simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter 4.4.4), numerical simulations of double clamped beams (see chapter 4.4.5), numerical simulations about influence of lateral restraints (see chapter 4.4.6), numerical simulations about equivalent length evaluation for continuous
beams (see chapter 4.4.7).
1.3
Final report
The present final report compiles all results of works done in the scope of this research project. This final report presents :
in chapter 2, bibliography,
the concept of plastic hinges ductility, the influence of lateral restraints, . the guide of plastic analysis, . the safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability considerations, in chapter 4, available rotation capacity of plastic hinge (generalities, comparison of design models, Feldmann's model, numerical simulations) ,
in chapter 3, generalities about
in chapter 5, required rotation capacity of plastic hinge (introduction, influence effects, load level and loading path, continuous beams, fimes),
of second order
in chapter 6, review of Eurocode 3 rules, and

in chapter 7, conclusions and proposal for future researches.
18
2.
Bibliography
(1) Collection of information according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2) has been performed by all partners : bibliography, technical reports, papers, results from tests, statistical evaluations, conclusions of previous or in progress researches, existing rules or new proposals of rules, development of calculation models,....
(2) For convenience a specific numbering has been introduced for the documents distributed in the scope of this research project. The list of the numbered documents distributed up to December 95 is given in Annex 1. The convention ofthat numbering is proposed as follows (for example 3263-1-10) :
"number of the project" ("3263"),
"number of the partner" ("1", "2" or "3" respectively related to ProfilARBED, CTICM or LABEIN),
"number of the paper in the chronological order of distribution".
3.
Generalities
3.1
Ductility of plastic hinges: concept
(1) The plastic hinge method may be used for the ultimate limit state design of steel structures subject to static loading.
By this method plastic zones and zones with local buckling are modelled by plastic hinges which exhibit a simplified bilinear moment-rotation-characteristic with unlimited rotation capacities on the level Mpi (plastic moment resistance of cross-section). Hence it is necessary to verify by a rotation assessment that the rotation requirement resulting from the moment redistribution at ultimate limit state does not exceed the actual available rotation capacity.
(2) Using plastic analysis, required inelastic rotation <Preq of plastic hinge can be determined, and computer programs can give directly these values for all plastic hinges in the frame.
On the other hand, tests results, numeric simulations and, now, analytical models and formulae allow to determine an available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge for a given cross-section (see Figure 1). These studies are carried out especially on 3-point bending systems.
The following limit states criterion for ductility in bending (to be checked in all cross-sections) naturally yields for checking the validity of the plastic state of a frame under a given loading:
9req.d
where
9av.d
with
9av.d=JLa
9av
(3.1)
is a partial safety factor to allow for the uncertainties.

<pav
It can be shown that the available inelastic rotation

parameters
:
of plastic hinge depends only on local
material properties (yield strength, ultimate strength, ... )

shape and dimensions of the cross-section
internal forces at the location of the plastic hinge
This criterion (3. 1) is sufficient in so far as the available inelastic rotation <pav can be given by formulae or in tables. The inelastic rotation can be expressed in radians.
19
(3) A great number of authors have preferred to talk about "rotation capacity" (R) instead of "inelastic rotation" (<pav, <Preq) of plastic hinge by introducing an elastic rotation of reference (<ppi) (determined at Mpi level) in order to adimensionalize the problem. It is understood that the available rotation capacity Rav related to the available inelastic rotation <pav in the hinge is to be determined for a 3-point bending system and is given by (see Figure 1) :
Rav _9; av
where
9pl
with
9pl =
_ Mpl.L 2.E.I
L
<Ppi
is the length of the beam is the sum of the elastic rotations (determined at Mpi level) at the ends of the beam. is the plastic resistance moment of the cross-section
is the modulus of elasticity of steel is the moment of inertia of the cross-section
Mpl
E
/2
lF
*'2
j '
Mpi-
9av
/
Tav
9pl
9rot
Figure
1 :
Moment rotation curve of 3-point bending beam
So, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis can also be checked in all cross-sections by the following limit states criterion for ductility in bending which is equivalent to criterion (3.1):
Kreq
<ay_
YMR
(3.2)
(4) The concept of rotation capacity R introduces a supplementary parameter such as the length L of a reference beam. It must be noted that this parameter is a structural and not local parameter. Rreq is to be calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained in chapter 3 of Annex 10.
The available rotation capacity Rav can also be given in tables but it must refer to a particular beam length because (ppi depends on the length.
Because the verification has to be consistent, the required rotation capacity Rreq must be computed by considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav.
As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, difficulties may appear to clearly identify the length of reference in order to calculate <ppi. On the other hand, computer softwares usually provide required inelastic rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till structural collapse (mechanism,...). Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly consists in comparing directly required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of converting those values in rotation capacities R.
Therefore, it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations <Preq) and not the criterion (3.2) with rotations capacities (Rav, Rreq)
20
(<pav>
(5) The proposed method which compares required and available inelastic rotations () or rotation capacities (R) for each relevant plastic hinges, is an alternative to the use of width / thickness limits (rules for classification of cross-sections) existing in Eurocodes 3 and 4 (Ref. 1 and 2) , for the verification of sufficient ductility of plastic hinges.
Eurocode 3 Qêf. 1) provides general rules fnceming rotation requirements of plastic hinges:
" 5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis (...) (2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) (4)
To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a rotation analysis.
For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members
containing plastic hinges shall have class
1
cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
(6) A general flow-chart is proposed in Figure 3 defining the scope of the research project which concerns the evaluation of the ductility of plastic hinges. (7) A table of parameters influencing the rotation capacities of plastic hinges, is provided in Figure 4: required rotation capacity ^required (concerning structures) and available rotation capacity âvailable (concerning cross-sections). More details will be provided in respective chapters 5 and 4. (8) A specific design method has been proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14) for continuous composite beams (see Annex 2 (1/9 and 2/9)).
That design method based on the idea of rotation capacity

includes the influences of all relevant parameters,
is applicable to beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) sections,
gives an uniform margin of safety for all cases,

is suitable for everyday use by practising engineers.
That design method allows considerable increases in beam load capacity for beams with compact or semi-compact critical sections.
Details concerning available and required rotation capacities of composite beams, are given respectively in chapters 4.3.5 and 5.7.
At present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations; ...) are necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids or charts which will help designers in their daily works.
21
3.2
(1) In order to realize the necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have sufficient lateral restraints to ensure that the plastic moment at these hinges locations is not reduced by lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) before a mechanism has formed. Local buckling is controlled by limiting the width/thickness ratios of the flanges and the web; lateral-torsional buckling should be controlled by limiting the unbraced length of the member.
(2) The rotation capacity depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic hinge. Based on tests results (Ref. 10) and on numerical simulations (see chapter 4.4.6), Figure 2 shows, qualitatively, for different L/iz ratios, the moment-rotation relationship of a beam under uniform moment As L/iz decreases, the rotation capacity increases. In order to maintain the plastic moment and provide adequate rotation capacity, the L/iz ratio must be controlled.
Figure 2 : Moment rotation curve for different lateral restraints

where
L
iz
is the member span, is the radius of gyration about minor axis of the member.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic analysis.

(3) On the basis of numerical simulations chapter 4.4.6 presents some conclusions about the combined influence of the moment gradient and the lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity .
22
Flow-chart for Plastic Global Analysis

Type of frame (geometry, boundary conditions, loading, yield strength)
rigid
X^type of joints^
assumption :\
semi-rigid
R required (structure)
Incase of simple frames => tables to evaluate R required
i
I
Choice of cross-sections and joints
o
d
rs
M
'Plastic hinges in beams:

ws
O)
WD
<
S 2
.
4-1
(M) (M, V) interaction (M, N) interaction (, , V) interaction
c
ca
R available (cross-section)
plastic hinges in columns: (M, N) interaction (M, N, V) interaction
>
Plastic hinges in joints
R required is deduced from tables (or results of plastic global analysis) and, R available is issued from tables or formulas: i) ! R required < ( R available / ) \
s
u
'ig
a
fa
ce (
Plastic global analysis of the frame considering the global and local stability (geometry of the frame, boundary conditions, loading, yield strength) => maximum load multiplicator of design loads: Xmax
I
Sufficient bearing capacity of the frame if: >1
O JS
.2 o
J3
e
>
"rt
yes^
R required is deduced from results of plastic global analysis and, R available is issued from tables or formulas: not fuelled R required < ( R available / *)
Notes : R = rotation capacity of plastic hinges / M = bending moment/ = axial load /V = shear force
1)
= tables of Ravailable
: . .
ok if no lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) (if rules of maximum spacing of lateral supports; ...) difficult if influence of LTB
Figure 3 : Flow-chart for plastic global analysis

23
Parameters
1.
Rrequired (Structure)
(Cross-section)
no
âvailable
Geometry of the structure
(X)
2. Geometry of the cross-sections:
2.1. cross-section 2.2. cross-section slendemess: for web and flange of steel profile: d/tw and cAf
2.3. concrete slab reinforcement (amount of rebars): ratio of support to span plastic moment resistance, Mp/Mp

no
X?
if no LTB
2.4. degree of steel-concrete shear connection, N/Nf 2.5. type of slab reinforcement (mesh, rebars)
3. Material characteristics
^(X)
^no
(X)
of different members:
fy (constant or not in the structure)
3.1. yield strength,
3.2. ultimate strength over yield strength ratio, fu / fv
^ J
no no if no LTB no if no LTB no if no LTB
4. Spans & other systems:
4.1. length of beams, L 4.2. length of the moment gradient

4.3. number of spans (continuous beams)
5. Load configuration:
r ^x
>}
M
5.1. distributed loading, g and q

5.2. concentrated loading, G and Q
5.3. distributed + concentrated loading

6. Boundary conditions: supports, connections and hinges

-'
()
() ()
no if no LTB
no if no LTB no if no LTB
no
7. Interaction between bending moment and shear force: M, V

8. Interaction between bending moment and axial load: ,
9. Interaction between bending moment, axial load and shear force: , N, V

10. ratios to load level of the complete plastic mechanism:

no no
10.1. instability load level / plastic mech. load level
10.2. design load level / plastic mech. load level
Note: LTB = lateral-torsional buckling
Figure 4 : Parameters influencing the rotation capacity R of plastic hinges
24
(4) Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitly forbidden by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) but it is related to strength and limited as follows: if the relative slendemess ^ > 0,4, then the ultimate bending moment resistance of the beam (= XLT-Mpi) is lower than the plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2
cross-sections (= Mpi) because the reduction factor %lt is lower than 1,0. The factor Xjjr includes the unbraced length of the member (_). In order to respect the process of plastic analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as regards
strength of frames and rotation capacity of plastic hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition
Xlt ^0,4
:
shall be
fulfilled in all cases.

(5) On the other hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) give some general remarks on lateral restraint
"5.2. 1 .4 (3)
5.2. 1 .4 (4)
When plastic global analysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge locations at which plastic hinge rotation may occur under any load case.
The restraint should be provided within a distance along the member from the theoretical plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
(6) In alternative to Eurocode 3 rule (Xlt), other existing rules defining maximum distances between lateral restraints should be provided to designers : for instance rules from CM66-Additif 80 (French code) (Ref. 18), from ECCS recommendations (Ref. 19) or from SCI publication (Ref. 20).
3.3

As expected in the scope of this research project, a practical tool has been elaborated to help designers concerned by plastic global analysis of steel structures. Softwares already exist to determine the resistance of steel structures according to plastic global analysis, but there is a missing link for complete designs at ultimate limit states : a simple tool for the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges. This gap is filled by the document entitled Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic analysis", (see Annex 13) which has been developed by ProfilARBED for chapters 1 and 3 and by CTICM for chapters 2 and 4. This document focus on inelastic rotation of steel plastic hinge and not on rotation capacity R, as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1.
This stand-alone document of Annex 13 ("Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for plastic analysis") contains the following chapters :
Chapter 1 : "Generalities" ; this chapter 1 presents : the concept of plastic analysis, the concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges, the influence of lateral-restraint, the parameters influencing the inelastic rotation, the design rules for ductility of plastic hinge , the concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation.
Chapter 2 : "Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures" ; this chapter 2 details the influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation, the cases of continuous beams, the cases of frames.
Chapter 3
presents
:
"Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections"
this chapter
Feldmann's model : assumptions, limitations, formulas for different load cases, extension to other load cases, the influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation <pav , tables with <pav values for I and hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB, HEM, UB and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460), graphs with (Dav values for I and H hot-rolled sections and for different steel grades.
Chapter 4 : "Design examples" ; this chapter 4 provides four examples about continuous beam with concentrated load, continuous beam with uniform distributed load, simple portal frame,
25
:
step-by-step method with the help of an elastic analysis program.
Appendix 1: "Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections"; this Appendix gives tables with plastic resistance values for I and H hot-rolled sections (IPE, IPEA, IPEO, HEAA, HEA, HEB, HEM, UB and UC) and for different steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460).
3.4
3.4.1
Safety evaluation for rotation capacities based on plastic hinge stability considerations
Introduction
This section presents a safety evaluation approach for rotation capacities based on considering the stability requirements of the plastic hinge expressed in terms of the required rotation.
This safety evaluation method presented in this chapter 3.4 is provided only for information because our working group selected Feldmann's model to determine <pav values and because which are partial safety factors to be applied to those <pav values, have to be determined in full conformity with usual standardized statistical procedure defined in Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
>
An assessment of the rotation capacity by checking the fulfilment of the following condition is
assumed:
*%
where
7c
(3.3)
is the partial safety factor evaluated by the standardized statistical procedure for test results outlined on Annex of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12).
An improved safety factor is proposed on the basis of calculating an additional value for the factor taking into account the criteria for the plastic hinge stability:
9pi^
where:
<9av
(3.4)
y = max(yc,ys)
(3.5)
and Ys is the partial safety factor to be evaluated from considerations about the requirements stability of the plastic hinge.
for the
The rotation capacity approach used in plastic design assumes implicitly that a given required rotation can be reached by the plastic hinge provided that, in the moment-rotation curve, the value of the moment remains over the plastic moment level (available rotation definition). However, this condition does not guarantee the plastic hinge stability in the structure since this stability depends not only on the moment level corresponding to the required rotation but also on the descendant branch slope of the moment-rotation curve at that rotation.
A value for the critical slope of the descendant branch, Xcnt, will be derived and expressed in terms of the required rotation and the load redistribution factor. On the other hand, the actual value of the slope for the moment rotation curve, at the point where the available rotation is reached, will be expressed, assuming certain simplifications, as a function of the available rotation.
This will allow the checking of the plastic hinge stability (X < XCrit> to be integrated as part of the rotation capacity checking by means of the introduction of a modified safety factor as shown in (3.4)
and (3.5).
26
3.4.2
Stability requirements
3.4.2.1 Critical slope in the moment-rotation curve

The stability of the plastic hinge when reaching a given value of the rotation is not lost provided that the following condition is fulfilled:
X<Xcrit
(3.6)
where X is the actual value of the slope of the moment rotation curve and Xcrit is the critical slope to be evaluated. Xcrit is mainly dependent on the structure and the load conditions and will be expressed in terms of the required rotation capacity and the load redistribution factor.
Mi k
Mpi.
kf
^^^\ k ^ <~STABILITY
^p X>Xc~INSTABILITY
**
-3
Kp
>*
Figure 5 : Definition of critical slope Xcrit m (-) curve

3.4.2.2 Stability requirements: built-in beam uniformly loaded
In the first stage (A), the load is incremented until the moment at the end locations, Mi, reaches the plastic moment level, Mpi .
Figure 6 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (A)
The load and the end moment Mi at the plastic hinge formation moment are: 12. M pi
v=
-7f
Ml = Mpl
From this point on, the beam ends can be assumed to behave as elastic supports with a variable stiff ness, K(<pi) determined by the slope of the moment-rotation curve associated to the plastic hinge. The case for this boundary conditions can be solved by superposition of the two cases indicated: the simply supported beam (B-I) and the built-in beam (-), imposing additionally the compatibility relationship
between the angle and the moment .
27
Kr
.W
AR
*?
>
AR
(B-g
is
(t
() =
aP=aR+/P, ,= *
Figure 7 : (-) curve for fully supported and uniformly loaded beam (B)
Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be derived:
24. E. I
.,
f\
() =
.2
,= .fl + - ^-. 1 24.. I 2.. m;J
The plastic hinge will start to loose the stability at the moment in which an increment in the angle may occur without applying any external force:
12;
<0
-* K<
-2.E.I L
X>
E.I
3.4.2.3 Stability requirements: continuous beams

The plastic hinge instability condition derived in the previous paragraph can be generalised for the continuous beam case following an analogue procedure.
Mpi
2*s
,
#
plastic hinge

AR
= +2
=().
,
AR
L
28
It
Figure 8 : (-) curve for uniformly loaded continuous beam
When the plastic moment level (Mpi) is reached, the plastic hinge can be assumed to behave as a tor sional elastic spring with a variable stiffness, () determined by the slope of the moment-rotation curve. The new case can be solved by superposition of two cases as indicated: the first one introducing a simple support at the plastic hinge location (B-I) and the second keeping the original boundary condi tions (B-II). In addition, the compatibility relationship between the angle and the moment needs to be applied. Thus, an expression for the angle in function of the total load can be derived:
0) ^
^,. ] 1=.2 2=()..1-,1 =

= . =
C9-CM
CM + Kfai).^
+().
Cm
The plastic hinge will start to loose the stability at the moment in which an increment in the angle may occur without applying any external force:
<0
c9
x>
Cm
2.C,<P
Next, this critical value for the slope in the moment-rotation curve will be expressed as a function of the required rotation. Let (preq the required rotation at the plastic hinge to be checked. As the required rotation is calculated under the hypothesis of elastic perfect-plastic global analysis, the moment incre ment between the points A and is assumed to be null.
M1
Mp,
k.
<P*z
-*
to
Kp
Figure 9 : Definition of required rotation (freq in function of slope in (-) curve
AM = 0 -4 2| = 0 -> APJJ = )
=
and the increment
-> |* = .||
2.1| =2.<:.
following way:
of the external load can be

| A = Kp .
expressed in terms
of a load redistribution factor in the
where Kp = load redistribution factor
being the value of the external load at the moment of reaching first Mpi (A):
9req
~~
Mpl = CM.P
Kp"
2.C
CM
1<P_
Mpl=Rreq-9pl
29
Therefore, the critical slope becomes:
Amt Lcnt
_ CM _ KP
2.C<p
(Pjgq
Rreq 9pl
3.4.2.4 Plastic hinge stability condition: example

The built-in beam case is taken for evaluating the critical slope value to be considered in the checking of the stability of the plastic hinge.
Figure 10 : Example of fully supported and uniformly loaded beam

The calculation of the required rotation capacity Rreq and the load redistribution factor Kp follows:
Mi =
M2 =
RU
12
= MD,-P =
pl
12.M pi
2 =
=
Lz
8
. =
MDl
2
S-
->
= 0,33
P.L2 _ M mpi 24
1
4.
^->=
Mpl.L
Rreq
_ 9pl =
Mpl.Lpl
.
and evaluating the critical slope value
V3 for the moment-rotation curve as previously described:
'Lpl = 1-
1,58
91
Figure 11: Definition of critical slope Xcrit 'n (-) curve

Rreq
~~
158
Kp = 0,33
->Xi,= Lcnt
-2- = 0,21
Teq
30
3.4.3
Plastic hinge stability checking by the safety factor approach
An expression of the actual slope of the moment-rotation curve at the point of crossing down the Mpi level as a function of the available rotation, X = X(<pav), can allow the checking of the plastic hinge stability (X < Xcrit) to be integrated as part of the rotation or rotation capacity checking. An alternative safety factor ys to be introduced in the standard rotation checking will be derived from the stability
requirement:
***?
y = max(yc,Ys)
where Yc is the partial safety factor derived from statistical evaluations on test results and ys is the partial safety factor to be evaluated from the stability criteria
A number of assumptions will be considered about the moment-rotation curve in order to derive the required relationship for the slope:
1.
The ultimate moment is taken to be the plastic moment multiplied by a constant . The available rotation is dependent on the rotation value at the ultimate moment level through the constant Kav. The slope of the curve at (fret is taken to be two times the slope corresponding to a descendant straight line between (<pu, My) and (%0t, Mp]).
2.
3.
Figure 12 : Plastic hinge stability related to negative slope in (-) curves
M
pl
(1+)
9av~Kav9u
Taking into account these relations the plastic hinge stability condition can be expressed in the follow ing way:
L- (Kav-l).<pu 2 - 2* (Kav-l)-<pav pl
,
-r-rit Lcnt
_ CM _ KP .JV1 M
2-C
9av > 9req

Ys
9req
2.K a* av
(Kav-l) Kp
31
Taking the following realistic values for the parameters involved in the formula:
Kav =2
Kp
a safety
=0,2 =1/3
factor yc = 2,4 is obtained from the stability requirement
3.4.4
Flow chart: safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking based on the plastic hinge stability approach
CROSSSECTION MATERIAL
STRUCTURE
LTB conditions
RftEQ
KD
FU or Tj,
J =MPX\yc
,8
*r
REQ
Rmv
t>
Figure 13 : Flow-chart : Safety evaluation for rotation capacity checking

32
4.

Generalities about available rotation capacity
Definition of rotation capacity:
The "three-point bending beam" model, which is investigated, consists of a simply supported beam with a concentrated load at mid-span.
4.1
As the load increases, a plastic hinge appears under the load; the plastic hinge is usually accompanied by local buckling of the compressed parts of the cross-section.
The bending moment M in the hinge is plotted versus the sum of the two rotations at supports. Then the available rotation capacity âvailable CSJ1 be deduced.
Referring to the following graph, the commonly accepted definition of available rotation capacity âvailable (Rav) is given (with different designations) as :
M.max
Test curve
Mpi
Elasto-plastic bilinear model
= +; inelastic
Figure 14 : Definition of parameters in ( - ) curves
R
Kav where
_9av
9pl
or
p
vav
_ 9rot
9pl
9pl _ 9rot _ elastic 9pl

e
is the bending moment in the plastic hinge, is the theoretical plastic resistance bending moment of the cross-section,
33
Mpi
(= = eelstic)
is defined as the particular elastic rotation (= level (upwards intersection),
(Prot
) related to the theoretical Mpi

level
is defined as the largest rotation (downwards intersection) and,
(= ) related to the theoretical Mpi
9av (= 9rot = înelastic = = av) is the available inelastic rotation of the plastic hinge,
(= )
is a rotation defined as the sum of the rotations of both extremities of the beam; = + 2 (see Figure 14), in the case of three-point bending tests .
4.2
Tests results
(1) The following 90 available 3 point bending tests results according to major axis yy are provided in Annex 1 1. Those tests were used to compare Feldmann's and Kemp's models (see chapter 4.3) :
15 tests
from Lukey and Adams (USA) (Ref. 10),
20 tests from Roik and Kuhlmann (Bochum, Germany) (Ref. 12),

26 teste from Sedlacek (RWTH Aachen, Germany) (Ref. 5 and 13), 29 tests from CRM (Lige, Belgium) (Ref. 4),
hi the tables of Annex

steel grade)
:
11
the models values are calculated with measured characteristics (geometry,
9rot}
<=
) (Feldmann's model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Kemp's simp. (= Kemp's simplified model),
Ravailable (= Rav) predicted Feldmann (= Feldmann's model),
(2) In Annex 12 a more complete database of tests results is presented and used in order to evaluate partial safety factors for Feldmann's formulas related to different load cases (My, Mz, N-My).
4.3
4.3.1
Calculation models of available rotation capacity

Feldmann's model for steel sections
4.3.1.1 Generalities about Feldmann's model

(1) As presented in chapter 3.1, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis of a frame under a given loading can be checked in all cross-sections by evaluating the ductility of plastic hinges either (3.1) with plastic rotation, or (3.2) with rotation capacity :
9req.d
^ 9av.c[
Rav
,
with
9av.d
(3.1)
or,
r>
where
p
av
_9av
~ m 9pl MpiL
(3.2)
and
in reference to the 3-point bending system.

34
* = 2EI
(2) Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out because the rotation capacity could only be determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. The background document to Eurocode 3 which is enclosed in Annex 12 presents a simple procedure developed by Feldmann M. (Ref. 11) for calculating the available inelastic rotation <pav as well as the available rotation capacity Rav of plastic hinges, from formulae for static (monotonic) loading up to the ultimate load.
(3) The basis of Feldmann's method is the modelling of the non-linear buckling phenomena in the yielding zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way. Formulae have been developed for the rotation capacity of I-profiles and -profiles in bending about the major and the minor axis, for bending with and without shear as well as for bending with axial force (Ref. 11) (see Annex 11, Annex 13 or chapter 4.3. 1.2). The reliability of those formulae is proved by a comparison with tests results (see Annex 12). These new formulae permit to apply the plastic hinge method to cross-sections and steel grades which so far have been excluded from plastic design by the limitations of b/t ratios which characterize the classification of cross-sections.
(4) ProfilARBED applied Feldmann's formulae for I and H hot-rolled cross-sections submitted to bending about major axis My, to bending about minor axis Mz and to combined axial compression and bending about major axis N-My .
The "Guide for plastic analysis" included in separate Annex 13 provides practical tables and graphs with characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge for European I and H hotrolled cross-sections (TPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M) and for all steel grades (S 235,
S 275, S 355, S 420, S 460).
(5) The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (tv are mainly influenced by the dimensions of the cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange (see Figures 15 to 18). Rotation capacity Rav is dependent on (j)av but is also function of related to the span length Lspn (see Figures 19 and 20).
<Pav
0,2
[rad]
0,18
,;
0,16 -
0,14 -.
0,12 -0,1
-.
0,08 -. 0,06
fy = 320 MPa h = 027 m

b = 0,135 m tw = 0,0066 m
..
0,04 .. 0,02 ..
bAf
-410 12 14
16
18
0 -8
20
22
24
26
Figure 15 : Influence of flange slendemess on 3 (b = constant) (Feldmann's model)
35
<Pav[rad] 0,14 _
fy = 320 MPa
0,13
h = 0,27 m b = 0,102 m tw = 0,0066 m
0,12 -.
0,11
--
0,1
12
16
20
24
28
32
Figure 16 : Influence of flange slendemess on <pav (tf = constant) (Feldmann's model)
av[rad]
0,18
-,
0,16 0,14 0,12
0,1 -
0,08
0,06 0,04
0,02
fy = 320 MPa
h = 0,27 m b = 0,135 m tw = 0,0102 m
15
dAw
20
25 30
35
40
45
Figure 17 : Influence of web slendemess on
(pav (h =
constant) (Feldmann's model)
36
0,2 Tav
0,18
-
0,16
IPE 270
0,14
0,12 .
0,1
-
0,08 0,06
0,04 0,02
0
fy [MPa]
275
315 355 395
235
435
475
Figure 18 : Influence of steel grade on
q>av
(Feldmann's model)
Figure 19 : Influence of steel grade on Rav (Feldmann's model)
37
20
16
--
270
12
--
-.
4 -.
L span [m]
0
-i
I 1
lili
Figure 20 : Influence of span length on Rav (Feldmann's model)
(6) Feldmann's model (see Annex 11) delivers always positive values of fev and Rav for all considered profiles and steel grades, because no limits are imposed to the model. In the "Guide for plastic analysis" (chapter 3 of separate Annex 13) tables and graphs which provide available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges for different profiles and steel grades, furnish zero values if concerned cross-sections are not Pass 1 or 2 (= "plastic" cross-sections) according to present rules of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1). Those rules are too conservative as shown in another research project (Ref. 17) but no improved alternatives are officially proposed at the present time. (7) Feldmann's model does not take into account the lateral-torsional buckling and its interaction with local buckling. Consequently its field of application should be limited to structures where lateral-torsional buckling is prevented with sufficient lateral restraints. Anyway the same condition has to be fulfilled when doing plastic global analysis of a structure : no instability phenomena (local and global Ducklings) can appear before the occurrence of last hinge forming the articulated mechanism of collapse (see chapter 3.2, chapter 4.4.4 and separate Annex 13). (8) Several numerical simulations have been performed to check the validity of Feldmann's model
:
comparison with tests results (see chapter 4.4. 1), simulation of normal cases without tests results (see chapter 4.4.2), check of formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for beams submitted to combined My - loading
(see chapter 4.4.3),
check of lateral-torsional buckling limits for Feldmann's model (see chapter 4.4.4).
(9) Partial safety factor:
In the scope of Feldmann's model, the values of partial safety factor have been determined by statistical evaluation of available tests results (see Annex 12). The values of partial safety factor yt<p applied to 3 have been evaluated (see option 1 of Annex 12 considering formula (3.1) as a single standing ultimate limit state check) independently from () which applies to the plastic resistance bending moment of the cross-section Mpi (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and Appendix 1 of Annex 13 for tables with plastic resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpi.y.Ra, Mpi.z.R<j, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic hinge ductility (3.1), using respectively :
38
the design value of plastic bending moment for the resistance of cross-sections : MplJld = Mpi/TMo . with partial safety factor ymo according to Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) ( Ymo = 1,1) or to NAD's values, and,
the design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges : 9av.d = 9av / . with the proposed design model in chapter chapter 4.3.1.2 for <pav values (Ref. 11) and with related partial safety factors for different load cases :
Load cases
Formulas
of chapter
4.3.1.2
1,52 1,73
j My
Bending about yy major axis

Bending about zz minor axis
(4.1) & (4.3) (4.2) (4.4)
j Mz
2,02
^-y
My-
Bending about yy major axis combined with axial compressive force
(10) Steel grades:
All steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part 1.1
can be applied in the formulas
235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests results with steel grades m that range (see Annex 12).
Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) allows for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 101 13 (Ref. 22) as given in following table :
Nominal
Steel grade
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm
40mm<t< 100 mm
A5.65
y
EN 10025
standard
S 235 S 275 S 355
fy
[Mpa]
235 275 355
fu
[Mpa]
360 430 510
fu/fy
[-]
1.53 1.56 1.44
fy
[Mpa]
215 255 335
fu
[Mpa]
340 410 490
fu/fy A5.65
[-]
1.58 1.61 1.46
ey
[%]
26 22 22
0.11 0.13 0.17
[%]
24 20 20
[%]
0.10 0.12 0.16
EN 10113-3
Standard
S 275 M S 355 M S 420 M S 460 M
275 355
390
420 460
490 500 530
1.42 1.38 1.19 1.15
24 22
19 17
0.13 0.17 0.20 0.22
255 335 390
430
370 470 500 530
1.45 1.40 1.28 1.23

J,
24 22
19 17
0.12 0.16 0.19 0.20
Note:
*) t is the nominal thickness of the element : - of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf ), in general, or - of the particular elements of welded sections
^7^
*
1
1
1
^ -
"t
39
Remark 1: about nominal values of yield strength fy
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 (Ref. 1) gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy - for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22) (thickness ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to 63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from 80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see following figure). As Eurocode 3 always provides yield strength f y equal or greater than values guaranteed by the specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113), the available inelastic rotation <pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided (equal or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fy of EN 10025 or
EN 10113.
Minimum guaranteed yield strength RcH (or Rp0,2) m function of nominal thickness t of material
Steel grades' RcH(orRpO^) [Mpa]
S 460
4 60
460
440
430
430
S 420
-42
420
-
410
400
390
390
400
S 355
355
355
370
360
345
335
335 340
325 315
S 275
275
-ZU
265
^
1
255
255
1
S 235
235
235
225
245
2/5
215
235
225
195
t {mm]
150
]6
40
63
80
100
Legend:
.
-EN 10113 ( for S 275, S 355. S 420 & S 460 steel grades). Euroc ode 3 specifications (for S 235, S 2?5,S3SS,S420& S 460 steel grades).
Remark 2: about overstrengthening of steel material
The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater than the nominal values of the steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 (Ref. 21) and EN 10113 (Ref. 22). As presented in this chapter 4.3.1.1 clause (9), a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety factors ^ related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in chapter 4.3.1.2 (see Annex 12). That statistical procedure took into account the difference between nominal and expected value of steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by increasing the yield stress of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target (i.e. the design load level) remains using the nominal yield values (Ref. 24) ( see following figure : <preq.over < 9req ) Ttms witn resp^ t0 safety the unexpected overstrengthening is well considered.
40
Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are greater than the
nominal yield stress
iHiiimmimnfTTTTrmr
--
i^reqWi
4.3.1.2 Feldmann's formulas for values of <pav

(1) Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. type of load: concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My),
B. type of load: concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M),
C. type of load: concentrated load with combined axial compressive force, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My - N).
In all formulas
fy.fi
fy.w
=150 MPa,
= yield strength in flange must be introduced in MPa, = yield strength in web must be introduced in MPa,
= modulus of elasticity (= 210 000 MPa),
E
Npi
= plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=Afy), = plastic resistance moment of cross-section (=Wpi fy),
Mpi
A = sectional area of cross-section.

Available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge are given in radians[rad].
(2) The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor to obtain design values of available inelastic rotations <pav.d ( = <Pav/YM<p)f plastic hinge. (3) The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different kind of loads and or I cross-sections. The practical extension to more complicated spans arrangements and other load cases is presented in Annex 13.
41
..
type of load:
concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
Plastic folding mechanism in compression flange of beams submitted to bending about major axis yy (Ref. 11):
5,2
4
f ,
V400
^
M
+ 0,25 (
17"
- ^.whtw + -J(^.whtw )
+ 4fy-wbtf twMa
[rad]
(4.1)
15.
type of load:
concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
42
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about minor axis zz (Ref. 11)
This formula is only valid when stiffeners are applied at the loading point.
Wpi.zfy
2tf
<Pav
(h-2tf)twfy-w
[rad]
(4.2)
= , +
}|.+)
0.2
;
where
?1 =
('-f)
i = length of the beam.
In practical cases the ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume the safesided value of , = <2
v.".
type of load:
concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of cross-section combined with axial compressive force
43
Plastic folding mechanism in H beams submitted to bending about major axis yy combined to axial compressive force (Ref. 11) :
Limit of application of these formulas is set to N/Npi < 0,5.

To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered
if
A-2btf f _ A ^ ^web < sN Pl V A total J
then the neutral axis should be in web and
<pav is
evaluated from (4.3)
>-^
neutral axis
<-N
)My
r
<Pav
CI)
j
fy.w ht w + (fy.w ht w J
5,2
f 4Ebr3
i
ry.fl
400
+ 0,25 (fy-fl +Aa)bh
5h
+ 4fy .w bt f l w
[rad]
(4.3)
if
A-2btf > Pi
_ Aweb
V
Atotal )
then the neutral axis lies in flange and 3 is calculated
from formula (4.4):
f* <-N
v.
JMy
neutral axis
>
[rad]
where:
(4.4)
is the applied axial load
MN.y = WpLyfy
1-
i-JL a_^, A-2btf

2A
with the limit MNy <Mply(=WpLy fy)

(see Eurocode 3 [3]
(4.5)
13)
or Appendix
of present Annex
44
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfy.fl
XM
(4.6)
-' 2b
1-
Af,
(4.7)
yj
(4.8)
_ 4EbtS
Pc 51?"
Pu
= btf(fy.fl+a)
(4.9)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (4.3) and (4.4) for q>av- Niimit is related to the case where neutral axis hes in the border between the web and the flange of the crosssection.
h-tf
neutral axis
<-N
JMy
Niimit=(A-2btf)fy.w
4.3.2
(4.10)
Kemp's model for steel sections
(1) Kemp and Dekker have developed two models for predicting the rotation capacity of steel beams (Ref. 15). The first proposed model is based on a theoretical consideration of the strains in the section and of the length of plastic region of the flange for which local buckling is assumed to occur. Complicated formulae of the first model are given for information in Annex 11.
The second model is a semi-empirical approach, which is based on comparisons with tests results and results produced using the first theoretical model. More details are given about the second simplified model in Annex 1 1 .
(2) ProfilARBED has applied formulae of Kemp's simplified model for I- and H-cross-sections submitted to bending according to the major axis (3 point bending beams), in order to evaluate available rotation capacities (Rav) (see Annex 11).
4.3.3
CRM's model for steel sections
(1) The available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges has been studied by statistical evaluation of tests results and by observation of buckling mechanisms. The ratios tf/d, h/b and fy/fy have been demonstrated being the most significant. A model is proposed for I and cross-sections submitted to bending according to major axis yy (see Annex 1 1 and Ref. 4).
4.3.4
Comparison between models of <pavaiiable fr steel sections
(1) Comparison has been made between 26 experimental results on steel section and calculation models determining available rotation capacity, allowing local buckling: the Kemp & Dekker theoretical and simple models (K & D simp.), the Johnson & Chen best fit (J & best) and lower bound (J & lower) models, and the Spangemacher & Sedlacek (S & S) model (see Figure 21a), issued from document 3263-1-19: "Design rules for continuous composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel sections Applicability of EC 4").
45
Kemp & Dekker simple model appears to be more appropriate, because :

the calculated rotation capacity is nearly always less than the tests results (meaning that the model is conservative),
the spread of errors is less than for the other models (better scatter of values).
Kemp model and others give relative precise values of the ultimate load of the tested beams (differences of 5 %) but provide less precise values for >0, the largest rotations which are decisive to evaluate the
available rotation capacities.
(2) On the other hand, Feldmann's model which has been recently developed (Ref. 11), intends to determine as accurately as possible the values of <Pr0t and hence to furnish the values of available inelastic rotations <pav which can be directly compared with required rotations <Preq provided by global plastic analysis. Afterwards rotation capacities (Rav) can be deduced from these plastic rotations (<pav) if
needed.
(3) ProfilARBED compared the efficiency of both models on the basis of a databank of tests reults (see chapter 4.2 and Annex 1 1).
Therefore rotations capacities are compared with tests results in Annex
11
as
follows
R experiments are plotted versus R models (Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified model and CRM's model) (Figure 21 b)) and Annex 1 1)
experimental results with >60, meaning !zc*e occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling (see clause 3.2 (5)), are excluded,
assumptions for Feldmann's model
:
assumptions
1zc^
for
Kemp's
simplified
model
11
experimental
results
with
^-<20^-> 100 are excluded (see Annex

zc^
or Ref. 15).
in (Ravaiiable - Lspan(= span length)) graphs (Annex 11), the curves are calculated with nominal dimensions of profiles and measured yield points in using Feldmann's model, Kemp's simplified model and Kemp's theoretical model; experimental results are given and local values of models with measured geometry are sometimes evaluated.
(4) Conclusions
:
In order to elaborate practical tables or charts for designers, the working group of this research project has preferred Feldmann's model to Kemp's model and CRM's model for the following reasons, on basis of presented databank of tests results (see chapter 4.2) :
more results from Kemp's model are on the unsafe side, even if extreme cases of tests are excluded (see Figure 21b) and Annex 11),
with Feldmann's model the evaluation of ductility of plastic hinges can be carried out by comparisons with either inelastic rotations (pav or rotations capacities Rav; and, on the other hand as explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, the criterion (3.1) comparing inelastic rotations <pav should be easier to use instead of criterion (3.2) comparing rotation capacities Rav,
Kemp's model assumed (see Ref. 15) that the ratio between <p^ (= <pav) and %iax was typically equal to 2,0; Figure 22 shows that there is no representative value for that ratio, Kemp's model and CRM's model are only applicable to My loading case (bending about major axis) whereas Feldmann developed formulas for My (bending about major axis), Mz (bending about minor axis) and N-My (combined axial load and bending about major axis) loading cases, Feldmann's model is related to partial safety factors evaluated from statistical procedure according to Annex of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) (see Annex 12); this model is directly applicable according to Eurocode 3 philosophy of ultimate limit states.
46
av. experiments
20 -
15
SAFE
^ /
>o
w
10
y
K&D simp. J&C best J&C lower
S&S
"VM**
5
fl*
UNSAFE|
1
fill
)
10
15
20
R av. model
(Spangemacher and Sedlacek values (S&S) given for fu / fy = 1,4)
a) : Comparison
of rotation capacity from tests results and from various models
R av. experiments
24 23 22
21
X CRM's model
20
19 18 17
Kemp's simplified model

Feldmann's model
16
15
14 13 12
11
10 9 8
7 6
5
4
3
2
1
0 0
1
6 7
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R av. model
b) : Comparison of rotation capacity from tests results and from models of CRM, Feldmann and Kemp
Figure 21 : Comparison of rotation capacity

47
Author Test N
dl6b3m dl9a4m
d20b4m d01a4m d02b4m d09a3m
Rm
17.0 11.4 6.8
Rav
22.5 20.0 13.2 6.4 7.8 18.9 19.8 32.9 12.0 9.3 15.4 2.8
1.5
Author
TestN
A-2
Ymax
()
(1)
B-l
B-2 B-3 B-4 B-5
5.0 6.0
13.6 18.7 15.6 5.1 2.8 5.7 1.6
dl0b3m
EA22312 EA2233 EA2234 EA22412 EA2243 EA2244 EB28312 EB2833 EB2834 EB28412 EB2843 EB2844 EA28312 EA2833 EA2834 EA28412 EA2843 EA2844
C-l
C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5
0.6
18.9 19.8 16.5
45.4 34.1 20.5

15.8 9.5 8.3 50.4 19.0
D-6 E-6
0.122 0.028 0.048 0.051 0.030 0.029 0.023 0.048 0.029 0.021 0.031 0.062 0.036
0.272 0.042 0.120 0.092 0.052 0.048 0.049 0.112 0.078 0.045 0.068 0.136 0.083
4.3 4.3
4.6
14.8 8.3
4.6
5.3
1.5 1.3
6.4
16.5
CRM
2
3
6.0
15.0 7.9 19.1
4
5
6
7 8
7.8 6.9
13.3
9
10
11
12
13 15 17 18
19
20
21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
20.7 9.2 6.9 12.2 9.1 6.4 8.0 8.95 9.2 8.5 5.6 10.49 8.2 8.1
6.0
6.25
4.6 4.6
8.5
4.4
10.5 17
6.4 4.1 11.25 23.4 12.2 28.4 17.7 17.6 23.3 40.4 15.2 11.4 21.5 13.5 9.3 11.6 11.5 12.8 9.5 8.3 14.35 12.9 12.5 8.6 8.7 6.1 6.75 8.5 5.7
15.3
max
_?rot Rav
(PD
R_ m Lm
rmax
R Kav _ M 9rot
m
9max
20
I
fa.
i5
io
o nSl ~ _*
5 "i o J,o o m S s- <" S <". . S . -*-1 _^ c<x c<^ r^ o-*
o o
32
Rav/Rm
Figure 22 : Ratio of Rav/Rm for experimental data
48
4.3.5
Couchman's model for composite cross-sections
(1) The purpose of the thesis of Mr. Couchman (Ref. 14) is to investigate the behaviour of continuous composite beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) critical sections. (2) The software Compcal developed at EPFL has been used to compute the available rotation capacities of beams with plastic and compact sections by introducing Kemp's model (Ref. 15). A wide variety of parameters have been chosen to study the influential factors to the available rotation capacities. These factors were :
slendemess of the cross-section,
reinforcement at the support, represented by the ratio of hogging to sagging plastic resistance moment (the plastic moment ratio),
structural steel characteristics,
slip between the steel and concrete,

degree
of shear connection between the steel and the concrete,
ductility of shear connectors,

span lengths,
number of spans,
ratio of adjacent span lengths,

type and arrangement of loading,
propping of the beam during construction.

The influence of parameters which are related to the composite section, or length of beam in hogging, on available rotation capacity has been shown, and a single variable can be used to represent all such individual parameters (see Annex 2 (3/9) and (4/9)). All parameters which affect available rotation capacity should therefore be allowed for in a design model, which is not the case for simplified methods of analysis such as those proposed in Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2).
(3) For semi-compact composite sections, the available rotation capacity depends on cross-section properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads (see Annex 2 (5/9)). The Kubo and Galambos model is used (see Annex 2 (6/9)).
4.4.
4.4.1
Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity

Simulations of tests results
(1) In order to check the efficiency of the finite elements modelization LABEIN has carried out numerical simulations of different 3-point bending tests from RWTH (Aachen) (Ref. 5 and Ref. 13) (Tests documentation: Annex 5 (6/46)) :
the tests n 16 to 18 of table 2 (n EA28412, EA2843, EA2844) concerning HEA 280 profiles, with yield strength of 504 Mpa, which are in class 4 according to Eurocode 3 and nevertheless which furnish available rotation capacities from 4,1 to 16,5 ! * other tests specimens as n 4 to 6 of table 2 (n EA22412, EA2243, EA2244) concerning HEA 220 profiles, with yield strength of 420,5 Mpa, which are in class 3 according to Eurocode 3 and neverheless which furnish available rotation capacities from 1,5 to 15,4 ! * here is the list of profiles related to the numbers of tests specimens: . HEB 220 for tests n 1 to 8 of table 1 (class 1 for S235 and S460 steel grades), . HEA 220 for tests n 1 to 6 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 3 for S460), HEB 280 for tests n 7 to 12 of table 2 (class 1 for S235 and class 2 for S460), HEA 280 for tests n 13 to 18 of table 2 (class 2 for S235 and class 4 for S460). The tables and figures included in Annex 5 present a summary of these simulations :
49
a) Assumptions of
finite element modelization are given in Annex 5 (1/46 to 5/46)
b)
The tables of Annex 5 (7/46 and 10/46) shows a synthesis of the results presented in an appropriate way to be compared with the experimental results. Beside this, the available rotation capacity given by Kemp's and Feldmann's models have been also included together with the computed and tests results. It can be observed how the finite element results correlate reasonably well with test data. Feldmann's model always provides conservative results and Kemp's model is often unsafe.
c)
The graphical layouts of Annex 5 (9/46 and 1 1/46) present the correlation between the calculated and measured values of different parameters for every case: maximum moment (Mu), rotation at the maximum moment (Qmax = ), inelastic rotation (Qr0t = 9av)>
f
rotation capacity defined with Qmax Rmax
~ _9max-9pl
"\
and rotation capacity as usually defined with Qrot : Rpi
=R
^^-
,
<Ppl
d)
The figures of Annex 5 (8/46 and 12/46 to 29/46) give the comparison between calculated and measured moment-rotation curves for the cases where experimental relations were available. The Figures of Annex 5 (30/46 to 46/46) also provide deformations of beams related to the most right hand intersection between respective moment-rotation curve and plastic moment level. Those simulated deformations can be compared to tested specimens.
(2) CTICM has performed 5 types of numerical simulations in order to evaluate the available rotation capacity of a I-profile. The ahn of these simulations was to identify the main parameters which govern the available plastic rotation. More information is given in Annex 6 (document 3263-2-9) :
a)
Firstly, comparisons were made between experimental results and numerical simulations from LABEIN (ABAQUS Program) and from CTICM (ANSYS Program). These results were not different in the increasing part of the curves, but after the top, significant deviations have been
noted.
b)
The influence of a global imperfection, the influence of an eccentric load (biased load) and the case of a cantilever beam have been investigated (see also chapter 4.4.6.2).
4.4.2
Simulations of nominal cases without tests results
(1) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid for all I or steel cross-sections, simulations were performed for different nominal cases for which no tests results are available. As numerical simulations have been successfully calibrated to existing tests results (see chapter 4.4.1), they are considered as representing the reality to which Feldmann's model has been compared (see Annex 14).
(2) Labein simulated following 3-point bending beams without tests results using nominal values of dimensions and yield strengths :
providing Ravailable > , in case of class 3 or 4 cross-sections
- IPE A 300, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 2,80 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 58,6 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,06 rad = 3,43; Ravailable = 2,91, for L = 2,80 m], - HE AA 450, with fy = 235 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 8,3 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 59,9 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,09 rad = 5,16; Ravailable = 7,05, for L = 7,3 m], - HE AA 450, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 4f) and span = L = 5,8 m ((L)/(iz) = 58,6 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,06 rad = 3,43; Ravailable = 2,15, for L = 5,8 m], - HE AA 120, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 4f) and span = L = 1,7 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 40,6 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,14 rad = 8,02; Ravailable = 4,0, for L = 1,7 m], - HE A 280, with fy = 355 Mpa (EC3: class 3f) and span = L = 6,8 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 59,7 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,1 1 rad = 6,30; Ravailable = 3,23, for L = 6,8 m],
50
providing very high values of Ravailable^ hi case of class 2 cross-sections
- HE A 280, with fy = 235 Mpa (EC3: class 2f) and span = L = 7,9 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 56,4 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,14 rad = 8,02; RaVailable = 6,33, for L = 7,9 m], - HE AA 120, with fy = 235 Mpa (EC3: class 2f) and span = L = 3,0 m ((L/2)/(iz) = 51,2 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,20 rad = 11,46; Ravailable = 9,75, for L = 3,0 m],
providing very low values of Ravailable- m case of class 1 cross-sections
- HE A 650, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 5,9 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,2 < 60), [Feldmann's model: (pav = 0,07 rad = 4,01; Ravailable = 3,3, for L = 5,9 m], - IPE A 500, with fy = 460 Mpa and span = L = 3,7 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 < 60), [Feldmann's model: <pav = 0,05 rad = 2,86; Ravailable = 2,9, for L = 3,7 m],
providing very high values of Ravailable^ hi case of class 1 cross-sections
model:
HEM 100, with fy = 235 Mpa and span = L = 3,0 m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 54,7 < 60), [Feldmann's <pav = 2,07 rad = 1 19 (!); Ravailable = 100 (!), for L = 3,0 m].
:
in case of high cross-sections

-
HE AA 1000, with fy = 460 Mpa (EC3: class 2w) and span = L = 4,9m ((L/2)/(iz.e) = 59,1 < 60), [Feldmann's model: (pav = 0,04 rad = 2,29; Ravailable = 3,33, for L = 4,9 m].
for HE A 200 and EAA 200 profiles, for spans of respectively L = 2 m & 4 m and L = 2 m, for fy = 235 MPa, classifying the sections respectively in class 1 and class 3 and, for fy = 460 MPa, classifying the sections respectively in class 3 and class 4, in order to quantify the influence of the yield strength fy on the rotation capacity and on the classification of cross-sections.
:
(3) The tables and figures included in Annex 14 present a summary of these simulations
a)
the tables and graphical layouts of Annex 14 (3/13 and 10/13) provide a synthesis with comparison between Abaqus simulations and Feldmann's model results.
of the
results
Following symbols are used : Phi pl. =
<Ppi;
Phi rot. = %0{, theta rot =
<pav
and Rpl = R.
Feldmann's model fits very well with simulations results and moreover if partial safety factor Tm<p (= 1.52) was applied, Feldmann's model should furnish conservative results for all analysed
cases.
b)
the Figures of Annex 14 (from 4/13 to 9/13 and from 11/13 to 13/13) show moment-rotation curves and deformed shape of beams for several singular cases.
4.4.3
Simulations of beams submitted to My-N loading
(1) In order to check Feldmann's model about My-N interaction loading, simulations have been carried out to determine the available inelastic rotation for different (N/Npi) values especially when the neutral axis moves from web to flange providing big differences of available inelastic rotations <pav values (see Annex 15). The bending moment resistance of cross-section has been evaluated with precised formulas related to the position of neutral axis (in flange or in web) (see Annex 15 (2/10)).
(2) For the profile HEA 200 in S235 steel grade submitted to My-N loading, Feldmann's model provides following design values of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge :
-(max)<pavd = iP=Y- = = 0,174 rad, 1.52
^1
if
Npi
<^Â
(see formula (4.3)),
51
- (min) <pavd = -2L = MZ = o,039 rad, if -- > ^2SL
A2
Npl
(see formula (4.4)),
where Aweb = A - 2btf , A = area of total cross - section

and
'N^
VNPlAimit
-Aweb=0j257A
(3) Figure 3
of Annex 15 (7/10) shows the plot of <pav (= PHI_AV) versus N/Npi as well as the maximum and minimum <pav values corresponding to Feldmann's model for HEA 200 and S235 steel grade. This model furnishes safesided results for maximum and minimum <pav values and it suitably represents the
transition between those 2 <pav values
ll/Âimit
N/T
= 0,257
J
4.4.4
Simulations of LTB limits for Feldmann's model
(1) An important topic concerns the rules delimiting the application field of Feldmann's model in regards to lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) of members. In the formulas of Feldmann's model the length of member is not considered. But it is well known that for different levels (L/iz), the collapse of bended members with plastic hinge(s) is influenced : - either, only by LTB of members without occurrence of plastic hinge(s), - or, by an interaction between LTB of members and local buckling in plastic hinge(s), - or, by local buckling in plastic hinge(s) followed by LTB of members. (2) In order to check if Feldmann's model is valid within lateral-torsional buckling limits (of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18)) and on the other side in order to determine which limits from Eurocode 3 or CM66 are more realistic, numerical simulations have been realized by Labein. (3) Concerning the results for HEA 200 cross-section (see Annex 16 (9/25)) available inelastic rotation <pav (= phi av) behaviour for Lj/lz values between 50 and 80. On the other hand a sudden fall of <pav is obtained for S235 and Li/iz values lower than 30 (beam length = 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. This change in the deformation mode occurs for lower values Li/iz in comparison with the linear buckling case for which this modification in the deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5 metres. A mesh refinement at the web (doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in one of the cases (L = 2 m) for which a local web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm the fall of <pav, giving a 10 % lower value of <pav in comparison with the coarse mesh.
(4) In figures presenting <pav (=phi av) = f(Lfi) (see Annex 16 (9/25) and (10/25)), the results obtained for both profiles, HEA 200 and IPE 200 and for both steel grades S235 and S460, show that the Feldmann's model is in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of analysed cases (see "phi-Feldman" values = (pav). If the partial safety factor ^ = 1,5 is used Feldmann's model is safe in comparison with all the simulation cases (see "phi-Feldman/1,5" values = (pav.d) No simulation results are situated in the area with hatching : this means that Feldmann's model provides safesided values of <pav.d if lateral-torsional buckling rules from Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) or CM66 (Ref. 18) are applied to ensure sufficient lateral bracing, in the scope of these simulations.
52
LTB rules
/777
--
Yy *
Lateral restraints
\i
S-r-Zr l
=0
=0
CM6:
Eurocode 3
Standards
if = 0 and Lj/iz < 60 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.
if Xlt 0,40 , then lateral-torsional buckling is prevented.

LTB rules: Lj/iz
Steeel grades
HEA200
CM66
Eurocode 3
63,3
IPE 200
60
S 235
61,4
CM66
Eurocode 3
42,9
S 460
44,2
42,4
In these cases, the maximum length Lj between lateral restraints is quite similar according to CM66 and Eurocode 3 rules.
(5) The differences between prescriptions from both design standards CM 66 and Eurocode 3 are presented for all standard I and H profiles (, IPE A, TPE O, HE AA, HE A, HE and HE M) and for both steel grades S 235 and S 460 (see Annex 16 (24/25) and (25/25) : Figures with L/^ = ()), for simple cases with linear moment gradient and with ratio between extreme bending moment :
-1<
M2
<1.
:
As first global approximation, it can be said that CM 66 seems to be

-
safer than Eurocode 3 when
0 < < +1,
similar than Eurocode
when
= 0,
-1 <
less safe than Eurocode 3, when
< 0.
53
4.4.5
Numerical simulation of double clamped beam case
(1) A 6 meters long beam clamped at both ends and subjected to distributed load has been modelled by LABEIN in order to evaluate how the behaviour of the plastic hinge in this configuration differs from the simply-supported case. The data of the test case "17-EA2843" included in document 3263-1-8 (Spangemacher & Sedlacek) have been taken for the cross-section (HE 280 A ; b = 281 mm; tf = 12,6 mm; h = 275,6 mm; tw = 9 mm).
In this case, a first hinge is developed at the end locations, while the central section is still subjected to half of the plastic moment From this moment, the end hinges have to rotate up to the point in which the
plastic hinge appears at the central section.
The figures included in the working document 3263-3-10 (see Annex 7) show, on one hand, the deformed shape after the formation of the first plastic hinge just before the maximum load (P/Po = 1 .46) (Annex 7 (1/7)) and, on the other hand, the deformed shape after the maximum of the load when all plastic hinges (at supports and at mid-span) have been developed (P/Po. = 1-29) (Annex 7 (2/7)) . Po indicated the load at which the plastic moment is reached.
A slightly buckled lower flange can be appreciated at the end plastic hinge just before the maximum of the load (the figure is affected with a magnification factor of 5) although the maximum end moment Mi is not reached yet, indicating that the local buckling starts to happen before the maximum moment Nevertheless, the figure representing the evolution of both moments, Mi (end section) and M2 (central section) show clearly how the first plastic hinge is capable of rotating without falling into instability until the last plastic hinge starts to form at the central section. The rotation has been taken at the section of zero moment to be consistent with the curves coming from the 3-point bending tests.
(2) The same 6 meters long beam described above has been subjected to central load, extracting the same kind of results. In this case, both the end section and the central one reach the plastic moment at the same time. Because of this, both plastic hinges are simultaneously developed as shown in the figure representing the deformed shape (Annex 7 (5/7)) .
(3) The comparison between the moment (at end section) - rotation (at zero moment section) curves obtained for the two cases, distributed and concentrated load, can been appraised in the figure (Annex 7 (6/7)) : the resulting available rotation capacity is very close one to each other. It is worth to note that the equivalent span for the concentrated load case (Leq = 3 m) is a bit larger than that for the distributed case (Leq = 2,5 m), due to the different sections where the zero moment appears. In the last figure (Annex 7 (7/7)) , the two curves have been represented together with the moment rotation curve coming from the 3-point test simulation and with the experimental one. It is interesting to note the good correlation with the experimental curve obtained for the clamped concentrated load case simulation.
4.4.6
Moment gradient and LTB restraints influence on available rotation
4.4.6.1 Introduction
This section presents some conclusions about the combined influence of the moment gradient and the lateral restraints on the resulting available rotation capacity on the basis of interpreting the results of a number of numerical simulations carried out by LABEIN.
4.4.6.2 Simulation of simple cases

(1) The working document 3263-3-9 includes results concerning different simulations carried out by LABEIN to appraise the influence of some factors on the available rotation capacity: type of load, position of the load and lateral restraints. (2) Position of the load:
Four different models have been considered moving the concentrated load from the center towards one of the beam ends but keeping constant the total length. The results are in good agreement with other simulations carried out on the basis of changing the beam span at the same time that the load was moved (document 3263-3-7) : the moment-rotation response, the predicted rotation capacity and the ultimate moment do not change significantly when moving the position of the load from the beam center provided that the load is not placed very close to the beam end. In this case, the deformation
54
mode changes suddenly due to shear effects. In this case when the load is near the support (25% for example), high shear deformation dramatically diminishes the available rotation capacity if the reference level remains Mpi.
But in case of high shear the reference level to evaluate the rotation capacity should not be the plastic moment resistance Mpi but the assumed ultimate resistance defined by the reduced plastic resistance moment allowing for the shear force My. For example that value My could be obtained from Eurocode 3; then the interaction between shear force and bending moment should be considered if the applied shear force is greater than half the plastic shear resistance of the cross-section. In that case of lower reference level (My < Mp]) , if moment-rotation curves are similar, the available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge will be greater.
Load Position (L = constant)
Elastic rotation
Total rotation
Inelastic rotation
100 % (CENTER)
9rot
29,99 33,90
31,81
9av = <Prot-<Ppl
28,79
32,69
1,2046
1,2048
75%
50%
25 %
|
1,2049
30,60
1,2049
?heJn?lusions of CTICM simulations about biased concentrated loads (see Annex 6) are similar to
LABEIN results.
(3) Type of load and LTB restraints:

The following table presents the moment-rotation curves associated to the same simulation case (S10) but considering different load cases and different lateral restraints (see Annex 8 (2/3)):
Calculation rotation capacity, Rn
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
19
No lateral restraint at hinge

Lateral restraint at hinge
24
34
33
The simulation results corresponding to cases with distributed load allow to observe a general trend in their behaviour in contrast with the concentrated load cases. The distributed load increases the sensitivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously interacting with the local buckling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local deformation) makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no provision is made to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The results is a lower rotation capacity caused by a combination of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint ot the beam.
This effect can be clearly appreciated in the calculated moment-rotation curves (see Annex 8 (3/3)) if we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the rotation capacity keeps constant in case of restraining the lateral displacement at the plastic hinge location. However, if this lateral restraint is removed, the rotation capacity becomes lower for the distributed load than for the concentrated one.
Thus, there seems to be an interaction between the moment gradient and the lateral torsional restraints in such a way that one of the factors strongly affects the influence of the other on the calculated rotation capacity. A critical minimum length (Lb) for providing lateral restraints may be assumed to exist in order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or the moment
gi duldlL.
It is worth to note the presence of the stiffener at central section in the cases of concentrated load provides an additional torsional restraint compared to the distributed load case. This effect has been proved by applying the distributed load to a model with central stiffener. The calculated rotation capacity (Rav = 23) is increased compared to the case without stiffener (RaV = 19)
55
4.4.6.3 Interaction between moment gradient and LTB

(1) A general trend could be observed when comparing simulation results corresponding to cases with distributed load in contrast with the concentrated load cases: the distributed load increases the sensi tivity of the beam to suffer from lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) simultaneously with the local buck ling. As a consequence of this, the combined inelastic buckling mode (global and local deformation) makes the instability to happen at lower levels of load and rotation providing that no provision is made to avoid the global LTB deformation mode. The result is a lower rotation capacity caused by a combi nation of both factors: a very flat moment diagram and an insufficient lateral restraint of the beam.
The interaction between both factors can be appraised by defining the following two parameters:
*-!=-<
- Lltb- Lb:
length between lateral restraints. length of the region of significant yielding determined by the moment gradient (flatter moment diagrams give rise to higher Lb values).
IOC BaMPPOIICWtNRflinrilwOTR)
I)
When sufficient lateral restraints are provided to avoid the global lateral deformation to interact with the local buckling (Lltb Lb) a single local flange buckling occurs and the available rotation seems to be unaffected neither the restraint length (Lltb), nor the moment gradient (Lb).
"
j
1
ftF*{U,Xt>)
locai nNPPqqm lairaai auno hot ^}
In case of high Lltb values in comparison to Lb (Lltb Lb), the combined inelastic buckling
mode (local flange and global lateral) appears and the available rotation seems not to be depending on the restraint length (Lltb) being only influenced by the moment gradient (Lb).
U>U>
.-OS
toc aure pappan YPPSTPAiNFn p (wat utfpm rup
11
) In the intermediate case with a restraint length Lltb partially avoiding the global lateral buckling, a combined dependence of the available rotation on Lltb and Lb seems to happen.
--
Figure 23 : Buckling mode related to unbraced length Lltb
Figure 24 : Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge in function of unbraced length Lltb

56
(2) If we compare the cases with concentrated and distributed load, the available rotation keeps nearly constant in case of providing sufficient lateral restraints at the proximity of the plastic hinge location. However, if the lateral restraint is relaxed, the available rotation becomes lower for the distributed load than for the concentrated one.
Concentrated Load Distributed
Lb'
Load
lili.
Mmax
-i.
A U.Lb
,
*
U-,
-X
L,.
"
L,,.-Lb
i^vi
4-
>
K^
K *
-E
X-
Ut,
x-x-
Figure 25 : Unbraced lengths Lltb for different moment gradients

The question that arises is the determination of the critical minimum length Lltb for providing lateral restraints in order to ensure the calculated rotation capacity to be unaffected by the type of loading or the moment gradient
(3) Deformation buckling modes
The simulation cases modelled with the lowest values of Lltb (providing lateral restraints along all the upper flange or restraining the rotation at the plastic hinge location) gave, unexpectedly, lower available rotations than those obtained for the higher Lltb values. The reason for this behaviour is a change in the buckling deformation mode. The additional lateral restraints have avoided the lateral global buckling to interact with the local one but, at the same time, it has introduced a different mode con sisting in a coupling between the flange local deformation and a local web buckling (B).
Therefore two different deformation buckling modes have been identified:
57
A) Flange local + lateral global Ducklings
Figure 26 : Flange local + lateral global bucklings

B) Flange local + web local bucklings
Figure 27 : Flange local + web local bucklings

(4) Summary of simulation results
:
The following cases have been modelled combining different lateral restraint conditions (varying the length between lateral restraints) with different moment gradients (varying the length between vertical supports) in order to evaluate the interacting influence of both factors on the calculated available rota tions. The total length of the beam has been adapted, for each case, to the maximum required distance between vertical or lateral supports. The table shows the calculated available rotation (<pav = 9rot - ) and the resulting buckling deformation mode for every case :
Cross-section:
HE 280 A
Material:
Load:
fy = 504 N/mm2 , fu/ fy =

Concentrated central load
1,35
58
Available Rotation
Type of beam
S m
<Pav
Lateral restraints
f"
-
4 m
Buckling Deformation Mode
Li /M
41,8
4 m
0,21
0,10
All
AH
-X-
3 m
0,17
0,10
31,4
1.2 m
-x-
0,20
0,10
0,30
0,18
AH AI
12,6
0,24
0,13
X XXX X XXX
SS- S3
0,29
0,36
XXX XXX
ttppor fiLis)
BI
0,30
0,38
AI
S(upper II* Aft)
Buckling deformation modes:
*AII
*AI
"^
Local flange + free global lateral

_37
&
Local flange + limited global lateral Local flange + free local web Local flange + limited local web
*
*BI
^"""W^ r*er
-s-^
,
A further detailed description of the results is found on working document 3263-3-12 (Annex 3).
4.4.7
Equivalent length evaluation : continuous beam simulation
4.4.7.1 Inelastic rotation and rotation capacity R of a steel cross-section

(1) As presented in chapter 3.1, the validity and the consistency of a plastic analysis of a frame under a given loading can be checked in all cross-sections by evaluating the ductility of plastic hinges either (3.1) with plastic rotation, or (3.2) with rotation capacity :
<Preq
9av
(3.1)
59
or,
<
:
av
(3.2)
Ymr
in reference to the 3 points-bending system
7^
rot
^^*^1^-*"^
mnnrtpnt 3 moment Hi diagram
with
1?
-âv Kav -
and
Mpl.L
E.I
Figure 28 : Moment diagram and moment rotation curve for 3 points-bending system
(2) The concept of rotation capacity R introduces a supplementary parameter such as the length L of a reference beam. It must be noted that this parameter is a structural and not local parameter. Rreq is to be calculated from frame plastic analysis as explained hereafter.
The available rotation capacity Rav can also be given in tables but length because (ppi depends on the length.
it must refer to a particular beam
Because the verification has to be consistent, the required rotation capacity Rreq must be computed by considering the same length of reference which will be used to determine Rav
(3) By analogy with the 3-point bending system, this length of reference (or equivalent length) L related to a plastic hinge in a frame can be defined as the distance between zero-moment points on each side of the hinge :
Plastic hinge
.b.
A "ûjjiipf
<
"
^W
Figure 29 : Equivalent length L to 3-point bending system
(4) For a beam where a plastic hinge occurs under a single concentrated load, the zero-moment points are often easy to identify. For more complex configurations, it is not so easy to determine the reference length, such as the following common examples in Figure 30 :
60
l\
A\\
\
\
m
I
Plastic hinge ..
Plastic hinge
Figure 30 : Plastic hinge in structures

(5) In chapter 3 of Annex 10, a method is proposed to calculate the required rotation capacity if the shear force is known on each side of the plastic hinge. The case of a plastic hinge at the end of a beam in a portal frame is also investigated (Figure 31).
Bending moment gradients
Method of evaluation for required arid R

<Pp.req^<Pp.avail
or Rreq(Ti,T2) < Ravail(Leq) 9p.avail or Ravail(D given by formulae or tables
*req(Tl,T2) = "A ^.f M J, Ti+T2

Leq = Mpl
Pjueq
f J_
_1_
+ 2
or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq) 9p.avail or Ravail(L) given by formulae or tables
9p.req- 9p.avail
Teq K
M Pi Leq=2.Mpl/T
- ELT " 9p.req
-req
Mpi
p.avail or RreqCO ^ Ravail(Leq) 9p.avail or Ravail(L) given by formulae or tables
Rreq ~
_ 2.E.I.T M2 ^P-req
Leq=2.Mpl/T
Figure 31 : Summary table (issued from Annex 10)
(6)
At supports, when the moment is linear in the vicinity of the plastic hinge, the problem is the same that
for a concentrated load on a beam.
TI /fff|Yiv T2
il iibl W
.Hastic hinge
TL
i
Figure 32 : Equivalent length L for different moment gradients
61
When the moment diagram is not linear (due to distributed loads), the reference length is given by the tangent on each side of the plastic hinge as shown in Figure 32. Therefore it does not correspond to the distance between zero-moment points, but this seems to be more realistic since the required rotation capacity depends only on the shape of the moment diagram near the plastic hinge.
(7) Conclusions : It is difficult to clearly identify the length of reference (or equivalent length) L by analogy of 3 point bending beam in order to calculate . On the other hand, computer softwares usually provide required inelastic rotations (preq at each formed plastic hinge for each load level till structural collapse (mechanism,...). Thus the most simple way to check ductility of plastic hinges clearly consists in comparing directly required and available inelastic rotations of plastic hinges instead of converting those values in rotation capacities R.
Therefore it would be advisable to refer to the criterion (3.1) dealing with inelastic rotations () and not with rotation capacities (R) (criterion (3.2)). This conclusion is highlighted by the results of LABEIN numerical simulations presented in chapter 4.4.7.4.
4.4.7.2 Introduction to numerical simulations
Two cases of 2-span continuous beams with concentrated and distributed load respectively have been modelled and simulated by LABEIN in order to evaluate the equivalent length to be considered for the checking of required rotation capacity in comparison with the available rotation capacity evaluated from the equivalent 3-point bending test in cases of different moment gradients.
4.4.7.3 Model description
Geometry & cross-section:
Two span beam. IPE 270, Steel grade S 235
* Concentrated load case: L=10m = 0,5 = 0,8

* Distributed load case: L=10m = 0,4 =1
L
A
*
.
"
.1
XL
n
Figure 33 : Concentrated Load
* 3-point bending cases: 1) Li = 1 m L2 = 5 m

2) Li = 3 m 3) Li = 1,6 m 4) Li = 1,9 m
L2 = 3m L2 = 2,17m L2 = 4m
Material:
Figure 34 : Distributed Load
Elasto-plastic model with fy = 235 MPa and fu/fy = 1,58
Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape functions (S8R Abaqus) A more refined mesh has been provided at the areas where local buckling behaviour is expected to
happen.
62
Concentrated
Distributed
616
1913
Number of elements
Number of nodes
Degrees of freedom
640
1973
11.838
11.478
Fillet radius modelling:

By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area.
Initial imperfection:
Pattern:
the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape.
Magnitude:
maximum of
of the flange thickness.
Load application:
Concentrated load:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control. Appropriate constraints to degrees of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been applied to ensure the same vertical displacement of mese nodes.
Distributed load: Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length integration method (Riks) to cope with the post-buckling unstable response. The load has been applied by means of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.
3-point bending cases: As described for concentrated load case.
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of the lower flange located at the
corresponding support sections.
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the centre of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load application sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66) (Ref. 18):
concentrated load case: a moment ratio of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading to L = 1,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where the moment ratio is - 0,87 (L = 2,87 m).
distributed load case: a moment ratio of 0 (L = 1 ,8 1 m) has been taken for the right part of the beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1 has been considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to L = 1,05 m between lateral supports.
3-point bending cases: a moment ratio of 0 is assumed leading to L = 1,81 m between lateral
supports.
63
The bending moment diagrams are as follows

Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
1
15
>^JL+
15
_!_
y/W
%l17
S
--wu*
N-U
1-L-5
ÛJJILP^
"'
1
fr-**L
2.17 J
1.6-L-2.1
JL
m
1.9-L-4
3-L-3
Figure 35 : Bending moment diagrams for concentrated and distributed loads

The equivalent lengths selected for the 3-point bending tests have been determined according to two different criteria:
the length between the two zero moment sections adjacent to the plastic hinge,
the length determined by the tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side hinge.
of the plastic
4.4.7.4 Results
Comparison with 3-point bending case results
CASE
Continuous beams with concentrated load
(deg)
1,7
(deg)
8,3 8,7 8,5
15
<Pav
= -
(deg)
6,6
7,1
Rav
3,9
3-point bending beam l-L-5
Li = l;L2 = 5
3-point bending beam 3-L-3
1,65 1,65
4,3
Li = 3;L2 = 3
Continuous beams with distributed load
6,9
13,9
7,1
8,1
4,2
12,6
14
1,62
1,03
3-point bending beam 1.9-L-4 Li = l,9;L2 = 4
8,7
4,4
7,8
Li =
3-point bending beam 1.6-L-2.1 1,6; L2 = 2,17
9,1
64
Concerning the concentrated load case (Figure 38), a very good agreement can be observed between the moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case (Li = 1 m; L2 = 5 m). Also the case of central load (L\ = 3 m; L2 = 3 m) gives the same result as expected.
In the distributed loads case (Figure 37), however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending
cases
In view of simulation results it seems better to evaluate rotation capacity R with equivalent lengths determined by tangent to the bending moment diagram on each side of the plastic hinge (case 1.6-L-2.1)
The discrepancy seems to be caused by the interaction taking place between the lateral deformations induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect This interaction is caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its length. The lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is subjected to tension stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange at second hinge location, is responsible for the suffer post-buckling response appreciated in the moment-rotation curve of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen as a sort of stress stiffening effect that produces a positive influence on the side of increasing the actual rotation capacity of the
beam.
This effect is avoided in the concentrated load case since the lateral deformation at both hinges is mainly local and does not interact one to each other.
Thus, the rotation capacity of continuous beams subjected to distributed loads (this load case is more likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3-point bending test due to the described stiffening effect
(Moment distribution) /N.
Tensionsd lower flange
<- Compressed
lower Hange -
(Lower fange lateral deformation}
S-8-X
Figure 36 : Lower flange lateral deformation
A further detailed description of the results is found in Annex 4 (working document 3263-3-17).
65
16
^-,
10
12
14
16
13
Rotation (dag)
Figure 37 : Continuous beam with distributed loads
48
10
12
14
16
18
Rotation Weg)
Figure 38 : Continuous beam with concentrated loads
66
5.
5.1
Introduction
The work performed by CTICM has mainly consisted in developing practical tools in order to facilitate the verifications of the plastic rotations obtained from a plastic global analysis of a steel frame. For several simple cases of continuous beams, formulas and abacuses have been developed. For more complex cases, a general methodology has been established. All these results are explained in the "Guide for plastic analysis". CTICM has written the second chapter of that guide : "Required plastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). The content of that chapter is :
2.1
2.2 2.3 2.4

13).
Introduction Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation Continuous beams

Frames
We give hereafter the main results of that chapter 2 of the "Guide of the plastic analysis" (see Annex
5.2
Influence of second order effects

Through the simple following example, it can be shown the influence of the second order effects on the required inelastic rotation (influence of parameter 10.1 of Figure 4).
1.25
1.22J
320 kN 17 kN/m 23 kJjL nniiiiiiuiinyniiuiUHiiiTTi.
320 kN
1.20
2*""
1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00
1.000
Jlst order
4
IPE 300
IPE 240
h =6 m
0.95
l/^
3 TZp-
' S S*
/' ^ y\
!
|2nd order
]*~
L=8m
Zk
0.80
10
10.9
15
= plastic hinges
] 225 F 20 25
32.7'
30
10"3rad
35
Required plastic rotation
Figure 39 : Portal frame
Figure 40 : (-) curves
Due to the second order effects, the collapse is reached before a full plastic mechanism is obtained. Therefore, only three plastic hinges occur instead of four and the required inelastic rotation is much lower, at the ultimate limit state, from a second order plastic analysis than it is from a first order plastic analysis. But for a given load factor ( = 1 for instance), the second order effects generally increase the required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges.
5.3
Influence of load level (design loads or collapse)
(1) Influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4 : practical methods give directly the plastic mechanism for frames, and also the plastic rotations in the hinges and the internal forces just before the last hinge occurs. So, an usual way is to check TJLS criteria just before collapse, comprising rotation capacity in hinges. However, design rules only require to check these criteria under the design loads; especially, the designer has to check that a plastic mechanism is not reached. Computer programs can calculate the plastic behaviour of frames under design loads by increasing applied loads proportionally to a common load factor, for instance. So, it can be shown that the inelastic rotation in the first plastic hinge can be far greater at collapse than it is under the ULS design loads. For most cases, checking the plastic rotation at collapse can be too conservative if so far as the frame design is never accurately optimised for all the limit states (ultimate limit states, serviceability limit states, ...).Therefore it is sufficient and economical to check the rotation capacity criterion under the ULS design loads.
67
Load factor =
Collapse
Design loading at ULS
Plastic rotation <preq
Figure 41 : Evolution of the plastic rotation in a first plastic hinge

(2) A remark arose from the F6 committee about the influence of the parameter 10.2 of Figure 4, which influences the required rotation capacity of plastic hinges: the ratio between design load level (k) and complete plastic mechanism load level (Xmax).
In view of that parameter, the required rotation capacity chosen by the designer (Rrequiredl; as an example related to = X) must be clearly specified in the calculation note. Indeed, afterwards the building could be used or refurbished with other conditions (higher loads, other boundary conditions,...) and, the required rotation capacity in that context (Rrequired2; as an example related to .2 with < < %2 < %max) could be greater than the previous one (Rrequiredl) and so the available rotation capacity of the members should be checked (Ravailable ^ ^required^ )
On the other hand, at ultimate limit state, the design of a building would not be optimised if the difference between design load level (<0 and complete plastic mechanism load level (Amax), was too high. But mat big difference between load levels could also be explained by restrictions at serviceability limit state or other reasons (instability of the frame,...).
5.4
Influence of loading path
(1) On one hand Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) states, about global analysis, that "It may be assumed to be sufficient, in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (clause 5.2.1.1 (5) of Eurocode 3). (2) On the other hand, in case of plastic global analysis, for a given loading arrangement the mechanism and the ultimate load factor do not depend on the loading path, but the order of occurrence of the plastic hinges in the structure depends on the loading path. The required inelastic rotations also depend on the loading path under the design loading and at collapse.
(3) The examples of Figure 42 shows a continuous beam with different loading path
path A corresponds to a proportional increase of all loads as allowed by Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) and, path defines a specific increase of loads which is not always proportional.
The collapse mechanisms are reached for the same load level (Pi ; P2 )whatever the loading path. But the required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges (<preq.l ; <Preq.2) are greater for loading path in comparison with proportional loading path A because elastic returns (or unloadings) occurred in some plastic hinges.
(4) It can be concluded that whatever the loading path is, required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges <Preq at collapse will be the same if the same mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (or unloading) occurs in any plastic hinge during loading.
68
Different loading paths lead to the same at collapse if the same mechanism is reached and if no elastic return occurs in any plastic hinge during loading. The following examples highlight differences in (preq at collapse because of elastic returns :
Pl
P2
Qi = 8P1
160
S 235
*~~Z
L
2m
=
*H-
4m
Path A : Path :
All loads increase proportionaly Pi and Qi increase together with P2 = 0, then P2 starts while Pi and Qi are also increasing
mechanism
1746
Path A
<Preq.l
(preq.2
=0 = 0,002623
Path (preq.i = 0,01142 (preq.2 = 0,008333
[daN]
2196
3265
3534
P2
Pl
1717
[daN]
jjxamplj^
Path A (preq.l = 0 (preq.2 = 0,006926

Path
(preq.l
(preq.2
= OJ004170
= 0,009012
[daN]
2917
3583
4364
P2
Figure 42 : Influence of the loading path on (preq at collapse

69
5.5
Continuous steel beams

Formulas and abacuses have been developed for simple configurations of two span continuous beams (see chapter 2 of Annex 13):
5.5.1
Two span beam with a concentrated load

F
Required inelastic rotation
i
,
ocL
0<a<1
r_ Mpl L -ct2-2a + 2h + l " If <2( + 1)-1,=^7

TlL
,
Figure 43 : Continuous beam
if os-^c+5-.
^=^^(<*2+2"2
In the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see Annex 13), other formulas are given to allow the designer to calculate the ultimate load and the ratio of the ultimate load to the load for which the first plastic hinge occurs. Moreover, abacuses supply these results in relation to the relevant parameters.
5.5.2
Two span beam with uniform distributed loads

0
<<1
SO
coq
km
JELL
If 2<
First plastic hinge on intermediate support _ Mp! L +3)

:
^ =
2!_2(
3
EI
12
First plastic hinge in the first span :
If 2>1
First plastic hinge on intermediate support
:
_Mpl_L
*- EI
+1
3 + 2/2
+ anf
12
First plastic hinge in the second span
- EI
.MplLV2 + l + 1-(2+) 2 l + corf 3

4>2
70
5.5.3
Two equal span beam with a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
The relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load has been evaluated by using the PEP micro program because for this case, formulas are too complex.
iF |||||||||j|]|||||||]|lillilllllllllllli!lllilllll
^
I
<xL
Ll
L
,

Two parameters have been taken into account : the position (a) of the concentrated load in the first span and the ratio between the concentrated load and the uniform distributed load ( = F / (qL)) By varying these parameters, the following abacus has been plotted in Figure 46.
The required inelastic rotation may be expressed as
:
req ~ *r
E.I
-F/CqL)
Figure 46 : Design curves
71
5.5.4
Two span beam - General case
A more general method is proposed to calculate the required inelastic rotation when the position of the plastic hinge is known from an elastic analysis of the beam, whatever the load arrangement is. It is assumed that the maximum moment Mmax in the beam exceeds the plastic moment Mpi. So : = Mmax ~ Mpi
BL
I
1
|<<
HL

From that, the expression of the required inelastic rotation is given by :
_AML
The abacus plotted in Figure 48 gives the factor kr versus for several values of , with
,
^"
+1 32
AML
Figure 48 : Design curves

5.5.5
Conclusions
The results show that it is difficult to give a value of the required inelastic rotation to a type of structure (continuous beam, portal frame, ... ). This value could be too conservative for some cases or on the unsafe side for other cases.
5.6
Frames
5.6.1 Plastic analysis using specific programs In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine the required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1)) of a frame can be performed with the help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based on the step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic returns, second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and also N-M interaction in bending resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on the required inelastic rotations (see chapter 3.1 for the influence of second order effects).
72
5.6.2
Plastic analysis of simple frames using an elastic analysis program
The aim of this part is to explain how to perform a plastic analysis of a frame with the help of a simple elastic analysis program provided the axial force and the shear force do not reduce the bending resistance of the cross-sections in which plastic hinges may occur. This method is known as the "step-by-step method". The following flowchart is a summary of the method.
Geometry - Steel Support conditions
Load
*
Initializations
Moment diagram : Shear force : Displacements : Hinge rotations :
t
i=0
M = 0
V0 = 0 Dn = 0 = 0
"~'
'
ELASTIC ANALYSIS i (with i hinges) (with applied design loads)

If i = 0 : Support conditions are not valid
-"^^^
Is the structure stable ?

yes
^^~^*
no
If i > 0 : A plastic mechanism is reached
*
An - Ai
Results of the elastic analysis i (with i hinges)
Moment diagram : Shear force diagram : Displacements : Rotations in the hinges :
m v
8
Elastic return
Suppression of the perfect hinge
**""^
hor each plastic hmge, ^^^^
^>0?
^"lyes
^^^
Step number : j = i + 1
Research of die cross-section for which
AAj = (Mpi - Mj) /m; is minimum

V
Load factor
= Aj + AL
State
of the structure at the end of the
step
(for the loading : F) Moment diagram : M; = Mj + Akt mj Shear force diagram : V: = Vj + v

Displacements :
*
D: = Dj +
; 8
Rotations in the lunges at the end of the step j

} =
+\}%
i=j
A new perfect hinge is introduced in the structure
Figure 49 : Flow-chart for "step-by-step method'
73
Particular phonema such as elastic returns in plastic hinges may happen during a plastic analysis. This is explained in the "Guide for plastic analysis" (see chapter 2 of Annex 13). A simple example is also included to this guide (see chapter 4 of Annex 13).
5.6.3
Indicative values of (preq for pre-design of steel frames

Rreq
Type of frame
Under design loads
At collapse Min
Max
Mean
Min -i'-
Max
Mean
au
15
0,06
0,49
0,21
0,46
0,85
0,66
^
-
xb
ss
Uli
19
0,00
2,12
1,11
1,04
4,02
2,58
-j^
^
LL
14
.V?
0,06
2,41
1,10
0,66
3,59
1,75
15
0,57
2,08
1,07
0,83
2,52
1,37
12
0,05
1,34
0,41
0,40
1,36
0,76
"V
i {
" i
,,-,
w w :w w
0,23
0,55
0,34
0,64
1,42
0,90
Figure 50 : Indicative values of required rotation capacity Rreq of plastic hinges in steel frames
(1) A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation (Preq and the required rotation capacity Rreq of formed plastic hinges for different types of frames (Ref. 23). Six types of frames have been identified, and for each type, a parametric study has been made. So, 79 frames have been studied (see Annex 10). A simplified method was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An elastic analysis was first performed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a plastic analysis was made in order to check Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required inelastic rotations under design loads ( = 1) and at collapse (Xu) : mechanism or instability. Some of the frames were sway frames according to Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into account. All analyses have been conducted with the PEP micro program of CTICM (Ref. 16). Required rotation capacities Rreq have been calculated from required inelastic rotation (preq directly given for PEP-Micro program and with the relations summarized in Figure 31 (chapter 4.4.7.1) and detailed in Annex 10.
74
(2) Figure 50 issued from Annex 10 gives a summary of the values of required rotation capacity Rreq of plastic hinges under design loads and at collapse for different steel frames (n = number of calculated frames). It is not possible to consider all types of structures, so the results are not necessarily fully representative. These results can show that it is rather difficult to associate a value of the required rotation capacity to a type of frame : the values are strongly scattered. If this was to be done, the maximum value should be considered but this leads to too conservative methodology.
Type of frame
Under design loads:

max ^.<1 [rad]
At collapse
max %eq.u [rad]
ill*
0,009
0,020
^ !_jfc_3r_i_3 '
0,015
0,032
au
0,026
ss>
0,035
0,034
to
0,040
Si
ft
0,013
sx-
0,014
,--,
?*?
0,006
0,008
TO
sic
Figure 51 : Indicative values of required inelastic rotation
q>req
of plastic hinges in steel frames
(3) As explained in chapter 4.4.7.1, it is more simple to evaluate the ductility of plastic hinges with inelastic rotation (Preq instead of rotation capacity Rreq. Figure 51 issued from Annex 13 provides a summary of the maximum values of inelastic rotation (Preq (in radian) of plastic hinges under design loads and at collapse for the different steel frames identical to the ones given in Figure 50.
75
5.7
Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams
(1) In the document 3263-1-20 following comments may be given about the 2 diagrams ("Ototal / elastic" in function of "moment redistribution") concerning continuous composite beams:
the required rotation capacities of continuous composite beams is much greater than for continuous steel beams :
for 3 spans composite beams: ^required (to reach the full span plastic moment resistance) =
10 (Figure 52),
for 2 spans composite beams: ^required (to reach the full span plastic moment resistance) = 20 (Figure 53),
for 3 spans steel beams: ^required = 3 (see document 3263-1-2: Figure 3.6).
Those differences between composite and steel required rotation capacities may be explained by the non-linearities of the concrete which induces large non-linear response in "moment-rotation curves" in span behaviour of continuous beams (the shape factor, = ( Wpiastic / Weiastic)> is greater for a composite cross-section than for a steel I section), while no differences appear in support behaviour (nearly ideal elastic-plastic behaviour for both composite and steel crosssections).
the rotation capacities required to form a mechanism in continuous composite beams are dependent of the degree of shear connections ("Fc / Fpf" or "N / Nf") which defines the limit of the plastic bending moment resistance of the cross-sections and so influences the moment redistribution.
design curves with rotation capacities given in function of moment redistribution could be established; consequently for a given rotation capacity the required moment redistribution related to the given "M'p / Mp", could be deduced from those abacuses.
(2) In the scope of the design method proposed by Mr. Couchman G. (Ref. 14; see chapter 3.1), the required inelastic rotation 8req (=req) has been graphically represented as a function of moment redistribution (). The use of such curves allows for the parameters which affect the rotation capacity required by a beam to achieve a given moment redistribution. These parameters are:
Elastic moment ratio (6) and span type (external or internal). These two parameters affect the basis form of Oreq vs. curves.
Plastic moment ratio () , which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of 9req vs. curves.
Degree of shear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two arameters may necessitate modification to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a
req vs.
curves.
( See Annex 2, (7/9) to (9/9)).
76
7
O"
ir
S
_
J4S
o o o
<o
o o
IO tn
o o
o q in ^#
o o o
;
-

in*
co
&
3
\ \
:
*.
o o o co
o o
\
<$

Vf
o
7-
n r
o
O o
LO
lil
r r r
o
CVi
o-O
*
l8
ID
Figure 52 : Diagram of Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 3 spans composite beams
77
J
S
<

in
rr
V) "
o y/i
o
o
r r r
o o
o o o
c\2
tv
00
Figure 53 : Diagram of Ototal / elastic in function of moment redistribution for 2 spans composite beams
78
6.
Review of Eurocode 3 rules

:
(1) The clause 5.3.3 (4) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases
" 5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis (...) (4) For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
Indeed it may happen that class 1 cross-sections would have not enough available rotation capacity Rav compared with rotation requirements depending on the percentage of redistribution of moments and the structural arrangement.
The two following examples (2 span beam with a concentrated load) illustrate this problem in using Feldmann's model (see Annex 13) and formulae of required rotation capacity for continuous beams (see chapter 5.5 and Annex 13) :
Example
1 :
IPE 400, S 460 : class
cross-section
M<p =
<Preq
= 0,37
<Pav
= 1 L = 5,8m
<
YMR=l,5
Vsd/Vpl.Rd = 0,59
(not fulfilled !)
(not fulfilled !)
= 0,067/1,5 = 0,045 rad
= 0,069 rad
Rav = 2,708/1,5 = 1,805
<
1
Rreq= 2,792
Example 2
IPE A 600, S 355 : class
cross-section
= 0,33
<Pav
L= 11,0m
< <
YM<p=YMR = l,5
(Preq = 0,0794 rad
Vsd/VpLRd = 0,47
(not fulfilled !) (not fulfilled !)
:
= 0,077/1,5 = 0,051 rad
Rav = 3,293/1,5 = 2,195
Rreq = 3,389
(2) The clause 5.2.1.3 (3) (which is a principle) of Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1) may be unsafe in certain cases
" 5 .2. 1 .3 Elastic global analysis (...)

(3) Following a first order elastic analysis, the calculated bending moments may be modified by redistributing up to 15% of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
a)
the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads, and
b)
all the members in which the moments are reduced have class 5.3)."
or class 2 cross-sections (see
In Annex 9, the problems of that rule are precised for 2 common examples :
a)
2 spans continuous beam with a uniform distributed load;
b)
2 spans continuous beam with a point load.
In example a), the required rotation capacity is shown to be quite limited (Rrequired < 0,6) and so class 2 cross-sections may be used in that case.
In example b), for certain cases (concentrated loads,...) the required rotation capacity may be very large (Rrequired > 4) and the use of class 2 or even class 1 cross-sections with a 15% redistribution of peak
moment may be unsafe regarding the rotation capacity.
79
7.
Conclusion
:
(1) Generalities
The plastic global analysis of structures may be more competitive than elastic global analysis but, despite "easy" evaluation of structural resistance, some difficulties limit or prevent its common use : practical tools for checking the ductility of plastic hinges are missing.
Previous researches on the rotation capacity of plastic hinges (Ref. 3, Ref. 4, Ref. 5) have allowed to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for conventional steel. The results of these researches have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes 3 and 4 (rules for classification of crosssections : b/t - ratio and its yield stress dependence; material properties : fu/fy ^ 1,2, eu > 20 ey, A5.65 ^ 15 %) are very safesided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high strength steels (S460)).
(2) New rules for Eurocode 3 (Ref. 1)
In the scope of this research project the ductility of plastic hinges is evaluated by inelastic rotation (<Preq> <Pav) instead of non-dimensional rotation capacity (Rreq. Rav) for reason of simplicity : design softwares usually provide required inelastic rotations <preq at each formed plastic hinge and for each load case till structural collapse (see chapter 3.1). Moreover in certain cases difficulties may arise to determine rotation capacities : problems to identify equivalent lengths (see chapter 4.4.7).
Eurocode 3 provides general rules concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges
:
"5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis (...) (2) At plastic hinge locations, the cross-section of the member which contains the plastic hinge shall have a rotation capacity of not less than the required rotation at that plastic hinge location.
(3) To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a rotation analysis."
In order to respect these Eurocode 3 requirements, a new limit states criterion is presented in detail in this research project : a comparison between the required inelastic rotation <preq of each plastic hinge appeared in a structure submitted to design loads and the available inelastic rotation <pav for each relevant cross-section, should be proceeded for each load case (see chapter 3.1) :
4 ^ 3.
with
<pav d
av
This new criterion could be directly proposed as an Application Rule to Eurocode 3 as explained in the Background Document 5.09 for chapter 5 of Eurocode 3 (see Annex 12) : <preq is issued from plastic global analysis of the structure and <pav is calculated with a design model (Feldmann's model (Ref. 11) that have been selected after comparison to other models (Ref. 4, Ref. 15)) including related partial safety factors , that have been determined by statistical evaluations of available tests results according to Annex of Eurocode 3. The present method allows to analyse a structure by separate checks of cross-section resistance and of plastic hinge ductility (see chapter 4.3. 1 ). This new criterion constitutes a safer and more realistic alternative to following principles of Eurocode 3 that have been demonstrated to give unsafe results in certain cases (see chapter 6) :
"5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis (...)

(4) For building structures in which the required rotations are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at the plastic hinge location."
"5.2. 1.3 Elastic global analysis (...)

(3) Following a first order elastic analysis, the calculated bending moments may be modified by redistributing up to 15 % of the peak calculated moment in any member, provided that :
80
a) the internal forces and moments in the frame remain in equilibrium with the applied loads, and
b) all the members in which the moments are reduced have class
(see 5.3)."
or class 2 cross-sections
On the other hand this new criterion applies to all cross-sections able to develop their plastic bending moment resistance, then it is explicitly applicable for class 1 and class 2 cross-sections. According to tests results and numerical simulations, present rules of Eurocode 3 for cross-section classification are shown to be too many conservative. Those rules could be improved and thus could extend the application field of plastic global analysis (Ref. 17).
In order to help designers involved in plastic global analysis of structures, a guide has been developed (see separate Annex 13) presenting a simple tool for the evaluation of ductility of steel plastic hinges.
Beside generalities (concept, concerned parameters,...) explanations and recommendations are provided in detail for the new aforementionned limit state criterion :
about required inelastic rotation (preq of plastic hinge
the influence of parameters is shown,
:
formulas and charts are given for simple cases of continuous beams,
indicative values are furnished for several frames,
in general, reference is made to design softwares that always detiver hinge,

about available inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinge
:
<Preq
at each plastic
assumptions and limitations of Feldmann's model are given : the model is applied to class 1 & 2 cross-sections (according to present rules of Eurocode 3) and to conventional steel grades (S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 and S 460 : with f^/fy > 1,15, > 20 ey, 5.65 ^ 17 %); different load cases are considered (bending about major and minor axes (My;M^), combined bending about major axis and axial compression (My - N)),
tables and graphs are provided with <pav values for standard I and hot-rolled sections (, IPE , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC) and for conventional steel grades,
different design examples are included,

an appendix comprises tables with values sections and for conventional steel grades.
of plastic resistance for standard I and hot-rolled
The guide clearly specifies that provisions for sufficient lateral restraints are obligatory in order to avoid occurrence of lateral-torsional buckling of members with plastic hinges. Lateral-torsional buckling mat influences a lot the values of inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges, is forbidden in plastic global analysis in order to maintain the plastic bending moment and to ensure adequate values of <pav
A lot of numerical simulations that were calibrated to tests results, have been carried out to check the validity of Feldmann's model, to understand the influence of parameters and to investigate cases
without tests results (see chapter 4.4).
:
(3) New rules for Eurocode 4 (Ref. 2)

(see Annex 2).
A specific design method has been proposed by Couchman (Ref.

That design method based on the idea of rotation capacity :
includes the influences of all relevant parameters,
14)
for continuous composite beams
is applicable to beams with plastic (Class 1), compact (Class 2) or semi-compact (Class 3) sections,
81
gives a uniform margin of safety for all cases,

is suitable for everyday use by practising engineers.
That design method allows considerable increases in beam load capacity for beams with compact or semi-compact critical sections.
Available rotation capacities of composite beams have been computed in relation with Kemp's model and with Kubo and Galambos model. A wide variety of parameters have been selected to study the influential factors to available rotation capacities (see chapter 4.3.5).
For several continuous composite beams, required inelastic rotation (Preq of plastic hinge have been computed and graphically represented as a function of moment redistribution. Differences of required inelastic rotation between steel and composite continuous beams have been highlighted (see chapter
5.7).
But, at present state, more developments (tests results, numerical simulations, statistical evaluations,...) are necessary to exploit that method for continuous composite beams in order to elaborate design aids or charts which will help designers in their daily works.
(4) Proposals for numerical simulations
: :
Finite element modelling for the simulation of unstable inelastic behaviour of beams
Study of suitable modelling strategies concerning the shape and magnitude of initial imperfections to be introduced in the original geometry with the aim of attaining the right deformation pattern when the instability occurs during the load-displacement analysis.
The first elastic buckling eigenmode has been used until now for this purpose but, in some cases, important differences have been detected between this elastic deformation pattern and the right one corresponding to the non-linear behaviour. Also the magnitude of imperfection changes the postbuckling behaviour of the beam.
FE modelling of composite beams by correlation with available experiments.
Numerical simulation of continuous beam and frame cases considering the formation of successive plastic hinges for different theoretical situations : ieq > tyav and êq< - Appraisal of the effect of strain stiffening and yielding spread on the required rotation. Analysis of the collapse by instability of the plastic hinge taking into account those effects.
Parametrical analysis on composite beams in order to obtain the typical deformation modes and to evaluate the effect of different parameters on the available rotation capacity.
Additional simulation series to evaluate, in more detail, the influence of lateral-torsional buckling restraints and moment gradient on the deformation mode appearing and, therefore, on the available rotation capacity and local buckling sensitivity.
82
Annex
"Complete set of distributed documents (10.95)'

(7 pages)
Complete set of distributed documents

(Date: 14.12.95)
Concerning: ECSC research project:
** 3263: "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles,...)" **
3263-1. From ProfilARBED-Recherches :
3263-1-1 the draft final report of the ECSC research nr. 7210-SA/508, realized by ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette, August 1992Arbed: "Elasto-plastic Behaviour of Steel Frame Works",
3263-1-2 the summary - written by a working group - of 3 complementary ECSC researches dealing with plastic hinges and their rotation capacity: " Rsum of the coordinated Project: Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures Requirements and Material Properties", Mars 1993, common rsum of the 3 ECSC researches: - nr. 7210-SA/l 13: RWTH (ffiHK, LfS), Aachen, - nr. 7210-SA/204: ULG (CRM, MSM), Lige, - nr. 7210-SA/508: ARBED-Recherches, Esch/Alzette.
3263-1-3 the data (extracted from the report 3263-1-1) for the numerical simulation n 1 to be carried out by CTICM and LABEIN (simulation n S 10 of the report)
3263-1-4 paper issued from "Acier-Stahl-Steel" nr. 3 / 1978: "Rsultats de recherches CECA: Effet de la forme du diagramme contrainte-dilatation sur la performance des ossatures mtalliques ", A. Bernard and M. Da Rin.
3263-1-5 excerpt from a paper issued from the journal "Construction mtallique" nr. 1-1983: "Flexion gauche des poutres-colonnes mtalliques", G.H.P. Opperman and P.-A. Matthey. 3263-1-6 paper issued from "Structural Engineering International" n 3 / 93: "Structural analysis: elastic or plastic ?", J. Blaauwendraad and J. Schneider.
3263-1-7 paper of Prof. Sedlacek G. (RWTH, Aachen University) presented in TU Delft in 1993: "Stability aspects of high strength steels". 3263-1-8 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n61 (1992): "Zum Nachweis ausreichender Rotationsfhigkeit von Fliessgelenken bei der Anwendung des Fliessgelenkverfahrens", R. Spangemacher and G. Sedlacek.
3263-1-9 paper issued from "Bauingenieur" n66 (1991): "Abschtzung maximaler Randdehnungen bei Anwendung der Traglastverfahrens im Stahlbau", U. Vogel.
3263-1-10 paper from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Icom - Steel Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland: "Continuous composite beams using class 1 and 2 steel sections - Applicability of EC4, and a proposition for a new design method", G. Couchman and J.-P. Lebet
84

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-1 1 paper issued from the JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") nr. 4 (1984): "Slendemess Limits Normal to the Plane of Bending for Beam-columns in Plastic Design", A.R. Kemp.
3263-1-12 list of "references for tests on continuous composite beams, and studies of required rotation", by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-13 work paper with figures about the effect of axial load on the rotation capacity obtained from 3 points bending tests on high strength steel section, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-14 excerpts from Mr. Spangemacher' s thesis about the formula of available rotation capacity, by M. Feldmann (RWTH) on 9.12.1993
3263-1-15 work paper with figures showing the influence of fu/fy ratio on different theoritical models compared to tests results, by G. Couchman (Icom) on 9.12.1993.
3263-1-16 data and results about numerical simulations to evaluate available rotation capacities of hypothetic steels (fu/fy = 1,20, 1,10 and 1,00): excerpts from the report 3263-1-1 and figures (Bild 4.6 up to Bild 4.10) issued from the draft final report of RWTH - Aachen european research n7210-SA/118, September 1993.
3263-1-17 paper issued from technical report of University of Cambridge, 1971, England : "Moment-rotation curves for locally buckling I-beams and composite beams", by JJ. Climenhaga and R.P. Johnson.
3263-1-18 paper "Composite Beams", by A. M. Price and D. Anderson, University of Warwick, Coventry; UK. 3263-1-19 paper from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ICOM-Steel Structures, Lausanne, Switzerland : "Design rules for continuous composite beams using Class 1 and 2 steel section- Applicability of EC4", by G. Couchman and LP. Lebet 3263-1-20 work papers from ICOM about rotation capacities in composite beams, 1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-21 work paper from RWTH about models of available rotation capacity for different types of loading, 1994, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-22 work paper from ProfilARBED applying the model of available rotation capacity (developed by Feldmann M.) to H and I hot-rolled shapes, by Chantrain Ph.
3263-1-23 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer", volume 69, N. 5/5, March 1991, "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", by Kemp A.R. & Dekker N.W.
3263-1-24 paper issued from the journal "Construction mtallique" nr. 3-1994: "Analyse des poutres et dalles mixtes au moyen d'un modle numrique et comparaison avec des rsultats d'essais", by P. Ren, G. Couchman et M. Crisinel.
3263-1-25 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n 63 (1994): "Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Rotationkapacitt von Verbundanschlssen ", by R. Kindmann & KKathage.
85

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-26 letter from Icom about the relation between the length of beam and the available rotation capacity, 09.1994, by Couchman G.
3263-1-27 work paper (14.12.1994) from ProfilARBED applying Kemp's and Feldmann 's models of available rotation capacity to H and I hot-rolled shapes: "Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges R available - Tests results and models", by Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M. 3263-1-28 paper issued from "The Structural Engineer"/volume 64B/N2/June 1986, "Factor affecting the rotation capacity of plastically designed members", by Kemp A.R.
3263-1-29 EPFL thesis n 1308 (1994) of Mr. Couchman G., Lausanne, EPFL, 1995: "Design of continuous composite beams allowing for rotation capacity". 3263-1-30 RWTH thesis of Mr. Feldmann M.: "Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger" (Aachen; Heft 30; 1994; ISSN 07221037).
3263-1-3 1 floppy-disk from Mr. Feldmann M. with a databank of worldwide tests results in the field of rotation capacity (for Excel application on IBM or compatible PC).
3263-1-32 publication: "Plastic Design in Steel - A Guide and Commentary", published by ASCE, second edition, 197 1.
3263-1-33 workpapers (3 pages given on 16.12.1994) from ICOM about parameters influencing rotation capacities in beams, by Couchman G.
3263-1-34 work paper (1 page given on 16.12.1994) from RWTH about evaluation of available rotation capacities from CTICM tests, by Feldmann M.
3263-1-35 working document from ProfilARBED about the problem of overstrengthening of steel profiles in plastic global analysis.
3263-1-36 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 23 March 1995 (first draft): work document from ProfilARBED : "Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures - Guide for Plastic Analysis", by Chantrain Ph. & Klosak M, second draft (June 1995).
3263-1-37 see document 3198-1-15. 3263-1-38 paper issued from "Stahlbau"n 56, Heft 12 (Dezember 1987): "Experimentelle Ermittlung der Rotationskapacitt biegebeanspruchter I-Profile", by . Roik and U. Kuhlmann.
3263-1-39 paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n 32 (1995) published in 1994: "Prediction of Local Buckling and Rotation Capacity at Maximum Moment", by MX. Daali & R.M. Korol. 3263-1-40 document for COST Cl/ECCS TCI 1 draft group of Annex J of EC4, 25 March 1995, Luxembourg: "Available and Required Rotation Capacities for Composite Beams and Frames", by Dr R.Y. Xiao.
3263-1-41
paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n 32 (1995) : "Determination of Rotation Capacity Requirements for Steel and Composite Beams", by T.Q. Li, B.S. Choo & D.A. Nethercot
86

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-1-42 thesis n1991:15L from Lulea University (Sweden), Division of Steel Structures, by Agneta Wargsj, May 1991:"Plastik rotationskapacitet hos svetsade stalbalkar" (Investigation on rotation capacity and postbuckling behaviour of girders with slender webs).
3263-1-43 paper issued from "Stahlbau" n 62 Heft 1 1 (1993): "Ein dehnungsorientiertes Verfahren zur Ermittlung der Duktilitt bzw. Rotationskapazitt von Trgem aus I-Profilen", by Vayas I. & Psycharis I.
3263-1-44 report from S AES about Projekt 124 :"Traglast von Verbund-Durchlauftrgern fr den Hoch- und Industriebau unter besonderer Bercksichtigung einer nachgiebigen Verdbelung", by Prof. Bode H., 1987.
3263-1-45 report N 95Fe05 from RWTH (Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau): "Safety Evaluation for Rotation Capacities of I- and -shaped Sections and for Correlated Strength", by Feldmann M., Aachen, June 1995.
3263-1-46 paper presented in the Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Strucutres (Trento, May 1995): "Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3", by Feldmann M., Sedlacek G. and Weynand K.
3263-1-47 working document presenting document 3263-1-36 and open questions, by Klosak M., June 1995.
3263-1-48 paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n9 (1988) : "Strength and Deformability of -Shaped Steel Beams and Lateral Bracing Requirements", by Takeshi Nakamura.
3263-1-49
paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n34 (1995) : "Differences in Inelastic Properties of Steel and Composite Beams", by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero. paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n34 (1995) : "Factors Influencing the Strength of Continuous Composite Beams in Negative Bending", by A.R. Kemp, N.W. Dekker & P. Trinchero. paper issued from JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") n35 (1995) : "Required Rotations and Moment Redistribution for Composite Frames and Continuous Beams", by D.A. Nethercot T.Q. Li & B.S. Choo.
3263-1-50
3263-1-51
3263-2. From CTICM
3263-2-1 paper issued from the JCSR Journal ("Journal of Constructional Steel Research") nr. 13 (1989) published in 1989: "Rotation capacity of H -section members as determined by local buckling", by Ben Kato.
3263-2-2 paper issued from the journal "Construction mtallique" nr. 1-1990: "Scurit des assemblages dans les structures calcules en plasticit Condition sur la rsistance des assemblages pour viter leur plastification' by J. Berthellemy.
87

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-3 work paper from CTICM (given on 09.12.1993) : "Proposal for the required rotation capacity R req"+ 1 figure about "load-deflection curve" from ANS YS numerical simulation.
3263-2-4 work paper from CTJCM (given on 18.03.1994) : "About Rotation Capacity verifications"; "Computation step" (evaluation of R required in portal frame); 1 figure about "moment-rotation curve" from ANS YS numerical simulation of "S10".
3263-2-5 Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993, "Evaluation of partial safety factors for the check of resistance of steel cross-section from UNTMETAL profiles", "Final Report n 2", "Analysis of tests series, by A. Bureau. 3263-2-6 new version of the document previously given in Bilbao, on 27.06.94 and in Paris, on 16.12.94; this new version was given in Bilbao, on 23.03.95 and includes the document n 3263-2-4: work paper from CTICM: "Evaluation of required rotation capacity for various types of portal frames'V'Working document for ECSC Project 3263".
3263-2-7 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Projet CECA SA/520woriring document: Influence of second order effects and the load factor of reference on the required rotation capacity of frames", YG 8/6/94.
3263-2-8 work paper from CTICM (given on 27.06.1994) : "Numerical simulations with
ANSYS".
3263-2-9 working document from CTICM (given on 16.09.1994) : "Numerical simulations performed by CTICM".
3263-2-10 new version of the document previously given in Esch-sur-Alzette, on 16.09.1994; this new version was given in Paris, on 16 .12.94: working document "Moment-rotation curves", issued from the results detailed in document n 32632-5, (Report CTICM nr 8.009-3, April 1993).
3263-2-11 paper issued from "Engineering Journal'XAISQ, 1994 "Local Buckling Rules for Rotation Capacity", by M.L. Daali and R.M. Korol.
3263-2-12 work paper from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "ECSC Projects SA/319-SA 321 working document: Required rotation capacity for a 15 % redistribution of elastic peak moment", YG 14/12/94.
3263-2-13 new version of the document previously given in Paris, on 16.12.1994: work paper from CTICM about "Required rotation capacity for continuous beams", 04.01.1995.
3263-2-14 work paper (1 page) from CTICM (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic Analysis of a Portal Frame with variable V/H ratio".
3263-2-15 work paper from CTICM, Bilbao, 23.03.1995: "ECSC Projects P3263: Required rotation capacity for continuous beams - Working document based upon document 3263-2-13". 3263-2-16 working document from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Guide for plastic analysis Chapter 2: Required rotation capacity of plastic hinges in structures".

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-2-17 work paper (1 page) from CTICM, Esch, 21.06.1995: "Influence of the loading path on (Prequired at collapse".
3263-3. From LABEIN :
3263-3-1 work paper from LABEIN (given on 09.12.1993) : results from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (5 figures).
3263-3-2 paper issued from "Computers & Structures" Vol. 48, nr 3, 1993 "On the correlation of analyses and tests of the inelastic flexural behavior of wide-flange steel beams", by G. Greschik, D. W. White, W. Mc Guire and J.F. Abel.
3263-3-3 work paper from LABEIN (given on 18.03.1994) : results from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulation with concentrated local and distributed load).
3263-3-4 paper about "Experiments on Wide-Flange Beams Under Moment Gradient", by A.F. Lukey, R.J. Smith, M.U. Hosain and P.F. Adams.
3263-3-5 paper about "Local buckling of I-sections in plastic regions of highmoment gradient", by A.R. Kemp. 3263-3-6 paper issued from "Journal of Structural Engineering" Vol. 1 14, No 1, January 1988:"Moment-rotation tests of steel bridge girders", by Charles G. Schilling. 3263-3-7 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994): "Inelastic buckling of beams: numerical approach", results from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (S10 and S 4 simulations with concentrated and distributed loads; biased concentrated load). 3263-3-8 work paper from LABEIN (given on 27.06.1994) : summary of the results from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (S10 simulations with concentrated load).
3263-3-9 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.09.1994) : summary of the results from numerical simulations with ABAQUS (simulations with centered concentrated and distributed loads; biased concentrated load).
3263-3-10 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported beam, moment gradient & LTB restraints influence".
3263-3-1 1 work paper from LABEIN (given on 16.12.1994): "Plastic hinge stability considerations - Proposal of practical rules based on rotation capacities".
3263-3-12 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Conclusions from simulation results: deformation buckling modes, moment gradient & LTB restraints influence".
89

(Date: 14.12.95)
3263-3-13 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Numerical simulation of RWTH tests & nominal cases results".
3263-3-14 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Numerical simulation of CTICM tests & norninal cases results".
3263-3-15 work paper from LABEIN (given on 23.03.1995): "Numerical simulation of singular cases results".
3263-3-16 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Numerical simulation of CTICM tests: updated results".
3263-3-17 work paper from LABEIN (given during May 1995): "Continuous beam simulation".
3263-3-18 new version (August 1995) of work paper from LABEIN (firstly given on 21.06.1995): "Numerical simulations of 3 point bending beams in case of M-N interaction".
3263-3-19 workpaper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools fordesigners (rotation capacities of profiles,...); Technical report n 4 : Period from 01.01.95 to 30.06.95 (ENSIDESA-LABEIN contribution) ".
3263-3-20 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Continuous beam simulation (Additional results)".
3263-3-21 work paper from LABEIN (given during December 1995): "Feldmann's model checking within LTB limits".
90
Annex 2
Excerpts from Mr. Couchman's thesis (Ref. 14)
"Design of continuous beams allowing for rotation capacity"

(9 pages)
b) Semi-compact sections (according to EC4):
- Determine 0av. This is
a function equation 7.1 or taken as 2.0.
of the
sections, spans and loads, and is either given by
AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY ea
REQUIRED ROTATION CAPACITY
.W^rj.'-Vj.'rtjj.-j
jar
JUL
M*
PLASTIC
or
M
SEMI COMPACT
Mel
M
=
M*
COMPACT
Ht7.2
ea
fig. 73
HJ.7.S
EQ7.1
or
eav
2.0
ea
^.-
a
Kp 7.6
e 'av
COMPARISON OF
VERIFICATION OF SECTION
Resistance moments > applied redistributed moments
Figure 7.1- Overview of design method.
Tnse EPFL 1308
92
Web or flange slender?

no
yes
Design method not applicable
Calculate Mp] and Mp]
Preliminary calculations
Calculate Mel and Me]
J
no
Web or flange N. semi-compact? y^
yes
Calculate
Calculate
Dtermine,
Determine \
>
Identify q vs. () curve
req vs.
Determine from () curve

>
Comparison of rotation capacity
Allow for and

propping
Calculate applied
moments
Verification of the
section
Revise section
no
Resistance moments
>
yes
Section
Applied moments.
OK
Figure 7.7- Flowchart of the detailed procedure used to verify that a given beam can support a given
load.
Thse EPFL 1308
93
Table 7.1 - Identification of curves in Figure 7.2 to be usedfor different combinations ofLjjrand a.
LLr=
(m)
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
5
10
2.5
7
11
3.0
8
3.5
9
15
4.0
10 16
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
a=0.50 o=0.75
2
6
10
3
8
11
4
9
13
11
12
-
14
-
14
-
4
8
13
17
a=1.00
Note
:
15
17
values are not given for cases where a is less than 2.0, since plastic or compact sections will normally exceed this value. Available rotation capacity of steel section alone ( )
1
20.0
/
/
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
^,
8.0
9
6.0
10
11
4.0
12
13
2.0
-^.
14
15
17
0.0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
f =235 N/mm2
steel.
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.2 - Relationship between and steel section. Example for IPE sections with Fe E 235
Curves showing a as a function of the steel section are not only useful in simplifying the new design method, they also enable the influence on a of changing the steel section or the proportion of the web depth in compression to be appreciated. For curves 1 1 to 17 a small change in section size does not
Thse EPFL 1308
94
produce much change in a, whereas this is not the case for curves 1 to 7. For a given curve there is generally an increase in a as steel section size increases, but because section size is related to span length the same curve would not normally be used for a wide range of sections. Curves are given in Figure 7.2 for values of equal to 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00. Definitive design curves would consider smaller intervals of a, and because it is possible to group curves this would not lead to a large increase in the number of curves needed.
_/.
0.95 -
d, = 175 mm
d4= 100 mm
d. = 50 mm
0.900.85 -
For Fe E 355
increase /4 by:
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.05
0.45 -
0.00
-]
250
200
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Steel section (IPE)
Figure 7.3- Relationship between (/ and steel section. Example for IPE sections.
Figure 7.3 gives values of the adjustment factor aVa ^ a function of ê sie section for IPE sections. This adjustment factor takes into account the influence of compsite action on the steel section. Values of av/a depend on the slab reinforcement lever arm (dg), the proportion of the web depth in compression (a) and the yield strength of the steel (fy). Curves are given for Fe E 235 steel. To allow for the use of Fe E 355 steel, values of av/a can be increased by an amount which is independent of the section and given for each curve on the figure. For example when = 0.6 values of y/ can be increased by 0.05, 0.04 or 0.03 appending on the reinforcement lever aim, as noted on the respective curves. In deriving the curves in Figure 7.3 it was assumed that S500 reinforcing steel is used. Separate curves are needed for different families of sections.
Thse EPFL 1308
95
beam load capacity, so an exact knowledge required.
of the
length which influences inelastic rotation is not
7.3.2
Semi-compact sections
It is shown in chapters 4 and 6 that to enable calculation of load capacity for beams with semi-compact sections it is necessary to calculate either the peak resistance moment (^1) at which buckling occurs, or the post-buckling resistance moment which corresponds to an available rotation capacity of the composite section (av) of 2.0. av and the resistance moment of the section are dependent not
only on the section properties but also on the arrangement of spans and loads.
As explained in chapter 6, two distinct cases can be identified. When the arrangements of spans and loads give an elastic moment ratio of 1.3 the shape of the curve showing required rotation capacity as a function of moment redistribution is such that, as required rotation capacity increases from 0.0 to 2.0, the gain in moment redistribution leads to an increase in beam load capacity which is balanced by the loss in load capacity due to the decrease in section resistance moment For an elastic moment ratio greater man 1.3 there is a greater increase in moment redistribution, and for an elastic moment ratio less than 1.3 there is less increase in redistribution. The consequences of this are that - "When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio less than 1.3 ultimate load may be assumed to be reached when the section buckles, so the resistance moment of the section is taken as titie peak resistance moment QA^^ which is given by equation 4.11, 4.13, 4.15 (LRFD), or 4.2 (EC4). The value of av which corresponds to the rotation at which buckling occurs is derived from equation 4.21 and given by:
=2
'av
M Mpl'
(7.1)
M, -max
Mpl'
available rotation capacity of the composite section peak resistance moment plastic resistance moment
- When span and load arrangements give an elastic moment ratio equal to or exceeding 1.3 ultimate load may be ?sCT""^ to be reached when the rotation capacity equals 2.0. The resistance moment which corresponds to this value of av is the post-buckling value M^', given by equation 4.17. A summary of the values of resistance moment and available rotation capacity to be used for different cases with semi-compact sections is given in Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 - Values of resistance moment and to be usedfor different cases with semi-compact
sections.
Elastic moment ratio

Resistance moment
Pel < 1-3
Pd*
2.0
1-3
Mmax
M2'
av
3Mmax',Mpl')
[Equation 7.1]
In conclusion, using the procedure described above av and resistance moment can be determined for a beam with a semi-compact support section. Because these are the same two parameters which define
Thse EPFL 1308
96
Ljjj
i2
: largest value of for which buckling is inelastic : xmrestrained length of beam in hogging : radius of gyration about minor-axis
Flange local buckling,
=-(/-)
=The elastic resistance moment again allows for a residual stress of 69 N/mm2 in the flanges. Web local buckling,
(4.13)
(4.14)
M_'=M/-(M/-Md')|^^L
=-
(4.15)
(4.16)
d depth of web. No allowance is made for residual stresses in the steel section when calculating the elastic resistance moment for this failure mode.
The resistance moment of the section is taken as the lowest of the three values for these failure modes, i.e. it is determined by the most critical of lateral torsional buckling, flange local buckling or web local buckling.
Kubo and Galambos
Kubo and Galambos [33] showed that resistance moments calculated using the LRFD model agree well with peak moments measured in tests. They also considered results from three-point bending tests to show that a linear falling branch on the moment vs. rotation curve may be used to represent postbuckling behaviour. The form of this linear falling branch is given by.
M'=Mpl'
M' Mpl' M'max
*
^-.( '
(4.17)
support moment
d'
plastic resistance moment, calculated using a stress-block model peak resistance moment, calculated using LRFD model rotation at the support rotation at the support which corresponds to the attainment of Mp]', assuming elastic rigidity.
A typical moment vs. rotation curve predicted by this model is shown in Figure 4.3.
Thse EPFL 1308
97
behaviour of a beam with a plastic or compact support section, the same design method can be used for beams with any of these three types of section.
7.4
The graphical representation of required rotation capacity (req) as a function of moment redistribution () is considered in detail in chapter 6. The use of req vs. curves is an effective way of allowing for all the parameters which affect the rotation capacity required by a beam to achieve a given moment redistribution. These parameters are: - Elastic moment ratio (jy) and span type (externai or internal). These two parameters affect the basic form of ,^, vs. curves. - Plastic moment ratio (Up]), which affects values of moment redistribution but not the form of req vs. curves. - Degree of shear connection and construction method (propped or unpropped). These two parameters may necessitate modifications to the value of moment redistribution which is given by a rea vs. curve. The way in which they are taken into account is discussed in section 7.5.
To identify the appropriate ieq vs. curve for a given example, the distribution of "uncracked elastic" moments must firstly be determined. This distribution shows whether a mechanism would fonn first in an external or internal span, and gives the elastic moment ratio. Knowledge of the span type and the elastic moment ratio allows the moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity of 1.0 to be found from Figure 7.5. This figure shows moment redistribution as a function of elastic moment ratio, and is basically the same as Figure 6.4 except that, specific Compcal results are not presented. Two curves are shown, one for external spans and the other for internal spans, for beams with a plastic moment ratio of 0.57. Curves are given for this value of plastic moment ratio so that they agree with the choice of axis used for the curves shown in Figure 7.6. Any value of plastic moment ratio could have been used to establish these curves provided the two figures are in agreement. Curves shown in Figure 7.5 can be used for a beam with any plastic moment ratio. As stated above, both curves in Figure 7.5 relate to a required rotation capacity of 1.0, but any value of rotation capacity could have been chosen since the purpose of Figure 7.5 is merely to fix both co-ordinates of a point on Figure 7.6. The required rotation capacity value of this point is not important, provided that it corresponds to the correct value of moment redistribution.
Knowing the value of moment redistribution which corresponds to a required rotation capacity of 1.0 for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57 enables the appropriate curve to be chosen from Figure 7.6 a) for external spans, or 7.6 b) for internal spans. These figures are derived from Figures 63 and 6.5 respectively, and the form of the curves is fully described in section 6.3.1. So that tiae curves shown in Figure 7.6 are applicable to beams with any value of plastic moment ratio, required rotation capacity is not simply given as a function of moment redistribution, rather required rotation capacity is shown as a function of
-(.57-1)*
*
moment redistribution plastic moment ratio constant given in Table 7.4 as a function below.
(7.2)
of Uj. The derivation of this constant is explained
The choice of abscissa comes from the fact that curves shown in Figure 7.6, although being ^q vs. curves for a plastic moment ratio of 0.57, may be used for beams with any value of plastic moment ratio. This is possible because changes in plastic moment ratio merely lead to a series of paralld curves
Thse EPFL 1308
98
on a req vs. diagram, as discussed in chapter 6. These parallel curves can all be represented by the same curve if the abscissa is revised to allow for the differences in moment redistribution between them.
Moment redistribution () at =1.0

I%]
50 -
40 -
30-
20 -
External span
Internal span
10
0-h7/-/n
0.0
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Elastic moment ratio (^)
Figure 7.5 -Moment redistribution vs. elastic moment ratio for required rotation capacity of 1.0.
Firstly it is necessary to calculate the rate of change in moment redistribution with plastic moment ratio, given by the parameter *. Knowing this rate of change, differences in moment redistribution can be ra1m1at<>ri for given differences in plastic moment ratio. To establish values of * for various arrangements of spans and loads, the difference in moment redistribution between curves for plastic
moment ratios of 0 5 and 0.6 was calculated using equation 6.5. Plastic moment ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 were chosen since they are representative of values likely to be found in practice. Values of * were then calculated by dividing the difference in moment redistribution by the change in plastic moment ratio, i.e. 0.6 - 0.5. It was found that * varies as a function of the elastic moment ratio (u^j) of the beam. Results are presented in Table 7.4, which gives * for various values of elastic moment ratio. T^rer interpolation is possible to calculate * for other arrangements of spans and loads. It should be noted that values of * given in Table 7.4 are only valid when the elastic moment ratio exceeds the plastic moment ratio, so that redistribution is away from the support.
Having calculated * for different arrangements of spans and loads, the value of plastic moment ratio can be calculated for a given beam from a consideration of span and support resistance moments. Knowing * and the plastic moment ratio, allowable moment redistribution can be calculated from the value of -(0.57-)* derived from Figure 7.6.
Table 7.4 - Values of A* as afunction of elastic moment ratio.
W
*
1.8
65
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
108
0.6
133
69
74
82
92
Thse EPFL 1308
99
Required rotation capadty (,)

14.0 -
40
50
-(0.57-1)* [%]
a)
Required rotation capacity (^,)
40
50
60
70
-(057-1)* [%]
b)
Figure 7.6 - Required rotation capacity as afunction /"-(0.57- )A*, a) external span, b) internal
span.
Curves shown in Figure 7.6 represent the results of specific calculations using Compcal. These differ from definitive design curves which would be based on a large number of simulations, adopting small load steps, using the procedure described in section 6.3.3 to group the curves. Definitive curves would not contain the irregularities evident in the curves shown for specific cases. However, definitive curves
Thse EPFL 1308

100
Annex 3
Document 3263-3-12
"Conclusions from simulation results : Deformation buckling modes moment gradient & LTB restraints influence"
(20 pages)
IDENTIFIED DEFORMATION BUCKLING MODES
FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL COUPLED BUCKLING
i'
ST
4r
4r
4rX^K
yr
yr
"A
X-
g^_---'X
X'""~~-Z---,--S
FLANGE LOCAL & WEB LOCAL COUPLED BUCKLING
S-
102
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS
(I)
Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
Mmax
~z\
L,TB^Lb "LTB
-----X
-----X
^
"
A"
Lb
x-x-x
X~^
k
w
-LTS
Ut
103
MOMENT GRADIENT & LTB RESTRAINTS
(II)
a
j
*-LL,
7\
Plastic hinged
rotation
_\
1
-LTB
(Lb^<Lb)
Lb
\
N.
(u/>Lb)
Lb
-Lb
-LTB
FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING
I.
Lb
-LT8
zsr
&<t>(UyB,]_b)
COUPLED FLANGE LOCAL & LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
LLTB
^ Lb
(Lb)
--Z~--')
FLANGE LOCAL & PARTIALLY RESTRAINED LATERAL GLOBAL BUCKLING
L. < L
Lb
*(Lb.LtTt)
--
104
COUPLED LOCAL FLANGE + GLOBAL LATERAL BUCKLING MODE (ISO-ROTATION LINES)
FREE LTB
-LTB
t/ROT '=> t/HOT
-> t/HOT
Lb
LUTB
length between lateral restraints
Lb
length of the region of significant yielding (moment gradienti
105
COUPLED LOCAL FLANGE + GLOBAL LATERAL BUCKLING MODE (SIMULATION CASES)
Lb
CASE (,)
3 m
->
m
C44
(0.10)
4 m
C34
(0.21)
3 m
C33
(0.17)
C43
(0.10)
1.2 m
C312
(0.20)
C412
(0.10)
C3R
(0.24)
C4R
(0.30)
106
AVAILABLE ROTATION
(&OT)
A
4-
1
3 m
f-
1
4 m
BUCKLING DEFORMATION MODE

Al
4 m
0.21
0.10
3 m
0.17
0.10
Al
1.2 m
0.20
0.10
Al
0.24
0.30
AH
(upper flange)
0.13
0.18
Bl
XffiSS
0.29
0.36
Bil
(upper flange)
%
A
(upper flange)
0.30
0.38
All
Buckling deformation modes:
Local flange + free global lateral Local flange + limited global lateral Local flange + free local web Local lateral + limited local web
X
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120
Annex 4
Document 3263-3-17
'Continuous beam simulation'
(25 pages)
L- DESCRIPTION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

- Geometry & cross-section:
Two span beam. IPE-27. Sieel S235

F
* Concentrated load
L= 10 m
landa=0.5 alpha=0.8
case:
L
0< <
2
&
XL
* Distributed load
L= l()m
landa=0.4
gainma=l
case:
0< <1
>
rq
jjjiilji!^
"
L
XL
* 3-point bending
1)
cases:
Ll=lm
L2=5m
2) Ll=3m
L2=3m
3)
Ll = l,6m L2=2,17m
4) LI = 1,9m L2=4m
Material:
Elasto-plastic model with fy=235 MPa and fu/fy=1.58
Meshing:
Type of element: 8-node shell with parabolic shape funcuoas (SKR Ahaqus)
A more refined mesh has been provided

expected to happen.
at the areas where local buckling behaviour is
Concentrated
Distributed
616
1913
Number of elements
640
1973
Number of nodes
Degrees
of freedom
11.838
11.478
122
CONTINUOUS BEAM SIMULATION (Equivalent length)

Concentrated Load
Distributed Load
8
I
~2K
10
Ii
A
5
>
yr
yr
<
is
1-
^wc
zs
5 >i
3-POINT BENDING TEST
1 n
M
n
t
ri
LBO^
2i
<
217
1-L-5
1.6-L-2.1
<
3
>4
J -\
nI^P^
1
3-L-3
.9-L-4
123
- Fillet radius modelling:
By means of web and flange overthickness calculated for keeping constant the total section area
- Initial imperfection:
Pattern: the first positive elastic buckling eigenmode is used as the initial imperfection shape
Magnitude: maximum of 1% of the flange thickness
- Load application:
* Concentrated load:
Incremental-iterative solution procedure has been employed using displacement control. Appropriate
constraints to degrees
of freedom at upper flange of the loaded section have been applied to ensure
the same vertical displacement of these nodes.
* Distributed load:
Load control has been used in the load-displacement analysis together with an arc-length integration
method (Riks) to cope with the postbuckling instable response. The load has been applied by means
of equivalent node forces at upper flange central line.

* 3-point bending cases:
As described for concentrated load case.
Boundary conditions:
Vertical supports have been introduced at every node of. the lower flange located at the
corresponding support sections.
Longitudinal support has been provided in the loaded section at the center of the upper flange.
Lateral restraints have been introduced on the compressed flange of the support and load application
sections and additional sections according to Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66):
* concentrated load case:
a moment ratio
of 0 has been considered in all the length (leading
to L=l,81 m between lateral restraints) excepting the part between both plastic hinges, where
124
the moment ratio is -0.87 (L = 2,87 m). The following figure shows the precise location of the restraints.
* distributed load
case: a moment ratio
of 0 (L=l,81 m) has been taken for the right part

has been
of the beam, the first hinge influence area, while a conservative moment ratio of 1
considered for the left part (2nd hinge zone) leading to
L=l,05 m between lateral supports.
The following figure shows the precise location of the restraints.
* 3-point bending
lateral supports
cases: a moment ratio
of 0 is assumed leading to L=l,81 m between
125
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Concentrated Load
A
1.8
25
ZX
<
1.8
p\ <
1.7
1.7
>\
Distributed Load
XXI
126
2.- RESULTS
2.1.- Concentrated load case

The following results are included in the following figures:
1) Deformed shape
of
1st elastic eigenmode
2) Deformed shape after the beginning of the plastic hinge instability (A)
3) Deformed shape with updated initial imperfection magnitude (B)
4) Deformed shape after the beginning of the plastic hinge instability: 2nd hinge
5) 1st hinge moment-rotation curves for both deformation cases A and B.
6) Evolution
of Ml (1st hinge moment)
and M2 (2nd hinge moment) in function
of the
rotation at both hinges
The deformation (A) initially obtained shows a 2nd order lateral deformation mode suggesting that
a bifurcation point is
likely to have
been overpassed during the load process. The analysis
of
an
updated model with a higher initial imperfection magnitude has lead to the valid result (B). In this
case the
initial imperfection has been calculated on the basis of providing
a magnitude
of
1%
of the
flange thickness at the compressed lower flange, where the instability is to be developed, instead of
evaluating the magnitude to be the 1% at the maximum point.
The moment values at the plastic hinge locations have been evaluated from the corresponding values
of the reactions and load.
127
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Monwn-ratation rant
ttivnewl Jfff fff
CONCENTRATED LOAD
10
12
14
16
IS
Rotation 1st hing (dog)
CONCENTRATED LOAD
14
12 +
.^S^k^Êâao^
Mill
hing)
C
-
2
M2 2nd hing)
Mpl
10
12
14
16
18
Rontwn 2nd hing (dag)
128
rK]
OJ
Q.
129
coi
130
131
CQ
en
a_
cvj
32
o
co
LO
<N
O
CNJ
rj\
<D
r-
CD
LO
c C O
-H
4-3
<d 4->
O
T-i
O
C
LO
O
^>
LO t-i
lO
ca o o
rf^.
O *-l o o - + tu ca
CO co CO
LO
CM
<"
cr> ^T
C\J
O 2 C -->
'*-
2ta*
-.
>2*
....
w.
<C
!:
133
2.2.- Distributed load case

The following results are represented in the following figures:
1) Deformed shape
of 1st elastic eigenmode
2) Deformed shape after the beginning of the plastic hinge instability (A)
3) Deformed shape after the beginning
of the plastic hinge instability: 2nd hinge
4) Evolution of Ml (1st hinge moment) and M2 (2nd hinge moment) in function of the
rotation at both hinges
134
CONTINUOUS BEAM Mcmtrw otation ram
baaesaiLaum
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
10
12
14
16
18
Rotation lit hing (d*g)
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
10
12
14
16
18
20
Rotation 2nd hing (dg)
135
iH
ca
136
_C-t.
137
138
2.3.- COMPARISON WITH 3-POINT BENDING CASE RESULTS
CASE
pi
(deg)
rot
rot (deg)
6,6
13,9
pl
(deg)
8,3
15
Concentrated
1,7
1,1
4
i.
Distributed
8,6
ij.
Ll=l Ll=3 Ll=l,9
L2=5 L2=3
;
1,65 1,65 1,62 1,03
8,7 8,5
7,1
4,3
6,9
7,1
8,1
42
4,4
7,8
L2=4
L2=2,17
8,7
9,1
Ll=l,6
Concerning the concentrated load case, a very good agreement can be observed between the
moment-rotation curve of the continuous beam and that of the corresponding 3-point testing case
(Ll=lm
expected.
L2=5m). Also the case of central load (Ll=3m
L2=3m) gives the same result
as
In the distributed load case, however, a clear disagreement is observed when comparing the momentrotation curve of the continuous beam and the corresponding curves of the 3-point bending cases.
The discrepancy seems to be caused by the interaction taking place between the lateral deformations
induced by both hinges in the continuous beam and giving rise to a stiffening effect. This interaction
is caused by the fact that the continuous beam has got positive and negative moments along its
length. The lower flange, compressed near the first hinge location (negative moment region), is
subjected to tension stresses in the positive moment region. This tension, acting on the lower flange
at .second hinge location, is responsible for the stiffer postbuckling response appreciated in the
moment-rotation curve of the first hinge in comparison to the 3-point bending case. It can be seen
139
as a sort
of stress stiffening effect
thai produce a positive influence on the side
of increasing
the
actual rotation capacity of the beam.
This effect is avoided in the concentrated load case since the lateral deformation at both hinges is
mainly local and does not interact one to each other.
Thus, the rotation capacity of continuous beams subjected to distributed loads (this load case is more
likely to induce coupled lateral deformations) may be significantly higher than that given by the 3point bending test due to the described stiffenins effect.
<
Tensioned lower flange
-Compressed lower flange-
(Lower flange lateral deformation)
140
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
10
12
14
16
18
Retallen (deg)
CONCENTRATED LOAD
16
IS
141
OJ
o-j
LO
i
<0
LO
CO
X\
'0
/
<H
o
CN
Ol
M
142
co
I
1-H
I
CO
Cu
s
LO co
o
*CN
Cu M
143
1-q
I
Cu
S
LO
co
CN
>.
O
c-LO
cu
144
ii?
4
I
<0
CL,
LO
CO CN
>.
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r--
<n
Cu
145
Annex 5
Documents 3263-3-10 & 3263-3-13 (LABEIN) (excerpts)
"Numerical simulations of Spangemacher and Seldacek tests" 'Numerical simulations of RWTH tests & nominal cases results"
(46 pages)
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

Meshing
The following figure shows the mesh containing 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
S8R-Abaqus (parabolic 8-node shell element)
Load application
* Control displacement
* Constraints: Vertical
together
displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports: both ends
LOAD
Lateral restrains: both ends and central

section
RESTRAINS
Initiai imperfection
First linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been used as an initial
imperfection shape.
148
ta
G o
ca
E-f
-^
P
W W
E-i E-i
-
o m o
M
e
H
-H
ca
O
CU
m o
>1
id
I
w ta
Eh
H
,-t
u>
rji
C
-H i
1
ta
f4
03
r Q
1
O
OS
149
**
Modelization of root fillet
In order to simulate the roof fillets, an overthickness has been used for the elements near the web to flange connection. The overthickness is evaluated from equivalence of area of the web to flanges junction for the real hot-rolled beam and for the beam discretised into finite elements. We have supposed that thickness of elements (web or flanges) are constant along the first 1/5 of the fillet. For the evaluation of statical characteristics (A, Wpi, I,...) no recovering of shell finite elements is taken into account (Ref. 3).
Area of the real connection
:
1FI
K-
lw
tf
Ar = tw.tf + 2.R.tf + R.tw + (4 - %).RZ 2

Shell finite element modelization
:
tf + 2a
.
'
=U,
/
"l/
'
L2
*
tw
e
+ 2a
..
"
tw
fl
Characteristics
R = nominal radius of root fillet of hot-rolled profile,

lengths of overthickness (a) (Ref. 3)
:
L!=4/5R
L2=4/5R
+ tw/2,
+ tf/2,
overthickness (Ref. 3) obtained from equivalence of Ar and area of finite element modelization of root fillet :
-(tf +tw -2L2 -4-Li)- J(tf + tw -2L2 -4Li)2 -8.

a=
-^.tf + l,5.tf.tw-twJL2 + 2.tf .R + tw.R+R2j -^J
150
sectional area of the cross-section
A = 2btf
+(h-2tf )tw +4L1a+2a(2L1 -tw)+4a(L2

:
--a)
radius of gyration about minor axis z-z
moment of inertia according to the minor axis z-z
16L3a + tfb3+(tw+2a)3
[l2-*+ lw_(h_tf_2L2),
:
Iz=^
moment of inertia according to the major axis y-y
ly = -jJO - tf - 2L2)3 +
i(v + 2a)L2 - 1 2
+ 2(tw+2a)[L2--a](|-|.f + -L!(tf + 2a)3+L1(tf+2a)(h-tt)2
-l_Y_2, 2 4 '
_JaY
l)
elastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y
WeLy=^,
plastic section modulus according to the major axis y-y
:
2Iy
Wply =2aL1(h + a) + tfb(h-tf) + 2aL1(h-2tf
-a)
+ (2L2
-tf -2a)(tw +2a)-(2h-3tf -2a-2L2)
+ ^tw(h-tf-2L2)2
151
**
Mechanical characteristics :
The following stress-strain curves have been used for non-linear numerical simulations
ty= 235 MPa
0,05
0,1
0,15
02
0.25
0,3
Strain
fy= 460 MPa

600
500 + 400
Stress (MPa) 300
-|
200-
100
+-
0*0
0.05
0,1
0,15
02
025
0.3
Strain
152
Documentation of RWTH tests (Ref. 10 and 11)
0
rt
* *. * 1 * rt rt. ~f ,_ ?
*- m rt *
**
f tf
**
tf tf
* o ; 3 W rt rt *-
__
S 7
7 V
>.
0 40
c
=
2 S j * S
1
*"
<
rt
** _ "* J ; "^
e "* tf tf tf tf tf
ite*
e
4
r 1 . *l
a)
rt
rtooaâi4B(B *'m V(9<t|4>ICMn
j . f. j ~ -
I
*..*"_
O O
o
o o
rtrt
o o t
*
O
rt
tn *
rt
40
4M
rt
rt
rt o o
I
4M
rt
Q*onn *-^rtrtW tntrtjrttort 4 o^
*9
o o
se
rt
o* c
0_
o^
o* o
-
rt
o" o
f*
rt
rt
(X
t*
rt o o o
rt
rt
_____
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o ** S S
>* *
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2*-rOrt
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o' o*
rt_r*ei-tn4_
O
tftftfotftfoo*
rtrtortoo
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193
Annex 6
Document 3263-2-9
"Numerical simulations performed by CTICM"

(12 pages)
INTRODUCTION
CTICM has performed 5 numerical simulations of a 3-point bending test in order to obtain additionnai information on the rotation capacity of a i-section at plastic hinge location.
Calculations are executed with the ANSYS program on power station HP 9000 (serie 700). The profile is modelled by shell elements. The global analysis takes into account the material and geometrical non linearities for reproducing, as far as possible, the real behaviour of the beam.
The first simulation (1.1) has been that of the test S10 (HEB 200 section 3m span - load at mid-span - global sinusoidal imperfection) performed in a previous research project1 This simulation has been made in order to calibrate the ANSYS program and determine the best values of the different parameters of the global analysis (ANSYS uses the Newton-Raphson method), and to compare the numerical results with the test results.
For the 4 other simulations, the influence of some structural parameters on the rotation capacity have been investigated :
- In the second simulation (1.2), the global imperfection has been removed in order to evaluate its influence on the rotation capacity, and to be taken as reference for the further simulations.
- in the third simulation (2.1), the distance of the left support of the beam to the load point has been half reduced (150 cm to 75 cm) in order to verify the assumption of the dependance of the rotation capacity only on the greater distance of the load point to the supports. - in the fourth simulation (2.2), the load point has been eccentred and set to 1/5 of the span. - in the fifth simulation (3.1), the mid-section has been fully restrained except against the vertical displacement in order to study the rotation capacity in a
plastic hinge occuring near a beam-column joint.
ARBED Recherches : ELASTO-PLASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF STEEL FRAMEWORKS - Draft of the final report. August 1992
1
196
PRESENTATION OF THE MODEL

Geometrical model
..1
The model is automatically generated from a paramtrica! process. The model contains only one type of element. It is a 4-nodes shell element with 6 degrees of freedom by node. This element allows the non-linear material behaviour and large deformations. Shear deformations are taken into account.
The cross-section has the following dimensions which were measured on the test specimen :
h
tf
tw
re
= = = = =
200.4 mm 200.4 mm 14.6 mm 9.6 mm 18 mm
In order to simulate the fillets, an overthickness has been used for the elements near the web to flange connection. Thus the cross-section is modelled as shown in figure 2.
364
12 58
17 59
2.rc+tw
- ... a a
1/5 re
f
tw
D'S.
-
tf
200 4
4/5 re
a a
Figure
Figure 2
a = 0,25 (4,8 r + tw -
/)
)2 - 4 (4 -
avec = (4,8 r + tw
r2
197
2.2
Material behaviour
The stress-strain relationship can be input point by point. It is different for the web, the flanges and the stiffeners.
Figure 3
fy
fu
Est
Eu
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
Web
Flanges
205000
0,285 0,285 0.285
291 261
437
410 517
0,00142 0.00127
0,00171
0,0130
0,0144
'
0,0475 0,0549
0,0534
0.156
205000
205000
0,153 0.172
Stiffeners
350
0,0199
Stress-Strain curves : point coordinates

Ame
Semelle

Raidisseur
3 4
5
6 7 8 9
0 0,0014195 0.013 0,03025 0,0475 0,0837 0,11983 0,156 0,228
0 291 291 364 385,9 415,1 429,7 437 437
0 0,0012731 0,0144 0,031725 0,04905 0,0837 0,11835 0,153 0,292
0 261 261 335,5 357,85 387,65 402,55 410 410
0 0,0017073 0,0199 0,03891 0,057925 0,09595 0,133975 0,172 0,318
0 350 350 433 458,55 491,95 508,65 517 517
' Stesi
IMP a
F Unce
0.05
0.1
0.15
02
Q2
0.3
CUS
198
2.3
Imperfections
No local imperfection has been introduced in the model.
For the simulation 1.1, a global imperfection has been introduced with a sinusoidal shape in the plane of the web (a) and in the plane of the flanges () as shown hereafter.
ctsin(pi x/L)
sin(pi x/L)
F'iQure 4
2.4
Stiffeners
Transverse stiffeners are located at each support and under the point of load application. The thickness is taken equal to 14.6 mm.
2.5
Support conditions and load application
The application of the load is reproduced by imposing a displacement to the nodes on the upper flange in the loaded cross-section.
0 uz
Displacement uz
imposed
uy -
uz * 0
Figure 5
Restraints to lateral displacements are located on the nodes of the lower flange at both ends.
For the simulation 3.1. all the nodes in the section under the load are fully restrained except against the vertical displacement.
199
RESULTS
The following table gives the values of the parameters and the main results
Sum of the rotation at both ends Rav Available rotation capacity
Rav-
_ -
Figure 6
Simul. n
Ll
(cm)
150 150
L2
Imp.
Imp.
Rav
(cm)
150
150
(cm)
0.14
0 0
(cm)
0.07
0 0 0 0
(deg)
1,24 1,24
0,90 1,24 1,24
(deg)
36
1.1
28,0
26,5
1.2
2.1
34
30
75
60
150
150
32,3
19,16
2.2
3.1
240
150
0
0
25
200
Moment (t.m)
25
MZk-
\
\
^.
20
&
.
X-'^
\
\
Mpl
15
>:
Test labo. S10

Simulation 1.1
10
Simulation 1.2
Simulation 2.1 Simulation 2.2
Rotation (degrees)
I
J2
10
15
20
Figure 7
201
A Moment (t.m)
25
_B
-Q-
---- --
-O
20
/
\
15
Simulation 1.2
Simulation 3.1
Rotation (degrees)
0
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Figure 8
202

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204
205
206
Annex 7
Document 3263-3-10 (LABEIN) (excerpts)
'Numerical results: Spangemacher tests, clamped-clamped supported beam, moment gradient and LTB restraints influence"
(7 pages)
208
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214
Annex
Numerical simulations with centered concentrated loads, distributed loads and biased concrentrated loads"
(3 pages)
S?
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216
(de
JO
100% I
in cs
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|25% ||75% ||50%
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217
INFLUENCE OF MOMENT GRADIENT AND LTB RESTRAINTS ON AVAILABLE ROTATION CAPACITY
Concentrated load
Distributed toad
* If " * If
L LL
LTB
-* e ROT
'ROT
LTB
< l;
ROT
^-
vROT
Ma
II,
llc
->
Concentrated load
Distributed load
No lateral restraint at plastic hinge location
(
LTB
ROT
Ila
Ban ROT
Lateral restraint at plastic hinge location (L^^L/a)

VROT VROT
218
Annex 9
Document 3263-2-12
Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak moment"

(8 pages)
CTICM
YG 14/12/94
ECSC PROJECTS SA 31 9-SA 321
Working Document
Required rotation capacity for a 15% redistribution of elastic peak moment

Following an elastic analysis, the paragraph 5.2.1.3 of Eurocode 3 allows to redistribute up to 5% of the elastic peak moment, provided that
1
- the internal forces and moments remain in equilibrium with the applied loads
- ail the members in which the moments are reduced have Class
1
or Class 2 cross-
sections
This
procedure is equivalent to a plastic analysis, in which the redistribution of moments would be limited and compatible with the reduced rotation capacity of Class 2 cross-sections.
The question which comes up is : is "this allowance of 15% redistribution always safe for Class 2 cross-sections, that is to say, is the required rotation capacity always small?
The required rotation capacities for two common cases are studied hereafter.
A - Two span continuous beam with an uniform distributed load
q
I
lllllit mimimi muli
min
L
I
A
1
XL
nun
<1
1
Figure I
The first plastic hinge always occurs at the centrai support for
8 MP|
:
ql
2(2-+1)
1
and the mechanism (2nd plastic hinge in span
for :
qu=-[r-(3
2 Mp|
+ 2V2)
220
Between these two levels, at q =

ep.req = 3
Mp[L
(1
+ )
q\ . the required plastic rotation in the first hinge is
0 + )
El
req is plotted versus and .
! I
1
f \_^Jr~"~" 0.176S
chanisrT
-
/^-H
'
0.2
El
H
1
_^
!
1
preq MplL
k^fcîi
V\
L--_ ---
1
1
^-1
1
rî
i
1
0.15 0.12
0,1
tî^lrri^0
0.1 0.2
J
i
1
j 0.05
,
0.3
a<
es
o.
o.?
c.
0.9
Figure 2
Of course, this expression is valid if
q<qu that
is
to say if
<j
(3 + 2>/2J (2 is
+1 ) -
(dotted line in figure
2)
The limiting value of

1
plotted versus on the figure below. For example, with

(max value allowed by EC3)
= 0,85
=0,1765
the valid range of is
< 0,2604 or > 0.7396
221
0.5 1
0.45
'
TI 1 1
- . o.* "
0.35 0.3
\l
II
1
'
'
1
'
1
'
1
I
1
i
I
VI
I
1
/.
1/ A
r-r-J
I I I
~}--r-W~
I
X
I
l:
M
1:
)
^-a
--H
-
1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.2604
X
Figure 3
O.i
0.7
o.a
0.9
0,7396

The plastic rotation of reference |
is
given by
Mp| d
(Ppl= 2 El
where
d = d] +02
is
assumed to be the distance between zero moment points at the current load level q =
(1
A ^ÛilJJliiiUU^
Figure 4
L
"ÛUiiiiiiiiJ^1
XL
di=4-TTir-L
and
d = ^(l+Ti)
L
1
2 -
and
d d2-
-^
+ 3
with
(1
d<d) +XL
given by
The rotation
capacity at q =
p.req
n).qi
is
vreq
222
that
is
to say
</-
>/2-1
Rreq
is
0+)4(1+)++*. + 1
3(1 +
(1 +
1
Rreq =
+ 3
plotted on the figure below.

0.6
req
Notes
- The parts of curves above the dotted line are invalid because in this zone, the
mechanism occurs before the load

- For
(1
+ -qi
is
reached.
< /2 -
d2 is limited at
XL.
Conclusion
For this sketch, the required rotation capacity is quite limited Class 2 cross-sections may be used in that case.
(
Rreq < 0,6). Therefore,
223
- Two span continuous
beam with a point load
aL
'
'
XL
Figure 6
Two ranges for a are to be considered
:
a < yJ2{X+
1)
first plastic hinge first plastic hinge
at loading point
a > ^/2( + lj -
at central support
B.l
a < \)2(X
+~Y) -
first plastic hinge at loading point
The first plastic hinge occurs at
F^-f-ffca)
For
F
Wpi
= (1 +
tiI.Ft
The plastic rotation in this hinge is given by
MplL p.req = " *(.).(,)

The distance d between zero moment points each side of the plastic hinge
is
d = Lg(aA,Ti)
and the required rotation capacity is given by

1
(,).(,,)
Rreq = 3
g(a.X^)
where
(.)=(_1)[(
2(+1) + 1).2(+
9(..) -
(1+) a(a2-i)
+ "2(+1)
(..)= (1-)
[2 + 3(1 - ) +~(1 -
)(+ -)]
1
224
All these expressions are valid if the mechanism

Fu
is
not reached, that is to say
and this condition becomes a(a + l)
^(a-MHl-jTTTT)-]-1
B.2
a>-v/2fX +
11
first plastic hinge at support
The first plastic hinge occurs at
F^-f-flca)
For
F
MP|
= (1 + ti).Ft :
The plastic rotation in this hinge
is
given by
Mp,L
ep.req =
{(.).(,)
The distance d between zero moment points each side of the plastic hinge is
d = Lg(a,X.Ti) and the required rotation capacity
is
given by
,).(,,)
Rreq ~ 3
9(,,)
where
2(+1)
f(a^=a(l-a2)
g(a,M)
=
^7^
1+2(+1)(1+)
(1=(1
-a2)
All these expressions are valid if the mechanism is not reached, that is to say
F^1+Tl
and this condition becomes
- 2(+1)"1
(1
12 +O.V
225
For
the max value of allowed by EC3

1
[q~c -
= 0,1765), Rreq
is
plotted on the figure below
for the values : 0,1 12
- 1 ,5 - 2. The range of a values is limited to [0,2 - 0,8].
MUNII
I
I
11
jilillllll in umi
MM
>l
III Ml
1
MM II
II
1
II Ml Ml II MIM
I
II
"
1
"\|_
m
I I
1U
imi in III URI II

1 1 1
1
II UN IN
1 1
M
1
MM MM
III
I
it
._
TT
II
R
req
/
b
Mill |v mn HIM 1 M.\! 1 r \. mn IMI i\r\i INJIIII' l'i *m mix MII IKK illl IU, Jill , l\l V-iUllf. rm 1 MIHI Tv mi
I
Mimmi m m im m.
Kl
1 1
1 1
II Ml || MIM Mill
II /
Hl -__._!
| |
= 0,1765 (15/oMpeak)
>
1
\\ IN
I
Il
I
IL
L
II
rm rtkK -kl L- - - .[ Jill TrM-.L 1.. um li îiiiim4XH43^L ri- 1. ' |l__i,-rTr7 III ITU-mil T^^ttK INR M Ml fm 0Li ii unir L jrtr
1
IMI
II
I
ft**XL/HJ
V^2A >..

'-.
mim
Hi
I
nimmm.
1
1
..iT-:rr-H-w-u-LLMiiimTJi
1
0,2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0,4
0.45
0,5
0,55
0.6
0,65
0,7
0,75
0,8
Figure 7
Conclusion
For values of X land if the point load acts in the left half-span of the first span, the required rotation capacity may be very large (> 4), and the use of Class 2 crosssections with a 15% redistribution of peak moment may be unsafe regarding the
rotation capacity.
226
Example :
Section
Mp| =
IPE 270
- L=10m - =1,5 -a = 0,27

I
11 3,74
kN.m -
= 5790 cm4 -
= 21000 kN/cm?
:
Ft =
fy= 235 N/mm2
The first plastic hinge occurs at the loading point for
l, 95 kN
:
The second plastic hinge (mechanism) occurs at support for

The
Fy = 73,3 kN
peak moment is at the loading point.

is
The maximum allowable moment redistribution (15% of peak moment)

F
given for
= 61,95/0,85 = 72,88 kN
F :
At this load level
plastic rotation
[ep = 0,189 rad

:
length of equivalent isostatic beam

Mpl d
= 640
cm
= 2 = 003
Rreq = 0,189/0,03 = 6,3
At SLS (F,j/1 ,5), the maximum deflection is in the first span
fmax = 5,05 cm ( L/200)

a) It should be noted that the available plastic rotation model for IPE 270 is
= 0,11
calculated with the Feldmann's
rad
= 0,189
is
which
is
much lower that req
rad
IPE
Therefore, the 15% redistribution

section.
not valid in that case, although
270
is
a Class
cross-
b) It would be possible to find Class 2 (near Class 3) cross-sections with the same characteristics Mpl and I as IPE 270 for which the rotation capacity or available plastic rotation could be still lower.
For example
:
h = 26 cm - b = 7,5 - tw = 0,6 - tf = 0,85 - r = ,5 > Class 2 flanges and Class 2 web

1
227
Annex 10
Document 3263-2-6
Evaluation of the required rotation capacity for various types of portal frames"
(38 pages)
NOTATIONS
1
Frame n
Units
Frame height
cm cm
L
Column/R
Column/C
Beam
Length of span
Section for edge column
Section for intermediate column Section for beam
Horizontal load
daN
CT
Vertical load
Horizontal displacement (elastic analysis)
daN
cm
Critical load factor

Load factor at the first plastic hinge Load factor at collapse
Load
factors
Nsd
ULS
Axial force in the column to be checked

Bending moment at the basis of the column
Bending moment at the top of the column
daN
MSdl
Msd2
daN.cm daN.cm
=1.0
Tf
SLS
Formula EC3 5.5.4
Horizontal displacement at load factor 0.7 (SLS) Horizontal displacement criterion
cm
deflection
= 0.7
Maximum deflection at SLS

Deflection criterion
Plastic moment of the beam
Second moment of area of the beam
cm
^deflect
M]
1
daN.cm
cm4
>v
Hinge n
plastic
hinge
ep.d
Number of the plastic hinge (with maximum rotation)

Plastic rotation in the hinge under load factor 1.00
Shear force at plastic hinge location
radian
daN
Td
in the
Rdreq
Required rotation capacity under load factor 1.00

Plastic rotation just before collapse
Shear force at plastic hinge location at collapse
middle
Su
Tu
*û.req
radian
daN
of a beam
Required rotation capacity just before collapse
Hinge n
plastic
hinge
at the end
Number of the plastic hinge (with maximum rotation)

Plastic rotation in the hinge under load factor 1.00
Shear force at plastic hinge location
ep.d
radian
daN
Td
Rdreq
epu
Required rotation capacity under load factor 1.00

Plastic rotation just before collapse
Shear force at plastic hinge location at collapse
of a beam
radian
daN
Tu
û.req
Mechanism
Required rotation capacity just before collapse

Reference to collapse mechanism
230
SCOPE
The aim of this study is to determine the required plastic rotation 8req and the required rotation capacity Rreq for a given type of portal frame. First a simplified method has adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. The assumptions and the method are explained in the paragraph 2. Then six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each type, a parametric study has been made.
It must be pointed out that the selected criteria for the design are somewhat arbitrary. Moreover the chosen types of frame do not cover all the real structures. However, the results give a good idea of the plastic behaviour of frames and they lead to some
79 frames have been studied.
interesting conclusions.
DESIGN METHOD
In order to facilitate the design of the frames, some simple design criteria have been selected. An elastic analysis is executed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements and to calculate the critical amplification factor. Then a plastic analysis is made in order to check Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required plastic rotations.
The two analyses are made for one reference loading corresponding to ULS loading (weighted loads) with the program PEP micro.
2.1
Serviceability Limit State (SLS>

The global elastic analysis allows us to calculate the deselections and the horizontal displacement at the top of the frame. The following SLS requirements are checked for 0.7 times the reference loading.
- Deflection condition - Horizontal displacement
f<L/200 < h / 150
The value of 0,7 is arbitrary. One can consider that it is close to the value corresponding to the non weighted loads.
2.2
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

The ULS requirements are checked for the reference loading with the results obtained after the plastic analysis.
First the critical amplification factor acr is calculated from the results of the elastic analysis, for the reference loading, as follows :
(H + <PV)h
<*cr-
vcr acr~Vsd
231
where
H V
h
Horizontal load Total vertical load Frame height Global imperfection Horizontal displacement
The value of acr allows us to classify the frame and to deduce the type of analysis
txcr<10
Non sway fame
First order plastic analysis
acr>
10
Sway fame
Second order plastic analysis
The buckling resistance in the plane of the frame can be checked with the non-sway buckling length for each column in conformity with Eurocode 3. By simplification the buckling length is taken as the system length (this is conservative) :
= system length
The columns are checked according to the criterion of EC3
5.5.4
Nsd
kyMy.sd
XyAfy/
It necessarily assumed that it is Class
1
wpl.yVMl"
cross-sections (plastic analysis).
It is also assumed that no buckling phenomena can occur out of the plane of the frame.

Definition of the available rotation capacity
The available rotation capacity can be determined from a three point bending test. It can be an experimental test or a numerical simulation. It gives the available plastic rotation 6p-avaii :
3.1
Figure
p.avail
- "{"avail -
232
(D
where
Sum
of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment
Mpi is reached (increasing part)
_Mpi
1
= 2EI .L
:
(2)
"tavail
Sum
of the rotations at the supports when the theoritical plastic moment

Mi ,
Mpi is reached (decreasing part)
"*" ""**"1/
T = "ivail
pi
I
p.avail
y
V ^
w
Figure 2
The available rotation capacity can be defined as follows
:
_ ^p.avail _ 2 EI
Ravail
M^jT ep.avail
(3)
From (2) and (3), and when 9D_avaii is reached, the shear force is equal to
'
_2Mpi ~~ avail ~ L
:
(4)
and the available rotation capacity can be also expressed by
EI Tavaji 9p_avaji
Ravail ~
M pl
(5)
By making a sufficient number of tests, it is possible to propose an empiric or semi-empiric formulation of the required rotation capacity, in particular for a given cross-section, in function of L or (moment gradient). This can be supported by a mechanical model.
This formulation of 6p>ava and RaVaiI is assumed hereafter to be known; therefore, one can determine for a given cross-section (L is known) :
MpiL
Qp.avail
2 EI
availvw
(6)
233
32
Required rotation capacity in a statically unrleterminate system - Symmetrical local hendinff configuration
There is a "symmetrical local bending configuration" when the cross-section, the material and the moment gradient are identical for each side of the plastic hinge. These are the conditions of the three point bending test.
We consider the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar conditions at the plastic hinge location.
Statically
undeterminate
system
-*
ep.req (Computed by
PEP micro)
Equivalent 3-point bending system
~* "p.avail (Computed by
an empiric
-.
2.ME
formula)
Figure 3
The available plastic rotation 6p.avan can be computed from (6) with Ravail determined for L = Leq calculated from the shear force from (4). GpTeq is directly computed by the analysis program (here PEP micro). The configuration in the vicinity of the plastic hinge is similar in the undeterminate system and in the 3-point bending test, so the following requirement must be checked :
p.req
- ^p.avail
of the inequality can be multiplied by

t7)
and considering (5), we obtain
:
Each side
Mpl

ep.req < R-avail(Leq)
M:pl
(8)
The notion
of the required rotation capacity Rreq can be introduced as follows

where
6p-req ^ 9p-req
^req "*
H
M2
pl
Mpl Leq 1= J EI
(9)
So, the condition (7) can be expressed as
RreqCD
* Ravail(Leq)
ên
Leq
2 Mpi -
(10)
234
By definition the required rotation capacity Rreq associated to the frame for a loading level is the largest one for all the plastic hinges existing at this loading level. This required rotation capacity could be defined either when at collapse, or under design loads for Ultimate Limit States checks.
33
Required rotation capacity in bending configuration
statically undeterminate system - Non symmetrical local
We only consider hereafter the case of a different moment gradient for each side of the plastic hinge.
Direct approach
We also consider hereafter the equivalent three point bending system that gives the similar conditions at the plastic hinge location. The length of this equivalent system is given by :
Leq^MplOf + f^)
()
ii
ii
, -
l-e,-Mpl(J-J-)
'1
2
Figure 3 bis
Noticing that the sum of elastic rotations at supports is independent on the load position in the equivalent system, we also decide to adopt hereafter the definition of Rreq adopted for
symmetrical three-point bending system, that is
6p.req
:
Rre<i~
M MplLeq_Mpi
where
,m
! 2
(12)
It yields
Rreq "~
12
Tm
. '"1
where
Tm = ai+T2)/2
(13)
pi
235
Rreq is to be compared to Ravail calculated for a length Leq
Rreq(Tl>T2) ^ RavailfLeq)
where Leq given by (1 1) and Rreq by (13)
(13 bis)
Indirect approach
This approach only uses the definition of R
system (expre >sion (9)).
Because
adopted for a symmetrical three-point bending
of the strain hardening, the moment exceeds Mpj at the loading point.
\/
.
*2
approximation
Figure 4
In the part of strain hardening, there is an increase of the moment
:
= Mm - Mpi
The plastic elongations are assumed to be developped on the following distances
(approximativeiy)
1=2TJ-
,
and
2 =
2jj
(14)
The plastic rotation is expressed as a function of the plastic elongation Sp in the extreme fibres, and by considering 8pj from the part 1 and 2 from the part 2 of the plastic zone.
236
ep.req = J p(xi).dxi +
2r
1} -J p(x2).dx2
1 + 2 =
(15)
pl.req
6p2.req
The approximation about the distribution of the plastic elongation leads to
epl.req = K^l
where
:
and
ep2.req =
^2
(16)
= proportion factor
From the relations (14) and (16),
epl.req-Tl = ^.req^
and from the relations (15) and (17)
(17)
.req
<
ep.req i \+ T2
(18)
"6p2.req ~ ^p.req " ^pl.req
Similarly to the case of a constant shear force for each side of the plastic hinge (in absolute values), we look for an equivalent 3-point bending system. This equivalence is searched for each side of the plastic hinge with the corresponding shear force.
eq
T,
Figure 5
From (9), and condidering each symmetrical system, it yields
EiTj epl-req
Ri
req
and
EI T2 ep2.req
R2. req
Pl
M:pl
and taking (17) into account
Rl.req = R-2.req
237
Let us note Rreq the common value of Rl.req ^
R2.req- Taking (18) into account,
it yields
R req =
+ P-re<l
*
2
:
12
(19)
Pl
Keeping relation (12) in mind, Rreq can also be expressed by
_ 6p.req
re(l"
where is the sum of elastic rotations at supports for a equivalent beam of length
Leq = (M.eq + L2.eq)/2 = Mpi -From the following basic requirement to be checked
p.req
:
(20)
- p.avail
:
the rotation capacity criterion to be satisfied is
Rreq(Tl,T2) ^ Ravail(Leq)
where Leq given by (20 or 1 1) and Rreq by (19)
(21)
3.4
Summary tabk
ep.req
* ep.avail
or
KreqCTi.Tj) Ravailêq)
3p.avail or âvailO-) S'vcn >' formulae or tsbles

2
Rreq(TlT2) ~
Figure 6 a
EI T1T2 n , j. + j, 9p.req Mpl
Leq-Mp^-U + i-)
p.req
- ep.avail
El P-rcq
or
RreqCr) ^ Ravail(Leq)
ep.avail or RavailiL) given by formulae or tables
Rreq~'
Figure 6 b
-eq
M Pl 2M,pl
<>r
preq
p.reqêp.avail
RreqCT) *
^vaild-eq)
ep.avail or Ravail^) given by formulae or tables

Mpi
Figure 6 c
2 P-rcq
^req
M
2M
pi
pi
238
Application to our study on rotation capacity of frames

PEP micro program gives
9pd
0pU
:
Required plastic rotation for the reference loading (load factor = 1 ) Required plastic rotation at failure (ay)
:
The required rotation capacity is computed as follows
Plastic hinge at mid span
Plastic hinge at beam end

Rd-req
^
T(j]
:
_
"
2
TdlTd2
EITdl+Td2ep
shear force on the left of the plastic hinge T : at load factor 1
Shear force in plastic hinge at load
factor
(U.L.S)
Tjj2
shear force on the right hinge at load factor 1
of the plastic
TulTu2
^ E 1 Tu 6pU
^.req
Ru-re<i
Mpl2
:
x. 2 Mpl
Tu]
shear force on the left of the plastic hinge Tu at failure

shear force on the right hinge at failure
Shear force in plastic hinge at failure
Ty2
of the plastic
239
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
Six types of portal frame have been studied. They are submitted to concentrated loads indicated in Figure 1.
as
illllii
1
li li lili
1
Type Numbe
r
2
19
4
15
15
14
12
of
cases
Figure 7
For each type of portal frame, many cases are considered by varying the parameters such the height, the span, the profiles ...
The following results are given
:
as
- Table containing all the data and all the results
of the design criteria
- Tabic containing the mean values and the maximum values of the plastic rotations and of the plastic rotation capacities, under the design loads and at collapse. Graph of the plastic rotations
- Graph of the plastic rotation capacities
4.1
Portal frames of type
1-
1-
1-
Figure 8
240
PORTAL FRAMES : TYPE
1
<=
BO
Frame n
Ll
300 300 IPE 240
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.81
h
1
|Coiumn/R j Column/C
Beam
300 400 IPE 240
300 500 IPE 240
300 600 IPE 240
IPE 140 IPE 220

1325
IPE 140 IPE 220

1025
IPE 140 IPE 220

850 34000
1,85
IPE 140 IPE 220

750 30000
1,86 4,76
H V aer al
53000
41000
1,92
300 700 IPE 240 IPE 140 IPE 220 650 26000
1,81
300 800 IPE 240 IPE 140 IPE 220

575
300 300 IPE 240
300 400 IPE 240
IPE 140 IPE 220

1600
IPE 140 IPE 220J

1333
23000
1,78
48000
2,41
40000
2,39J 4,761
2,04 4,35
0,939 1,018
13248 639870 0,98
1,69
4,62
0,982 1,046
10101
4,79
0,993
1,047
4,90
0,980 1,022
6343 568020
1,44
4,99
0,987 1,024
5614 563850
1,14 0,57 2,83 0,70
4,72
0,983 1,050
12283 616030 0,93
1,93
au Nsd facti Msd facti
0,968 1,014
0,962|
1,028
Tf
558780 0,84
8326 540900 0,79

1,48
7377 602870
1,49 0,75 1,75 0,58
10018 627840
0,911
L54
0,77 0,89 0,44
1,92
I Deflect.
1
TDeflect.
0,85 0,62 0,41
0,74
1,25
0,50
0,72 2,26 0,65

670680 2772
0,97
0,61
0,40
0,96| 0,96 0,47

6706801
27721
I
|
Mpl
iy
Hinge 9pd
670680 2772
670680 2772
670680 2772
670680 2772
670680 2772
670680 2772
Tdl
Td2 Rd.req
Opu
Node 3 0,00645 4539

8710 0,49
Node 3 0,00240 3825 6414 0.15

0,01257 4042 6542
-
Node 3 0,00120 3336

5163 0,06
Node 3 0,00880 3036 4463

0,41
Tul
Tu2 J Ru.req |Mechanis
S
0,00864 4563
8931
0.01511 3567
0,67
1
0.81
2
5567 0.85
2
0,01700 3170 4570 0,82

2
Node 3 0,00470 2685 3815 0,19 0,01840 2844 3944 0,79

2
Node 3 0,00350 2428 3322

0,13
Node 3 0,00174
4021 7978 0,12
Node 3 0,00510 3549

6451
0,30
0,00920
3601
0,01975 2572 3572 0,76

2
0,00950 3673 8949 0,64

1
6705 0,56 2
Table
1.1
241
PORTAL FRAMES : Type 1 (continued)
Frame n
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
L
Column/R Column/C Beam H
300 500 IPE 240 IPE 140 IPE 220

1133
V
aer
34000
300 600 IPE 240 IPE 140 IPE 220 967 29000
2,31 4,93
300 700 IPE 240
IPE 140 IPE 220

833
25000
2,23 5,10
0,991 1,035
300 800 IPE 240 IPE 140 IPE 220 750 22500
2,23 5,10
0,983 1,022
300 400 IPE 270 IPE 160 IPE 220 1050 42000
1,74 5,09
300 500 IPE 270 IPE 160 IPE 220

875
35000
1,72 5,16
350 500 IPE 270 IPE 160 IPE 220 850 34000
2,37 4,80
2,36 4,39
0,978 1,027
8487 620560J 0,69
1,91
al
au
0,957
1,012
0,970 1,018
0,981 1,036
0,984 1,030
8696 607680 0,67
1,36 0,68
1,23
Nsd facti Msd facti
Tf
Deflect. TDeflect.
8408 625060 0,89

1,90
7147 604120
1,84
6154 573510
1,77
5532 588820
1,77 0.88 2,93 0,73
10506 615630 0,71

1,38
0,95 1,35 0,54
0,92
1,81
0,60
670680 2772 Node 3
0,00601 2834 4416 0,27
0,88 2,30 0,66
0,69 0,86 0,43

670680 2772 Node 3
0,49
0,82 1,28 0,51

670680 2772 Node 31
Mpl
iy
Hinge 6pd
670680 2772 Node 3

0,00729 3172 5327 0,38 0,01209 3259 5356 0,63
2
670680 2772 Node 3

0,00211 2539 3710 0,08
670680 2772 Node 3

0,00445 2329 3295 0,16
670680 2772 Node 3

0,00256 3564 5186 0,14
0,00876 3673 5358 0,49
2
Tdl
Td2 Rd.req 8pu
0,00247 4112 6388 0,16

0,00713 4189 6706 0,48
1
Tul
Tu2 Ru.req
Mechanis
m
0,01410 2942 4455 0,65

2
0,01570 2668 3812 0,64

2
0,01710 2432 3328 0,62

2
0,00362 3329 5170 0,19 0,00864 3385 5362 0,46

2
Table 12
242
For type
1,
one mechanism has been obtained, but plastic hinges can appear in two different ways.
Rd mean
Rdmax
Rumean
Rumax
0,21
0,34
0,54
0,64
9pd mean
Qpdmax
Gpu mean
Bpumax
Mechanism n1
0,00298
0,00446
0,00842
0,00950
Rdmean
Rdmax
Rujnsaii
Rumax
0,19
0,41
0,59
0,69
9pd mean
-
.
Opdmax
9pu mean
e_u_max.
Mechanism n2
0,00398
0,00880
0,01296
0,01970
Table 13
These graphs show the required rotation capacities and the plastic rotations for the frames at load factor 1 .00 and at collapse.
'V
IiiIIIIjii
Graph
1.1 :
IB
J--4J 1 g
PM*
IS
hi II
B
-1- -
M1
Graph 1.2 : Required rotation capacity
243
4.2
Portal frames of type 2
1- 1-
Figure 9
244
PORTAL FRAMES : Type 2
Frame n
2.1
2.2
300 400 LPE240
2.3
2.4
2.5
L
|
Column/R C0lumn/C
Beam
300 300 IPE 240 IPE 200 IPE 220

1425
180
IPE 220
1125
300 500 IPE 240 IPE 180
220
950 38000
1,16
H
1
5700
45000
1,26
300 600 IPE 240 IPE 180 IPE 220 800 32000
1,06
300 700 IPE 240
IPE 180 IPE 220 700 28000

1,00
261 300 800 IPE 240 IPE 180 IPE 220 600 24000J
0,91 9,75
1,26
acr al au
Nsd Central Msd Central
7,04
0,918
1,065
7,06 0,918 1,042
7,63
8,37
8,90 0,896
1,015
0,889
1,018
0,898
1,025
0,928 1,044
12357 86140 0,50
Tf
1
30142 193210 0,93

14400
23435 153200 0,93

11372 569890
19345
159311 0,85
16316 133730 0,70
14166 128970 0,66
Nsd Edge Msd Edge
rf
527290 0,85
0,97 0,49 0,47 0,31
0,86 0,97 0,48 0,77 0,39
9734 633680 0,93

0,88 0.44
1.13
8119 614490 0,88
7124 635610 0,90

0,75 0,38 2,03 0,58
5965 563920 0,79
Deflect.
0,79 0.40
1,53
| rDeflect,
8
0,45
0,51
0,68 0,34 2,5 0,63
Mpl
Hinge
6pd
ly
670690 2772
670690 2772
670690 2772
670690 2772
670690 2772
670690 2772
Node 3
0,00159 5297 8953 0,14
0,0219 6284 8928 2,09
Node 3
0,00574 4543 6707 0,40
0,0271 5061
Node 3
0,01317 4147 5352 0,80
0,0306 4357 5328
2,11
Node 3
0,01147 3544 4456 0,59
Node 3
0,01458 3190 3810 0,66
Node 3
0,00376 2659 3340 0,14 0,02716 . 2968
3311 1,16
I
1
Tdl
Td2 Rd.req
6pu
I
}
Tul
Tu2 Ru.req
1
6680 2,34
0,02876 3782 4432

1,65
0,02769 3330 3791

1,36
Hingen0
ePd
Node 5 0,00230
8953 0,53
Node 5
0,00452 6707 0.78
0.01753 6664 3,02
1
Node 5
0,00908 5352 126
0,02030
5327
Node 5
0,00856 4456 0,99
0,01947 4422 2,23
2
Node 5
0,01054 3810
1,04
Td
Rd.req
Node 5 0,00487 3340 0,42

0,01862 3303
1,59
6pu Tu Ru.req
0,01460 8908 3,37

1
0.0189C 3784
1,85
2
2,80
2
Mechanism
Table 2.1
245
Frame n
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.131
h L Column/R Column/C
Beam
350 300 IPE 240 IPE 220 IPE 220

1425
400 300 IPE 240 EPE 220 IPE 220

1400
450 300 IPE 240 IPE 240 EPE 220

1375
500 300 EPE 240 PE 240 EPE 220

1325 53000
350 400 EPE 240 EPE 200 EPE 220

1125
400 400 EPE 240 PE 200 IPE 220

1100
450 400 IPE 240 IPE 200 EPE 220

1050
H
V
57000
1,69 6,13
56000
55000
45000
1,65
44000
2,31 5,13
42000
3,01 4,41
a.cr
2^8
4,97
0,854
1,017
2,85 4,67
0,820 1,019
3,66 4,04
0,823 1,017
6,27
0,875 1,026
a.l
a.u
0,866 1,044
0,872 1,014
22651 253890 0,96
11531
0,891 1,026
Nsd/C Msd/C
Tf I
Nsd/R Msd/R
29682 279530 0,90

14864 577660 0,92
1,32
28956 336720
1,00
28377 409650 0,90

14939 620760 0,99
27524 440070 0,94

14544 621800 0,99
23158 221650 0,88

11646 610730 0,92
1,29 0,55
22014 250940
0,95J
109251
Tf
Deflect.
1
14964 625140 0,99

1,91
631840 0,95
1,84
591850 0,90
2,471
231
0.77 0,48 0,32
rDeflect. Mpl
0,56 0,48 0,32
0,72 0,50 0,33
3,05 0.92
0,69
0,81 0,41
040 033
670690 2772 Node 3
0,77 0,39
670690 2772 Node 3
0,01075 4546 6704 0,75
0,82 0,82
0,41
iy
Hinge
8pd
670690 2772 Node 3
670690 2772 Node 3

0,00968 5052 8950
0.81
670690 2772 Node 3

0,00984
4801
670690 2772 Node 3

0,01284 4296 6074 0,84
0,0175 4473 6699
670690 2772 Node 3J

0,00783 3790 6710 0,49
0,017 4096 6702
1.12
Tdl
Td2
1
0,00620 5300 8950

0,53
0,00834 4299
8951 0,63
Rd.req
pu
8948 0,80
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
1
0,02444 5979 8930 2,27
0,01429 5317
8943
1,23
0,01479 5067 8943
0,01334 4531 8946

1,04
U4
Node 5
0,00915 8948 2.12
0.01202 8943 2,71
3
0,03094 4889 6679 2,26
Ui
Node 5
0,00936 6704
1,62
Hinge
God
Node 5
0,00573
.8950
1,33
Node5
0,00780 8950
1.81
Node 5 0,00854
8951
1,91
Node 5 0,00816
6703
1,42
Node 5
0,00663 6709
1,15
Td
Rd.req
9pu
0.0174C
893C
1
0.0104C
Tu
Ru.req
894]
2.41
3
0,01 144 8946,
0,02132
667S
3.6S
>
0,01165
>
669S)
4,02
2,6
3
2,:
>
0,01165 6702 2,02

3
Mechanism
; 2
;5
Table 22
246
2.17
300 600 IPE 300 EPE 200 PE 270
1375
Frame n
2.14
500 400 IPE 240 IPE 220 IPE 220 1000 40000
2.15 300 400 IPE 270 IPE 200 IPE 240

1425
2.16
300 500 EPE 300 IPE 220 IPE 270
1625
2.18
2.19|
300 800 EPE 330 IPE 200 IPE 300
1350
L
Column/R Clumn/C
Beam
300 700 IPE 330 IPE 200 IPE 300

1500
v
aer
57000
1,09
65000
0,94 9,44
0,891 1,018
33 005 266 900 0,92
16 665!
1
55000
60000
0,89 9,97
0,946 1,036
54000
0,85 10,44
337
4,39
0,889
1,065
8,14 0,938 1,063
0,97 9,14
ai
au
Nsd Msd
0,904
1,011
0,905 1,047
27 656
178 970
21411
260350 0,77
10241
29 980
171 490
|
I
27 852 217 280
30 924
174 020
| I
1 1
rf Nsd
Msd
0,88
14 223
0,94
14 047
1
0,90
1
0,85
1
rf
508630 0,79
681 820
0,80
0,83 0,42
086 900 0,95
108 600
0,94
0,73 0,37 1,32 0,44
1
14 953 283 100 0,85
13 451 273 000 0,84
I
!
Deflect.
j rDeflect.
Mpl
2,77 0,83 0,77 0,38

670690 2772
Node 3
0,00000 3338 6662 0,00
0.0176 3967 6704
1,14
0,69 0,35
861 5101
1
0,70 0,35 0,94 0,38

137 400
0,66 0,33
1,55
0,64 0,32 2,03

0,51
1
0,44
1
137 400
476 740
8356,1
I |
1
1
ly Hinge
6pd
3891,6
Node 3
5789,8
5789,8
476 740 8356,1
Node 3
0,01143 7186 9064 0,86
Node 3
0,01320 6208 7442 0,84 0,02840 6393 7507
1,84
Node 3
0,00555 6602 8398 0,33
Node 3
0,01062 6171 7329 0,57 0,02598 6474 7271
1,43
0,00150
5661
Tdl
Rd.req
j
1
1
Td2
6pu
8589
0.11
Tul
Tu2 Ru.req
i
|
0.02340 6592 8554

1,92
0,02289 7512 9036

1,76
0,02410 7189 8346

1,50
Hinge
6pd
Node 5
Node 5
0.00205 8589
Node 5
Node 5
0,00827 7442
1,16
Td
Rd.req
8pu
1
0,00317 6662 0.55

0,01349 6704 2.34
3
039
0.0 1520
8554
2.86
1
1
0,00765 9064 130

0,01510 9036 2,56
2
Node 5 0,00384
8398 0,52
Node 5
0,00669 7379 0,79 0,01890
7271 2,21
Tu Ru.req
0,01822 7507 2,57

2
0,01466
8346
1,9:
1
\ Mechanism
Table 23
247
Rd mean
*2
Rd may
Ru mean
Ru max
0,24
0,40
1,96
2,34
9pd mean
.
9pdmax
\ mean
Opumax
Mechanism 1
0,00360 Rd mean
0,00570
RiLmax.
0,00241
0,0271
Rumean
Rmnax
0,57
0,86
1,58
2,26
3pd mean
-.
9pdmax
9pu mean
9pu max
Mechanism n2
0,0095
0,0140
0,0247
0,0310
Rdmean
<--
Rdmax
Rumean
Rumax
0,59
0,83
1,16
1,23
9pdmean
L L
gpdmax
9pumean
Qpumax
Mechanism n-3
0,00810
0,0128
0,0158
0,0170
Table 2.4 : plastic hinge at mid span

a
li.i.. . iirmirrprriiirni
I
1
1 1
!
ir
r rip
Graph 2.1 : Plastic rotation for hinge at mid
span
Graph 22 : Required rotation capacity for hinge at mid span
248
Rdmean
--"
1
Rdmax
0,78
Rumean
2,81
Rumas
3,36
0,55
9pd mean
9pd max
9pu mean
9pu max
Mechanism 1
0,00320
0,00450
Rd max
1,41
0,0155
0,01750
Rd mean
0,97
Kiunsan
2,35
Klimax
4,02
9pd mean
9pdmax
9pu mean
9j2u_max.
Mechanism n2
0,0070
0,0105
RsLmax.
0,0168
0,0213
Rdmean
<-
Rumean
2,37
Rumax
2,78
1,54
2,12
Qpdmean
fpdjnax.
9pu mean
fipujnax.
A Mechanism n3
.0.
0,0074
0,0094
0,0118
0,0135
Table 2.5 : Plastic hinge at beam end

flllN I III
; V
fis jJjLiIii,

V
II lilil ir
li \'
V
\'
<
\'
\'
'
Graph 2.3 : Plastic rotation at beam end
Graph 2.4 : Required rotation capacity at

beam end
249
4.3
Figure 10
250
Frame n
h
3.1
33
500 300 EPE 300
EPE 180 EPE 220
L
| | |
Column /R Column /C Beam H
300 300 EPE 240

EPE 180 EPE 220
3.3 300 600 EPE 300
3.4 500 600 PE 300
3.5 500 600 PE 330
PE 200 PE 270
1933
PE 200 PE 270
1933
PE 220
PE 300
2467 74000
2,64 7,18
0,896
1,053
18 251
3.6 300 600 PE 330 PE 200 PE 300

1850
3.71
50|
8001
IPE 360
PE200J
IPE 3301
18001
v
dx5f=0.7
2267 68000
2267 68000
3,09 6,13
0,827 1,048
16 983
58000
0,89 12,78
58000
2,85 6,64
74000
0,72 12,34
72000|
1,13
132
8,61
i
1
.1 a.u Nsdf=l.
13.09J
0,860
1,047
16 931
0,939
1,046
14 194
0,884
1,035
14 378 -1 066 500
1
0,960
1,064
17 983
0,929| 1,050|
17 585J
Msdl f=l. Msd2 f=l.

ft
-664 890
657 720 0,98 0,50
-977 070 672 100

0,84
-770 160 969 990

0,82
-1 293 500
1
ft
1
rf dx5f=0.7
dy3f=0.7
Tdeflect
076 800 0,89

1,00
341 700 0,87
-845 380 1 184 700 0,80

0,17 0,09
1,12
-1 272 9001
1
577 7001 0,8

0,52 0,15
lj
130
0,36 0,67 0,45
034
0,12
1,13
0,90
j
j
rdx
035
0,58 0,39
030
1,16
037
1,14
130
038
1
0,39
1
0,38
1
0,37
1
030!
1
Mpl
ly
N Hinge mi trave
1
670 690 2 772
670 690 2 772
137 400
5 790
137 400
5 790
476 740 8 356
476 740 8 356
890 1051 11767J
Node 3
0,01924 8078
8921
Node 3
0,02193 8072 8928
2,41
Node 3
0,00912 6917 7582 0,62 0,01565 7582 7582
1,12
Node 3
0,02550 6972 7528
1.74
Node 3.
0,01950 8716 9783
1,45
Node 3.
0,00505
8661
Node 3 j
0,013241
8553 9447 0,82
pd
S S
Tdl
Td2 Rd.req
6pu
9838
f
1
1
2,11
O37
0,01310 9837 9838
1,04
Tul
Ru.req
1 J
Tu2
0,02870 8894 8898 3,30

Node
5
0,03111 8908 8913 3,59
0,03480 7502 7504 2,45
0,03178 9741 9745 2,49
0,02160 9446 9447

1,41
N Hinge sur
I
1
Node 5
0,00861 7529 0.84
Node 5
0,00475 7352
Node 5
0,00119 9480
0,11
Node 5
0,00902 9735
0,71
Node
Node 5
0,00861 8502 0,51
appuis pd
Rd.req
]
1
Td
0,00821 8550 0,91 0,01336

8898
1,54
1
0,00268
9389
033
0,01672 7582
03c
0.0127Sl
983S
1,01
>
6pu Tu Ru.req
0.00938
8913
0,01515 7504
>
1.0
1
MS
1,01
1
0,0083 974 0,6i

>
>
0,01368 9446 0,89

2
Mechanism
:I
Table 3.1
251
Frame n h
3.8
L Column /R Column IQ.

Beam
300 300
PE240 PE180 PE220

1700
3.9 300 400 IP E 270
3.10 300 500 PE 270
PE 180 PE 240
1650
180
3.11 300 700 PE 300 PE 180
3.12 300 800 PE 330
3.13 300 700
PE 240
1350
PE 270
1250 50000
PE 180 PE 300
1375
360 200 PE 330

2100 84000
0,68 13,04
3.14 300 700 PE 240
180 220
750 30000
0,92 9,64
H V
dx5
|
68000
1,10 8,06
66000
0,94 9,44
0,908 1,036
54000
0,91
55000
a.cr
a.l
a.u
9,75
0,878 1,048
16 790
0,906
1,011
0,79 1133 0,942

1,040
0,70 12,67
0,980
1,073
13 328 -722 440 1 161000 0,76
0,936 1,028
0,914 1,010
6 922 -440 950 629 760 0,87
Nsd
Msdl
Msd2
-582235
615 100 0,94
16228 -664 180

760 340 0,86
rf (5)
Deflect
370 -649 580 807 040 0,88

13
12226 -680 510 963 010 0,80

0,17 0,09
1,17
20216
-1 103 300 1 578 000
0,83
0,39
038
0,14 0,77 0,38
861 510
3 892
035
0,12
1,11
030
0,55 0,37
0,14 0,07
1,19
0,15 0,07
1,14
032
0,11
\ rDeflect. t Mpl
1
0,44
861 510 3 892
1
033
137 400 5 790
1
0,30
033
1
2,07 0.59
670 6901 2 272
\
I
1
Hinge
pd
ly
670 690 2 772
476 740 8 356

Node 3. 0,00109 6371 7379 0,06
0,01233 7378 7379 0,73
890 105
11767
Node 3. 0,00645
10203 10797
Tdl
Td2
Rd.req
Node 3 0,01680 8070 8930

1.84
Node 3 0,01330 7936 8564

1,21
Node 3 0,01543 6666 6833

1,15
|
1
Node 3 0,00788 6001 6499 0,46

0,01377 6498 6498 0,84
0,47
0,01171 10796 10796 0,87
Node 3 0,01600 3705 3794 0,64

0,01823 3788 3788 0,73
6pu
TuI
Tu2 Ru.req
0,02498 8906 8910 2,88
0,01860 8544 8547

1,75
0,01711 6825 6827
139
Node 5 0,00859 6857 0,65
0,00999 6853
1,51 3
Hinge pd Td
Rd.req
Node 5 0,00735 8929 0.85

0,01147 8910 2,65
1
Node 5 0,00622
8501
Node 5 0,00458 6498
0,58
038
0,00948 6498
1.16 2
Node 5 0,00106 7268 0,06

0,00880 7378
1,05
2
Node 5 0,00346
10797
036
0,00784
10796
9pu Tu Ru.req Mechanism
0,00932 8582
1,76
1
Node 5 0,01076 3810 0,43 0,01260 3806

1,02
3
1.
2
Table 32
252
Rd mean
Rd max
Rumean
Ru max
1,79
2,40
2,74
3,58
9pu mean
Spdjnsx
9pu mean
firn-m^
Mechanism 1
0,0194
Rd msan
0,0255
Rd max
0,0283
0,0348
Rumean
Ru max
?.
0,46
0,82
1,01
1,41
6pd mean
gd-max
9pu mean
piunax
Mechanism n2
0,0071
0,0132
Rd max
0,0147
0,0216
Rdmean
Rumean
Ru max
^~0,89
1,14
1,01
1,28
Qpdmean
9pd max
9pu mean
piLmax
Mechanism n3
0,0157
0,0160
0,0176
0,0182
Table 33 : Plastic hinge at mid span
l PI
II
Graph 3.1 : Plastic rotation at mid span
I II III
1 1
Graph 32 : Requ. rotation capacity at mid span
253
Rdmean
?,
1,33
Rdmax
Rumean
Rumax
1,81
2,18
3,07
9pd mgan
9pdmax
9pu mean
9pumax
Mechanism nl
0,0067
0,0090
0,0111
0,0151
Minean
Rdmax
RujnejQ
F*!
0,54
1,01
Rumax
1,59
2,38
9pdmean
Mechanism n2
0,0041
fpdmax
flpu mean
9pumax
0,0110
0,0086
0,0167
RjLmsan
Rdmax
Rumean
Ru max
^r1,08 1,29
1,26
1,50
9pd mean
Mechanism n3
9pdmax
9pu mean
Opumax
0,0096
0,0107
0,0112
0,0126
Table 3.4 : Plastic hinge at beam end
ill I Pilli
1
fc
il
I I I I |: V V I Ivl
1
1 li I
uni
FI II IF
pr
I
Ulf
PI
Graph 33 : Plastic rotation at beam end
Graph 3.4 : Requ. rotat capac at beam end
254
4.4
Figure
11
255
Frame n
4.1
4.2
350 600 IPE 270
4.3
4.4
500 600
4.5
600 600
4.6
300 600
4.7
4.8
500
L
Column
Beam H
300 600 IPE 270 IPE 240 562,5 22500
400 600
PE240
562,5 22500
PE270 PE240
562,5 22500
PE270
PE240
562,5 22500
PE270 PE240
562,5 22500
PE270
IPE 240
1125
400 600 IPE 270 IPE 240

1125
600
PE270|
IPE 240J
11251
22500
O33
22500
0,49 44,72
0,861 1,019
22500J
aer
0,12 72,58 0,89 1,019
0,12 84,68
037
44,78
0,861 1,019
0,48
3135
0,836
1,019
0,79 22,78
7237
0,89 1,019
0,90 30,73
al
au
0,875 1,019
0,814
1,019
0,836
1,019
Nsd.
11337
-475 750 860 100 0,93
11340
-494 990 860 100 0,93
0,13 0,06
1,65 0,55
861 510
11342
-513 200 860 090 0,92
Msdl.
Msd2
Tf
11345 -548 290 860 090 0,92

0,34 0,10
1,84
11347
-548 290 860 090 0,92
0,55 0,14
1.95
11335 -559 730 860 080 0,92

0,16 0,08
1,58
11341 -625 460 860 100 0,92

O34
0,13
1,71
11344 -688 700

860 100 0,91
Deflect.
1
0,09 0,04
1.58
0,19 0,07
1,71
0,62 0,19
1,84 0,61
861 510
rDeflect. MdI
0,53
0,57
861 510
0,61
861 510
0,65
0,53
861 510
0.57
861 510
861510
3891,6 Node 3
0,00925 5516 5734 0,57
861510
3891,6 Node 3.
0,02522 5516 5734
1,56
ly
Hinge epd
3891,6 Node 3
0,01154 5516 5734
0,71
3891,6 Node 3
3891,6 Node 3.
0,01932 5516 5734
3891,6 Node 3
0,01134 5516 5734 0,70 0,01540 5734 5734 0,97
20
1
3891,6 Node 3
0,01769 5516 5734
1.10
3891,6 Node 3
0,02511 5516 5734
1,55
Tdl
Td2 Rd.req
6pu
0,01399 5516 5734 0,87 0,01870 5734 5734

1.18
130
0,02480 5734 5734
1.57
Tul
Tud
1
Ru.req
0,01330 5734 5734 0,84

40
1
0,01590
5734 5734
1.00
0,03140 5734 5734

1,98
0,02255 5734 5734

1,42
0,03070 5734 5734

1,94
Mechanism
V/H
40
1
40
1
40
1
40
1
20
1
20
1
Table 4.1
256
Frame n
h
4.9
600 600
4.10
300 300
4.11
4.12)
4.13
4.14
300 700
4.15J
3001
L
|
Column Beam H
PE270 PE240
1125
PE300 IPE 240

2250 45000
300 400 IPE 270
300 500
300 600
PE270
PE240
1350
PE270
PE300
IPE 270
1275
800 IPE 300
PE240
1700
PE240
1125
IPE 270
1125
v
depl
22500
1,46
34000
0,30 54,64
0,841
1,012
17 076 -675 290 860 100 0,97
27000
22500
25500
22500
035
66,80
0,856 1,019
036
63,95
0,871
1,019
13 670 -597 850
033
72,37
0,89 1,019
037
60,66
0,901 1,02
12 844 -700 890 1 137 400 0,94
0351
66,001 0,9051
1,0111
.1
a.u
22,60
0,814 1,019
Nsd.
11346
-751 280 860 100 0,90
1,02
Msdl. .Msd2
22 691 -746 670 860 080

0,80
0,19 0,10 0,70 0,47
861 510
Tf
1 1
860 100 0,94
11335 -559 730 860 080 0,92

0,16 0,08
1,58 0,53
861 510
11281 -702 400 1 137 400

0,93
031
0,11
Deflect.
036
1.95
0,82
0,41
861 510
| rOeflect
I
3
0,65
0,18 0,09 1,16 0,46

861 510
0,13 0,07 1,85 0,53

1
0,12 0,06 2,16 0,54

1
Mpl
Hinge 6pd
Iy
861.510 3891,6 Node 3.

0,03355 5516 5734 2,08 0,03994 5734 5734 2,52 20
1
137 400
137 400
3891,6 Node 3
0,01139
11032 11468
1.41
3891,6 Node 4
3891,6 Node 5
3891,6 Node 3
5789,8 Node 3
5789,8 Node 3.
I
1
Tdl
Rd.req
8PU
0,01558 8399
8601
Td2
1,46
0,01256 6619 6880 0,93
0,01134 5516 5734 0,70 0,01540 5734 5734 0,97 20

1
0,00958 6250 6500 0,57

0,01362 6500 6500 0,83
20
1
0,01070 5563 5686 0,57

0,01319 5686 5686 0,70 20
1
0,01390
11468
11468
1,76
0,01770
8601 8601
1,68
Tul Tud
0,01636 6880 6880
|
1
Ru.req
134
20
1
V/H
Mechanism
20
1
20
1
Table 4.2
257
Only one mechanism has been obtained.

Rd mean
Rdmax
Rumean
Rumax
1,06
2,08
1,37
2,52
9pd mean
6pd max
9pu mean
Bpu max
Mechanism
0,0159
0,0330
0,0202
0,0399
Table 43
Graph 4.1 : Plastic rotation
Graph 42 : Required rotation capacity
258
4.5
I
a...
Figure 12
Frame n
5.1
52
350 600 IPE 270 IPE 240 500 20000
0,83
12,65 0,951 1,074
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6 550 600
5.7
h
j j
L Column/R
Beam
H
1
300 600 IPE 270 IPE 240 500 20000

0,55
16,36
400 600 IPE 270 IPE 240 500 20000

1,11 10,81
450 600 IPE 270
500 600
PE270
IPE 240 500 20000
1,95
PE270
IPE 240 500 20000
2,48 6,65
0,887 1,016
10630 834180 0,93
1,91
600 600 IPE 270
PE240
500 20000
1,50 9,02
PE240
500 20000
3,80l
4,74
0,874
1,003
10705
acr
al
au
7,69
0,969
1,084
0,934
1,064
10391
0,915 1,040
10492 793230 0,88
1,12
0,900
1,028
|
I
Nsd Msd
rf

10288 728500 0,81
10340
743500 0.82
0.56 034
1.59
758490 0,84
0,78
10559 813020 0,91

1,48
856630 0,96
2,43 0,61
1,92
0,39 0,19
1.51
039
1.66
0,37
1,73
0,44
1,80
0,52
1,86
Deflect. f TDeflect.
1
0.50
860100 3891.6 Node 3
0,53
0.55
0,58
860100 3891,6 Node 3
0,00798 4500 5500 0,44
0,60
860100 3891,6 Node 3
0,62
860100 3891,6 Node 4
0,64
860 100 3891,6 Node 3
Mpl
ly
|
Hinge
6pd
860100 3891.6 Node 3

0.00421 4650 5350
860100 3891.6 Node 3

0.00585 4600 5400
i
1
S
Tdl
Rd.req
Td2
Qpu
0.00237 4700 5300 0.13 0.00905 5093 5743 0,54

1
033
0.01030
4941
.
032
0.01 140
0,00977 4433 5566 0,53
0,01158 4363 5636 0,63 0,01318 4429 5726 0,73

1
0,01340 4288
5711
0,73
j
1
Tul
Tu2
Ru.req
|
1
5743 0.61
1
4892 5743 0.67

1
0,01170 4677 5723 0,67

1
0,01250 4555 5725 0,70

1
0,01370 4300 5728 0,74

1
Mechanism
Table 5.1
259
Frame n
h
5.8
5.9
500 600
5.10
5.11
5.12
L
Column/R
Beam
400 600
500 600
600 800
600 900
PE270 PE240
1750
PE300 PE240
1600
PE330 PE240
1700
PE330 PE270
1600 16000
PE300
IPE 270
1475 14750
H V
5
1
17500
3,41
16000
17000
acr al
au
1232
0,988 1,026
9964 861500 0,94
4,57 11,49
0,961 1,064
9391 861500 0,72
434
12,38
5,77 10,92
0,993
1,081
5,70 11,05
0,993
1,071
0,875
1,001
Nsd Msd
rf
9979 861500 0,58
9250 1137400 0,73

4,03
1,01
8398 1137400 0,73
239
0,90
1,46
330
0,96
Deflect rDeflect Mpl
2,97 0,89
3,99
1,00
138
0,43
134
0,41
0,49
860 100 3891,6 Node 4
2,00 0,50
1
2,52 0,56
1
860 100
ly
Hinge
6pd
3891,6 Node 4
0,00322 5400
860 100 3891,6 Node 4
137 400
137400
5789,8 Node 4
5789,8 Node 4
Td
Rd.req
0,00104 5600 0,13

0,00316 5743 0,40
2
0,01060 5737
038
0,00849 5743
1,08
2
134
0,01070
5743
0,00050 5260 0,05

0,00831 5686 0,89
2
0,00069 4720 0,06

0,00803 5055 0,76
2
j
I
1
6pu
Ru.req
Tu
136
2
| Mechanism
Table 5.2
260
Rd mean
RgLmax.
RiLTJK
Rmnax.
9pd mean
Opdmax
9pu mean
9pu max
Mechanism
Table 53
Id
l li I 1^ li l 1^ li u i
;
lUil^niMPUHPP
3ffi
i I
<|4?
Graph 5.2 : Required rotation capacity
Graph 5.1 : Plastic rotation
261
4.6
il
J
Ij
Sfc:
1
3&
Figure 13
Three cases have been treated with full restrained supports and one case has been treated with pinned supports.
262
Frame n
h
6.1
62
300
63
300 500 500
6.4
300 500 500
350
700
1000
LI
L2
1-2-5-6
3-4
500
500
PE270 PE270
IPE 300
PE 270 PE 270
IPE 300
IPE 270
IPE 300
270
IPE 300
1-2-7-8
3-4-5-6
PE330 IPE 300j

IPE 3301
PE300
75000
7500
PE 300
90000
PE 300
84000
7200o|
6000
V Full restrained
supports
4500
2400
1,97
31
Pinned supports
134
25,9
0,922
1,078
1,13
2,07
29
! I
1
acr
8,54
0,921
1,113
ai
au
0,923
1,189
0,857
1,008
rf p3 Tf P7
Tf
P8
0,99
0,8
0,86
0,7
0,89
0,75 0,73
0,87 0,94 0,78 0,87

0,5
0.51
0,75
0,78
0,6
between nodes 1-3
0,97
0,6
0,99 0,36
between nodes 2-3
0,33
Tdeflect (node 10)
038
034
0,36
rdeflect (node 9)
03
noeud 7
1
031 034
noeud 7
1
0,62
| j
Hinge
noeud 7
1
noeud 12
1
Mpl
137 400
137 400
137 400
889 400
5789
Iy
1 1
5789
5789
0,002
8415
11770|
0,0053
6pd
0,0015
7978
0,232
0,0015
8598
j
1 1
Td Rd.req
6PU
7557
0,55
035
0,003"'
9099
0,64[
0,31
0,0068
9095
0,00831
0,0084
!
Tu Ru.req
9:
7557
0,87
1,1"
1,4:
Table 6.1
263
CONCLUSION
Type of frame
Under design loads Min Max Mean

j
At collapse Min Max Mean
1
.
0,06
1
0,49
0,21
0,46
0,85
0,66
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 1
0,00
2,12
1,11
1,04
4,02
238
3
.
0,06
1
2,41
1,10
0,66
3,59
1,75
0,57
2,08
1,07
0,83
2,52
137
5
L
0,05
1,34
0,41
0,40
1,36
0,76
i
S
6
y
Ij
t ^>
0,23
0,55
034
0,64
1,42
0,90
Table 7 : Summary of the results for the required rotation capacity Rreq
The table 7 shows that the required rotation capacity at collapse can vary from 0,4 to 4. The values are rather scattered. It is difficult to associate a value of Rreq to a type of frame because of many reasons.
First in order to be on the safe side, we could keep the maximum value for each type of structure. This can be too conservative in most of the cases and this does not agree with our purpose which is to promote the plastic design of steel structures.
This study is not exhaustive and one can easily find cases with greater required rotation capacities than those found here.
However the values of Rreq are not generally very high. This is to say that some slender profiles could be used in a plastic design. It could also be sufficient to check the required rotation capacity under design loads instead of a checking just before collapse.
264
Annex
11
Document 3263-1-27 (ProfilARBED) (revised in December 1995)
'Available rotation capacity of plastic hinges Ravailable - Tests results and models."
(49 pages)
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CM
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CM
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CM
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CO CO
-
O
CM CO
-
O
IO N00 O O
-=
to
UJ
73
CD
m.
Tf
-
IO
-
co Tf IO O
-
9-
2.
O

Tf
CM
00 00 CO IO CM co Tf O - ) O o O o o o o O O o o
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-
CM o IO O O N- CO Tf - N- CO N- N- CD ID -
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o
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o
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e?
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*
CM
o t
CO CO
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IO 00 IO to o co 00 - o IO CO CO Tf IO oo 00 00 Tf Tf
Tf
o o
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.
to Tf
CM
- m
CO CM CM
CO CO
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T-
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to
in
N- o
CM
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IO O
CM CM
00
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CO
CM
OO
CM
00 co CM
O 00 co to en c*> Tf Tf Tf to Tf IO
~*
co
CT
73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 < < < < < < < < < < < < < 73 73 73 73 01) o o o O O o O O O 73 73 o o o o o O o o o O o O O " " O " " " " " CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM " " "
(ff
oc
DC
cc cc oc ce oc cc
OC OC
oc oc LU UI UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ UJ
CC
cc cc
DC
X X X X X X
CO Tf
CM
CM
CM
CM
< < ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl o U O O
co Tf
tn -
cm
co Tt m
m
CO
CM
IO (O to
m to o (0 (O t
T-
( - o < N N- - . 00 X >
CM
< < < < CO TT CT TT < ffi ffl
>
X
>
>
UJ UJ UJ UJ
u c 3

OC
> > 00 o 3 3 3 3 3 _1 _1 -I _l _
>> >
>
3 _l
3 _l
3 _l
> > > > . 3 3 3 3 _ _1 _ -
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0s
Cj
O O ce oc
65
y-
CJ
O O O
5
to
febfeb
N- 00 en o
CM
[i
CC
a*
ce oc cc
(0
*J
Tf If) t. co O) en o> en ) en en
CM
CO
Tf
( CO cn o o o
CM
CO
Tt
TCM
CM CM
co Tt
CM -3T
CN
281
1 .
Ravailable for beams submitted to My.Sd according to Feldmann's model
t
y"
tf
,-y
- X
M y.Sd
282
Summarv of formulas from Feldman's model

to evaluate plastic rotations (= ) of I or steel profiles for different load cases.
I
--1
CpO-
4k,
f4Ebw}
r-~
-I
Him
---1-i
I
(pi)
2t
b3
(h-2t)w"f
(fy*Ao)
--
JP
JP
- -tUeff
(p0=
J^.,
(f7HTAo)bh\ 5h"
"^
\_ L
---H
1/2f1/2-
.2
1
h
^Mp^
p_ha
-(Nh-P)!
P h
;
"=(^+^W)2+4f^hA-f^
Jk^, Acr-^-irJ/î,
iv
1,4
^40*. i/4,0
LOI.'t4L
f.
*f*
yL ^VX
^/^
K. - W -
\0J5
0,38()
Pc =
4Ebw'
Sh2
283
1.1) Presentation of Feldmann's model:

1.1.1)
Kav.
Mi
/
Mp/
>---
>-
available
Rotations can be evaluated from the following formulas :

where
5,6
4.E.O. .3
i
J
SP-
-^Sl+0,25 (fvJ1+a).h.b
400
5.h
-/^..^] +4.fyW.h.b.tf.tw.Ao ^.
yM
with = 150 N/mm2
R
a.
= < 1 2- .
1.1.2) Limitations :
9l+9r
Li
Li
Class 4 sections (which mean elastic local buckling) should not be evaluated with Feldmann's model but the present tables do.
1.2) Legend of tables and graphs :
1.2.1) "Class"
1.2.2) "S 235, S 355, S 460" 1.2.3)
= classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to Eurocode 3 (" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f ' = class 2 flange)"
= Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa) = flange slendemess = web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ; =^235/ f y (fy in [Mpa])
"b/tf." "a.d/tw.E"
".? trad]"
1.2.4)
= available - (in radians) (^ written as "Phirot.pi" in tables)

= available rotation capacity multiplied by the span (that value is given in
meters).
"RavaLxLM"
=> to obtain the available rotation capacity for a given span, the number furnished in the table shall be divided by that span [given in meters].
284
1.2.5) Particular case 1:
1.2.5.1)
"(ULS, SLS) Lmax
maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria of Eurocode 3, for 3 point-bending beams, (with partial safety factors =1,0 for SLS and yp =1,5 for ULS):
SLS criterion: arbitrary limitation elastic deflection)
P.LJ
of the maximal deflection
(here,
L
250
48E.I
,
L^
250.P
ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment :

Class land 2:
M max
1,5-P.L
_ Wpf .f y <Mpf =
YmO
4.Wpf.fy
max
'
l,5.L.Ym0
_i
c 12-E-LYmO
250.Wpf.fy
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
(where jmQ is taken equal to 1,0 in the
M max
lvlrtf V
TfrnO
-'fm max
l>5-L.Ym0
Hnax
_i
c 12.E.LYm0 1-~,- ,.
250.Wef.fy
(=
1.2.5.2) 'Ravail. min
minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span

"Lrnax J'
1.2.6) Particular case 2:
1.2.6.1) "LmaxKemp"
equals to the minimum of:
- Lmax =
'-^
(see Part 2, items 2.2.2 and 2.3.6).
- Lmax ULS, SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see above item 1.23.1)
1.2.6.2) "RavaiL (Lmax Kemp)"
1.2.7)
was introduced here to easily compare Feldmann's model with Kemp's model (see Part 2, item 2.3.6). According to ECCS recommendations concerning graphs on pages 18-25, we introduce Li / (iz . ) = 60, which is maximum distance of distance between two adjacent lateral bracing in order to avoid LTB of 3-point bending beams.
285
R available for beams submitted to My.Sd according to Kemp's model
tf
X
M y.Sd
286
2.1. Presentation of Kemp's theoretical model (extract from the paper of Kemp and Dekker "Available rotation capacity in steel and composite beams", The Structural Engineer/Volume 69/N" 5/5 March 1991)
X : lolcrot
restraint
177!
It,
li
Lb
Ar
.lp
lg.
pHp
(cl tetero! restraint)
HpV./Cli-lp)
Strain el etnt/ of
compression nan
,
t
rty.<Lp/(ti-lp)
fig. 7
Curvature - strain r" a* dt
Actual cuvelcM
strut Unetfc Cj l
'. tottrat ceil.

lettre! ri-ai cquv. strut
T~V
Cn&ct of
locx strainhorcwnina mocutvs. E j
Stoetxmoouka
stratn-hcrdennq
el elasticity. E
<*Ei,
fig. 8
Strain
Appendix A. Theoretical model for predicting available rotation capacity due io local and lateral buckling of steel elioni Local bueillnt The theoretical models proposed in this section refer to the ease or linear moment tradicnt shown in Fij 7, representnx approximately the rejion adjacent to an internai support ora continuous beam or to an caves joint in portal frames. Foltowint the proposals of Lay & Galambos", the local buckle is assumed to develop when the length of plastic rcjion of the ftanje
287
Piper: Kemp/Dekker
(1 in fix 7(o)) extends sufficiently fir to accommodate the futi wavelength of the cucile. Xerap* is rearranged the expressions and modified the assumption! of Lay it Gabmooi, Southwsrd . xnd Stowtll". resulting n the following formulae which may be solved jccraiivcly to give the plxstie length L^ at which fiante buekling would occur theoretically in the absence of membrane restraint:
on the strain condition in the compression flange are evaluated separately and thea coeibincd. The maximum vertical out-of-planc deflection *, of the extreme fibre of the flange due to local buckling may be assessed as:
*.<-
0-014
Xi-tL/LJHm/LJi
....(A.1)
'r
"V
U-5S-C/. ["/ji
....{.
where
l-/t Is the flange widih-to-ihiekaess ratio C 0-3 for no web restraint or 1-0 for optimum web restraint , is the longitudinal strain at buckling in the comprcssoo fiante at the aire of the buckled length and may be determined from ? 7 M as:
.,,(,+0-3 i-)
3 and
_<
....(A J)
e are the strain-hardening characteristics in is the yield strain of the flange
"Web slendemess his been observed in tests as not causing significant strain-
weakening in isolation and having only a secondary effect ea strain* weakening behaviour due to local buckling of the liante aad distortion of the cross-section. From an assessment of test results it is proposed that he intencin between web aad fiante budini be considered by deiinint C, in eqn. (A.I) as:
where the initial imperfceon is assumed to be 0-Ol. ^ is the full wsefcigth of the local buckle given by eqn. (Al), and L> is the length bcr-c:a seesior-s of maximum and aero moment at which lateral buckSng is predicted by eejn. (At) for a denned length of the plastic region ,. This reflects the common observation, confirmed in "Dekker'j tests" and described above, that local buckSng Itnot itself an unstable strain-weakening process n the absence of lateral buckling which, nierai!. , release the membrane restraints to local buckling. . The shortening In length of a strut with a deflected shape represented by * sin(aVZO Is given approximately by A7*. in which L. a the half wavelength. The buckling of a flange with maximum veniea amplitude *, in eqn. <A) and a half wavelength of X. - 0-3L, therefor produ: a shortening in length of th extreme fibre of the flange rdadv to the atre of the flsnge of A,'/!, over a full wavelength L,. This obviously amplifies the lateral buckling of the compression flange. It is modelled approximately by considering an additional maximum amplitude of lateral dcilccson , over lh wavelength C-i. of the equivalent stmt from eqn. (AS) which gives the same shortening of th extreme fibre the fiante relative to Its centre, because of equal nd routions of -r*y Cij, I.e.
C,- l-0-{eVJ0rO< out > 0

where *, is the clear depth 2. and t. is web thickness.
(A-3)
fc*,<P-36y<cu, - A.Vjy
of web in compression, as defined ia Table
Je.i -.-i-S-h.
....(A.S)
i-Urehtersienai
AucJtnr
LatcraJ-tonional buckling is considered' in terms of the lateral buckling of a strut comprising the compression flange and portion of the web in compression over the length'Q /*). between lateral restraints ia Tig 7. The results are adjusted nominally to allow for the cahaaccacnt of resistance due to torsional rigidity. This length is subdivided Into elastic and plastic portions as shown in Hg 7(d) which are adjusted to effceive lengths X-, and Lm allowing for moment gradient In the normal way and for the reduction from elastic modulus JTto strain-hardening modulus , sn the plastic region as follows:
This reflects the interaction between local and lateral bucking and should be added to th ntaximum amplitude of sinusoidal deflection of the flange due to lateral buckling t^ which is assessed as:
. _ .-caiLfi-e-i
*. U-(L/Lfl
in -which the initial imperfection is assumed to be -CtJlL -fi)
is again given by eqn. (A4).
(A.10)
and
L%
.The lateral curvature* a,* across the width of the flange due to these dfierions at distane:: from the yielded end of the equivalent strut Is given
-slist:
Plastic
_ ,^ imm--Jo-6*9-*e L,'- CL,
....(.)
.by:
- L,- (m-1) ^~ ' J dp-Sta+0-4) L, - C/m
,...(AJ)
-A.+ ajrintrce/Â^1 ..'..(A.!!. At the entre of the local buckle in the equivalent strut a: - 0-3,, from
of the flange A falls below the yield strain ,. Le.
iii irAfr from "fig 7 at which the minimum strain on one extreme fibre
where at is the ratio of maximum moment to resistance moment M_/Mr L/Um, L) for Ener moment gradient In fig 7 and t E/E,
oqa. (A3) and the criterion of failure Is the lowest value 0f ct
uriti.
These two lengths are combined to reflect an elastic dement subjected to a uniform axial force equal to that required to fully yield this strut. The critical buckling length i, between sections of maximum and zero moment is obtained by determining the value of L{ at which this equivalent strut reaches Its elastic buckling load: .
. *.C---3Mf-.. " ....(.) in which , Is the average strain in the flange at this section given by cqa.
(A2). Alternatively, In
value of iândm.
eases of relatively compact flanges and large lateral slendemess ratios, the criterion or eqn. (A12) is applied at the centre the equivalent strut where 0-3<î, from eqn. (A) to give a lower
.(A.)
where lm the radius of gyration of the flange and portion of web in compression and C, a the enhancement due to distortion-! restraint by the web and based en the analyses of Svensson", and the second author is given by:
C, - 1-0 + 0-07 11-33
-if.
hot > 1-0
.(A.7)
la which i Is the overall depth of the section.

Interaction btttttn /oca/ nef aleni bueiUnt To define the onset of strain-weakening. It Is necessary to Identify those regions la the beam where local flange and lateral buckling displacements
cause a significant change m tb strains resisting major-axis bendine. The requirement that the minimum strain at the critical section should not fall below the yield strain has been adopted as a conservative criterion of strain weakening. The effects of deformations due to local and lateral buckling
SG
Rotation capacity Assuming the idealised stress-strain curve for steel shown In Fig t and simplifying the elasto-plastic transition, it is convenient to adopt trilinear moment-strain and moment-curvature relationships Illustrated In Figs 7(b) and (c) along each length i, between sections of maximum and aero moment. These distributions are based oa Lay's discontinuous yield theory"' and reflect the conditions at maximum load prior to the onset of strain-weakening behaviour. The following relationship between available rotation capacity and length of the plastic region Lf may then be derived from the area under the simplified curvature distribution in Fig 7(c). assumine the rotation capacity at which the moment falls below M, in "Fig 1 Is twice that at maximum moment:
'V-^;1
where ' is the proportion of the depth centres of th two flanges
(A-)
of section in compression between the

1301
The Structural Engineer/Volume 60/No.S/S March
288
2.2 Presentation of Kemp's simplified model

2.2.1)
vav
= 2a.
<Pe
2.2.1.1)
* Equivalence of svmbols (Kemp - Feldmanni:

(pa (Kemp)
<pe
<pJ5
(Feldmann)
(Kemp) = (ppfFeldmann)
<Pe=9L+<PR =
R
-
Mpf.Rd-L 2.E.I
2.2.1.2) Stress-strain curve

1
Yield
Onset of strain-hardening
,
Slope = strainhardening modulus, E s
. Slope = modulus of elasticity, E
e=E/Es s=Ss/6y
Strain
e
Kemp assumes the following values of e and s:

2.2.1.3) Kemp proposes to evaluate Rav as follows:
= 50
,s
= 10.
where
(Lambda e) is the effective lateral slendemess :
Xe-Kf.Kw.
Ct,
L ^
where
= ^235/fy (f y in [Mpa])
Kw are empirical factors :
Kf = ^f->
20
for class 1 and 2 flanges,
289
KW2=-
txd
f L,
for class 2 web,
OJalnf.tr
Kwl = 460-
|WKw2
400
{izc.z)}
for class 1 web.
a' is the propotion of the depth flanges ; here a' = 0,5 .

2.2.2) Limitations of the simplified model:
a) applicable to class
1
of section in compression between the centres of two
and 2 only, according to the old EC3 (1988).
b) 20 < --
,. 2c c
^<: < 100 , L = 2

*
for 3 - points bending beams
2.3) T^?end of tables and graphs :

2.3.1) "Class EC3"
= classification of cross-section submitted to pure bending, according to Eurocode 3 ("1" = class 1; "3w" = class 3 web; "2f" = class 2 flange) = class of sections according to the ancient Eurocode 3 (1988) used in Kemp's model ("l/2f ' = class 1, 2 flange; "3/4f ' = class 3, 4 flange; "lw" = class 1 web; "2w" = class 2 web; "3w" = class 3 web).
Code
"Class Kemp"
Type of section
Maximum width/thickness ratio
Web in pure bending

Flange in pure bending
Eurocode 3 (1988) - Kemp

present Eurocode 3 (1992)
Classi 66. 72.
Class 2
Class 3
Eurocode 3 (1988) - Kemp
present Eurocode 3 (1992)
20. 20.
76. 83. 22. 22.
Elastic form
124. 30. 30.
2.3.2)"S 235, S 355, S 460"

2.3.3) "b/tf.
= Steel grades (fy = 235, 355 or 460 Mpa)

= flange slendemess web slendemess with = 0,5 (pure bending) ; = J235/fy [Mpa]
maximum span [in meters] allowable according to ULS and SLS criteria of Eurocode 3, for 3 point-bending beams, (with partial safety factors =1,0 for SLS and yp =1,5 for ULS):
" "./,."
2.3.4)Particularcase 1:
"(ULS,SLS)Lmax[m]"
. SLS
criterion: arbitrary limitation of the maximal deflection : (here,
elastic deflection)
P.L3
^ L
250
48 E.I
=>L2<48-EJ
250.P
290
ULS criterion: limitation of the maximal bending moment

1
- Class
and 2 :
Mm max =
1.5.P.L
WDf.fv
max
4-Wpr.fy
YmO
l,5.L.7mo
_
tables)
Class 3 and 4:
12.E.LYm0
250.Wpf.fy
(where 7m0 is taken equal to 1,0 in the
Mmax =
1.5.P.L Wci-.fv i27^^Mpf=-^

4
TmO
=>P max
_ 4-Wef.f y
'
l,5.L.YmO
250.Wcf.fy
2.3.5)
n
= lateral slendemess of beam

where
izc is the radius
of gyration about minor axis z-z
= ^235/ f y (f y in [Mpa])
2.Lj = L in case of 3-points bending beams.
< 60 (ECCS recommendations to avoid LTB)

.
2.3.6) Lmax Kemp equals to the minimum of:
- Ljmax
2.2.2)
J-c'
(see limitations
of Kemp's model in present item
- Lmax ULS SLS according to ULS and SLS criteria of EC3 (see present item 4)
'R-avail. min
= minimum available rotation capacity related to the maximum span (=

"Lmax Kemp")
2.3.7) "Lp"
= the length of plastified region of the beam
TMp
*
Mrn=m.MD
=MpJLi/(Li-Lp)
291
* Ravailable for beams submitted to My sd according to CRM model (Ref. 4).
in [radians]
Ravailable
(ppl
-1.
where 1 =
F
_ Mpl.L
2.E.I
292
4.3
Reliability of models (R experiments vs. R models)
Rotation capacities according to Kemp's simplified model which are presented in these graphs respect its limitations (see chapter 2.2.2).
293
E
\_
+m+
tn
>
|
Ol
Q.
"O o
>
<0
--m
vi
>
"
to
to
>
o
te
'o. E
mt
LL
<
mod
<
c%
expe sim
pli
oc
(
ment nn's
a-
co
o 00 IO
CJ
mode
o
CM
IO
IO
IO
<o
o
<D
IO IO
O to
IO *
IO co
co
IO
evi
o
CM
IO
-
IO
294
+m*
k.
E
.
tn >
3
O
Q.
.
tn
>
---
<0
>
3
^
15
3 L
<
CS
a.
>
CE
rnt
"
u.
<
mod
*
expe sim
. >
<
CC
CM
pli
CO CM
CM
CM
ment nn's
CM
O
CM
en
CO
hCD
IO
*
CO
CM
en
co
hco io
co
m.
CM
295
rnprn^
k.
tn
>
Q.
XJ o
.
.

>
tn
>
M
vi
"
TJ
TJ o
tn
>
OC
tn CL
CO
-C
"
TJ
<
5
<
mod
expe sim
pli
CO
ment nn's
CM
en
CO
co
--
io
co
CM
t-
CO
CM
CO
CO
IO
CO
CM
296
4.4. Influence capacity
of beam length
and lateral slendemess on available rotation
In
some graphs, beside curves corresponding to nominal cross sections, there are "" (black points) which equal to Rav calculated for measured sections of experimental beams.
297
CRM Lige: Tests N 2,6,27,28
Feldmann model nom
Kemp simplified model
Kemp theory model
Feldmann - measured profile
40
60
80
100
120
Li/(2*epsylon)
1 1
I I
|
1
4
L span
==
10
2*Li (m)
Kemp application range
HE 200B, fyf = 445 MPa, fyw = 462 MPa, class
(EC3)
298
CRM Lige: Tests N 3, 9, 31
Feldmann model nom
Kemp theory model

CRM tests
100
Li/(iz*epsylon)
1 1
120
I
1
I
1
I
I
1 1
t I
I
1
10
12
Lspan = 2*Li {ml
HE200B, fyfi = 261.0 MPa, fyw = 291.0 MPa, class
(EC3)
299
CRM Lige: TestN7,
15
40
35
Feldmann model nom
30
Kemp simplified model Kemp theory
*
25
CRM tests

ja
5 20
>
a
15
10
-r
20
40
60 Li/(iz"epsylon)
80
100
120
T"
10
Lspan = 2 Li {m)
HE200B, fyf=404MPa,fyw = 426MPa, class
(EC3)
300
CRM Lige:
Tests N 4, 8, 17, 25, 26
40
35
Feldmann model nom
30
Kemp theory model
25
CRM tests
S3
5 20
15
10
0 -r 0 20
40
60
80
100
120
Li/(iz*epsyIon)
I
1
1 1
10
L span = 2* Li {m}
HE200B, fyf=375MPa, fyw = 421 MPa, class
(EC3)
301
CRM Lige: Tests N 10, 18, 19,29,32
Feldmann model
Kemp simplified "model nom

Kemp theory model
CRM tests
Kemp s. - measured profile
o -
20
40
60
Li/Uz'epsylon)
1
80
100
120
-1_
I
4
Lspan = 2 Li (m)
10
12
HE200B, fyfl = 303MPa, fyw = 342MPa, class
(EC3)
302
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA2243, EA2244
6
{m)
10
Lspan = 2*Li
HE 220A, fyf = 420.5 MPa, fyw = 437.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
303
RWTH Aachen: Tests EA 2833, EA2834
20
40
60
80
100
120
Li/{iz*epsylon]
1 1
'
t
1
10
12
14
16
Lspan = 2* Li (m)
HE 280A, fyf = 276.5 MPa, fyw = 31 1.5 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
304
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB 2843, EB2844
40
Feldmann model

Kemp theory model
20
40
60
L5/(z*epsylon)
80
100
120
-i
I
I
I
1
I I
6
Lspan = 2* Li Im)
10
12
Kemp application
range
HE280B, fyf=489MPa, fyw = 539MPa, class 3f(EC3)
305
RWTH Aachen: Tests EB2833, EB2 834
60
Li/{iz*epsylon]
i i
1
8
Lspan = 2* Li
10
{m)
12
14
16
HE280B, fyf= 248.5 MPa, fyw = 252.5 MPa, class
(EC3)
306
RWTH Aachen:
Tests EA2233, EA2234
HE220A, fyf= 282.5 MPa, fyw = 308.0 MPa, class 3f (EC3)
307
RWTH Aachen: Testd09a3m
(EC3)
308
RWTH Aachen: Test d01a4m
Li/lizêpsylon)
1 1 1
6
(m)
10
Lspan = 2*Li
(EC3)
309
RWTH Aachen:
Tests EA 2843, EA 2844
Feldmann model
Kemp simplified model Kemp theory model
40
60
80
L/(iz*epsylon)
>
468
L span = 2e Li
10
12
lm)
HE 280A, fyf = 504 MPa, fyw = 535 MPa, class 4f (EC3)
310
Lukey - Adams: Test N Al
-i
20
40
60
80
100
Li/Uz'epsylon)
4
L span
10
= 2* Li (m)
fyf=285MPa, fyw = 309.3 MPa, class 2f(EC3)

311
Annex 12
Document 3263-1-48 (ProfilARBED-RWTH)
'Background document to Eurocode 3 about ductility evaluation of plastic hinges"

(66 pages)
1.
(1 )
Analysis models and limiting b/t-ratios of Eurocode 3 - 1.1

Eurocode 3 - Part
(ENV 1 993-1-1) presents a classification system for cross-sections according to the slendemess b/t of cross sectional parts in compression, that allows to take profit of plastic reserves of the cross-section or the plastic reserves of systems as for as moment redistribution may have an effect, see fig. 1.
1.1
Mpl
M el
b/t
21
Global
analysis
Definition of the classification of cross-section
ûjjjj^
Class
Behaviour model
Design resistance
Available rotation
capacity of plastic
of
structures'
hinge
PLASTIC
across full section
important
elastic
or.
Mp/j--/
kxal^"^
buckling
f
PLASTIC
across full section
plastic
iM Mpi,
local budding
<P
limited
elastic
f
ELASTIC
none
elastic
Mp< /c
across full section
"
f
M
local
bc buckling?
r
ELASTIC
across effective
none
elastic
Uit]
buckling?
local
section
'
314
Fig. 1: Plastic reserves of beams ace. to EC 3
(2)
So far the sections allowing for moment redistribution due to the formation of plastic
hinges are class 1 -section. The strength level is the full plastic moment M^ of the cross-
section.
(3)
Class 2 sections need to consider the maximum bending moments from an elastic
analysis without moment redistribution but allow to exploit the plastic resistances of the
cross-section as for class 1-sections.
(4)
For class 3-sections yielding in the extreme fibre of the full cross-section is limiting the resistance, whereas for class 4-sections yielding in the extreme fibre may only be allowed when local buckling to teken into account by reducing the cross-sections to the effective zone.
(5)
As the controlling parameter for the classification of a cross section the b/t-ratio of its compressed parts is considered. The numerical values for the b/t-ratios for the different cross sectional classes as presented in Eurocode 3 are given in fig. 2.
(6)
The values have been determined for 235 N/mm2 only. An adjustment to other steel
Classification of cross-section: limiting widuVto-thickness ratios for class I .class 2 J cross-sections

Types
Stresses
Class
Class 2
of
distribution for
Web
Flange
Web
Flange
classi
&.
classi
d/twS
33
W
c/tfS
10
d/twS
38
C/tf
11
i
"comiiprcssion
fy
9
10
10e
Mv
--7
iL_ljL~J"
C
lie
72
W
83
9
10
10
11
M,
9
10e
10
rttjnm, " My
U-^
J
cofAS:
396e
W
>0,5: 456 13-1

W
11
13a-l
10e
+ : Stiesses in compression R = rolled sections W = welded sections - : Stresses in tension 235 fy (H/mm2) e=^235/f, fif t 40 mm)
275
355
0,81
420
0.75
0,78
460
0,71
0,92
0,96
(jf 40 mm < t 100 mm)
0.84
0,74
Fig. 2: b/t-ratios for different cross-sectional classes ace. to Eurocode 3
315
grades may be performed by factoring with

e =
235
*
2
values which were derived from the Euler-buckling formula.
"ki
=fy
2)
/t\2
12 (1
lb
(7)
The transition from plastic cross sectional resistances Mp, to elastic resistances M^, is stepwise. Only for class 4-sections, where local elastic buckling reduces the crosssectional resistance, the influence of such local buckling an "effective" cross-sections by the reduction factor is continuous:
MR=a4ff M^cc^
where
WeI
i;
aeff=
(8)
<_
1.0
The classification in fig. beams ace, to fig. 3.
is justified by moment rotation curves
of three point loaded
Fig. 3: Justification of cross-sectional classification by tests
316
(9)
The moment-rotation curves as shown in fig. 3 are the result of bending tests. These tests are able to give information about which level of resistance can be achieved and how great is the rotation. As aforementioned the certain sorts of moment-rotationcharacteristics gave rise for the classification system. In particular the b/t-limits for class 1 are such that they guarantee a certain plastic rotation on ,,,-level so that plastic zones, which can be modeled as plastic hinges, are able to rotate.
One can introduce a value which is able to describe the ability of a plastic hinge which
(10)
may be the inelastic rotation of a plastic hinge,
<pav
, which is that rotation on ,,,-level
up to the point of intersection of the moment-rotation curve after that it drops below the ,-level. We also can introduce the rotation capacity R, which compares the magnitude of the inelastic rotation ^ with the elastic rotation <pp] related to Mp, of a beam.
p
âvailable
_ <Pav _ ~ ~~
<Prot
<Ppl
<Prot
(1 1)
Introducing a general value for the rotation requirement, coming out from the static analysis, and which might be in the range of R^, = 3.0, one can identify those section allowing for moment redistribution along the structure, i.e. those sections with
R * 3,0
(12)
The sectional rotation capacity depends on the geometry, slendemess and the steel grade
of the cross-section and also depends on the loading arrangement Slendemess limits in terms of b/t should comprise all these demands to allow for plastic analyis.
(13)
However the design models used in Eurocode 3 - part 1 .1 are in some parts extremely safe sided and not realistic. The diagrams in fig. 4 show the rotation capacities of a great amount of so called "Three-Point-Bending"-tests (both rolled and welded sections) versus the b/t-slendemess as well as the present b/t-regulations of Eurocode 3 (for hot rolled sections) , see also annex (3) in which the data are given in detail.
(14)
In fig. 4a to fig.4e the test results are presented. The conclusions for the present EC 3 rules are as follows:
The presentation of the available rotation capacities terms of angles ("<pvalues") gives more information on the actual inelastic behaviour rather than the presentation in terms of nondimensional "R-values" which is the the comparison of the rotation of inelastic deformation of the plastic hinge and the elastic deformation of the beam. The slendemess limits for both the flange and the web are not realistic by far. One can identify available rotation capacities for cross-sections which are ace. EC 3 at present not allowed for moment redistribution or even not allowed for plastic resistance or even not allowed for full elastic resistance, see fig. 4d.
317
The present classification rules for the web slendemess show little more
correlation than the present classification rules for the flange slendemess, however not satisfying at all, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d. The present consideration ace. to EC 3 of the higher yield stresses than fy =235 MPa by introducing e = (235/fy) os shows only tendencies but not more and is also not satisfying, see fig. 4ax and fig. 4b.d. Having the most tests in the steelgrade range from 235 N/mm2 up to more than 500 N/mm2 and also some up to more than 950 N/mm2 it is visible that even in the higher steelgrade ranges sufficient rotation capacities in most cases can be provided, see fig. 4e.
318
25.0
20.0
15.0
3-
Rex
10.0
m
S
5.0
^4
0.0
\
15.00
10.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
b/t
25.0
20.0
15.0
Rex
10.0
:
t
5.0
'-"
0.0
?:
20.00
f
40.00
0.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4a: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
319
25.0
J_L
20.0
.w
-i+
i
15.0
*"
1
_
Rex
10.0
\-
5.0
:*v
415.00
m~.
m
0.0
10.00
R
20.00
j
25.00
30.00
35.00
b/t * (fy/235)*0.5
25.0
1 ta
1
20.0
1
15.0
! ,7_
%
B
Rex
10.0
m.
B fl
a
5.0
I
0.0
1
1
'.
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
(h-2t)/w*(fy/235)'0.5
Note:
= class 1 2 = class 2
1
= class
Fig. 4b: Rotation Capacities R of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
320
0.6

0.5
I
a
h
'i
V fl
j'
W
0.4
-,
^Sc
phi av
0.3
I
BB
f
li
\
*
0.2
0.1
s-.'20.00 25.00
10.00
15.00
30.00
35.00
b/t
0.6
fl
0.5
.
0.4
,m
phi av
0.3
m
i
li
0.2
ki
1
0.1
!"
40.00
0.00
20.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
(h-2t)/w
Fig. 4c: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus simple siendemesses
321
0.6
11
0.5
fl
0.4
phi av
0.3
'T
f
Vfl
't-
rÂ
-e
0.2
A
I
0.1
Ai
1,
' u
U
25.00
3,
30.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
35.00
b/t * (fy/235)"0.5
0.6
1
0.5
I*
0.4
phi av
0.3
t.
0.2
%
"1
;, af
IJ*
40.00
0.1
V
60.00
2,:
>
0.00
20.00
80.00
100.00
(h-2t)/w* (fy/235) '0.5
Note:
= class 1 2 = class 2 3 = class 3

1
Fig. 4d: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus siendemesses ace. EC3
322
25.0
20.0
li
-4c
1S.0
Rex
10.0
'-^
'.
m
m
W4
-
5.0
0.0
200
400
600
800
1000
fy [N/mm2] (mean of flange and web)
0.6
fl
0.5
0.4
1I
phi av
0.3
'
02.
k't
m
"f..
! l
mt
200
0.1
400
600
800
1000
fy [N/mm2] (mean of flange and web)
Fig. 4e: Rotation Capacities of three point bending tests versus yield stress
323
(14)
Not only b/t-regulations are unrealistic, but also the maximum resistance is limited to
MpI. Many tests have shown, that sections often exhibit more resistance than Mp, even
Mp,, depending on moment shape, slendemess, ect., see fig.
1.80
!
1.60
1
1.40 1.20
1.00
Mu/Mp!
ffl
A
-ll- /
b
Jc
0.80
0.60
'
! i
0.40
0.20 0.00
10.00
0
;
1
t>
15.00
20.00
3
t>
4tI
1
4r
.1
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
b/t*(fy/23S)A0.5
60
40
20
I
1 .
00
- t'
JU1
1
1
__
fll
Mu/MpI
0 80
0 60
040
0 20
No te:
= 2 =
1
cias;sl
cla<:s 2
i
1
:s3
!
0.000.00
10.00
1,.
60.00
2 t>
80.00 90.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
70.00
h/w* (fy/235)A0.5
Fig. 5: Ultimate resistance of bending tests versus slendemess

(15)
The causes of the safesidenesses are:
324
(15)
The causes of the conservativisms are:

1.
The b/t- and h/w- values are developed from elastic theory basis with extension
2.
3.
4.
5.
to plasticity which originally are intended to have a criterion for resistance but with poor consideration of the rotation capacity. The important interaction between flange and web has not been considered in the present rules. Resistances are limited to Mp,, though the moment rotation curves show that higher resistances are possible. The magnitude of resistances is defined stepwise neglecting the actual continuous resistance distribution. The minimum rotation requirements for class 1 -section has been assumed to R = 3.0 for usual buildings without taking into account the actual rotation requirements which are often smaller.
2.
Experimental and numerical investigations on cross-sectional resistance and rotation capacities of beams in bending
In order to overcome the shortcomings of the present b/t- and h/w- rules of Eurocode 3, Part 1.1, bending tests, which were performed in the past have been re-evaluated and also new test series on bending tests have been established. Single span beams with several kinds of loading were tested.
Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis. Three-Point-Bending tests with bending about the weak axis. Bending tests with normal forces, with bending about the strong axis. Four-Point-Bending tests with bending about the strong axis.
The test-setup, the test-procedure and the test-evaluating of typical three-point-bending tests are described in annex (1) of this background document.
(1)
(2)
Additionally a lot of computer-simulations were carried out to obtain more and "synthetic" results of the plastic behaviour of beams in bending, in particular for high strength steels the computer-simulations are described in annex (2). The simulations are welcome for those investigations for which experiments would produce much effort, e.g. for the question of the influence of the load position along the span of the three point bending beam. The simulated rotation capacities for this question are also shown in annex (2).
325
3.
Improved design models for accounting of plastic crosssectional resistances
(1)
The most realistic and homogeneous procedure to predict the strength capacity of a structure is to introduce the true moment-rotation curve of the section, depending on moment shape, type of loading, geometry, slendemess and steel grade, see fig. 6a. No further concern about slendemess of section or rotation capacity must be made. However this may increase evaluation time due to strong nonlinearities not only due to nonlinearities in the hinge but also in cases of large and complicated structures.
Alternatively a uniform definition of the cross-sectional for all b/t- and h/w- ratios can be achieved by applying the format of class 4-sections:
(2)
MR=a ,, = Wd ,
where M is the elastic moment resistance is a modification factor that may attain
values cc>1.0e.g.
=
aP>
or values a<1.0e.g.
(3)
eff
see fig. 6b.
In general the behaviour of plastic hinges in statically nondetenninated structures is deformation controlled as a function of the rotation capacity, except for the last plastic hinge that leads to a completion of the plastic mechanism, the behaviour of which is force controlled reaching the ultimate load of the frame. Due to this fact not only the stable plastic part of the --curve, but also the instable part ofthat curve may be used in the design, see fig. 3. By the choice of resistances cc < , the rotation capacities can be significantly increased thus allowing for complete moment redistribution on a reduced level cc. This concept is applicable to all cross-sectional classes, e.g. also for
class 4-sections.
(4)
In the present Eurocode 3, Part 1 the plastic hinge method is only allowed and defined for = , for class 1 -sections. For this case one can reduce the spectrum of -cases, described in clause 3(2), to one case = with an a priori nonlimited deformation of plastic hinges on Mp, -level, but with an a posteriori check of the ductility by slendemes limits (class 1 sections only, see EC 3, 5.3.3 (4)).
326
Fig. 6a,b,c:
Different design models for accouting realistic behaviour of plastic zones
(5)
To obtain the true --curve of a beam in bending either experiments are necessary or sophisticated Finite Element simulations have to be performed. Furthermore the use of the whole --curve in the global plastic analysis of a structure costs time, as indicated.
Thus the use of modelized --curves as they are in fig. 6b and in fig. 6c will be necessary. In the following a new rotation check of plastic hinges is presented using constant Mpl-level of the plastic hinges,see fig. 6c.
(6)
4.
(1)
The procedure of the rotation capacity check

The verification of the rotation capacity comprises the comparison of the rotation requirement with the available rotation capacity in the plastic hinges or plastic zones.
Both the rotation requirements and the rotation capacities are to be obtained using the defined ,-resistance level.
(2)
(3)
The rotation requirement results from the global analysis of a structure.
The rotation capacity results from experiments or, if not available, from computer simulations or, if also not available, from engineering models.
Fig. 7 illustrates th procedure of the rotation assessment Having a two-spancontinuous beam with distributed load it is visible that the first plastic hinge occurs
(4)
327
above the support, whilst the load-deformation curve is still increasing to ultimate load
at that point where the second plastic hinge forms in the span.
Beyond the last hinge the system becomes kinematic. From the beginning of plastification of the first hinge up to the last hinge the first hinge has to rotate. This rotation ,^ can be mathematically determined either by hand for simple cases or by
computers.
(5)
The required rotation in terms of dimensionless R, can be calculated by deriving rcq by the sum of the plastic rotations at the ends of the single equivalent beam. The length of this equivalent beam can be taken as the distance either between the points of inflexion (points of zero moment) of each side of the relevant plastic hinge (1st option) or the tangents to each side of the plastic hinge's moment peak in the moment diagram (see fig. 7. 2nd option) in the ultimate limit state:
rq
lrtPbutlc Hinge
2ndPUiticHinge
1 it
-*3
-
"*
Plaide Hinge
2nd Plastic Hinge
opfionl
Equivalent single beami
Fig. 7: Obtaining the required rotation
(6)
The shape of the moment distribution can vary from "peakshaped" to "parabolicsmooth". However the determination of the rotation capacity is based on having
constant moment gradient byside the plastic hinges, that means also with moment peak.
If no lateral buckling phenomenae occur the peakmoment-hinges are to be assumed to produce the smallest available rotation capacities for I- and H-sections.
328
If no lateral buckling phenomenae occur the peakmoment-hinges are to be assumed to

produce the smallest available rotation capacities for I- and H-sections.
(7)
The rotation check can be performed by the comparison
</
or
Rfeq<Rav/YM())
(the partial safety factors are described in chapter "Safety evaluation").

Byside the verification of full ,-level this rotation check should be performed for all plastic hinges which have to fulfill certain rotations up to ultimate load except the last
one having structures with more than one plastic hinge.
5.
Determination of the available rotation capacity of plastic

hinges
(1)
The determination of the rotation requirement is the individual result of the global analysis, whereas the rotation capacity depends on the cross-section to be used.
(2)
As aforementioned the rotation capacity can be determined by experiments, computer simulations and by engineering models.
The demand for useable and practical tools gave rise to suggest the development of a simple model which does not make much effort to use. Such an engineering model might be the following formulae for I- and -shaped sections for different kind of loadings. The basis of these formulae is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling phenomena in the yielding zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the rotation capacity in a reliable way. The formulae have been developed for the rotation capacity of I- and -profiles in bending about the strong and the weak axis, for bending about the strong axis with axial forces. The reliability of this formulae is proved by the comparison with test results, see fig. 8 and annex (3).
However in fig. 8 the comparison is given in terms of R whereas the following formulae are expressing the available inelastic rotation in terms of angles .^. That is no problem considering the relationship Rav = <pav / ^ (where (Dp, = Mp, tf (2E1) for pure three point bending). In fig. 8 for any pair of values both the experimental values and the theoretical
values are diveded by the identic same angle disturbing the presentation.
<ppl.
(3)
(4)
So no further uncertaincies are
329
(5)
Thus the following formulae can be used for the determination of the rotation capacity R of a beam and also for the determination of the available inelastic rotation <pav of a plastic hinge.
(6)
As the rigid plastic model describes the whole instable part of the --curve, it also can be used for further plastic approaches with non constant Mpf-level, ace to fig. 6a and fig. 6b.
For pure bending about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined as:
4kfy
Tav
(7)
w3 4Ebw3
5h:
(fy.Fi+Aa)bh ^
ff \2 + V WwebhwJ + 4y.webbtwhA<y
" ^.webhw
with =
150 N/mm2 (for all cases) and with
kfv=r^Fj/ 400 + 0,25

(yield stress in N/mm2)
(8)
1,3
For three point bending with about the weak axis with a load introduction stiffener the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined with Mp, and with Las the whole span of the simple beam as:
f
0,2_ 2b
,
2t
(9)
For bending with normal for as about the strong axis the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (given in radians) can be determined as given in sentence (5) if the
amount of axial load fulfills:
Npl
with Aweb = A - 2bt. If the axial load is greater ( / , > Aweb / a) then the following
formula applies:
330
<Pav
=2
tM.pl,N
h
t(Nn-Pc)
bt(fyF1+Aa)h
bt^
+ AaJh2
with Mp, N acc. e.g. EC 3, 5.4.8.1 (4) and with Nn as the part of the axial load which is in "the flange:
Nn = t
2b
1-
N
N.
pi
\^
Wy.n
JJ
and with the web restraint influence Pc:
_ 4Ebw3
C
5h2
(given in
(10)
In fig.
9 sample values
of the theoretical available inelastic rotation
<pav
radiants) are presented varying slendemess and yield stress.

(1 1)
In annex (3) of this Background Document all necessary information on all available
bending tests being properly documented for rotation capacity evaluation are given. These are three point bending test with bending about both the strong and the weak axis and bending tests with bending about the strong axis with axial forces.
(12)
All
applied in the proposed engineering model: 235 N/mm2 fy 460 N/mm2. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by test results with steel grades in that range. Eurocode 3 allows
steel grades available
3 Part 1.1 can be
in Eurocode
for plastic global analysis with steel materials characterized according to EN 10025 and EN 10113 as given in table 1.
(13)
As given in annex (2) Finite Element simulations have shown that the rotation capacity does not strongly depend on centric or excentric location of the load of the equivalent three point bending beam.Consequently rotation capacity values obtained from the symmetrically loaded three-point bending beams are always safesided even for high shear forces (according to EC 3-rules: 0.5 ^(1 <Vsd<.1.0 Vp, M with VpURd = ultimate shear resistance). In case of excessive shear forces (according to EC 3 - rules: V^ > Ypl Rd) the cross-section is rejected by insufficient resistance capacity and then there is no need of rotation capacity values which might be not safe enough.
Lateral Torsional Buckling phenemonae have to be avoided not only when Mp, - level is reached even during the whole rotational process. The proposed engineering model is applicable if lateral torsional buckling is prevented e.g. according to Eurocode 3 rules (LT s 0,4 )(or CM 66 rules: CLTQ <; 60 with = 0, for instance).
(14)
331
(15)
Local instabilities e.g. due to introduction of concentrated loads also have to be avoided during the whole rotational process in the plastic hinges, by introducing at location of plastic hinges: sufficient stiffening of webs for My- and My-N - load cases, sufficient stiffening of flanges for M. - load cases. Sufficient stiffening can be provided with usual welded steel plates but also by other means or by considering of real service conditions in order to ensure economical design: support of secondary beams, support of slabs, masonry, concrete walls, concrete infillments, steel sheet decks (floor, wall, root) with sufficient stiffness. In case of distributed load stiffening of location of plastic hinges should not be necessary.
Nomimal
Steel grade
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm
EN 10025
standard S 235 S 275 S 355 EN 10113-3 Standard S 275 M S 355 M S 420 M S 460 M
Notes:
40 mm <t< 100 mm
A5.65
ro/.i
fu
[Mpa]
235 275 355
fu/fy
1.53
[Mpa]
*y [Mpa]
0.11 0.13
fu
[Mpa]
340 410 490
fu/fy
[Mpa]
1.58 1.61 1.46
A* 5.65
24 20 20
360 430 510
1.56 1.44
26 22 22
0.17
215 255 335
0.10 0.12 0.16
275 355 420 460
390 490 500 530
1.42 1.38
1.19 1.15
24 22
19 17
0.13 0.17
0.20 0.22
255 335 390 430
370 470 500 530
1.45 1.40 1.28 1.23
24 22
19
17
0.12 0.16 0.19 0.20
*) / is the nominal thickness of the element - of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf)
- of the particular elements of welded sections
JL
Tt
Table 1:
Steel grades for plastic design ace. EC
332
24
20
16
Ji
Hup,
4-1-1
R,ex 12
-5
[-
-1
BP ^ SE"/"
4
til
.
8
.
12
16
20
24
R,th
i
.00
i
i
1
4_
1
7.00
coo
1/
i
'
j
3-& n
w
j-
S.O0
! 4.00
>
,
;
3.00
j
2.00
1.00 0.00
...j
-
1
0.00
7^
1.00
:-
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
.0
7.00
OO
S.00
Rth
,'
120 100
:"7
1
._.
*
._.
y,
80
...
'.
-H-m
4-^-4 --j-
ex
60
j
[
40
.'
j
/
20 0
i
1
/*
V\
20
; ;
40
60
Rth
80
100
120
140
Fig. 8: Comparison of the experimental rotation capacities with the theretical rot. capacities
333
Variation of b/t, b=const
Variation of b/t, t=const

0500
04SO
O4S0
OjKO
O3S0
0353
av
OJCO
av
0300 -
0253
0.2S0
0200
02
CIS)
&0
-i
&.0
1-
H-
aiso
-t
l-
10
IM
13.3
IojO 200
26J
7.3 IOjO 12.7 15.3 16J0 20.7 23.3 24.0 28.7 31.3
b/I
b/I
- &20.19.1524
b-3CU>C0.v<*l.iaf*24
- 1-1h-19.v*aoitv.24
1-2mH-30.w.l.l0.fr-24
- U3.G0.h-42.w.l -24
- t>-tah-4aw>i/ifr-34
Variation of h/w
CLSOO
Variation of fy, HE 300

O350
O4S0
OJOO
0.400
O2S0
(X3S0
0.200
(pav
osco
av
0.150
0.253 -
0.103
0200
aoso
0.150
omo
23SO
33SJ0
-4435.0
-+S3S.0
-+63SJ0
-+73SJ0
- 1>3.1-1.9024
t>mnrmAmU-Q.tr-3*
- t~zxtmXu\.ta.tr-2a
b-aah-sai-i.gw-i.io
Fig. 9: Functions of theoretical rotation capacities, dependend on slendemess and yield stress
334
6.
(1 )
Safety evaluation
The verification procedures of Eurocode 3 - Part 1 . 1 take into account semi probabilistic safety approaches in the Ultimate Limit State. So far the reliability is considered by introducing partial safety factors. The Annex of Eurocode 3 - Part 1.1 presents a procedure which allows to evaluate partial safety factors from experimental results. Thus, from the comparison between the design model values and the experimental values, it is possible to determine a design value of the resistance and a partial safety factor.
(2)
(3)
Annex (3) of this background gives an overview of the statistical analysis, performed for all available rotation tests with different sort of loading.
(4)
.
In general the real yield stresses of the steels delivered by the mills are greater than the nominal values of the steels indicated in the catalogues. The following statistical procedure takes that difference between nominal and expected value of steel grade into account, even considering decreasing of rotation capacity by increasing the yield stress of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the ultimate load target (i.e. the design load level) remains using the nominal yield values [40], see fig 10. Thus with respect to safety the unexpected overstrenghtening is well considered.
1
A
freq
-
tmnHinuimrrrrTTTTnr
-^-
i^reqjiverj
Fig. 10 :
Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stresses which are greater than the nominal yield stresses.
(5)
Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy - for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 1 0025 and EN 10113 (thickness ranges : lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to 63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from 80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 1 50 mm).
335
As Eurocode 3 always provides yield stresses fy equal or greater than values guaranteed by the specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113, see fig. 11). the available rotation capacities resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided in comparison to the rotation capacities resulting from fy of EN 10025 or EN 10113.
yWditiingdifyJtccoollneioTiMtl.l
(EC3|
ffmiufd
yWd ttangOi (R^) according to EN 1002S
/to
315
f 430
f MO
"Ss~
ftlfylKltS
250
INckrMu (mm)
yWd ttrangdl fy according to Tabla 3.1

(N/mm1)
OA of EC3 guanriwd yWd annetti (jL^J according lo EN 10 1 !3
FiE460 fi
E 420
Ft355
Fl27S
Sic! grada
If
43
100
tfilcVnaat (mm]
Fig. 11:
Nominal yield stresses ace. to EC EN 10113
3 and yield stresses ace.
to EN 10025 and
(6)
However, for the statistical safety evaluation of the rotation capacity in the frame of resistance safety there are several options:
336
1.
The first option is considering the assessment of the rotation capacity as a single-standing Ultimate Limit State check as follows:
<
^ <
<Pavailable
This check has to be fulfilled seperately in addition to the check of the resistance of the cross-section.
For that the wide spread horizontal distribution, see fig. 12. for the determina tion of the partial safety factor will be relevant That wide spread distribution is due to the in general very small negative slope of the descending branch of moment rotation curve and for that any good prediction formula will produce a more or less large scatter.
The comparison is graphically given in annex (3), also the statistical distribution
for three point bending in linear presentation and as well on gaussian paper is shown in annex (3).
For this evaluation to which all the data of all kinds of loading and bending are available, the safety elements are shown in table 2.
The second option would be regarding the prediction
of the rotation capacity simply as a means of where the resistance has to be determined. It is just that rotation on the Mp, - level at which the section is fully rotationally exploited
(fig. 6c) in the last expected rotation degree.
That means detenriining the rotation capacity with the formulae given in chapter
5, and determining with that rotation the resistance My = f
This resistance function describes the descending branch of the moment rotation curve (which is in reality at the point of <prot (see fig. 3) nothing more than the level of the resistance function for Mp, = Wp, fy).
(<pav) .
That resistance design model Mp,=Wp,-fy now can be compared with the resistances of the moment-rotation curves at the vertical rotation-capacities" levels. That would be presented by the vertical distribution in fig. 12. The safety elements for that vertical distribution has been determined for pure three point bending and is also given in table 2 for information. Thus within this option a safety factor related to rotations will always be = 1,0.
As both option 1 and option 2 are safety considerations only at the cross-section they do not take into account the global structural behaviour except for statically determinant structures. However for statically non detenninant structures the
337
interrelationship between option 1 and option 2 is linked with the slope of the descending branch of the 1. to the (n-1). plastic hinge. The magnitude of this slope is indeed an indicator whether the structure fails rapidly or not if the rotation capacity has been fully exploited. Fig. 13 gives an example for that: even if one uses a class 2 -section for the first hinge rotations of the descending branch can be exploited such that the global load is increasing, however having benefit from the strain hardening of the second hinge. Certainly this depends also on the remaining elastic stiffness of the structure before ultimate load has
been reached.
This approach has not been yet investigated within this report Thus the model approach ace. to fig. 6a and fig. 6b has to be attended with respect to the global structural response.
338
Op-
Statistical Parameters
tion
1
load cases
k '
Dmcan
s*
0,080
vR
kc
1,239
Y Mo
mo
1,10*
My
1,3
<p,R
1,3
1,229
0,159
1,52
Ym,2
My
Ym<T Mpi
1,041
0,070
0,110
1,004
1,00
1,17
My + Nx
1,090
0,050
0,210
1,500
2,02
1,10*
,
1
<P,R
-
M,
<P,R
1,397
0,329
0,360
1,120
1,73
1,10*
Table 2:
Safety elements for rotation capacities (* ace. ENV 1 993-1-1 , or NAD values)
Fig 12:
Horizontal scattering of rotation capacities and vertical scattering
of resistances at the point of the rotation capacity
339
Example: 2-Span-Continuous-Beam
=1,0
^r
XL
I
2nd Plastic Hinge
t Plastic Hinge
Equivalent single beam
1
1
Constant MpI-LeveI
it Plastic Hinge
2
M
Nonconstant Mp,-Level
"(21 *)
1st Plastic Hinge
4
2-3
Mr
...
2nd Plastic Hinge
23
bh
2 nd Plastic Hinge
-
q/qr
-
"{}
",
^
(1
ft
feqF+
* )<2-
- 11)^ 8vf
-2y2~
Fig 13:
Example of a two span continuous beam using constant Mp, - level and nonconstant Mp, - level
340
7.
List of symbols
flange width
cross-section depth
h
d
= h-2t-2r, depth of hot rolled sections

flange thickness web thickness radius of rolling beam length sectional area
area of web
t, tF w, t^
r LL A I
Wd
Wpl
second moment of inertia
elastic moment of inertia
E
fy
plastic moment of inertia plastic benefit factor excentricity of load position along the beam span
elastic modulus
fu
phi p,
<ppl q
yield stress of material tensile coupon tensile strength of material tensile coupon POISSON's ratio stress amplification =150 Mpa to consider material hardening
rotation
-IIelastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching plastic moment Mpl (e.g.= Mpl { / (2 E
p, y
<Pp,
(pl)
<pav
I) for three point bending beams) elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, Q elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mpl v elastic limit rotation of the beams' ends reaching Mp, N inelastic rotation of a plastic hinge or plastic zone inelastic available rotation of a plastic hinge on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
inelastic rotation requirement in terms of radiant
elastic and inelastic available rotation of a beam on Mp, - level in terms of radiant
m
cprot
-iirotation capacity in terms of ratio of plastic rotation and elastic rotation rotation requirement .- // rotation capacity theoretically derived from formulae rotation capacity experimentally detemuned
R^
Rjjq
R,h
R^
341
M
Mp,
Mpi,
Mp, q
Mp, v
Np,
NH
moment plastic moment resistance ace. EC 3, exeptions are explained plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 with axial load ace. EC 3 plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using Qpl plastic moment resistance, interacted ace. EC 3 using VpI axial load full plastic axial load resistance part of axial load which is in the flange, having plastic stress distribution
Q,V
Qp,
shear force
= (h-t) w fy , as approximation for plastic shear force resistance
Vp,
full plastic shear force resistance ace. to EC 3

part of the resistance in the flange which is due to web restraint while plastic buckling
mechanism forms
Pc
nom
".a,"
C<
indicator for nominal values instead of measured as indicator for values of the flange
as
-
<
-li
web
as
indicator for values of the web
342
8.
References
[I]
[2] [3] [4] [5]
ENV 1993 -1-1 (Eurocode 3), Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, 1993 prENV 1994 Part 1-1 (Eurocode 4), Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, 1992 DIN 18800, Tl: Stahlbauten, Bemessung und Konstruktion, 1990 DASt 008: Richtlinien zur Anwendung des Traglastverfahrens im Stahlbau, 1973 SIA 161: Verstndigung; Grundstze der Projektierung und Ausfhrung; Berechnung,
Bemessung und Nachweise; Bemessung von Bauteilen; Werkstoffe; Herstellung und
Montage; Aufgaben der beteiligten Fachleute, Entwurf 1990
[6] [7]
BS 5950: Part 1: British Standard, Structural use of steelwork in building, Code of

practice design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections, 1985
Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Kalinowski, B.: Anforderungen bei der
plastischen Bemessung von Stahlkonstruktionen aus hochfesten Sthlen, EGKS F6,
Projekt 2954, 1995
[8]
Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Westoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/113, 1992
[9]
Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Elastisch-Plastisches
Verhalten von Stahlkonstruktionen, Anforderungen und Werkstoffkennwerte, EGKS
F6, Projekt 7210-SA/118, 1993
[10]
Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.: Untersuchung der
Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Streckgrenzenverhltnisse auf das Rotationsverhalten
von I-Trgern, Abschlubericht Projekt 169, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung, Dsseldorf 1992
[II]
D'Haeyer, R.; Delooz, M.; Defourny, J.: Elastoplastic behaviour of metallic
frameworks - Interaction between strength and ductility; ECSC agreement 7210SA/204; Draft of final Report, 1992
[12]
Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Spangemacher, R.; Dahl, W.; Langenberg, P.; Schleich,
J.B.; Chantrain, Ph.; Gerardy, J.-C; Maquoi, R.; Lognard, B.; Defourny, J.; D'Haeyer,
R.: Resmee of the coordinated Project "Elastic Plastic Behaviour of Steel Structures,
Requirements and Properties", EGKS-F6 Projects SA 113, SA 204, SA 508, Aachen,
Liege, Luxemburg, 1993
[13]
Lukey, A.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment gradient, Structural Engineering Report No. 10, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1967
Lukey, A.F.; Adams; P.F.: Rotation Capacity of Wide-Flange-Beams under moment gradient ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 95, No. ST 6, pp. 1173-1188,
Paper 6599, 1969
[14]
343
[15]
[16] [17] [18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
Lay, M.G.: Yielding of uniformly loaded Steel Members, ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST 6 pp. 49-66, Paper 4500, 1965 Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Inelastic Steel Beams Under Uniform Moment; ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 91, No. ST 6, pp. 67-94, Paper 4566, 1965 Lay, M.G.: Flange local Buckling in Wide-Flange Shapes, ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, Vol. 9, No. ST 6 pp. 95-116, Paper 4554, 1965 Kuhlmann, U.: Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen unter Bercksichtigung des plastischen Beulens, Dissertation Bochum 1986 Roik, Kl, Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean spruchter I-Profile Teil 1, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987 Roik, KL; Kuhlmann, U.: Rechnerische Ermittlung der Rotationskapazitt biegebean spruchter I-Profile Te 2, Der Stahlbau (56), Heft 11, 1987 Roik, K.; Kuhlmann, U.: Rotation Capacity of I-Profiles considering the Effects of Plastic Plate Buckling, Contribution to the International Colloquium "Stability of plate and shell structures", Ghent 1987 Petersen, Ch.: Bericht ber Versuche zur Rotationskapazitt von Walzprofilen in
Fliegelenken fr die Fliezonen- und Fliegelenktheorie, 7. StaWbau-Seminar 1988,
Fachhochschule Mnster, 1988
[23]
Petersen, Ch.: Rotationskapazitt

17
in Fliegelenken als Grenzzustandsgre, DAST -
Deutscher Ausschu fr Stahlbau, Bericht aus Forschung, Entwicklung und Normung
/ 1990
[24] [25]
Bureau, .: CTICM Report Essai 92-S-155, 1992

Sedlacek, G.; Spangemacher, R.: Zur Bestimmung der Querschnittsausnutzung und
Rotationsfhigkeit bei I-Profilen mit Biegung um die schwache Achse, Abschlube
richt ATF-7751, 1991

[26]
Sedlacek, G.; Feldmann, M.; Golembiewski, D.; Berger, K.: Rotationskapazitt von
Drei-Punktbiegetrgem unter Normalkraft aus hochfestem Stahl, Abschlubericht
[27]
[28]
Projekt 235, Studiengesellschaft Stahlanwendung, Dsseldorf, 1994 Kulak, G.L.; Perlynn, MX: Web Slendemess Limits for Compact Beam-Columns, Structural Engineering Report No. 50, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton Canada, 1974 Spangemacher, R: Zum Rotationsnachweis von Stahlkonstruktionen, die nach dem Traglastverfahren berechnet werden, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH
Aachen, 1992
[29] [30] [31]
Feldmann, M.: Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch

belasteter Trger, Dissertation Lehrstuhl fr Stahlbau, RWTH Aachen, 1994
Roik, K; Lindner, J: Einfhrung in die Berechnung nach dem Traglastverfahren, Stahlbau-Verlags-GmbH, Kln, 1972 Murray, N.W.: Introduction to the theory of thin-walled structures, Oxford
Engineering Science Series, 1984
344
[32] [33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37] [38]
[39]
[40]
Murray, N.W.: Das aufnehmbare Moment in einem zur Richtung der Normalkraft schrg liegendem plastischem Gelenk, Die Bautechnik, 50, 1973 Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, G.J.: Theoretical Analysis of Plastic Moment Capacity of an Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No. R648, School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992 Zhao, X.L.; Hancock, GJ.: Experimental Verification of the Theory of Plastic Moment Capacity of an Inclined Yield Line Under Axial Force, Research Report, No. R649, School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney, 1992 Bakker, M.C.: Yield Line Analysis of Post-Collapse Behaviour of Thin-Walled Steel Members, Heron, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1990 Dahl, W.; Hesse, W: Auswirkung der Beurteilung von Sthlen auf die Anwendung im Hochbau und im Anlagenbau, Stahl und Eisen 106, Heft 12, 1986 Dahl, W.; Hesse, W; Krabiell, A: Zur Verfestigung von Stahl und dessen Einflu auf die Kennwerte des Zugversuchs, Stahl und Eisen 103, Heft 2, 1983 Haaijer, G.; Thrlimann, B.: On Inelastic Buckling in Steel, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Paper 1581, 1958 Adams, P.F.; Lay, M.G.; Galambos, T.V.: Experiments on High Strength Steel Members, Welding Research Council, Bulletin No. 1 10, 1965 Feldmann, M.; Sedlacek, G.; Weynand, K.: Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3, Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC,
ECCS, Trento, 1995
[41]
Maier-Leibnitz, H.: Beitrag zur Frage der tatschlichenTragfhigkeit einfacher und

durchlaufender Balkentrger aus Baustahl St 37 und Holz, Die Bautechnik 6, 1928
345
Annex (1): Experiments on Rotation Capacity

(1)
To obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient the three point bending
test may be performed; to obtain the rotation capacity of sections with momentgradient
and axial forces the three point bending test with axial load may be performed; to obtain
the rotation capacity of sections with moments but without gradient the four-point bending test may be performed.
(2)
The following will focus on the typical three-point-bending tests.
Documentation of bending tests

(1)
Bending experiments are time and cost intensive. For that it is necessary to take care about full and precise documentation.
(2)
For three-point bending tests the following values should be recorded and documented.
1.
1.1
1
Cross-sectional parameters
.2
Beam length and position of load Measured thickness of both flange and web, possibly at several locations along
1 .3 1 .4
the beam length Nominal thickness of both flange and web Measured depth and width of the sections, possibly at several locations along the
beam length
1 .5
Nominal values of depth and width of the section

Possible excentricities of the section Whole Measured sfress-stram curve of both flange and web
1 .6
1.7
1.8
Norninal steel grade

Experimental parameter Load-Deflection curve (-, = applied load
2. 2.1
of the jack, = corresponding
2.2
2.3
deflection) Moment-Rotation curve (-, M = Peak moment in the beam, = total
2.4 2.5
(3)
rotation, obtained from rotation of each beam end) Eventually strain measurements of deflection measurements of buckles in the flange and in the web Eventually strain measurements of the tension flange Further observations
In following pages these parameters and measurements of interest are illustrated by Data Sheets for the 3-Point-Bending Test
346
Datasheets on 3-Point-Bending Tests

Test-Setup
*"<
DS1
jI
_B&z2BL
^
U;
-l/4-t
zr>
"
t*7z.-r-r
-Wr
-Vac*
Z:
- tyntf-yfitw
Cross-Sectional Shape, measured and nominal

Beam-No.
Test-No.
2S
r-|-yvi-h3
b-j,
tl-rHb1,b2
l^-tn
b-j,b2^
b2,s
[mm]
t,
2
J-
t,
t<
br
h,
h,
ha
G= 3 b2 *"-
b,
b2
s
347

Material Data
No. of Stress-Strain-Test
DS2
Test-No.
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Location across the section Geometry of coupon Strain rate of the test
Test temperature
Documentation of the measured and the true stress strain curve (whole curve) Values for the lower yield stress and tensile strength both for flange and web as well as values for fracture strain A5 and strangle
two
HEB
700
220 460
st
soo
o.
co
soo
--
Zugproben:
88
40 Flansch
too
SI
E
BS2S Steg
-.,4
o 1
Lower Flange
tNWl
TOO
(00
<n
Upper Flange
C) C
tn tn
Web
tn o
m.
300
"
oo
S3
200
(SO
100
f Ionsch
r
2
0
10
ta i. O)
20
30
(0
Strain [%]
S Location of Coupons
HEB
220
@~
/-
8S2S Steg
uuu
700
(S
o.
600
SOO
St E 460 Zugproben: B 8 40 Flansch
I
Web
f/.l S
lUpper Ff lange
<
tn
Lower Flange
D
tn tn
Ci
*
(00
300
70
i.
o 3
200
2
Sii
Flore
(60

g }
rt
1
a
(0
20
30
i:
Jit
sv
LU.
True Strain [%]
348
DS3
Records of Moment-Rotation
Beam-No.
Test-No.
E
"
No. of -e curve
= >" 2 - - CD mm
WMMfO) 11 II II
It II
<
Q
|| 0 - o
.
**>
ce
< _
c f
i.
o
s
8!

to'
c2
m to II
m a c
! si
o
CN CS
m
ui
*= -- > 3 >
co
CD
*^
0)
*-
s-
-**
** .2
lm* 73
*" (
!.?
^1
II
II
X12C "1
t.
** c-;.
<
Sili
,.
?
**
t^V
S
349
DS4
'
a
CM
(S
co
CM
CM
o
t
*->
cc
CD
E E
CM
CO
CM
Q. O &. Q.
75
mm
cc
cn
CM CM
>
CO
*
.5
sz
L.
co
CM
-
CO
v.
O
CM
C
CS
CD
co
"c
M
#-
E E
z"
co
o U
-
c
"c
E E
*E Z
N-
o ,
cc
E E
z
co
co
E E
S5
CM
1?
ta
0)
c
V.
CC
4-1
t-
350
DS 5
Observations
(Failure modes, buckling shape, etc)
351
Annex (2): Finite Element Simulations of Bending Tests

(1)
Finite Element Simulations may be a tool to produce artificial results on the rotation behaviour of beams in bending without and with axial forces. Using nonlinear
constitutive laws and nonlinear calculation procedures the whole moment-rotation curve including the elastic, the stable plastic and the nonstable plastic part beyond ultimate moment should be produced.
(2) (3)
The Finite Element results should be compared and calibrated with test results.
Having calibrated and improved the finite element model, parameter studies can be carried out such that combinations of parameters which have not been tested in experiments so far now arteficially can be derived. Thus the population of results can be enlarged and all the phenomenae can be investigated more clearly. A further advantage is that the resulting data files provides stresses, strains, forces and deformations of each point of the specimen.
(4)
As there are different kinds of finite element computer programs in the following recommendations, not to regard as rules, are established for the modelling of the Finite Element mesh and for the calculation procedure.
Basis for a computer-simulation is the whole measured data of geometry and material.
(5)
If a program calculates stresses on the actual deformed section, then the true stress strain
curve has to be introduced.
(6)
Not only for that nonlinear elements should be used. These elements should perform large deformations and also large strains with nonlinear geometry consideration and
nonlinear material consideration.
(7)
The elements might be shell elements with three degrees of freedom for translations and three degree of freedom for rotations per node or volume elements with three degrees of freedom for translations per node. The shape function may be linear or quadratic, however in case of linear deformation the mesh has be refined very well and very condensed. By the way this also controls the number of nodes per element The number of integration points (gaussian points) should be sufficient such that accurate extrapolation to the boundaries of the element can be provided. In case of shell elements sufficient procedures to calculate the normal and shear stress distribution across the thickness should be provided.
352
(8)
The mesh should be modelled such that in areas of high strain and stress gradient (buckling process-zones) a proper and high refinement is provided with length to width ratio of about 1.0 to 2.0.
(9)
In order to simulate buckling the imperfections have to be considered either as geometrical "out of straightnesses" or producing them by little imperfection loads,
perpendicular to the flange. The local equivalent imperfections might have 1/500 1/2000 (as indicative values) of the flange thickness. Also the global out of straightness imperfections (in y-direction) should be considererd with e.g. t/1000 (as indicative value). However all the imperfections should be calibrated to known tests, thus the magnitude of the initial imperfections can differ from the above given values. In cases where small rotations are expected, the residual stresses might be respected.
(10)
The buckling shape in the process zone might be symmetric or antimetrie.

The calculation procedure i.g. is deformation controlled such that calculating the
(11)
dropping part of the curve is possible.

(12)
Steering parameter of the solver, the error terms, amount of steps and increments etc.
should also be precisely considered.
(13)
In the following figures an example of finite element modelling of a beam in bending with axial forces.
353
[%]
Fig. (2) - 1: True and conventional stress-strain curve

aw
ew
= (
= In (
1
+
+
RWTH Aachen
354
S8R
Fig. A(2) - 2: 8-node shell element, FE-model, deformed buckling zone
RWTH Aachen
355
Fig. (2) - 3: Imperfection-loads, antimetrie (example)
RWTH Aachen
356
o in cv
LEGENDE
X P23501S FEM versuch Test

o
o cu
lm
4J
tn
\s
C
CU
t
s
t)/t h/w
Laenge
10.10 6.00 19.80 31.67 3.00
nun
nun
Hatera] : P23501 Fliesspannung : Flansch 480.00 N/mm2

>
Steg
.00
502.00 N/mm2
.05
.10
.15
.20
Rotation
rad
RWTH
Lehrstuhl fuer
Aachen
Stahlbau
Comparison: Experimental Test - FEM Simulation

HEA 200, N/Na = 0,15, S 460
LEGENDE
o
o
CM
X P23502S FEM versuch Test
t
'
C
(U
o
<=
b/t h/w
Laenge
15.40 7.70 11.69 23.38 3.00
nm
ewn
/
.00
Material : P23502 Fliesspannung : Flansch 480.00 N/nwi2 565.00 N/mm2 Steg

.05
.10
.15
.20
Rotation
R W
rad
T.H
fuer
Aachen
Stahlbau
Comparison: Experimentai Test - FEM Simulation

HEB 180, N/N,, = 0,15, S 460
Lehrstuhl
Fig. A(2) - 4:
Comparison of M-phi-curves: FEM - Test Example for bending with axial load
RWTH Aachen
357
12,0
HE
220
9,0
t
R
^:,&^:
6,0
-ol=.,50;St37
1=,50,$}
3,0
-b135Q;SU7
0,0
2,0
3,0
WI
=,,50;St37
U^STEISQ
Bl=3t50;St37
U30,STE10
Fig. A(2)-5:
FEM-investigation on rotation capacities dependent on load position of the equivalent single beam span
358
Statistical evaluation on bending tests

Abstract
This report presents safety considerations which allow for determining partial safety factors for resistance functions in structural engineering. They are based on Annex of Eurocode 3 [1]. This Annex of Eurocode 3 represents a standardized evaluation procedure for test results in comparison with strength functions. It simultanously gives criteria for the reliability of the resistance function in (and out of) the range of the experimental parameter-field.
This report gives an example for this procedure on the problem of the rotation capacity of I- or H- shaped sections using a prediction formula for the rotation capacity
However this report recognizes the problem whether rotation capacity is an alone-standing Ultimate Limit State or not, i.e. the safety considerations on rotation capacity then should be regarded with respect to the safety considerations on resistance.
The Procedure
An Ultimate Limit State Design procedure should in general based upon a statistical distribution of both the action effects S and the resistancy effects R. This statistical distribution is represented by the distribution-function, the mean value m and the standard deviation . The
safe condition is
R4-Sd>0
a safety index is defined to guarantee that there is sufficient distance between the loading effect S and the resistance effect R:
see
fig.
1.
In Eurocode 3
mR - m s
fi[ + 0s
>
3,8
In this definition of the resistances and the action effects are combined in In a safe sided approach the resistance can be seperated from the action side:
(mR
a nonlinear way.
QfcftrR)
- (ra. + ^
)>0
with
and
ccR
as
= -0,8 = 0,7.
Due to this separation the resistancies can be investigated independently if experimental results are available. The resistance functionian be calibrated with experimental results . By comparing the resistance function with the the experimental results the mean value correction^ and the error term Ss can statistically determined, see fig. 2.
359
With this distribution the resistance design can be formulated:
Rd =
bmRe(*-c^
= -0,8 3,8 = -3,04
with
aR
The characteristic value RK can be considered as the 5%-fractile of the log-normal distribution:
RK =
bmRe<"164^"0^
The variation coefficient cR considers the errorterm S4 and the individual coefficients of variation of the different geometries and strength parameters which have not yet been considered in the test population:
'R-/E
tflCLi
SS
The values for the individual coefficients of variation are of = 0,07 for stress and strength, , = 0,05 for thicknesses t and ob =0,005 for width and depth. If then Rk and RD are known, the pariai safety factor applies:
Normally the nominal value of the yield stress f}. is used for the design. However that is not the 50% - tractile but it is the 5% or less - fractile of the distribution of the material property. This fact is considered by a correction-factor Ak:
Ak= -5
be<-1*** " *%>
The final partial safety factor reads:
kYM
360
S*
S,
Rrf R*
S.R
Hgure
Statistical distribution of the action effect and the resistance
yA k
'-
mean value correction
S
ijstandard deviation o error term
Design values (0,8 -G)
rx
Hg.
Population of test results

361
Three Point Bending Tests (Strong Axis)
362
Remarks on the three point bending test evaluation (strong axis)
(i)
(2)
Test data obtained from [7][8][9][10][11][14][18][22][23][24]. Some tests (No. 1,2,3) have been excluded. However they provided sufficient great rotation capacity but away from the test population (may be due to high shear effects).
(3)
of Aachen and Munich series) have been corrected such as they now are evaluated on real M^ - level of the --curve. That means for cases where
Some tests (some
Mp], calculated from the yield stress is obviously lower and thus not in accordance
with that resistance which the moment rotation curve shows, as for example:
ifi (real)
That effect
(4)
can be due to dynamic effects
of the testing jack speed.
The Mp[ - value has been determined with

Mpl = btfy>F(h-t) +
(h-t)2/4wfyiW
the error to the EC3-value is very small. Both the welded and the rolled specimen were calculated with that formula.
(5)
Test beams with lateral torsional buckling (LTB) during the plastic rotation do
sometimes produce low rotation capacity results. These tests have been deleted from
the test population, and they are not in the chart anymore.
363
Distribution for "horizontal" evaluation (see chapter 5):
33.33-
99.90-
99.B099.70 -
99.50 -j
99.00
-j
98.00 -j 97.00
00.00
'
!
|
/'
3-.00
90.00 -J
! !
80.0070.00 -
I
1
30.0020.0016.00 -
i
'
y /
I
(_/
4.00 3.00
2.00
1.00 0.50 -
0.30 0.20
0.10
i
h
0.6
f
s
II
0.05
0,7
03 0,9
1JD
tl
12
13
^4
15
1j6
17
1,8
2,0
fai
364
Distribution for "vertical" evaluation (see chapter 5)
99.9S
99.90
1
---
! t
.
1 1
99.80 99.70 99.60 99.50 99.00
1
1
/
-4-
98.00 97.00 96.00 9S.00
!
:
90.00
1
1
84.00 80.00
70.00
i
j
I
1
60.00 -t 50.00
40.00 30.00
20.00
/ / /
,
i
1
1
16.00 10.00
I
1
/ j
f
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00

1.00
1/ i /
EZ
0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20
-~
0.10
0.05
I
0.7
0,8
0 10
12
13
365
No
1
Project
Designation
<J1Sa3m
facta
P169
facta P169
facta Pir
416b3m
d19*4m
3
4
facta PI 69
Anchen P169
6
7 a
tonta PIM facta PI 69

facta 11 3 facta 113 facta 113 facta 113 facta 113
d01(4m 402b4at 09*3m d10b3rn

EA22312
s
to
12 13 14 15
EA2233 EA2234
EA22412
EA2243
EA2244 EB2833 EB2834
facta! 13 facta 113
facta SM 13
facta
SM
If
17 IS 1$
EB28412
EB2S43 EB2844
20 21 22
23 24
25 2S
27 28
29 30
31
facta 113 facta 113 facta SMU facta 1U facta 113 facta 113 facta 113 facta 113 facta 1)3 facta 113 facta 113 facta 113 facta 113
facta 113
fach./ege118
28312 EA2833
EA2834
I 1200 1200 1200 3500 3S00 3500 3500 1200 3000 000 1200 3000 4000 3000 4000 1200 3000 4000 1200 3000
t>
220.50
220.60 219.20 218.80 218.60 219.00 218.40 220.S0 220.00 221.00 22S.S0 225.50 222.00 279.30 279.00
281.30 283.30 284.00 280.00 280.00

280.00 280.50 281.00 281.00 283.00 225.50 225.50 300.50
4000
1200 3000 4000 3000 4000
EA28412 EA2843 2844 EB2843F3 EA2234b EA2244b

ETB3S33 ETB3S43 ETO3563 ETB3SS3 ETB3543
4000
3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
3000
30030
300.50 300.00 300.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 202.00 201.50 200.40 200.20 200.50 201.50 199.90 200.40 200.60 200.40 200.30 199.80 200.10 199.90 200.20 200.30 200.30 200.30 200.00 200.30 200.40 200.20 200.40 200.20 201.20 201.10 200.80 200.20 199.90 200.30 300.00 300.00 300.00 299.00 299.00 301.00 141.00 150.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 170.00 182.00 190.00 141.00 150.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 161.00 160.00
32
33 34 35
36
fcctv./lige11
fach/liege SU 18 fachjtitge 118 fachjljege 116
fadi/ljegeSma
fach/Ueqe1U
liege CRH 204 liege liege liege
37
3a
EIB2883 ETB2863 EIB2S43 ETB2S33 04<%M 2
39
40 41 42
CSI2W
3
4 5 6 7
8
liegt CR204
43
44
CBI204 CMI204 liege CBI2M

liege CRU204 liege 091 204
4S 46
47
48
204 liege CRU 204 Uge Oui 204

liege CSU
9 10
11
12 13 NMS
7 18 9
49
SO
urge Obi 204

liege OSI 204
liege CRII 204
SI S2
S3
54 55 SB 57
53
204 lige CSU 204 liege CRU 204 lige Ci 204

liege
CRU
liege CRU204 liege CSU 204
20 21 22 23
24 2S
liege CRU204
59 60 61 62
UgeCKU204
63
64 65 66
67
204 liege CRU 204 liege CSU 204 liege CRU 204 liege CSU 204 liege CSU 204 liege OBI 204
lege
CSU
26 27
28
29 30 31 32
HE 300
2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2800 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800
2000 5000
wichen
Petersen
68
lunchen Petersen lunchen rel etsen lunchen Petersen lunchen Petasen lunchen Petenen Bochum Km/fatmoMi
Bochum KM/Kuhfcnonn
Bochum Roit/Kuhlmonn Bochum RoiyKuhfcnonn
340
400
HE 300 HE 340
69 70
71
72 73 74 75 75 77 78 79
SO
400
1
5000 5000 sooo 5000 5000

3404 3704
2
4
S
Bcchum nM/Kuhknoftn Bcchum RA/Kunknonn
6 7
S
oochufn
Bochum Kov/Kuninonn
81 82 83
84
oochufn ncik/iCunhTsnn
Bcchum RrA/KiMmcm
10
11
2540 2636 2716 1796 2196 2598 2802 3002

3400
Bcchum Roft/Xuhlmonn
Bcchum Ro^Kunnonn
Bochum Koc/Kuhfenonn Bochum RrA/KuMmm
as
86
12 13 1
IS
3000 3200
3S08 2304 2204
87 88 89
SO
Bochum
RoVfaNrrm
16
17
Bochurn HotyruMtncra
Bochum RotyKuNrran
Bochum
/Kiraiuii
IS 19
2100 2000
bnom 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280X0 220.00 220.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 200.00 200X0 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 300.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 170.00 180.00 190.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00 160.00
tnorn
1S.50 15.70 16.00 16.30 16.20

16 JO
16.10 10.50 10.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.70 17.80 17.70 17.40 17.40 17.40 12.70 12.60 12.80 12.60 12.60 12.70 17.30 10.30 11.10
15.00
15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 '18.00 18.00 18.00 14.00 14.00 15.10 15.00 14.60 15.00 14.70 15.00 14.60 15.00 15.10 15.00 14.90 15.00 14.70 15.00 14.60 15.00 14.50 15.00 14.70 15.00 14.50 15.00 15.30 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.60 15.00 14.60 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.50 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.70 15.00 14.80 15.00 14.80 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.10 15.00 14.50 15.00 15.10 15.00 14.30 15.00 14.50 15.00 13.30 13.50 15.80 16.00 18.30 18 JO 13.70 13.50 15.60 16.00 19.40 18.50 8.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 10.20 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.40 10.00 10.20 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 18.00 1030 10.50 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 18.00
h 220.00 219.50 220.40 219.10 217.30 218.70 217.40 208.30 209.00 211.00 215.50 210.30 214.00 276.80 282.00 283.00 281.20 284.50 255.20 266.00 269.00 276.10 275.60 275.00 281.50 206.00 208.30 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 350.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 200.00 199.70 200.40 198.00 197.60 199.70 204.30 198.40 200.50
19S.20
hnewn
wneffl
hrt
h/w
19.29 18.81
Lfb
220.00
220.00
220.00 220.00 220.00 220.00

220.00
210.00
210.00 210.00 210.00 210.00

210.00
9.80 10.00 9.40 9.80 9.40 9.60 9.40 7.50 7.50 7.40 7.50 7.50
9.50
14.23
14.05
9.50
9.50
9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 7.50
7.50
7.S0
13.70 13.42 13.49 1144 13.57 21.00 20.95
280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 270.00 270.00 270.00 270.00 270.00 270.00
280.00
7.50 10.90
10.80 11.50
11.40
7.50 730 7.S0

10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50 10.50
20X9 2030 2030

20.7S 15.69 15.76 16.17 16.28
20.04 19.03 19.67 19.39 19.70 24.97 25.07 2534 25.80

25.11 25.6S 22.13
2.72 2.72 2.74 8.00 8.01 739

8.01
22.83
2138
21.61 21.71
1130 7.80 8.00
8.50
8.50
8.50
7.50 8.80 9.00

9JO 11.35 7.25 7.65
10.00
8.50
8.50 8.S0 10.50
210.00 210.00
350.00
730
730
10.00
350.00
3S0.O0
350.00
350.00
280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 200.00

200.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
198.50 203.10
19S.80 204.50 198.60 197.50 197.50 198.90 204.50 197.60 198.60 197.80 198.20 198.20 138.80 199.10 197.90 203.60 201.80 197.40 292.00 330.00 390.00 290.00 328.00 389.00 294.00 294.00 277.00 274.00 275.00 296.00 296.00 295.00 295.00 294.00 294.00 260.00 259.00 258.00 169.00 220.00 289.00 298.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

200.00 200.00 200.00
200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00

200.00
200.00 200.00
290.00
330.00
390.00 290.00
330.00 390.00
295.00 295.00
275.00 275.00 275.00

295.00
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10X0 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.50 9.60 9.S0 8.80 9.45 9.40 9.S0 9.50 9.00 9.10 9.60 10.00 9.40 9.20 8.80 8.80 9.15 9.40 8.90 9.20 9.10 9.05 9.00 9.30 9.20 9.00 9.40 9.10 8.70 9.40 10.30 11.90 9.20 10.40 12.10 5.00 5.00 6.00
s.oo
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
9.00
16.32 22X5 2222 21.88 2226 22.30 22.13 16.36 21.89 2032 20.03 20.03 20.03 20.00 20.00 15.56 1536 1S36 15.56 14.43
13.34
29.46 30.10 32.45 2831 27.82 26.84 21 .7S. 2537 2433 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 32.00 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40
19.11 17.84 17.83 17.75 19.14 17.94 1856 17.79 18.03 18.80 18.58 18.14 16.52 18.61 18.37 19.13 19.13 18.50 18.61 18.94 18.37 18.51 18.63 18.73 18.1S 18.36 18.77 18.4S 19.03 19.36 28.23
2.72 6.82 9.05 2.66 6.65 9.01 S.37 7.17 2.13 5.29 7.04 2.14 5.36
7.14
2.14
534
7.12 530 8.87

8.87
4.99 439 4.99

5.00
5.00 5.36 SJ6 S.36 5.36

7.43 7.44
13.73
13.62
7.49
7.49 4.99
4.96 S.0O
13.73
13.34
13.42 13.63
13.74
13.82 13.63 13.78

13.08 13.51
4.99 4.99 639 7.49 7.51
730 730
7.49
1333 13.72 13.72 1353 1331 13.81

13.S4
7.49 7.49
7.49 730 7.49 7.49 7.49
9.48
9.49
13.62
13.S4
1353
13.41
10.00 1130
13.32 13.85 13.26 13.98 13.81 22.56 18.99 16.39
9.44 9.45
9.46
9.49
950
4.99 8.33
2837
29.70 2834
9.00
10.00 11.50 5.00
21.82
19.17 1S32 17.63 18.75
2834
28.94 55.60
8.33 833 8.36 836 831

12.07
5.00 6.00
5.00
4.00 5.00
S.OO S.OO
4.00
5.00
5.00
20.00 20.00 20.00

20.00
55.60 4330 51.60

64.7S
12.35
734
8.24 8.49
5.61
295.00 295.00 295.00 295.00 295.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 270.00 220.00
290.00
5.00 530 s.so s.so s.so S30

s.so
5.00 5.00
S.SO
530
20.00 20.00 21.25 22.75 23.75

13.82 15.00 1S.38 1S.69
5.50
5.50
S.SO
S.50
5.0 5.50
6.00
530
S.SO
300.00
6.00
16.00 16.10 16.00
56.00 56.00 55.80 55.80 50.55 50.55 43.56 43.45 43.13 27.02 3636 48.91 46.33
6.86 8.12
8.24 8-2S
35
10.64
10.67 1036 7-20 6.89 632 6.25
366
No
1
88.40
2 3
4
89.65 89.36
SUO
S 6 7 8
89.73
90.82
9
10
11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20
21
22 23
24 ~2S
26 27 28 29 30
31
89.25 61.14 61.09 63.42 64.95 6436 62.76 127.66 127.31 128.44 128.66 12935 90.04 90.83 90.90 93.87 94.48 95.77 12730 60.64
65.1 S
I 7858.68 7912.18 801034 8030.95 7813.32 799030 7778.36 5017.12 5044.04 5360.24 5726.27 5426.10 S438.56 18279.18 18935.54
190*4.41
fy.n
fy.flanom
27430 27430
525.20
235.00 235.00
455.00 455.00 4SS.00 235.00
486.20
486.20
27850
278.50
28230 28230 282.50 420.50 42030 42030 24830 24830 489.00 489.00 489.00 27630 276.50
235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00

415.00 415.00 415.00
fr.wcb 34830 348.50 541.30 S31.70 531.70 286.10 286.10 308.00 308.00 308.00 43730 43730
fy.w*bnom
235.00 235.00 455.00
455.00
fu/fy.fla 1.45 1.45 1.30
Mpl 22736 229.94 429.65
Mpl.Q 199.84
Mpl.Q/Mpl
CW
O/Qpl
0.88
0.88
455.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 415.00 415.00

41 S.OO
139 139 130 130

1.50
40533 396.78
22935
22437
151.97
150 1.50 1.25 135
43730
25230 252.50 539.00 539.00 539.00 31130 31130 31130 S35.00 535.00
53S.O0
135
1.55 1.55
235.00 235.00
455.00
18920.91 19478.38
1139234
32
33
34
35
36 37
38
123.65 123.65 123.65 122.00 122.00 125JO 125.20 12S30 125 JO 73.30
74.39
12421.00 12823.23 13620.73 13618.72 13684.76 18855.78 4904.63 5360.93 2844236 28442.56 2844236 27998.17
27998.17
27630 604.00 504.00 504.00 489.00 275.00 43030

248.00 486.00
455.00 455.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 455.00 455.00

455.00
235.00 235.00 455.00 455.00
817.00
S60.50
39 40
41
42 43
44
76.35 76.27 74.6S 78.30 77.37

76.37 76.24 74.6S 75.61 76.05
45 46 47
18536.07 18536.07 18536.07 18536.07 5383.73 5693.82 5573.76 5442.14 5361.44 5691.19 588534 5471.91 5579.73 5378.02
5454.94
490.00 98130
864.50 468.00 277.50 25730
455.00 235.00 4SS.00 235.00 455X0 685.00 88S.00 455.00
539.00 302.00 44830 323.00

990.00
455.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 455.00 455.00 455.00 455.00 235X0 455.00
236.00 885.00 685.00
1.40 1.40 1.40 131

1.51 1.51 1.35
15239 160.14 247.61 240.46 236.97 366.13 37136 745.02 742.79
75539 274.15 287.19 292.23 551.09

552.58
202.60 327.69 402.12 394.37 228.40 223.49 132.83 151.06 156.65 203.77 239.72 231.95 364.53 371.43 460.70 742.42 751.15 172.57 287.09 291.31 351.00
SS2.S7
135 135 1.40 131 133

1.49
55736
73938 14536 245.85 465.10 1011.62 1461.78 1719.82
551.56 738.94
142.44
24137
465.10
885.00
685.00 455.00 235.00 235.00 455.00 235.00
355.00
445.00
261.00 375.00
303.00
813.00 969.00 S3630 984.00 813.50 535.60 323.00 268.00 462X0 291.00
130 1.05
1.06
98736
1448.69
170634
885.00
455.00 885.00 685.00
139 1.06
1.04
88930 1464.92 1281.16

70930 421.86 156.31 28734 166.00 235.89 18731 287.14 266.64 236.68 165.99 187.71 23S30 167.45
886.14 1448.45 1260.12
455.00
235.00
131 133
70730 420.60
1SS.51
235.00
455.00
158
139 137 1.40 139
286.11
235.00
355.00 295.00
421X0
342.00 462.00 426.00
445.00 409.00 375.00 261.00
295.00 455.00
415.00
455.00
415.00 355.00
139
1.16 1.40 1.57 1.39 1.40 157 1.40 1.16 1.40 1.39 139 1.40 1.16 139 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 139 139 139 1.16 137 139
1.47
303.00
375.00
261.00
48
49
SO
51 52 S3 54 SS 56 57 58 59
SO
61 62
63
64 65
66
67
68
69
70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
79.28 77.00 76.17 74.58 7438 76.13 77.03 74.38 76.23 7532 75.92 75.77 77.45 77.66 74.74 78.18 74.23 74.00 106.00 127.16 154.03 107.35
12S.78
5699.32 S489.28 5868.83 5491.66 5350.45

S350.45 S51036 S871.49 5333.96 S496.67 S409.30 5464.07 5456.51 5590.30
S629.S1
375.00 409.00 375.00 303.00 303.00 375.00 409.00 303.00 375.00
355.00 235.00 295.00 355.00 235.00 355.00 415.00
421.00
291.00 342.00
421.00 291.00 421.00

426.00 421.00 342.00
235.00 295.00 355.00 235.00 355.00

415.00 355.00 29S.O0
24132
26537 236.93 18733
355.00
295.00
295.00
355.00 415.00 29S.00
355.00
355.00 355.00 355.00
455.00
342X0 421.00 426.00 342.00 421.00

421.00 421.00 421.00 462.00 462.00 342.00 426.00 291.00 342.00 245.00 217.00 255.00 336.00 418.00 375.00 217.00 217.00 260.00 252.00 260.00 252.00
'
375.00 375.00
375.00 445.00 445.00 303.00 409.00 261.00
303.00
295.00 355.00 415.00 295.00 355.00 355.00 3SS.00 355.00

455.00
18733
237.30 265.68 186.64 237.14 234.18 236.02
235.64
455.00
536932 5906.89 5534.45

5311.64
17203.40
26079.16 43048.45 17265.88
245.00 217.00 255.00 336X0
25422X5
4501131 5509.70 S8043S 5521.45 524S31 514239 6224.45 6224.45 6177.88
6507.44
418.00
375.00 236.00
295.00 415.00 235.00 295.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 355.00 355.00
455.00 295.00 415.00 235.00 295.00

23S.O0
283.13 284.61 187.68 268.64 163.17

185.84
1643S 233.67 186.70 285.10 264.94 236.22 16S.65 186.88 233.61 165.69 239.09 26433 235.18 186.08 186.08 235.61 264.35 185.33 235.40 232.50 23139 231.00 278.78
280.54
0.76 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.87 0.99 038 0.82 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.99 0.63 1.00 1.00 0.64 1.00 039 1.00 038 0.98 1.00 0.98 0.99 039 1.00 0.99 038 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 039 0.99 1.00 039 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.99
403.2 410.1 600.5 610.1 S80.3
0.94 0.93 1.19 0.38 039

0.41 0.41 0.96
321.0 312.6 263.8 264.7 263.2

387.4
038 0.30 1.07

0.42 0.31
377.6
385.1 411.6 416.1
059 0.45
1.31
9505
9353
955.9 340.2 364.6 345.6 716.2

731.1
0.53 0.40 1.34
033
0.42 138 0.50 037 053
7S33
933.2 247.4 390.6 624.7 1914.8 1572.4 18743 1037.7 14883
0.30 031
0.50
035
0.62
0.61 037 0.66
12305 8103 488.6 259.0

467.8 299.7
0.69
058 0.58 0.40
0.41
423.3 318.0 465.3 437.9

424.2
0.99 039 039 039 0.99 039 038
296.7 326.5 4063 304.2 438.7 438.6 411.0 317.8 317.8

409.4
0.37 0.37 0.59 0.62 0.61 0.56 0.56

0.41
0.39
0.37 037 0.40
038 0.39 0.39
039
0.40 039 038 0.39 031
438.6 321.8 411.0 405.0

403.4
038
038 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.00
0.99
401.2
4SS.9
031
0.33
0.33
4513
325.9 435.8 286.7
314.2
183.67 264.25 1S9.43

185.01 312.72
0.30 032 0.30 0.59

0.34
317.16
378.34
235.00 235.00 355.00 355.00

355.00
158 1.54 1.50
374.80
135
1.42 1.55 1.55 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.55
16131 36.46
3730 41.26
355.00
235.00
236.00 287.00
287.00
235.00
235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00
38.50 35.96
39.60 39.60 3935 41 .15
44.41
235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00

235.00 235.00
287.00 287.00
287.00 287.00 236.00
80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
45.69 4134 43.15 46.33 40.81 43.00 47.00

48.68
6941.03 7202.84 5120.12 5278.29 571S.32 221037 3897.33 7161.03 7712.43
236.00 236.00
333.00
235.00 235.00 23S.00 235.00

235.00 235.00
252X0
252.00 217.00 217.00 217.00 709.00 709.00 709.00 709.00 709.00 709.00 349.00
235.00
235.00 23S.00
333.00
333.00
235.00
235.00
235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00

235.00 235.00
155 1.55
1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41
333X0 333.00
333.00 333.00
235.00 235.00
235.00
235.00
685.00
235.00
235.00
625.17 439.28 715.16 964.30 98.32 103.18 127.04 120.01 116.62 13133 13133 131.38 114.46 122.68 127.00 180.47 184.82 196.96 110.88 154.88 225.47 196.87
61933
434.41 707.41
957.90
9S.S2 100X1 126.18 119.93
11633 127.70 131.36

1313S 11437 12137 12S.S7 160.55 163.93 175.65 105.65
0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.89 0-89 0.95
0.9S 0.97 1.00
370.6 40S.S
651.2
493.1 784.1
9683
179.2
1793
242.3
193.5
0.37 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.32 0.31

0.41
0.47
034
160.3
2093 209.5
208.8 179.8
197.1
0.70
057
0.48 0.45
0.41
197.1
562.4 560.6 SS7.4
357.5
472.8 628.1 348.2
0.38 0.21 031 030 0.27
14731
217.87 196.12
0.30
0.34 0.57
367
ut**
0.0083
0.0083
pujo
0.0073 0.0073 0.0117 0.0417
pN.av.th
phi. av. *x
0.01S3
0.0420
4.2
6.4
8 9 10
11 12
13
14
IS 16 17 18
13
0.0423 0.0239 0.0240 0.0087 0.0216 0.0285 0.0124 0.0317 0.0415 0.0143 0.0187
0.0421 0.0238 0.0239

0.0076
0.0214 0X278 0X102

0.0316
4.0 153 14.8 30.0 10.5 8.0 12.5 43

3.1
7.7
1S3
15.5 30.3 10.5 9.3 12.3 23 23 31.5 20.5 14.5 8.6 7.9 43.5 1S.0 8.9 10.3 5.7 4.0 10.1 93 2.9
14.1
0.1762 0.1676 03651 0.3553 0.2266

03253
0.2667
03253
03692
03711
03290 03246 03588 0.1251 0.0694 0.0894 0.4487
0X406
0.0142 0.0187 0X069 0.0280 0.0367 0.0043 0.0165
0.0216 0.0074
23.4 17.0
03219 0.1273 0.1325 0.1273 0.3333

03174
0.0112
0.0280
203
S.O
0.0370
0.0069 0.0165
3.8 43.1
20
21 22
103
7.7
11.4
0.1337 0.1394 0.1382 0.1866 0.1800

0.1664 O.OS36
03829 0.1000 03410 03901 883 03476

0.1926 0.0758 0.1652
0.1 S3S
0.0217
0.0116
23
24 25 26 27
0.0290 0.0388 0.0280 0.0283

0.0437
0.0290 0.0384
3.0 2.4
0.0280
0X277 0.0429 0.0117 0.0248 0X364 0.043S 0.0226 0.0SS8
43
8.1 3.1
28 29 30 31 32 33 34
0.0117
0.0254
0.0367
0.0439
16.7 3.4 0.9
0.6
3.4
0.0227
0.0565
0.0494
0.7
1.0
23 0.9 0.6 3.3 1.5
0.0861 0.0903 0.1379 03251 0.1344 0.1947 0.0833

0.0344
03838
03628 0.1243 0.1647
0.0570
0.0263
0.0769 0.0398
0.0487 0.1289 0.2598 0.4104 0.2216 0.4609 0.2876
0.3381
35
36 37 3 39
0.0274
0.0163
0.0207 0.0360 0.0213 0.0310 0.0167 0.0240
0.0486 0.0273 0.0162 0.0206

0.0359 0.0211 0.0307 0.0166 0.0239 0.0214 0.0206 0.0141 0.0232 0.0306
0X208
13
5.0 20.0
4.7 16.0 19.9

6.2
193
9.8 23.4
0.0326 0.0261 0.0746 0.0837 0.0728 0.1363 0.3242 0.3961

0.3524
40
41
213 9.4
20.4
lil
28.4 17.7 17.7
42 43
44
93
0.0216
0.0206
0.0142
103
13.9 32.0 1S.0 8.7 21.6 105
0.2197 0.2345
03864
45 46 47 48 49
SO
0.0233
0.0308
23.3 40.4 153

11.4
0.4513
0.0210
0.0314
22.0
13.4
0.0323
0.0308
51
52
S3 54
0.0250
0.0250
55
56 57 58 59
0.0308 0.0323
0.0250 0.0308
0.0309
0.0391 0.0391 0.04S8 0.0457 0.0316
0.0411
60 61
62 63 64 6S 66
67
0.0267 0.0167
0.0219
4
69
70
77 72 73 74
75 76
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 8S 86 87
0.0173 0.0173 0.0303 0.0335 0.0255 0.0145 0.01S7 0.0139 0.0144 0.0147 0.0091 0.0111 0.0132
0.0117
0.0126 0.0143 0.0252

0.0267
0.0311 0.0322 O.0306 0.0248 0.0248 0.0305 0.0322 0.0248 0.0306 0.0307 0.0383 0.0383 0.0451 0.0451 0.0309 0.0405 0.0261 0.0166 0.0216 0.0171 0.0171 0.0300 0X331 0.0253 0.0141 0.01S2 0.0138 0.0143 0.0147 0.0088 0.0110 0.0132 0.0117 0.0126 0.0141
0.0224
73
8.9 13.6 13.6 8.8 7.3 13.8 8.9 8.7 6.9 6.9 4.8 4.7 11.3 S3 15.8 20.0
10.1 14.7 12.1
9.5 11.8 11.8

13.1
0.3479 0.2663 0.4478 0.3265 0.2335 0.2716 0.3385 0.3385

0.2684
0.4918 03715 0.4713 0.4229 0.3790 0.4785 0.5707 0.3522 03487 0.4562 0.4163 03061
0.3615
0.2922
0.3250 0.2971 03862
03634
9.7 8.9 14.6 133 12.5 8.8 8.7 63

6.9
0.233S 0.3436 03715 03681

0.2654
0.2630
0.2153 0.211S 0.3489 0.2372 0.4113
03317
0.4032 03853 0.3360 0.3342

0.2818
8.7
5.8 1S.6
0.3107 0.2685
0.2359
0.4058
0.4732
4.9 3.4
285 8.0 13.9 12.4 3.6 4.9

6.1 8.0
0.2186 03517
03073
0.1475 0.1120 0.1337
0.1731 0.2378 0.2124
0.1078
0.1623 0.1S45
0.1124
S3
7.7 7.0
0.1079
0.1066 0.1009 0.0896 0.0799 0.0825 0.0825 0.0828 0.1089 0.1080 0.1150 0.1130 0.1159
0.1974
7.0
12.7 8.7 4.6 13.7 113 7.8
73
6.2
0.1064 0.1755
0.1244 0.0674
S3
9.4
0.1198
73 63
8.7 7.7
5.1
0.1269 0.1026
0.1118
0.1073
90
0.0288 0.0275 0.0209 0.0157 0.0122
0.0237 0.0257 0.0262 0.0199 0.0152 0.0121
4.8 4.5
73
63 6.5 73
8.9 7.6 S.l 3.8 3.6 10.5 95 6.6

12.1
0.1142 0.0899
0.0924
0.1366 0.0989 0.0909
0.2752 0.1891
0.1004
0.1463
368
No 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109
Project
Bochum Rot/Kuhhrom
Bochum RrA/KuNmom
Bcchum Rct/fcrtnom Bochum KcVKuNrnoMi

Bochum Rci/Xuhtacon
Designation 20 21 22 23
I 2402
2804
2406
2500
U*ey/Aobms
Ubke//Wrm
Ulukrr/Mcms U liirr/Woms
24 Al A2
SI B2 83
84
SS
2700 3480 2946

1554 1036 1254 1396 1448 1372
U luke//A<joms
Uliier/Adoms
UUfar/AiJcm= UUte>/Ar!oms UUitar/Adoms
CI
C2
C3 CA CS
UU*er/faorre Ub*ef/Moms Utuker/Momi

ClCU-Uetz
155
Cmi-lleb
CTCU-Uetl
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 }19 120
121 122 123 124
CTDI-Uel2 CTOI-UeU
158 160 161 162

16S
ClOi-Ue CltU-Ueli cncu-ueb

CTOI-UeU
CTDI-Ueb
CltU-Ue
CTOMIe
CTDMiek
facta 122 facta 122 facta 122

Aceta 122
166 170 171 172 176 177 180 EVHA3A

EVHA4A EVH83A EVH84A
960 1168 1296 1240 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
b 160.00 160.00 170.00 183.00 190.00 203.45 176.02 103.00 73.91 86.11 93.98 96.77 101.85 73.66 85.8S 93.47 8932 20135 200.45 200.55 200.10 201.65 200.40 200.60 199.80 20030 201.65 201.05 200.60 200.85 224.00 224.00 280.00 279.00
bftoin
160.00 160.00 170.00
180.00
190.00 203.45 176.02 103.00 73.91 86.11 93.98 96.77 101.85 73.66 85.85 93.47 89.92 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 220.00 220.00 280.00 280.00
10.00 10.00 10.00 1030 10.20 10.80 10.80 538 538 5.28 5.28 S.28 536 536 536 536 536 9.70 9.55 933 9.68 9.70
9.SS
9.60 9.55 958

938 9.68 9.75
9.70
12.00 12.00
1930
18.00
h 10.00 299.00 10.00 299.00 10.00 299.00 10.00 299.00 10.00 299.00 10.80 250.44 10.80 250.44 538 200.0S 538 200.05 538 200.05 538 200.05 538 200.05 536 250.44 536 250.44 5.26 250.44 536 250.44 5.26 250.44 10.00 190.00 10.00 ' 189.20 10.00 189.20 10.00 189.80 10.00 19030 10.00 18930 10.00 189.40 189.00 10.00 189.90 10.00 10.00 189.60 10.00 18930 10.00 189.30 189.90 10.00 12.00 212.00 12.00 213.00 19.50 284.00 18.00 280.00
tnorn
hnem
vr
wnom
300.00
300.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
bft 16.00
16.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
250.44
250.44 200.05 200.0S

200.05
200.05 200.05 250.44 250.44

250.44
250.44
250.44 190.00 190.00 190.00
6.00 6.00 6.00 7.6S 7.6S 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.60 4.60 4.60 4.60 4.60 7.30 7.20
6.00 6.00 6.00 7.65 7.65

4.45
17.00 17.77 18.63 18.84 16.30

19.51 14.00 1631 17.80 1833 1936 14.00 16.32 17.77 17.09 20.78
h/w 4650 46.50 46.50 46.40
1 7.51 8.76
7.08 6.83
7.11 8.55 8.37 734 7.01
46.43 29.91
29.91
4.45 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.60 4.60 4.60 4.60
4.60
6.50 6.50 630 6.50 6.50 6.50 630 6.50 6.50 6.50 630
6.S0
2039
21.04
190X0 190.00 190.00

190.00 190.00 190.00
730 7.60
7.40
7.00 730 7.10

7.10 7.10 7.30
190.00
190.00 190.00 190.00 210.00 210.00 280.00 280.00
730 730
8.00 8.00 10.50 10.00
6.50 8.00 8.00 1030 10.00
20.67 20.79 20.98 20.90 20.92 2038 21.06 20.78 2057 20.71 18.67 18.67 1436 15.50
42.58 42.58 4238 42.58 4238 52.16 52.16 52.16 52.16 52.16 23.37 23.63 23.63 22.43 23.12 2430 23.64 2333 24.05 24.01
23.31
7.28 7.43 7.48 6.74 6.52 6.80 633 6.90 4.96
439 439
5.00
436 4.99
4.99
S.01
2338 23.36 23.50

23.63 23.33
24.40
4.98 436 437 4.99
4.98
369
Ate
91 92
A 48.74
I
7770.23
V-tla
93
94 95 96 97 98 99 too 101 102 103 104 IOS 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
114
48.74 50.74
54.40 55.48
777033 8188.00 8937.33

916637
333.00 333.00 333.00 333.00 333.00

284.94 28434
62.28 5635 19.54 16.47 17.76 1839 18.89 21.99
7190.73 633933 1305.79 1014.38 1136.59 1215.43
fy.Hanoni 23S.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 31130

31130
373.02 373.02
373.02 373.02
311.90
311.90
124338
2175.45 1729.71 1922.46 2042.95 1986.75 35373S 343931 3435.76 351530 3564.48 3429.47 346432 3417.05 3477.40
373.02
373.19 373.19 373.19 373.19 373.19 320.00
311.90 311.90 31130 31130
115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
19.03 20.31 21.11 20.74 5236 S132 51.16 52.43 52.50 S0.85 51.46 5030 5138 51.40 52.03 62.04 52.12 69.76
69.84
31130 311.90 31130

311.90 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00 235.00
fy.wab 349.00 349.00 349.00 349.00 349.00 309.24 309.24 396.46 396.46 396.46 396.46 396.46 351.99 351.99
fy*WQO (MAI
fa/fy3a
1.41 1.41
-
235.00 235.00
Mpl 197.70
MpLO 197.56
MpLOrMpI
235.00 235.00 235.00

311.90 311.90
1.41
1.41 1.41
197.70 207.33
224.84 230.04
311.90
311.90 31130
1.55 1.55 130
1.30 1.30
130
31130 31130
311.90
130
1.40
31130
311.90
296.00
30330
35139 35139 351.99 337.00 312.00

345.00 338.00 374.00 346.00 327.00 349.00 340.00
31130 311.90
235.00 235.00
235.00
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
184.00 163.77 S634 45.08 49.76 52.78 S3.85 7335 59.78 65.65 69.32 67.61 132.79
196.08 207.32 224.80 230.02 179.75 160.28 55.02 44.83 49.10 51.84 52.81 7334
1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.98
Opt 349.4
Q/0pl 0.47
349.4 349.4 349.0 349.2

327.3
0.40 0.49 052

0.49
59.60
65.64
6931
67.SS 132.76 119.90 124.24 131.43 132.09 123.20 128.56 126.95 126.81 127.43 132.42 127.15
0.98 0.98 0.99 039 0.98 038 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
327.3 198.4
198.4
0.32 034
0.36
0.44 0.40 038 0.37 0.47 0.S4 0.49 0.47 0.48 052 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.46
0.49
198.4
198.4 198.4
229.2
2293 229.2 2293

229.2 256.1 233.0 257.7
267.1 288.9
11932
12437
131.43
317.00 310.00
30130 316.50 312.50
347632
3501.81 3503.06 3522.19 591S.78 5977.72 20752.89
309.00 310.00 315.00

30330
235.00
235.00
235.00 235.00 235.00 23S.00 235.00 235.00
342X0
373.00 355.00 338.00 294.00 528.00
235.00
235.00 235.00 23S.00
13235 123.20 128.62 126.95 126.81 127.43
2513
244.4
256.7 2513
252.4
0.53 0.49
050
aso 0.46
0/48
235.00
235.00 235.00 235.00
13235
127.18 12430 182.65
302.54
2873
265.0 256.7 271.6 490.2 466.6 7S7.1
297.00
296.00
12438
0.48
235.00
455.00 235.00 455.00
481.00
269.00 601.00
455.00
235.00 455.00
136.97 126.64
291.00
S 00.50
187623S
44132 745.09
370
No St
Pnt.pl
..
0.0145 0.0168 0.0145
*
6.2 5.4
R.ex
. av. th
pH, av. ax '
92
S3 94
95
96
0.0146 0.0170 0.0145 0.0150 0.0161

0.0218
0.0150 0.0161 0.0218

0.0186
63 6.0 5.5
8.0
8.7 73 10.0 6.7
0.0905 0.0905
0.0896
0.1265 0.1221
0.1450
53
11.8 13.6 2.9 10.4 6.7
0.0903 0.0892
0.1745 0.1781
0.1005 0.0839
03574
97
98 99 too 101 102 103
104 IOS
106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

114
0.0186 0.0164 0.0113 0.0135 0.0149 0.0154 0.0113 0.0081 0.0098 0.0108 0.0103 0.0184 0.0171
0.0164 0.0113 0.0135

0.0149 0.0154
9.6 4.3 6.5

5.4
0.0713 0.0737 0.0727
03536 0.0476 0.1173 0.0901
0.0113 0.0081 0.0098 0.0108 0.0103

0.0184
4.8 6.9
5.6
5.1
43
13.7 8.0
43
6.5 17.7 13.6
0.0540 0.0557 0.0549 0.0545

0.0547 0.2127
0.0471
0.1114
53 11.6
0.0782 0.0452 0.0672

03256
77
0.0183 0.0182 0.0176 0.0182 0.0182 0.0179 0.0180 0.0185 0.0178 0.0173 0.0375 0.0595 0.0312 0.0519
115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
0.0171 0.0177 0.0183 0.0182 0.0176 0.0182 0.0182 0.0179 0.0180 0.0185 0.0178 0.0173
0.0375
133
12.7 12.6 12.6 12.4 11.6 11.7 12.0
173
16.3 18.7 14.9 16.4 14.4 19.4 113 15.0 20.1 16.8
7.1
0.2310 03256
03323 03066
03986 0.3399
03303
0.2291 03186 0.2113 0.2128
03623
0.2983 0.2621
113 113 12.8

13.7
03138 0.2135 0.2216 0.2283

0.2370 03371 0.1223 0.2882 0.1146
03466
0.2137 03782
03575
03905 03673 0.0975 0.3668 0.2126
63
2.1
0.0595 0.0312 0.0519
93 23
1.6 11.8
4.1
371
Three Point Bending Tests with Axial Load
372
Remarks on three point bending with axial load test evaluation

(1)
(2)
Test data obtained from [26][27]

Second order effects
are significant.
in test series [27] are neglectible, whereas in [26] the --effects
(3)
Some theoretical rotation capacities have been added with a certain extra rotation ^
to consider the significant "out-of-middle-occurence" of the plastic hinge [26] and to

obtain one consistent test population and not two different population. The obtained for bending with axial force is safesided, because designers do not consider any out of "peak-moment-occurence" of the plastic hinge and for this they do not calculate any extra rotation.
Ui *. Y sxira = 0,07T
Distribution:
99.95-
L- 2b
t
.0-1
39.70 -j
"î
sls-,
39.00
j
1
)
i
r
'
-j
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97.00 -\ 96.00 A
9S.00
j j
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-j
90.00 -j
i
80.00
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i
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f
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+ f
/
^
40.00 -j
30.00-:
! !
20.00
10.00 -j
5.00
4.00 3.00
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1.00 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05
t F
0*
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M,
373
000----000-*-.-<'lfi
m
m <* o e. o 1 *. m.
f*
0. 0. 6 3 2 . 5 0 4 8 3 1 : 0
,
316.88 48.00 627.01 64.60 48.00 48.00 8859,70 18.78 8.40
m"2l 2 |kN/cm**2l lcm"M| IkNl IkNml lkWcm"2l |kN/cm*'2l

'S O
46.00 80.00 294.1C 198.70 46.00 48.00 3817.00 10,19
0.80
294.1C 198.70 48.00 80.00 48.00 48.00 3817.00 10.19 .
IC 294. 48.00 0.80

193.70 48,00 80.00 48.00 3817,00 10.19
318.88 46.00 84.60 627.01 48.00 48,00 8889,70 18,78 8.40
827.01 318.88 48,00 64.60 48.00 8869.70 18.78 8.40
46.00 261,84 60.00 178.83 48.00 88,00 2808.00
9,09 8.10
281.84 178.83 48.00 80.00 46.00 88.00 2608.00 8.10
9.08
281.84 178.83 48.00 80.00 (6.00 2808.00 48.00 9,08 8.10
248.48 88.80 374.7e 48.00 48.00 3971.20 11.49 48,00 18.90
374.71 248.48 48.00 .80 48.00 48,00 3879,20 11.4 18.80
374.71 248.48 48.00 .80 48.00 48.00 3979,20 11.49 18.80
145.8! 118.42 24.00 28.60 24.00 28.00 3472.80 19,80
t.82
129.31 93. 24.00 28.60 24,00 29.00 2480 14.80
.46
429,74 243.50 38,00 37.00 36.00 34,00 8908.08 20.12 .
36.00 480.71 282.30 37.00 38.00 34.00 11814.88 22.87 17.83
338,30 38.00 37.00 883.74 38,00 34.00 18218.04 28.92 10.88
388.84 201.70 38,00 37.00 38.00 34.00 6342.88 17.27 12,23
408.01 232.80 38.00 37.00 36.00 34.00 8268.01 19.18 14.11
290.70 38.00 37.00 38.00 490.8 22.97 34.00 12368.88 S7.83
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374
Three Point Bending Tests (Weak Axis)
375
Remarks on three point bending tests (weak axis)
Test data obtained from [25]
376
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377
Annex 13
Document 3263-1-36 (ProfilARBED)
Ductility of plastic hinges in steel structures Guide for plastic analysis"

PART of this Final Report
(Available Separately)
(203 pages)
Annex 14
Document 3263-3-15 & 3263-3-14 (LABEIN)(excerpts)
"Numerical simulations of singular cases" 'Numerical simulations of CTICM tests & nominal cases"
(13 pages)
Meshing
The following figure shows the mesh containing 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
Load application
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked
together
Boundary conditions
Vertical supports: both ends
LOAD
Lateral restrains: both ends and central

section
RESTRAINS
Initial imperfection
First linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been used as an initial
imperfection shape.
382
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394
Annex 15
"- interaction" (simulations)

(10 pages)
Finite element modelling

Cross-section:
HEA-200
Span:
2m
S235
Material:
Meshing:
616 elements, 1913 nodes.
Element type:
Loads:
Two diffrents loads have been applied. At first, a compression load for
several values of N/Npl and next a bending load controlled by
displacement (no proportional case load)
Bending load application:
* Constraints: Vertical displacement of
the central section upper flange nodes
LOAD
linked together
RESTRAINS
Boundary conditions
* Vertical supports: both ends * Lateral restraints: both

central section
ends and
Initial imperfection Erst linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been
used as an initial imperfection shape.
397
Evaluation of MNjIld
The level of the reduced design plastic resistance moment taken for each simulation has been
calculated according to the following precised formulas (where Aw = A - 2-b-tf ):
* If
N/NpLBd
< Aw/A
meaning neutral axis in the web:
MNyXd
- Mpfyd
W*
*If
> N/NpLRd > Aw/A
meaning neutral axis in a flange:
f
MNyd
=
/
1
plJRd
2WP..y
pl&d
2b
Mpfyd
According to this formulas the value which corresponds to the transition of neutral axis from
web to lower flange would be 0.256 (Aw/A for HEA 200).
398
Position of the neutral axis corresponding to (pav
At the moment when the curve M-phi above crosses the line Mpl for the second time, axial
stress value has been taken at several points on the same beam section (closest possible to the
central section). The position of the neutral axis has been calculated interpolating the relative
distance between the nearest two points with reverse sign stress (tension and compression
axial stress).
N/Npl
0.1
17.5
0.2
13.2
0.3
0.4 7.5
0.5 6.5
(mm)
7.9
Concerning the results, it is also important to mention scattering that has been obtained for
each simulation, since we have used local stress values at several points
of the beam section
regardless
of the influence of some factors over these stresses such as overthicknesses and the
local deformation mode.
399
Figures
* Figures
and 2 show for each simulation, that is for N/Npl values from 0.0 to 5.0, the plot
of Moment (Tn-m) versus Rotation (degrees). The reduced design plastic resistance moment
Mny.Rd is also plotted in the same colour as its corresponding M-R curve.
* Figure 3 shows the plot of Phi available (radians) versus N/Npl as well as the maximun and
minimun Phi-av values corresponding to the Feldmann model for HEA 200 and S235 with this
type of charge. Figure 4 shows the plot of Phi-max versus N/Npl value.
* Figure 5 shows the plot of axial stress at the intersection between the web
lower flange would take place at about N/Npl = 0.21.
and the lower
flange versus N/Npl value. By interpolating, the transition of the neutral axis between web to
* Finally, figure 6 displays the local deformation mode corresponding to N/Npl = 0.15. The
mode obtained for the other cases considered is similar to this one.
400
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406
Annex 16
Document 3263-3-21 (LABEIN) (Excerpts)

"Feldmann's model checking within LTB limits"
(25 pages)
INTRODUCTION
The following series of simulations have been carried out in order to check Feldmann's model
within LTB limits for HEA200 and IPE200 cross sections. Two steel grades have been used S235
and S460.
MODELLING
Meshing
The mesh used in the simulations is made up of 616 elements and 1913 nodes.
Element type
Load application
* Control displacement * Constraints: Vertical displacement of the central section upper flange nodes linked together
Boundary conditions
* Vertical supports: both ends
* Lateral restraints: both ends and central section
Initial imperfection
First linear-elastic buckling eigenmode (antimetrical deformation) has been used
imperfection shape.
as an
initial
409
INITIAL IMPERFECTION
The tables bellow show for different beam lengths the relative deformation at three points of
interest corresponding to the first positive antisimetric linear buckling mode.
-----
\s
'j: '"f
f = Local flange deformation
g = Global lateral deformation
w = Local lateral web deformation
Kzl
HEA 200
'L(m)
1.5
f
1
1
1
0.010
0.254
0.240
2
2.5
3
0.014 0.022
0.031
0.232
0.233 0.237 0.258
1 1 1
1
1 1
4
5
0.065
0.230
1
6 7
8
0.5
1 1
0.46
0.44
Note that the local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation for beam
lengths longer than 5 metres.
410
IPE 200
L(m)
1
f
0.759
0.417 0.283 0.248
0.233
0.253
1.5
0.936
2.5
3
4
5
0.217
0.204
0.193
1
6
8
0.172
For this beam type local lateral web deformation is coupled with the global lateral deformation
for all beam lengths tested except for the shorter ones.
The initial geometry has been modified in the shape
of the first positive antisimetric buckling mode
by introducing different levels of imperfection in each of the axes.
1%
of the flange thickness
has been taken as the maximun
nY
imperfection amplitude in the Y direction whereas the criterion
followed in the direction is shown in the next table.
direction
Type of web deformation
coupled
1
Imperfection Amplitude
of the beam length (L) for HEA200

of the beam length (L) for 200
of the web thickness (tw)
|
0.1 /M
uncoupled
1%
411
A sensitivity analysis for the HEA200 beam has been done modifying the magnitude of the global
lateral imperfection between 0.1
0/ L and 1,5 / L. A maximum difference of 16% and
10%
in
phi-available has been obtained for S235 and S460 respectively.
412
a
U
o
16
ri 43 U
KU
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rH
ro'
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S
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4-1
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u
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o <L(
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S
ku
(O
TS
0)
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413
II
h.
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d d d
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414
#
S
s*
<S
>
s
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a.
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c o

E
t^ II
o
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F
rs
.-
tn
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c n (0
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o o
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^
LU
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^
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415
RESULTS
Concerning the results for HEA200 cross section, phi-available seems to show a uniform
behaviour for li/iz values between 50 and 80. More detailed analysis is required to obtain a
description of the phi-ay curve for li/iz values higher than 80.
On the other hand a sudden fall in the phi-av is obtained for S235 and li/iz values lower than 30
(beam length = 3 m), due mainly to a change in the deformation mode. For this range, local web
deformation is uncoupled from the global lateral one whereas for the rest of values (higher than
30) this local deformation does not appear within the deformation mode. This change in the
deformation mode occurs now for lower li/iz values in comparison with the linear buckling case
for which this modification in the deformation pattern appeared for beam lengths higher than 5
metres.
one
A mesh refinement at the web (doubling the number of elements) has been introduced in
of the cases ( L = 2m) for which a local web deformation mode appeared. The results confirm
the
fall of phi-av, giving a 10% lower value of phi-av in comparison with the coarse mesh.
The obtained results for both profiles, HEA200 and 200, show that the Feldman's model is
in the safe side within the LTB limits (CM66) for most of the analyzed cases. If the partial safety
factor = 1.5 is used Feldman's model is safe in comparison with all the simulation cases.
416
SIMULATION RESULTS
HEA200-S235 -CM66Umit -A- -Feldmann's Model
-X,,, ,_ ._ ..
Feldmann's model / 1 ,5
,
0,4-
v
>
03
7
0,2
Jf
.^
>
*_ ^ ^___^
JL "
0,10-
y///
20
10
30
40
:
50
60
70
80
90
li/iz
*-
-X0,25
HEA200-S460 CM66 Limit Feldmann's Model Feldmann's Model / 1 .5
417
IPE
200
fy= 235 MPa
Abaqus
-a
-
phi (rad) 0,15
phLFeldman
CM66
/1. 5
-o
50
100
150
200
Li/iz
fy= 460 MPa

Abaqus
-
-
phLFeldman
CM66
phLFeldman/ 1.5
20
40
60
80
100
Li/iz
418
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421
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m CO
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431
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tn
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S460
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432
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433
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4 practical tools for designers
Partii
Table of Contents
437
438
441
441
List of References
1.
Generalities
l.L
1
Introduction
Concept of plastic analysis
.2.
444
446
448
1.3. 1.4. 1.5.

1
Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges

Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation
450
453 461
.6. .7.
Design rules for ductility of plastic hinges

Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation
2.
Required inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in structures

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.
467
Introduction
Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation req
Continuous beams
Frames
467 467
47
487
492
3.
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in cross-sections

3.1.
Introduction - presentation on Feldman's model
492
492 496
498
501
3.2.
3.3.
3 .4.
Limitations and assumptions of Feldman' s model

Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation cpav
Feldman's formulas for values of cpav
Extension to other load cases
Tables with values of cpav for I and H cross -sections
Graphs with values
3.5. 3.6. 3.7.

4.
504
538
of cpav
Design examples
4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4.
553
553
1:
Introduction
Design example
Continuous beam with concentrated load
553
Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load Design example
3
:
556
558
Simple portal frame
4.5.
Design example 4 : Step by step method with the help of an elastic

analysis program
562
Appendix I : Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections
568
437
LIST OF REFERENCES
I]
"Elastic plastic behaviour of steel structures. Requirements and material properties", Rsum of the three coordinated project ESCS-F6-7210, March 1993
SA 113 (12/88 -7/91); SA 204 (7/88 -12/91): SA 508 (7/88 -12/91):

2]
IEHK/LfS RWTH Aachen C RM Lige ARBED Recherches Luxembourg
"Plastic design in steel. A guide and commentary", by a joint committee of the Welding Research Council and the American Society of Civil Engineers, Second Edition, ASCE, New York 1971
3] 4] 5] 6]
7] 8]
ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: "Design of steel structures; Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings", CEN, February 1992 ENV 1993-1-1: 1992/A1, Annex D of Eurocode 3 (ENV 1993-1-1 [3])
grades S460 and S420", CEN, December 1994
:
"The use of steel
"Rgles de calcul des constructions en acier", Additif 80 - DPU P 22 - 701 Construction Mtallique n 1-1981 France
(CM66),
Merchant W., "The failure load of rigid jointed frameworks as influenced by stability", The Structural Engineer, volume 32, 1954, 185-190
"Zur Rotationskapazitt von I-Profilen statisch und dynamisch belasteter Trger", Ph.D thesis, Markus Feldmann, Stahlbau, RWTH-Aachen, 1994, heft 30, ISSN 0722-1037
Background Document 5.09 for chapter of Eurocode 3, Part 1.1, "The b/t ratios controlling the applicability of analysis models in Eurocode 3, Part 1.1", G. Sedlacek, M. Feldmann, Aachen, December 25th, 1995.
9]
10]
"Available rotation capacity in steel and composite structures", A.R.Kemp, N.W.Dekker, The Structural Engineer/Volume 69/n 5/5 March 1991
"Lateral stability of steel beams and columns - common cases of restraint", D.A.Nethercot, RM.Lawson, The Steel Construction Institute 1992
II]
EN 10025 + Al: "Hot-rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery conditions (includes amendment Al: 1993)", CEN, March 1990 (EN 10025), August 1993
(Al)
12]
13] 14]
EN 10113: "Hot-rolled products in weldable fine grain structural steels", Part 1,2,3, CEN, March 1993
"Capacit de rotation d'une section plastifie : Extension du calcul plastique", Frdric Mazuy, Mmoire de fin d'tudes. CUST - CTICM 1994
"Application de l'Eurocode 3 : classement des sections transversales en I", by Yvan Galea & Alain Bureau, Construction Mtallique n 1-1991, (EC3-STA 1-91)
PEP-Micro Version 2.01, Plastic Analysis Computer Program, User's manual by Yvan Galea, Alain Bureau, CTICM, Saint Rmy-ls Chevreuse - FRANCE
"Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers (rotation capacities of profiles, ...)", C.E.C. agreements 72 10-SA/520/32 1/935, Final Report Part L ProfilARBED-Recherches, Luxembourg, February 1996.
15] 16]
17] 18]
"Safety considerations of Annex J of Eurocode 3 ", M. Feldmann, G. Sedlacek, Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, AISC, ECCS, Trento, 1995.
"Essentials of Eurocode 3 - Design Manual for Steel Structures in Building", ECCS Advisory Committee 5, Application of Eurocode 3, First edition, 1991, ECCS n 65.
439
1.1
Introduction [1][2][3]
An engineering structure is satisfactorily designed if it can be built with the required economy and if, throughout its useful life, it carries its intended loads and otherwise performs its intended function. In the process of selecting the members for a steel frame structures it is necessary, first, to make a general analysis of structural strength and, second, to examine certain details (usually covered by codes or specifications) to ensure that premature local failure does not occur.
The design of a steel frame can be based on a number of criteria, any of which may actually constitute a "limit of structural usefulness". These criteria are:
1/
attainment of a specified minimum yield-point stress or of maximum plastic strength,

excessive deflections and/or vibrations,
2/
3/
global and local instability,

fatigue,
4/
5/
fracture.
It becomes more and more common to utilise design models taking into account plastic behaviour of steel, thus replacing the usual design concept based on elastic range of steel strength. It has been
long known that an indeterminate steel frame has a greater load-carrying capacity than that indicated by the allowable-stress concept. Such frames are able to carry increased loads about the yield value because structural steel has the capacity to yield. Although the allowable-stress concept is satisfactory for simple structures, its extension to indeterminate steel structures has overemphasized
the importance of stress rather than strength as the basis of engineering design. Furthermore, introduced a complexity that is unnecessary for many structures.
it has
Indeed, mere is no basis for an assumption that at no time should the stress in a steel structure go beyond the elastic range. As the matter of fact, it is necessary to consider plasticity in all structural design. An actual structure is a complex body with an extremely complicated state of stress. It is an assembly of many individual members joined together to form a working unit. The individual structural elements, such as beams and columns, come from the mills with residual stresses which are often over one-third the yield stress. In connecting the parts local stresses are produced by welding, by other fabrication and erection methods, and by misfits. There are over-all assembly stresses. The structure is sometimes pierced by many holes, reinforcement of all kinds are present, and many secondary stresses arise owing to continuity of the structure. Because of the deformations caused by the loading, bending and torsion may occur in what are assumed to be simple tension members, and axial force and torsion may occur in beams. As a consequence of these factors (the combination of unknown initial stress, stress concentration, and redistribution due to discontinuities of the structure), it is inevitable that local plastic flow will take place in any kind of design.
Numerous examples have been given elsewhere in which benefits of plasticity are used consciously or unconsciously in allowable-stress design. In continuous beams, for instance, a reduction of the negative moment is permitted at points of interior support. This is to recognize the moment redistribution which results from ductility.
From the foregoing it is evident that local yielding undoubtedly will occur in most steel frames by the time full service loads are reached. Furthermore, parts of these structures will enter appreciably into the plastic range before reaching their assumed limit of carrying capacity.
This situation will also exist in a structure designed on the basis of plasticity. Nethertheless it is important to note that at working load, the plastically designed structure is normally in the so-called
441
"elastic" range. A plastic analysis is based on a load which is equal to the working load multiplied by a load factor. Local inelastic deformations at working load may develop at first loading, just as such deformations may develop in a structure designed by the allowable-stress method. With either method of design, when the working load is removed from the structure a permanent set remains, and with it a corresponding system of residual stress. The change in stress and strain from the residual state produced by subsequent reapplications and removals of the working load would then be purely
elastic.
It
is emphasized that plastic design is not a technique that is intended to replace all other design procedures. Factors such as buckling, fatigue, and deflections may become the design criteria. As an example of a limitation that comes because of column buckling, most trusses would be excluded from plastic design (with the exception of Vierendeel type); the method discussed herein requires that "hinges" form, and chord members would not exhibit the necessary deformation capacity in compression. In ordinary building construction, limitation such as fatigue and buckling are usually the exception and not the rule. Therefore plastic theory is finding considerable application in continuous beams and low building frames where the members are stressed primarily in bending.
simple example of a beam fixed at both edges highlights the benefit of plastic analysis in comparison with elastic analysis either assuming plastic resistance (Mpi = Wpi fy) or elastic resistance (Mei = Wei fy) of the cross-section (see figure 1.1 and table 1.1).
Figure 1.1
442
Table 1.1
Type of
design
Type of global analysis
Stress
Redistribution
distribution
over cross-
of bending
moments
Limit load
Benefit of strength
section
(*)
no
ASD
elastic
ULS
elastic
>P *iP
tyg
P'el=12Mel/L
Pei=12Mpi/L
Ppl = 16Mpi/L
100
no
109 to 124
ULS
Notes to table 1.1:
plastic
l<y
yes
145
to 165
ASD = allowable stress design ULS = ultimate limit state design Mpi = Wpify Mel = Welfy (*) : Wpi/Wd = from 1.09 to 1.24 for available H and I profiles
Modern rules of design of steel structures, for example Eurocode 3 [3], are based on limit state design. Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance req uirements. In general, three categories of limit states are recognized: serviceability limit states (deformations, vibrations), ultimate limit states (resistance of cross-sections and members) and fatigue limit states. The present Guide deals with ultimate limit states design.
Ultimate limit states (ULS) are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure which may endanger die safety of people. For ULS assessments one can use models which are able to describe the actual failure mechanism like buckling, plastification or cracking.
Depending on the chosen concept of resistance, different types of global analysis of a structure may be used to determine the effects of actions (internal forces and moments - N,V,M, deformations - , rotations - ...) - see table 1.2.
Table 1.2
Concept
Types of global analysis of a structure
1st order theory
of resistance
2nd order theory
EGA
Allowable stress design
Ultimate limit state design
Notes to table 1.2:
X X
PGA
-
EGA
X
X
PGA
-
cgl
1st order theory uses the initial geometry of the structure 2nd order theory takes into account the influence of the deformation of the structure (- effects) EGA= elastic global analysis PGA= rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis "x" = applicable "-" = not applicable "cgi" = applicable, scope of the present Guide
443
1.2
Concept of plastic analysis [1] [2]
1.2.1
Assumptions
The important concepts and assumptions with regard to die plastic behaviour of structures according to "simple plastic theory" are as follows:
a/
The structure and die loads are all in die same plane, and each member has an axis symmetry lying in die plane. The material is ductile. fracture.
of
b/
c/
d/
e/
It
has die capacity
of undergoing
large plastic deformation without
Each member cross-section has a maximum resisting moment (die plastic moment, Mpi), a moment drat is developed tiirough plastic yielding of die entire cross-section.
Because of me ductility of steel, rotation at relatively constant moment considerable angle; in other words, a plastic hinge will form.
will occur through a
Connections proportioned for full continuity will transmit die calculated plastic moment. The condition is idealized as a plastic hinge at a point.
il
Plastic hinges will first form at sections where die moments under elastic condition reach Mpi. With diese sections rotating at constant moment, additional loading will be accompanied by a redistribution of moments in die structure, so that plastic hinges will appear at some other locations where die moments under elastic conditions were less tiian Mpi.
g/
The plastic limit load is reached when enough plastic hinges have formed to create a
mechanism.
hi
The deformations are small, and dierefore die equilibrium equations can be formulated for the undeformed structure (as in ordinary elastic analysis). Similarly, virtual-work expressions for mechanism displacement are based on small deflections (first order theory meaning no allowance for die influence of die deformation of die structure or meaning no - effects).
i/ j/
k/
No instability will occur before die attainment of die plastic limit load.
The loading is proportional, tiiat is, die ratios between different loads remain constant during loading.
The influence of normal force and shearing force on die plastic moment is not considered.
That "simple plastic tiieory" can be refined by die use which concern the following items:
of more complex plastic
analysis methods
h/ with improved hypothesis - effects could be taken into account (second order theory),
k/ influence of (axial force), V

considered.
(shear force) on plastic moment resistance could be
This can be done thanks to application of sophisticated computer softwares.
1.2.2
Plastic hinge theory
A usual method for a realistic elastic-plastic modelling of steel structures is die plastic hinge metiiod. In tiiis method die material behaviour of steel is modelled by an idealized elastic-plastic contitutive material law, 'which neglects die strain hardening behaviour of steel. From tiat simplified stressstrain curve die plastic section resistance Mpi at die location of plastic hinges may be defined (see
figure 1.2).
444
Material model
Ultimate cross-section resistance

f
1 1
"y
fy
c fy
VYp
I,
'
IVlpl-
[fy
Figure 1.2
The principle of the formation of plastic hinge mechanisms can be best shown with a single span beam (see figure 1.3). At a certain deformation 6e\ the full plastic moment Mpi is reached. The fibres of die section on the load level Ppi are fully plastified. The other parts of die beam remain still fully elastic.
System
J^/7/
+Fomiing of the plastic hinge

4Mpl
Ppi =
=t8"plastic hinge"
f.
P,M4
y^_
Kinematic
mechanism
pi
-X
elastic i{
Mpl 12EI
plastic '
4X
Figure 1.3
445
' = ,.+ Jpl
A kinematic mechanism forms when further energy is introduced. Further deformation is possible without any increase of die resistance. During this process die elastic parts do not change their
deformation line. The moving system may be interpreted as a rigid body mechanism or as civil engineers say. a plastic hinge mechanism (see figure 1.4).
Figure 1.4
1.3
Concept of inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
The behaviour of a real beam is quite different from the assumption made in the plastic hinge theory. The moment-rotation diagram presents not only a curve shape between the elastic and die plastic moment, but it also goes over the value of the plastic moment because of die strain-hardening of steel. The curve reaches a maximum which corresponds to the maximum bearing capacity of the beam, and then the moment must decrease because of local instability phenomena (see figure 1.5). The fact of reaching the plastic moment corresponds to die full plastification of a cross-section, i.e die apparition of the plastic hinge. When the moment continues to increase, die plastic hinge rotates inelastically. This available inelastic rotation denoted as tpav is a feature characterising the ductility of plastic hinge or, in other words, die usefulness of the given cross-section for plastic analysis. The available inelastic rotation cpav of plastic hinge is clearly defined in figure 1.5 which presents a typical - curve for 3-point bending beam and can be expressed by die following formula:
* rav
where
tprot
= *- PP1
(1.1)
is the reached rotation when the bending moment gets back to die plastic moment value (Mpi) in the descending part of die moment-rotation curve, expressed in radians, is die elastic rotation corresponding to die theoretical plastic bending moment (Mpi) of the beam, expressed in radians,
<Ppl
MpiL
for 3-point bending beam.
In die plastic analysis of structures, one deals with so-called "required inelastic rotation" and
"available inelastic rotation"
(preq
of plastic hinges. They could be defined as follows:
the required inelastic rotation which corresponds to die greatest rotation which is necessary in plastic hinge to ensure die formation of a plastic mechanism; it is a feature of the structure. the available inelastic rotation is the rotation furnished by a given cross-section and feature of this cross-section (its dimensions and steel grade).
cpav
it
is a
446
Mi
M
M pi
Actual behaviour of tested beams
Usual bilinear concept
<PL+
<PR
M pl
Figure 1.5
Inelastic rotation could also be defined as the parameter necessary to allow redistribution bending moments M.
of
Inelastic rotation of plastic hinge is mainly influenced by local buckling in the concerned crosssections and often by lateral-torsional buckling (LTB). In this Guide, no interaction between local buckling and LTB is considered (see chapters 1.4 and 1.6.3).
A common check consisting on the comparison of both values 1.6.2 of this Guide.
defined as (based on tests results
<Preq
and 3, is presented in chapter
In international references [1] [2][9], one often deals with the term "rotation capacity R" which is
of 3-point bending beams):
R^<Prot-<PpI^cPav
(1.2)
447
In general, dus nondimensional parameter is not recommended, because it contains die term "Leci tile equivalent length L of a reference beam which is difficult to evaluate. For more information
about rotation capacity R, refer to [1], [7], [9], [13].
On die other hand, die physical parameter (pav (expressed in radians or degrees) is easily evaluated without reference to die length L of a reference beam as presented in chapter 3.
1.4
Influence of lateral restraint [2]
In order to realize die necessary inelastic rotations at plastic hinge locations a member must have sufficient lateral support to assure that the plastic moment at diese hinges locations is not reduced by lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) before a mechanism has formed. Local buckling is controlled by limitting die width/thickness ratios of the flanges and die web, and lateral-torsional buckling is controlled by limiting die unbraced length of die member.
The schematic relationship between die unbraced length and die moment capacity is illustrated in die figure 1.6. When the unbraced lengtii is very large, die member will fail by elastic lateral-torsional buckling. When die lengtii is relatively short, die full plastic moment will be attained or exceeded. Between diese two extremes tiiere is a transition range in which part of die member has yielded, but buckling occurs before Mpi is reached. The lower part of figure 1.6 shows die variation of available inelastic rotation witii die unbraced lengtii. In die region of elastic buckling, die available inelastic rotation is small. When die unbraced length is small, the available inelastic rotation is much larger.
Moment Capacity
Available Inelastic Rotation
Figure 1.6
448
The available inelastic rotation depends largely upon its unbraced length on either side of a plastic hinge. Figure 1.7 shows, qualitatively, for different Lj/iz ratios, die moment-rotation relationship of a beam under uniform moment. As L/iz decreases, die available inelastic rotation increases. In order to maintain die plastic moment and provide adequate available inelastic rotation, die 1 ratio must be controlled.
In general, lateral-torsional buckling shall be avoided in plastic global analysis and this restriction is applicable to this Guide.
M
Mpi
J!
1.0
/>)
r
"-.
A \
/L\
Ori
(.
/
f\
W4>W3>W2>\Wi
"
Figure 1.7
449
1.5
Parameters influencing the inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of parameters which influence die required and available inelastic rotation (^, &). More detailed explanations are provided in chapters 2 and 3, dealing with tibe required rotations and die available rotations, respectively. The parameters are presented in die table
1.3.
Table 1.3 Parameters influencing die inelastic rotation of plastic hinges (*)
Parameters required (structure)
available (cross-section)
1.
Geometry of die structure (storeys, span, boundary conditions)
YES
NO
2. Shape and dimensions or without stiffener)
of die cross-sections witii
YES
YES
3. Material characteristics 3.1 Yield strength, fy and ultimate strength fu (constant or not in die structure) 3.2 Maximum elongation, A5 5 3.3 Modulus of elasticity, E
YES YES YES YES
YES YES YES YES
4. Load configuration (distributed, concentrated)

5. Interaction between internal forces and bending moments 5.1 Interaction M-V
5.2 Interaction M-N 5.3 Interaction M-N-V

6. Ratios to load level of die complete mechanism 6.1 Instability load level / complete mechanism load level (sway frames 6.2 Design load level / complete mechanism load level
YES YES YES
YES YES YES
plastic
plastic ...) plastic
YES YES
NO NO
Note to table 1.3:
(*)
Parameters influencing die available inelastic rotation are considered with die assumption tiiat no LTB (lateral-torsional buckling) occurs in members, tiiat is, if sufficient lateral restraint exists in die members (see chapter 1.6.3).
450
Comments on table 1.3:
Parameter
1: see
chapter 2 for details.
- Parameter 2:
*'/ />
f-^
T^-fe-T
stiffeners
I
m^ m
3
<r-
t(-
2/3 h
stiffeners
^ - ^_
or
Figure 1.8
Parameter 3: table 3.1
of chapter 3.2 provides all
steel grades allowed by Eurocode 3 [3]
for
plastic global analysis in accordance with EN 10025 and EN101 13 specifications.
fy-
^^^^
H\E
ey
^N
;
eu
a565
Figure 1.9
451
Parameter 4: see chapter 2 for details concerning cpreq or chapter 3 for details about cpav .Chapter 2.2.1 presents some remarks about die influence of loading patii that is different from usual assumption of simultaneous proportional increase of all loads.
- Parameter 5: interaction formulas between M-V, M-N or M-N-V are provided in Eurocode or in other standards.
[3]
V, i
Vpl
.
Npi
pai rameter
5.1
M pi
M
parameter 5.2
Mpi
Figure 1.10
Parameter 6: see chapter 2 for details. For parameter 6.1, see explanations in chapter 2.2.2 (influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation of sway portal frames). For parameter 6.2, see explanations in chapter 2.2.3 (influence of die load factor of reference).
452
1.6
Design rules for ductility of plastic hinge
1.6.1
Classification of cross-sections
According to chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3], steel profiles are categorized in section classes (see table 1.4) which depend on:
slendemess
of cross-section members (width/thickness ratios of flange and web),
yield strengdi whh die factor = J235 / fy ,

die internal forces and bending moments applied to die cross-section (NcompressicHb My, Mz, My-N, ... : all inducing normal stresses).
The cross-section of class 1 allows die full plastic strengdi and a moment redistribution due to die formation of plastic hinges which have sufficient available inelastic rotation. For class 2 crosssections, die available inelastic rotation becomes so limited that die plastic cross-section capacity Mpi may be taken into account, but die redistribution of moments has to be neglected. Hence die system is assumed to behave elastically though the plastic capacity Mpi of die cross-section is exploited locally. Classes 3 and 4 concern cross-sections with a distribution of elastic stresses, respectivelly on full or effective cross-sections. Tables 1.5a and 1.5b summarize die existing rules in Eurocode 3 [3] [14].
The aim of this Guide is to introduce new tools permitting to calculate a real value of plastic hinge rotation, replacing die existing terms "sufficient" and "limited" in regard to the available inelastic rotation.
Eurocode 3 allows plastic global analysis of structures if plastic hinges occur in class 1 crosssections, but not in class 2 cross-sections. However, test results [1] have delivered available inelastic rotation of class 2 cross-sections which were not negligible. Therefore plastic global analysis might be used when die full plastic section capacity and die required inelastic rotation can be reached by die used steel profiles provided that cross-section is class 1 or 2.
Subsequent improvements are required in cross-section classification, because recent researches have revealed tiieir conservatism (which exists mainly due to simple assumptions made for setting diese limits): even class 3 and class 4 cross-sections delivered non negligible inelastic rotations according to 3-point bending tests. More developments are necessary, but die scope of tiiis Guide is limited to class 1 and 2 cross-sections defined by present rules of Eurocode 3 31.
Figure 1.11
453
Table 1.4
Definition of die classification of die cross-section
Ppi
q>
= <pL + <pR
Global
analysis
Class
Behaviour model
Design resistance
Available rotation capacity of plastic

hinge
of
structures
*M
Mp,
7sr-
PLASTIC across full section

local budding
important
elastic
or,
4M
Mpi
PLASTIC
across
local buckling
plastic
fy
limited
elastic
full section
fy
-r^ /
L
M
Mp,
M
ELASC across full section

local budding
none
elastic
fy
ELASTIC
M
Mp| M,
none
elastic
Md
r<
local buckling
across effective section
fy
454
Table 1.5a
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class
Types
Stresses
1
& class 2
I-cross-sections
Class 2
Classi
Web
of
loading
distribution for
class
1
Flange
Web
Flange
& class 2
"to*
33
c/tf
d/tw
38
C/jfS
fy
4-
N,compression
N
W
+
My
fy
^>My
72
10
83
Mz
r-kkr
396
~*
I
10
456
13-1
fy
ced:
R
W
<
N,comp.
My
5
R = rolled sections W = welded sections
13 -
W
where : 0,5 <
2dtfL w y
+ : stresses in compression - : stresses in tension
Values of d, c, tw and tf are defined in figure 1.11

275
355
fy (N/mm2)
235
420
0,78 0,78
460
0,71
t- fes ft,
(if t 40 mm) (if 40 mm <S t 100 mm)
0,92 0,96
0,81
0,84
0,74
455
Table 1.5b
Classification of cross-section : limiting width-to-thickness ratios for class 3 I-cross-secons
Types
Stresses
Class 3
of
loading
distribution for
class
1
Web
Flange
& class 2
d/tw*
42
c/tf<
fy
15
N,compression
+
w
I
14
fy
My
^My
124
15
14
+-7
+
I
r
W
23zJi\S7
2teV0,57
,comp. .-My
fJ
(lvfy|<|fyl)
"*-\My
15
0 >
>
42
-1
14
0,67+0,33
+ : stresses in compression - : stresses in tension
R = rolled sections W = welded sections
Values of d, c, t^, and tf are defined in figure 1.11
275
355
0,81
fv(N/mm2)
235
420
460
0,71
^fes/fy
8(ift^40mm)
0,92 0,96
0,78
0,78
(if 40 mm t < 100 mm)
0,84
0,74
456
1.6.2
Application rules
The text quoted hereafter is issued from die present Eurocode 3 [3]. concerning rotation requirements of plastic hinges.
It provides
general rules
"5.3.3 Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
(...)
(2)
At plastic hinge locations, ue cross-section of die member which contains the plastic hinge shall have a rotation capacity of not less tiian die required rotation at that plastic hinge
location.
(3)
To satisfy the above requirement, the required rotations should be determined from a rotation analysis.
(4)
For budding structures in which die required rotations are not calculated, all members containing plastic hinges shall have class 1 cross-sections at die plastic hinge location."
hi order to respect diese Eurocode 3 requirements, a comparison of die required inelastic rotation 9req of each plastic hinge appeared in a structure submitted to design loads with die available inelastic rotation qw for each relevant cross-section should be proceeded. It can be expressed by die following ultimate limit state rotation check :
or
rn
<
av
YMq>
(1.3)
In die formulas, die symbols denote:
<Preq.d
design value of required inelastic rotation in die considered plastic hinge (calculated from plastic global analysis of die structure submitted to design loads) (see chapter 2), design value of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge appeared in cross-section,
<Pav.d
<Pav
characteristic value of available inelastic rotation section (see a model proposed in chapter 3),
of plastic
hinge appeared in
cross-
YMcp
partial safety factor; in die scope of die model proposed in this Guide (see chapter 3), die values of have been determined by statistical evaluation of available tests results [8]. The values of partial safety factor applied to <pav have been determined (see option 1 of [8] considering formula (1.3) as a single standing ultimate limit state check) independently from 0 which applies to die plastic resistance bending moment of die cross-section Mpl (=Wpi fy), (see Eurocode 3 [3] and Appendix 1 for tables with plastic resistance of I and cross-sections : Mpj y j^j, Mp z $&, ...)
Therefore a structure shall be analysed by separate checks of plastic hinge ductility (1.3), using respectively :
of cross-section resistance and
* die design value of plastic bending moment for die resistance of cross-sections : Mpl.Rd = Mpi/yMo, witii partial safety factor \ according to Eurocode 3 [3](0 =
1 5 1)
or to NAD's values, and,
* die design value of available inelastic rotation for ductility of formed plastic hinges : 9av.d = <Pav/YMq> , with die proposed design model in chapter 3 for <paV values [7] and witii related partial safety factors for different load cases [8] (see table 1.6).
457
1. Generalities
Table 1.6
?
1,52
Load cases
Formulas
j My
J Mz
Bending about yy major axis
(3.1) & (3.3) (3.2)
1,73
Bending about zz minor axis
2,02
My-N
Bending about yy major axis combined witii axial compressive force
(3.4)
Such a rotation check so far could not be carried out, if die available inelastic rotation could only be determined from tests or sophisticated numerical simulations. But die present Guide provides a possibility of a quick check of dus condition (1.3) which makes it much easier to satisfy die quoted requirements of Eurocode 3 [3]. References shall be made to chapters 2 and 3 to find die needed tools permitting evaluation of required inelastic rotation (ft-eq and available inelastic rotation <PaV, respectively.
Chapter 1.7 presents the new concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation . To facilitate understanding of this concept, first an overview is presented, tiien more details are given in a flow chart and related comments.
The example in figure 1.12 highlights the need of checking die ductility of each formed plastic hinge. The figure shows the evolution of die lateral displacement of a portal frame and of die inelastic rotation } in die first plastic hinge versus loads. Soon after die occurrence of die titird plastic hinge, die required inelastic rotation in die first plastic binge exceeds die available inelastic rotation <piav allowed in die section and die redistribution of bending moments cannot operate any more because of a lack of ductility in die first plastic hinge.
Figure 1.12
458
1.6.3
Conditions of lateral restraint
Some general remarks concerning lateral restraint can be found in the Eurocode 3 [3]:
"5.4.2 (3) When plastic global anlysis is used, lateral restraint shall be provided at all plastic hinge locations at which plastic hinge rotation may occur under any load case.
5.4.2 (4)
The restraint should be provided within a distance along the member from the theoretical plastic hinge location not exceeding half the depth of the member."
Presently lateral-torsional buckling is not explicitiy forbidden by Eurocode 3, but strength and limited as follows (see 5.5.2 (7) of [3]):
it
is related to
if die relative slendemess Xuj > 0.4, then the ultimate bending moment resistance of die beam (=%LT-Mpi) is lower tiian die plastic moment resistance of class 1 and 2 cross-sections
(=Mpi), because die reduction factor
unbraced length of the member (lt)
is lower than 1.0. The factor XLT includes die
In order to respect the process of plastic global analysis which excludes lateral-torsional buckling as
regards strengdi
of
frames and inelastic rotation

1.
of plastic
13).
hinges, the Eurocode 3 condition
XLT < 0.4 shall be fulfilled in all cases (see figure
M Mpi,
I
1,0
0,8 0,6
0,4
-
0,2
Effective slendemess ^
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
Figure 1.13
In alternative to Eurocode
3 rule, otiier existing rules defining maximum distances between lateral restraints should be provided to designers. As an example, the ones of CM66 - Additif 80 [5] are quoted below, which seem realistic for present concept of design:
"In the case of the member in bending which contains at one of its ends the plastic hinge allowing for redistribution of sollicitations, the conditions of lateral restraints given by 5.21 of Additif 80 - DPU 22-701 (CM66) should be satisfied in the neighbourhood of the plastified section to avoid die lateral-torsional buckling (LTB).
459
If die moment varies linearly along a member with the length L which is free to buckle laterally, the
conditions are as follows:
L:
< 35
0.625<<1
(1.4)
L: 1- < (60-40)
where
-1<<0.625
(1.5)
Li
of die member or of die portion of that member where the linear distribution of bending moment is applied,
is die lengtii is die ratio of bending moments at both ends tiiat member (-1 < <1),
is the radius
of die member or of die portion of
iz
with
of gyration about minor axis (= ^Jlzl A) Iz - moment of inertia about zz minor axis of the cross-section,
A - total area of die cross-section."

Figure 1.14 is a graphical presentation of CM66 rules. An example on die evaluation of die ratio of bending moments is shown in figure 1.15.
Ill Ei7
-
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8
35
-
0-> tf
Figure 1.14
460
0.5 L
0.5 L
-m+e-
-3X
(LR = lateral restraint)

LR LR
Ln = 0.5L
"
-zi"
LR
L2
= 0.5 L
, =-5/6
0.5 L ^93,3
,
2 = 0
0.5 L
i,
^60
i
z
>. "-S
60
for constant cross-section over the whole span
Figure 1.15
This Guide does not consider interaction between local buckling in plastic hinge and lateral-torsional buckling of elements where plastic hinges occur. Therefore designer should avoid die appearance of lateral torsional buckling (LTB) by applying sufficient lateral bracing to fulfil the requirements of Eurocode 3 [3] (or CM 66 - Addditif 80 [5], for instance).
Lateral bracing should possess adequate strengdi and stiffness. General requirements and practical solutions concerning strengdi and stiffness of lateral bracing can be found in [2],[5] and [10].
1.7
Concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation
This chapter gives a general view of die proposed concept of plastic analysis based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinge, . An overview is first presented, then a flow-chart furnishes more details. Hints and references are given in comments on the flow-chart.
461
Flow-chart n
for ULS plastic global analysis (general)
based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
Input data
for the analysis
Global analysis of the

structure
Check of resistance of the

structure
Check of ductility of plastic hinges
462
Flow-chart n
based on inelastic rotation of plastic hinges
for ULS plastic global analysis (details)
row:
. .
Type of frame or beam (geometry, boundary conditions) Load cases for ULS
Choice of : cross-sections, yield OTr^T^th and joints (pinned oi
Assumption of lateral restraints )
ULS plastic global analysis of the structure Results: . maximum load multiplicator of design loads : Xmax . internal forces and bending moments : NSd, V^j , MSd . required inelastic rotations of plastic hinges : rreq
4a 4b 4c
yes
Check of bearing capacity of the structure (see row 4a)
no
*rnax-
yes
Check of resistance of . cross-sections . members

.
not fulfilled
joints
Check of local effects
Evaluation of available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges from cross-sections yiels strength and joints (see row 2) and from values of N^, VSd , MSd (see row 4b)
yes
Check of rotation requirements
no
^req ~Tav'
-(Adopt chosen cross-sections, steel grade and joints}
463
OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS METHOD

(based on inelastic rotation
REQUIRED INELASTIC ROTATION
of plastic hinges, )
AVAILABLE INELASTIC ROTATION
required
l.Data
Structure
available
Cross-section and joints

'
,.
type of frame prediction from LTB
2. Plastic global analysis

*
f choice of cross-sections and joints j
3. Results of analysis and checks
*{
maximum load factor
,^ J
V
-f internal forces and moments (N, V, M)
Check of bearing capacity (^, > 1)

Check of resistance of members and joints
required rotation
Check of rotation requirements for each plastic hinge
Notes
^
,
- required inelastic rotation - available inelastic rotation

- lateral-torsional buckling
vertical load
- horizontal load
- normal force
LTB
*
- partial safety factor - load factor - maximal load factor
- shear force
bending moment
,
Xma
464
Comments on the flow-chart nl
row
1:
ULS means Ultimate Limit State ULS load cases are defined in Eurocode 3 (chapter 2.3.3) [3].
row 2: This flow-chart concerns structures using pinned and/or rigid joints. In the case of semi-rigid joints whose behaviour is between pinned and rigid joints, the designer shall take into account the moment-rotation characteristics of die joints (moment resistance, rotational stiffness and rotation capacity) at each step of the design. The semi-rigid joints should be designed according to chapter 6.9 and the Annex J of Eurocode 3 [3].
Indicative values of (preq for plastic hinge in portal frames are given in chapter 2 table 2.3,
row3:
of <preq are provided for certain continuous beams in chapter 2.3 table 2.1. Sufficient lateral restraint shall be provided in order to avoid lateral-torsional buckling of
Precised values
members and its interaction
witii local buckling in plastic hinges which influences the value of available inelastic rotation (see chapter 1.4 and 1.6.3). For rules defining maximal
unbraced length reference should be made to [2],[3],[5] or [10].
row 4: In order to determine in a structure:

die maximum load multiplicator of design loads Xmax,
XP
-7777
'-max
die internal forces and bending moments (Nsd, Vsd, Msd), die required inelastic rotations of each plastic hinge
q>req,
Eurocode 3 ([3] : chapter 5.2) allows to use different types of plastic global analysis:
either, first order analysis using the initial geometry of die structure,
or, second order tiieory taking into account the influence structure.
of die deformation of die
row 5: If Xmax >
dien die structure has sufficient bearing capacity. To optimize the solution (^max 1), new proposals of cross-section, steel grade and/or joints (row 2) should be checked by a new global analysis.
1,
465
^max
bearing capacity of the structure
=1
ULS design loads level
If
Xjnax < 1, dien there is a need for strengthening section, stronger joints and/or higher steel grade.
of the structure with stronger cross-
=1
max
ULS design loads level

bearing capacity of the structure
If = l,then the structure is optimized as far as resistance is concerned.

row 6: The classification of cross-sections (chapter 5.3 of Eurocode 3 [3]) have to be determined before all ULS checks of members, cross-sections, webs and joints. The sequence of ULS checks is not imposed and it is up to the designer to choose die order of die ULS checks which are anyhow all necessary to be fulfilled. row 7: For each formed plastic hinge, the available inelastic rotation models or tests in function of:
the cross-section, the steel grade,
<pav
shall be determined by
die joint (if die plastic hinge occurs in die joint),

the internal forces and bending moments applied in plastic hinge (Nsd, Vsd, Msd)
row 8: The ductility of plastic hinge shall be checked by the requirement

chapter 1.6.2) where:
(preq has been
cpav has
cpreq
< qWyMcp (see
calculated from plastic global analysis (see chapter 2),
been evaluated from models (see chapter 3) or tests ,
? is the partial safety factor affected to the model (see chapter 1.6.2 and [8]).
466
2.1
Introduction
This chapter deals with die calculation of required inelastic rotations that plastic hinges develop when performing an elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). Formulas and abacuses are provided for two-span continuous beams under basic loadings and procedures or flow charts are also given for simple frames. For two-span continuous beams under basic loadings, information are also provided on collaspe loads and on first occurrence of plastic hinges. General procedures are explained for more complex loading cases or frames, based on die use of classic analysis programs (linear elastic global analysis) or specific ones (plastic global analysis). Particular aspects concerning frames are also discussed.
2.2
Influence of parameters on required inelastic rotation
<preq
Some general remarks on influence of parameters have been presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1. Among all parameters which are to be taken into account for the determination of required inelastic rotations, die questions about the influence of die loading patii, the second order effects and die load level at which these required rotations are calculated are detailed hereafter.
2.2.1
Influence of the loading path
During tiieir life, structures are submitted to permanent and variable actions. Eurocode 3 defines ULS combinations which allow to determine the ULS loading acting on die structures and to check tiieir resistance. To reach a given ULS loading, different loading patiis may be followed, with expected consequences on die calculated values of ,.
Firstly, it can be said tiiat whatever die loading patii is, ,,, at collapse will be the same if the same mechanism is reached and if no elastic return (see 2.4.2.2 of this chapter) occurs in any plastic hinge during loading [16].
Secondly, about global analysis, Eurocode 3 states tiiat "it may be assumed to be sufficient, in the case of building structures, to adopt simultaneous proportional increases of all loads" (5.2.1.1 (5)). Where necessary, this assumption will be adopted in tins chapter, and will be die common load factor for all loads.
2.2.2
Influence of second order effects on required inelastic rotation for sway portal frames
The example given hereafter illustrates parameter 6.1 frames (see 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3),
of table
1.3 and shows, that
for sway portal
a) die collapse load level determined widi a second order plastic analysis may be much lower tiian die one obtained from a first order plastic analysis. The decreasing of die collapse load level depends on the critical load factor
-^where
(2.1)
is the total vertical load applied to die frame at the considered loading level is die value of the total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode
V
Ve-
To give an idea, the Rankine-Merchant formula [6]
467
<?=<1-
withXCT>4,
(2.2)
where ^} and ^ are collapse load factors for first order and second order plastic global analysis, gives a good approximation of the collapse load level taking into account die second order effects (this formula is valid for portal frames with one or two levels).
b) consequently die required inelastic rotation obtained witii a second order analysis may be much lower than the one obtained from a first order analysis. In die latter case, a complete plastic mechanism is reached at collapse, while in die first case, an "elasto-plastic instability" often occurs with a reduced number of plastic hinges.
The number of plastic hinges at collapse in a second order analysis may be evaluated by considering
die different
values determined for die frame wfth the first plastic hinges (n = 1, 2, ... ) here
treated as perfect hinges. When ^. falls down below die current load factor , all supplementary plastic hinges to die first ones tiiat occur in die frame in die first order analysis are not valid because, from stiffness considerations, die -hinged frame becomes unstable under the reached loading. The required inelastic rotation may then be taken as tiiat determined in die governing plastic hinge when the nth hinge occurs, and may sometimes be much lower than die one at die complete plastic mechanism.
The following example (see figure 2.1) is an industrial portal frame supporting a total vertical load
V=776kN.
The critical load ratio is equal to
^ = 5,47. Therefore, the frame is classified as a sway frame according to 5.2.5.2 of Eurocode 3 (^ < 10). Under die SLS loading Get us say related to load factor = 0,7), the horizontal deflection is equal to h/260 and the vertical deflection of die beam is
L/396.
320 kN
17kN/m
IPE 300 (S235)
320 kN
23_kN
IPE 240 (S235)
h=6m
^Z w
L = 8m
Figure 2.1 - Data

Figure 2.2 shows die horizontal deflection versus die load factor plotted according to a first order and a second order plastic analysis. The collapse load factor is = 1,222 for die first order analysis and = 1,000 for die second order analysis.The fall down of die collapse load factor is 18,2% in that case due to second order effects. The number of plastic hinges at collapse is 4 for the first order analysis and 3 for the second order analysis. The locations and die numbering of die plastic hinges are shown on the Figure 2.3. Figure 2.4 shows die evolution of the critical load factor ,,, for the different configurations of die frame : 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 plastic hinges. Of course, dus critical load factor decreases and falls below
468
die first order behaviour (-) curve. Therefore, die 4tii plastic hinge is not valid and die collapse load factor taking into account die second order effects will be equal or less than die load factor at which die 3rd hinge occurs. Then, the required inelastic rotation may be determined at die 3rd hinge occurrence if first order plastic analysis is performed.
10
12
14
[cm]
Horizontal displacement
Figure 2.2
Horizontal displacement versus load factor

1
'
Ml
<
<
L3
L2
Figure 2.3 Locations and numbering of plastic hinges
=5.47
1.39
= 1.222
4
1
st
= 0.39
=0
n-4
horizontal displacement
n-0
n-1
n=2
n-3
il ir
<
4.3
>
plastchinge4 is not valid
Figure 2.4 Evolution of the critical load factor witii plastic hinges occurences
469
Considering die required inelastic rotation, let us assume tiiat die governing hinge is the hinge number 1 . Figure 2.5 shows die evolution of its inelastic rotation versus the load actor in a first and in a second order analysis. From this figure, it can be said that :
If the required inelastic rotation is determined at collapse ((preq.u), die value fells down from 32,7
IO3 rad when considering the second order effects (-42,5%). The value obtained at die occurrence of the 3rd plastic hinge in the first order analysis is 22,5 10~3 rad and is a better approximation of the true required rotation (18,8 10~3 rad).
IO"3 rad to 18,8
125
1.20
1222
*&"*
1.15
list order
1.10
1.05 1.00
1.000
0.95
OSO
^
i
0.85
l/^X
T\
/~2
\ !
|2ndordcr
0.80
jlOS
10 15
hi
20
22.5
32.7
30 35
[io"3id]
25
Figure 2.5 Required inelastic rotation versus load factor

2.2.3
Influence of the load factor of reference
This paragraph explains parameter 6.2 presented in table 1.3 of chapter 1.

Eurocode 3 imposes to check the ductility in plastic hinges only under design loads
<Pav
<Preq.d
(2.3)
where ,^ is the required inelastic rotation under design loads and is the partial safety factor (see chapter 1.6.2).
But, for simplicity, the designer may want to check this ductility at collapse (mechanism of structure, instabity,...) :
<Pmj.u
<Pa
(2.4)
where <,,. is the required inelastic rotation at collapse.
This latter verification is more severe because

9roq.u
^ ).'
An advantage of checking at collapse is tiiat, under die conditions mentionned in 2.2.1, tp^.u is
independent of die loading patii.
Assuming that the first order analysis in die example presented in chapter 2.2.2 (see figure 2.5) is valid, then die difference between required inelastic rotations at collapse (tpreq.u) (here 32,7 10"3 rad, for = 1.22) and under design loads (<preq.d) (here 10,9 IO"3 rad, for = 1.0) may be very large . This reasoning is also valid for a second order plastic analysis if the collapse is reached for example at a load factor equal to 1,2 or more.
470
2.3
Continuous beams
This paragraph gives, for two-span continuous beams, formulas for the required inelastic rotation ,,.,, at collapse (plastic hinge mechanism) when performing an elastic-perfectiy plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3). The formulas are exact. Abacuses are provided to help die designer. Information are also given for ultimate load and first plastic hinge occurence.
If elastic return occurs in plastic hinge, then the formulas for (preq given hereafter are not applicable and particular detailed analysis shall be made (see chapter 2. 2. 1 and 2. 4. 2. 2).
Table 2. 1 is a summary table which presents the different load cases and die references to formulas and charts given further in this chapter.
Table 2.1
Summary table of load cases, formulas ("Eq.n) and charts ("Fig.") for two-span continuous beams
Loading case
aL 0<<x<l
Fi,qi
Eq. 2.6 to 2.8
Fu>qu
Fu/Fh q^
Eq.2.5
Eq.2.9to
2.11
Eq. 2. 12 to
2.14
JT
0<<1 >0
^
nL
Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.10
Fig. 2.11
Gq
Eq.2.19,
Eq. 2.18, 2.20, 2.24 or 2.26
Eq. 2.16 or 2.22
I UT
2.21, 2.25 or 2.27
Eq. 2.28 to 2.31
7//~
Fig. 2.15
Fig. 2.16
Eq. 2.34
| Eq. 2.35
or
JT
1ST
f
"Zr-
Eq. 2.32
Eq. 2.33
2.36
Fig. 2.18
Fig. 2.19
k
gL
I
am
I
Fig. 2.21
Fi, qi : loads related to first plastic hinge occurrence

<Preq.u
:
Fu, qu : ultimate loads
required inelastic rotation at collapse
any loading
Procedure based on elastic analysis in 2.3.4

J7J7'
7779"
777?
I
1
(preq.d under design loads : Eq. 2.38 and Fig. 2.24
471
For information, Table 2.2 allows to cany out quick plastic global analysis. The table provides for end spans and intermediate spans of continuous beams whh constant cross-section.and steel grade :
- die plastic bending moment resistance Mpl required to form die plastic mechanism at collapse, - die collapse loads Fu or qu and, - die position of plastic hinge in span at collapse.
Table 2.2 Plastic global analysis of continuous beams with constant cross-section
Loading case
Mpi
*%>
End Span
Intermediate span
Hi
M*
Mp!
M*
required Mpi
Collapse load F|iQu
required Mpi
Collapse load
"uflu
16 M pl
16
ll,66Mpl
11,66
a
= 0,414 j
a = 0,5l
fi
6
6M pl
a = 0,5l
F
8
8M,pl
c-
F 4
a=
4M pl
Hi
6
6 M pl
i
3
<a<
21
3
:
1
:'
>'
FFF
3M,Pi
3
a
El
4
= 0,5
4M
I-
Fab li
2M,Pi
Fab b+e
2.3.1
(b+l)Mpl
ab
ab
Two span beam with a concentrated load
Figure 2.6
472
2.3.1.1 Ultimate load
Only one plastic mechanism may be reached. The ultimate load Fu can be determined by using the kinematic theorem : the external work We done by the load as it moves through a virtual displacement is equal to die internal work W absorbed at die plastic hinges as they rotate through corresponding angles (see figure 2.7).
We = W
with:
and:
We = FaA
W = Mp, ( <ppl + <pp2 ) + Mp! <Pp2
Figure 2.7 From above expressions and geometrical considerations, we can obtain
M pl 1+a
M_
F.=" L a(l-a)
Note :
=k
"
(2.5)
Fu does not depend on r\
Figure 2.8 gives the coefficient k as a function of the position parameter a.

m
91
-21
20
1Q
__
ty
18
17
17
16
ku
15
14 14
14
13
^
\\ \ \
12
11
lu
>
^ Y
r
0.
o.:2
0.
0.'y
o.:5
0.<s
o: 7
0.Si
0.<
a
Figure 2.8
Let us assume that the first plastic hinge occurs for the load Fj. The expression of this load can be derived by considering that the maximum moment in the beam calculated from an elastic analysis, reaches the plastic moment Mpl. Two cases must be investigated depending on where the maximum moment occurs :
473
Case A
First hinge at the loading point if

M pi
<^2(+1)-1
(2.6)
then
F, = -
2(+1)
L (-1)[(+1)-2(+1)]
Case : First hinge at the intermediate support if:
>^2(+1)-1
(2.7)
then
F,
M Pi 2(+1) =L (1- )
1 :
For the particular case ij =
F,=-
M pi
L (-1)(
+-4)
(2.8)
(<^2( + 1)-1 = 1)
1
0,8 -
()
0,6 0,4 -
>I^
]
0
1
>
^.
oa .
0
0,
-.
0,7 0,8
0, 9
oa
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Figure 2.9
The ratio FJF1 is an indicator for die interest of die plastic analysis. This ratio is easily derived from die previous expressions.
Case
<^2(+1)-1
f
-^
Case
= ( + 1) 1V
r (+1)
(2.9)
2(+1)
:
>]2(\+)-1
Fu
_ (q + ir
F,
2(+1)
= 0,25( + 1) (4 - - 2 )
(2.10)
= 1
Fi
(2.11)
With the restriction : 0
<<1
474
17
1.6
]L
m. i
1.6
5
1.5
-
(p^ ^sT
0.1
1.4 -
Fa/Fi
1.3 -
0?
f / /
4
- 1.5
- 1.4
l
-
Jm>^_ÎS1.2 -
1
1.0
0.3
- 1.3
/
- 1.2
-C \2 L/
0.4
0.5
[
- 1.1
1.1 -
^fo .5 ^
0.1 N
0.2
0.3
0. 1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0. 9
a
Figure 2.10
Note :
Figure 2.10 shows that the loading capacity is increased up to about 22% for equal spans owing to a plastic analysis, when the concentrated load is near the middle of the span.
2.3.1.2 Required inelastic rotation
The required inelastic rotation may be obtained by integrating the bending moment under the load increment (Fu - Fj) along the beam in which a perfect hinge has been introduced at die plastic hinge location. Therefore the required inelastic rotation is die rotation in the perfect hinge under (Fu - Fj).
If </2(+1)-1
(case A
1st plastic hinge at loading
point)
MpiL -2-2+2+1
req.u
6EI
(2.12)
475
If >>/2(+1)-1
(case
: 1st plastic hinge at support)
MnlL , ,=-7=-( 2+2-2-1)

6EI
(2.13)
If =1 Mp,L (q + 3)(l-a)
Treq.u
6EI
(2.14)
The required rotation ^^ may be expressed by:
MP,L
.=1
(2.15)
Figure 2. 1 1 shows curves giving k, versus for various values
of die ratio .
Figure 2.11
476
2.3.2
Two span beam with uniform distributed loads
Figure 2.12
Note : Uniform loads are assumed not to vary independently in each span (proportional loading).
2.3.2.1 Ultimate load
Three possible mechanisms may occur (see figure 2.13), but we assumed that 0. Therefore the mechanism C is not considered. Depending on die values of and , mechanism A or mechanism will be formed witii the first hinge occuring eitiier at support or in span (see figure 2. 14).
Figure 2.13
The methodology is similar to the one described in
2.3. 1 for a concentrated load.
If 2 < 1
Case
A : The mechanism occurs in the first span

M. qu= (6+4^2) -f
(2.16)
a) First plastic hinge on the intermediate support
The first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support condition is fulfilled :
if the following
4 (3
- 2V2 ) < ^^+

1+
1+
< 4 (3 + 2 V2 )
(2.17)
or
0,6863 <
< 23,3 137
Let us assume that qt is the loading for which the first plastic hinge occurs, then :
477
8Mpl
q'
qu
so
<1
"
(2.18)
L2
1+3
3+2-J 1+3
4
(2.19)
1+
109
\
\ \
8765
-
\
\
\
\
2
\
\ \
\ 2^-58 "*--.
32
=
^"--.^
"""""--
c-i
1
S-
0()
'-"
0.1
*J -*<
0.6
Ja
-mW-
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 2.14
b) First plastic hinge in the first span
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the first span, then

128M pi
1+
3+4-
qi=-
(2.20)
q^ 3+2V2
so
3+4-
(2.21)
64
1+
478
If 2>1
Case : The mechanism occurs in die second span
Qu"
u=-|-(6+4V2)
L2
._
l
-.
(2.22)
a) First plastic hinge at the intermediate support
The first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support if the following condition is satisfied :
4(3-2^2) <
(1+)
<4(3+2/2)
(2.23)
or
0,6863 <-
1+
(1+)
occurs, then
< 23,3 137
Let us assume that qi is the loading for which die first plastic hinge
:
8Mp,
i+
1+3 1+3
qi~
so
(2.24)
L2
iL
<li
3 + 2V2
(1+)
(2.25)
b) First plastic hinge in the second span
If die first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, then :
128
4_.
1+ 3 Y
(2.26)
2(1+).
so
qu_3+2j2
q,
64
4
.
1+
'(1+);
(2.27)
If 2 = 1
Plastic resistance is reached in die two spans at the same time.
479
Figure 2.15 shows the evolution of the ratio q^ related to for various values of (boxed values). The curve peaks indicate die limit between mechanism A and mechanism B.
1.5
1.457
1.4
1.3
%^l
1.2
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.5
1.457
Figure 2.15
2.3.2.2 Required inelastic rotation ,,.,
Case :
2<1
:
If the first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support, then

MplL
,req.u
EI
-!
+l
3
3+2-J
12
(1+3)
(2.28)
480
If the first plastic hinge occurs in die first span, then

MpiLn+i
req.u
EI
. , 1+ (V2 + I) 1-(V2 + 1)2 4(1+).
(2.29)
Case 2 >
11
If the first plastic hinge occurs on the intermediate support, then :

MplL
,req.u
+1 3+2^2 1+3
12
EI
(2.30)
If the first plastic hinge occurs in the second span, dien

MpiL /2+1
,req.u
EI
+1- (/2+1)2
, 1 1+
(2.31)
Figure 2. 16 shows curves giving a factor k,. versus the ratio for various values and so die required inelastic rotation , u can be obtained by :
Mp,L
of the ratio
. =
0.3
J.
"""
lio
-""'
"
.-
kr
0.2
-
-\
4)
\\
-.
r
TJ
3
1
7~
[.
|3
?
4
0.1
>
\
c
1/
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
481
0.4
0.3
ii-
kr
0.2
I51
0.1
]
IOTI
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 2.16
Note
In the case of increasing the loading from zero to reach the plastic mechanism, the first plastic hinge may occur in one of both spans. This first plastic hinge is accurately located at the maximum moment location which is determined from an
elastic analysis. While the loading increases to reach the ultimate loading, the yielding spreads in the zone of this first plastic hinge because of redistribution of bending moment. At collapse the final position d of the concentrated plastic hinge in the span will be differentfrom its initial position:
d = fsj2-l)L1'span
The designer should be aware of this phenomenon when applying stiffeners. Stiffeners must be applied at the position of plastic hinges according to the state of collapse.
d = 0,414 L
^Q_ Mechanism A
0,414 L
X-
-X
Mechanism
&
X-XFigure 2.17
2.3.2.3 Same uniform distributed load for both spans ( = 1)
r,L
-X
For this case, the mechanism A always occurs since :21

The first plastic hinge always occurs at the intermediate support
8M pi
L2
:
<h=-
-+1
(2.32)
482
The collapse is obtained for die load q,
= ^L(3 + 2VI) qu=-I

The second plastic hinge is located at the distance (/2 - 1) L = 0,414 L from the origin
(2.33)
of die
first span.
1.5
The following ratio is an indicator for die interest of die plastic analysis :
1,4
1,3
q u/q,1
1,2
qu
3+2-J t ,
(2-+)
(2.34)
1,1
()
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
Figure 2.18
Required inelastic rotation _
%*.
=-=
Mp]L 3+2/2
12
2 l+) ( --11+*/2)
(2.35)
or:
,. = 0,4857 -f
M..L
(1+) (2 -+0,3137)
(2.36)
M,L EI
The required rotation ,^ may be obtained from figure 2. 19 with:

035
^, u
= kr
03
0,25
.
0,15
0,1
0,05
C>
0,1
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
Figure 2.19
483
2.3.3
Two equal span beam with a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load
In order to evaluate the relative influence of a concentrated load and an uniform distributed load, a numerical study has been carried out using die PEP micro program of CTICM [15] instead of a complex analytical study.
Figure 2.20
As for the previous cases, the required inelastic rotation ^.may
MplL
be expressed as:
= req.u
EI
:
In figure 2.21, the factor k, is plotted as a function of the ratio
(2.37)
0.5
0.45
0.4
\
0.3 r
0.35
0.3
0.2S
02 J
\?s ^r \s
0.2
0.15
0.1
^>
0.8
\~
-"
y"U _u
X >*
0.2
a. V ^^ yjo-sl
0.3
I0.7L
Jst
'
^0.6
0.05 0
0.1
i^^v i-St/^
0.4 0.5 0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 2.21
484
In die left part of the curves, the distributed load is predominant and the first plastic hinge occurs at the intermediate support. In die right part, the concentrated load becomes predominant and the plastic hinge occurs at the load location.
23.4
Two span beam - General case of loading
is rather difficult to give formulas and abacuses dealing witii complex loading cases for which parameters could be :
It
- Span length ratio

- Relative position of the concentrated load - Ratio of the distributed loads for the first span and the second one - Ratio between the concentrated load and the distributed load
A more general method based on elastic analyses is given hereafter in order to calculate the required inelastic rotation , d under design loads, that is for a load level between the first plastic hinge and
the second one for which the collapse occurs.
After an elastic analysis, we assume that, under design loads, the maximum moment Mm exceeding die plastic moment Mp, , is located at a distance L from the origin of the beam.
Figure 2.22
So, = M,.,* - Mp! is to be redistributed. For tiiis, the following diagram has to be added to the one resulting from the elastic analysis.
Figure 2.23
485
This diagram is obtained by considering the beam witii a perfect binge at the maximum moment location, and moments - applied each side of this hinge. The required inelastic rotation is the rotation in this hinge subjected to -AM.
Therefore the expression of the required inelastic rotation ,^ is given by :
AML +1
req.d
32
(2.38)
Note :
This expression does not depend on the loading, but only on M.

:
It
must be checked that the plastic moment is not exceeded somewhere else in the beam mechanism must not be reached.
the
If is the load factor of all the applied loads, then :
= pi
"-
Loading factor for the first plastic hinge Loading factor at collapse
The required inelastic rotation ^.! may be expressed as
AML m Figure 2.24 gives the factor k, versus and the lengtii parameter .
%co.d=K
M -
\\\W \\ \\ W& \\ W \\\ \ T \\ \ w i \V w \\ w \ \ \\ T \\ \\ y\ W \ \ V > \\

1
10 -
\ - \\ \V NN VN \> y\ ys ss s \\ Sn Xs \\ \s T S/ ^ ^. st ^ ss s> & Si ^ , Xs ^ ^ r-N

s
\ \
^ U\
Zi
^ ^ s|v TS^sN
J~
\jT_
3> j*4 s^. \
>x *N
..
0.1
0.2
03
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Figure 2.24
486
2.4
2.4.1
Frames
Plastic analysis using a specific program
In order to make a plastic design of a frame and determine die required inelastic rotations in plastic hinges, a global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis (see 5.2.1.4 of Eurocode 3) of a frame can be performed with die help of a plastic analysis computer program. Those programs are generally based on die step-by-step method and can automatically take into account particular aspects such as elastic returns (see 2.4.2.2 of this chapter), second order effects, semi-rigid behaviour of connections and also M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections. All these aspects have direct influence on required inelastic rotations (see paragraph 2.2 for second order effects influence).
The M-N interaction in bending resistance of sections is often necessary for columns where the influence of axial force may be not negligible. Then, an interaction curve has to be considered. During die step-by-step method, moment and axial force may vary in such a way that they remain on the interaction curve. Moreover, axial plastic elongations and inelastic rotations have to be evaluated witii respect to a "normality law".
For instance, in case of I sections with bending about strong axis, the interaction curve may be approximated by a bi-linear curve as shown in figure 2.25. This leads to introduce two types of plastic hinge : without (type M) and witii N-interaction (type M-N). Consequently, the type of a plastic hinge may change as the axial force increases during loading and a specific program can take tiiis phenomenon into account.
N/Npl
i
teraction curve
MMpl
Figure 2.25
2.4.2
Plastic analysis of simple frames using an elastic analysis program
2.4.2.1 Scope
A global elastic-perfectly-plastic analysis can however also be performed with the help of a simple elastic analysis program if the following assumptions are satisfied.
Assumptions :
The axial force and the shear force must not reduce the plastic bending moment resistance. The frame is "rigid" according to Eurocode 3 (5.2.5.2) so that second order effects need not be taken into account in global analysis.
487
These assumptions are needed because a plastic hinge is considered hereafter like a perfect hinge acting under a constant moment Mp,. If it is expected that die bending moment resistance in a section will be reduced by die axial or shear force effect, the user can take that into account by reducing Mp, before starting the method.
2.4.2.2 Methodology
This method is known as die "step-bv-step method" and consists in a succession of elastic linear analyses in which plastic hinges are replaced by perfect hinges to ensure no variation of bending moments in the yielded sections (see figure 2.26). Each analysis, that is each step, is performed on the frame witii a perfect hinge more tiian in die previous step, at die location where a new plastic hinge occured in die previous analysis. Each step is limited at a variation of the load factor by the occurence of a new plastic hinge where the plastic moment is reached in a new cross-section somewhere in the structure. Inside each step, variations of displacements, internal forces and moments, and rotations in perfect hinges are calculated and can be summed through all the previous steps in order to determine tiieir total values.
mechanism
4.
A3
9j=o i
rotation in the first hinge
, D
<Pu
.
Figure 2.26
Figure 2.27 shows a flowchart of die methodology, considering tiiat die loading increases in proportion to the load factor . This metiiod allows die designer to calculate the required inelastic rotation in die plastic hinges just before collapse and even for each step of die incrementation.
This metiiod is radier easy to apply for a simple structure (simple frame, continuous beam, ... ). However, in case of more complex structures where the state of the structure under design loads or at collapse may involve a great number of plastic hinges, this methodology may become tedious and a specific plastic analysis program is necessary.
The user must be aware of a particular phenomenon which may occur and has to be taken into account : an elastic return of a plastic hinge (see figure 2.28). During the step-by-step procedure, die sign of die rotation in a perfect hinge may change. This means that, because of die bending moment
488
redistribution, the corresponding plastic hinge takes an elastic behaviour. Then die structure must be modified by suppressing the perfect hinge and die elastic analysis is to be started again, hi the plastic hinge where elastic return occurs, die remaining inelastic rotation Remaining (see figure 2.28) constitutes a local discontinuity in the structure and must be kept for following step of calculations.
Geometry - Steel Support conditions Loac
I
Initializations
i =0
Moment diagram : M0- 0 Shear force diagram :Vo=0 Displacements := 0 Hinge rotations : <,-0
ELASTIC ANALYSIS i (with i hinges) (with applied design loads)
If i = 0 : Support conditions are not valid

If i > 0 : A plastic mechanism is reached
Results
of the elastic analysis (with i hinges)
Moment diagram : m
Shear force diagram : v
Displacements : 5 Rotations in the hinges :
Elastic return
Suppression of the perfect hinge
Step number : j - i +
*
Research of the cross-section for which
Akj
= (Mpl - M y m is minimum
Load factor:
Xj = X +
kj
j
State of the structure at the end of the step
(for the loading
Xj F)
Momentdiagram : M= Mj + AXj mj Shear force diagram :Vj = Vj+A^ Vj

Displacements : Dj = Dj +
- g.
I
Rotations in the hinges at the end of the step
<&j=
, +
AXj,
i-j
A new perfect hinge is introduced in the structure
Figure 2.27
489
<L
Mpi
plastic hinge behaviour
_^_
<
Elastic return
<0
"^^>
Mpl
0
"^^^^
'^mm-f'^^T."
inelastic rotation
'remaining
Figure 2.28
2.4.3
Indicative values of ,*, for pre-design of simple portal frames
A study has been conducted in order to determine the required inelastic rotation ,, of formed plastic hinges for a given type of portal frame. Six types of portal frames have been identified, and for each type, a parametric study has been made [13]. So, 79 frames have been studied. A simplified method
was adopted in order to obtain a realistic design. An elastic analysis was first performed in order to check Serviceability Limit State requirements. Then a plastic analysis was made in order to check Ultimate Limit State criteria and to determine required inelastic rotations under design loads ( = 1) and at collapse () : mechanism or instability. Some of die frames were sway frames according to Eurocode 3 and the second order effects were taken into account. All analyses have been conducted witii the PEP micro program of CTICM [15].
Table 2.3 summarises the calculated indicative maximum values of ^ which have been determined for each type of frame. This table gives to die designer an idea of die magnitude of ^ for such frames and must be considered as a help in order to choose a starting section in a pre-design
procedure.
490
Table 2.3 - Indicative maximum values of ^ [rad] for pre-design of simple portal fimes
Under design loads
fTBq.d
Type of frame
At collapse
9req.ii
[
1
0,009
0,020
i
0,015
2
;
0,032
'
0,026
I
0,035
l
1
0,034
0,040
0,013
0,014
i
]
l\
li
0,006
0,008
s
i
;
^s
491
3.1
Introduction - presentation of Feldmann's model
This chapter deals with available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges. It presents a simple procedure for calculating the inelastic rotation <pav of plastic hinges developed by Feldmann [7].
The basis of the metiiod is the modelling of the nonlinear buckling phenomenon in the yielding zones by a plastic folding mechanism that allows to determine the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges in a reliable way. Formulas have been developed for the available inelastic rotation of plastic hinges for I-profiles and -profiles in bending about the major and the minor axis, for bending witii or without shear as well as for bending witii axial forces. The extension of Feldmann's formulas to other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5. The reliability of these formulas is proved by a comparison with test results [8]: partial safety factors ^ to be applied to <pav have been determined (see chapter 1.6.2).
3.2
1/
Limitations and assumptions of Feldmann's model

concerned load cases: the available inelastic rotation q>av of plastic hinge can be determined for the following load cases: A. concentrated load, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides a formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about major axis Mpi y r :
concentrated load, bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] provides a formula for the design plastic resistance bending moment about minor axis Mpi z r :
492
concentrated load combined with axial compressive forces, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section : Eurocode 3 [3] proposes formulas for the reduced design plastic resistance bending moment allowing for the axial force, MN y Rd :
The extension of Feldmann's model to other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5. Tables of Appendix 1 provide design plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections (Mpl y Rd , Mpl 2 Rd , MN.y.Rd > )
2/
classification of cross-sections: this model applies for all Eurocode 3 class 1 and class 2 crosssections (plastic distribution of stresses over the cross-section); Eurocode 3 class 3 (elastic distribution of stresses over die cross-section) and Eurocode 3 class 4 (local elastic buckling) cross-sections shall be excluded (see [3] and chapter 1.6.1 for definition of classes);
steel grades: all steel grades available in Eurocode 3 Part
3/
can be applied in the formulas: 235 MPa < fy < 460 MPa. Indeed the reliability of the model has been demonstrated by tests results witii steel grades in that range [8]. Eurocode 3 [3] [4] allows for plastic global analysis witii steel materials characterized according to EN 10025 [1 1] and EN 101 13 [12] as given in table 3. 1;
1. 1
Remark 1 about nominal values of yield strength fy : Eurocode 3 Part 1.1 [3] gives a simplified variation of fy in function of the material thickness (thickness ranges: lower than 40 mm, from 40 mm to 100 mm), with values of fy - for certain thickness ranges - greater than the values specified by EN 10025 [1 1] and EN 101 13 [12] (thickness ranges: lower than 16 mm, from 16 mm to 40 mm, from 40 mm to 63 mm, from 63 mm to 80 mm, from 80 mm to 100 mm, from 100 mm to 150 mm) (see figure 3.1). As Eurocode 3 always provides yield strength fy equal or greater than values guaranteed by die specifications of delivery conditions (EN 10025, EN 10113), the available inelastic rotation (pav resulting from fy of Eurocode 3 are always safesided (equal or lower) in comparison of the inelastic rotation q>av resulting from fv of EN 10025 or EN
10113.
Remark 2 about overstrengthening of steel material : The real yield stresses of the steels delivered by mills are always greater tiian the nominal values of the steels indicated in the specifications EN 10025 [11] and EN 10113 [12]. As presented in chapter 1.6.2, a statistical procedure has been used to evaluate partial safety factors Yta, related to available inelastic rotation <pav issued from model proposed in this chapter 3 [8]. That statistical procedure took into account die difference between nominal and expected value of steel grade, even considering decreasing of inelastic rotation <pav by increasing the yield stress of the steel. That is safesided as another fact is that for many structures the rotation requirement is decreasing by increasing the yield stress whilst the
493
ultimate load target (i.e. die design load level) remains using die nominal yield values [17]
( see figure 3.2 : (plover < <Preq ) ^^ with ^& to safety me unexpected overstrengthening is well considered. Table 3.1 : steel materials allowed for plastic analysis by Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Nomimal Steelgrade
Thickness t (mm) *)
t<40mm
[Mpa]
235 275 355
EN 10025
standard S 235 S 275 S 355 EN 10113-3 Standard S 275 M S 355 M S 420 M S 460 M
Notes:
fu [Mpa]
360 430 510
fu/fy
A5.65
Sy
40 mm<t< 100 mm fu/fy A5.65 fu

[Mpa]
215 255 335
[Mpa]
Sy
1.53 1.56 1.44
[%]
1.58 1.61 1.46
26 22 22
0.11 0.13 0.17
340 410 490
24 20 20
[%] 0.10 0.12 0.16
275 355 420 460
390 490 500 530
1.42 1.38 1.19 1.15
24 22
19 17
0.13 0.17 0.20 0.22
255 335 390 430
370 470 500 530
1.45 1.40 1.28 1.23
24 22
19 17
0.12 0.16 0.19 0.20
*) r is the nominal thickness of the element : - of the flange of rolled sections (t = tf), in general, or - of the particular elements of welded sections for definition of parameters see figure 1.9 (chapter 1.5)
Steel grades
Minimum guaranteed yield strength ReH (or Rp0,2) in function of nominal thickness t of material
460
a
S 460
ReH(orRpO,2)[Mpa]
460
440
S 420
430
420
430
410 400
390
420 390
355
400
S 355
370
355 345 335
360
335
340
325 315 295
S 275
275
275
265
S 235
255
235
255
245
235 225
215
235 225
195
215
0
Legend:
16
63 80 100 - EN 10025 (for S 235, S 275 & S 355 steel grades), - EN 10113 (forS 275, S 355, S 420 & S 460 steel grades). ; Eurocode 3 specifications (for S 235, S 275, S 355, S 420 S 460 steel grades).
:
40
150
Euronorms specifications
t [mm]
Figure 3.1
494
Figure 3.2 : Decreasing of the rotation requirement in case of actual yield stress which are
greater tiian the nominal yield stress
4/
lateral restraint: the model does not take into account die lateral-torsional buckling, therefore, the ordinary rules of plastic analysis concerning lateral restraint shall be respected (see chapters 1.4 and 1.6.3 or [3], [5], [10]).
effect of stiffener: the given formulas are only valid when stiffeners are applied at the location of plastic hinges. On the otiier hand, if several stiffeners ( more than necessary) are applied in the zone of plastic hinges, the available inelastic rotation can be multiplied by a factor 2 or 3.
5/
In practice, local instabilities due to concentraded loads have to be avoided during the whole
rotational process in plastic hinges, by introducing at location of plastic hinges
:
sufficient stiffening of web, for My and My - load cases and, sufficient stiffening of flanges, for Mz load cases.
Sufficient stiffening can be guaranteed witii usual welded steel plates (see figure 1.8) but also by other means or by consideration of service conditions to ensure economical design : support of secondary beam, support of slab, steel sheet deck (floor, wall, roof) with sufficient stiffening, masonry, concrete walls, concrete infilments, .... In case of distributed loads the need of stiffening is to be appreciated by the designer.
6/
effect of shear forces: the model provides conservative results in case of high shear (meaning Vsd > 0.5 VpiRd and reduced plastic design resistance bending moment MyRd (^ Mpi j^j) as defined in chapter 5.4.7 of Eurocode 3). The model shall respect Eurocode 3 rules about shear resistance of cross-sections, Vsd ^ Vpi.Rd (see Appendix 1 for tables witii plastic resistance of I and cross-sections (Vpi.y.Rd, Vpi^Rd, ...)).
7/
8/
brittle fracture: no brittle fracture is considered.

fatigue effects: no fatigue effects are taken into account.
9/
type of loading: only static loading is permitted (no seismic loading, no dynamic loading).
495
3.3
Influence of parameters on inelastic available rotation
<pav
The values of inelastic rotations of plastic hinges are mainly influenced by die dimensions of die cross-sections as well as by the steel grades of web and flange. They do not depend on die span length (L span) if lateral-torsional buckling is avoided. Some general remarks on influence of parameters have been made in table 1 .3 of chapter 1 . The graphs which follow give an idea of influence of cross-section dimensions and of steel grade on die inelastic rotation (paV. Note tiiat (pav decreases widi increase of slendemess of cross-section members as well as witii increase of yield strengdi.
Pav
[rad]
0.2
0.18
0.16 f
0.14
0.12
0.1
-
0.08 "
0.06
0.04
fy= 320 MPa h= 0,27 m b= 0,135 m tw = 0,0066 m
0.02
0
t
8
b/tf
I
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Figure 3.3 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on (pav (b = const)
0.14
0.13
fy = 320 MPa h = 0,27 m b = 0,102 m tw = 0,0066 m
0.12
0.11
Figure 3.4 Influence of flange slendemess b/tf on <paV (tf = const)
496
0.18 0.16 0.14
[rad]
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
fy = 320 MPa h = 0.27 m b= 0,135 m tw = 0,0102 m
0.02
0
15
d/tw
1
20
25
30
35
40
45
Figure 3.5 Influence of web slendemess d/tw on <pav (h = const)
0.2
0.18
. Id]
-
0.16
IPE 270
0.14 0.12 0.1 -
0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 -
f y [MPa]
275
235
315
355
395
435
475
Figure 3.6 Influence of steel grade fy on <paV
497
3.4
Feldmann's formulas for values of

Three types of load case for 3-point bending system are possible:
A. .
C.
type of load: concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My), type of load: concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (M~), type of load: concentrated load whh combined axial compressive forces, bending about major axis y-y of cross-section (My - N).
The following symbols are used to describe cross-section dimensions:
Figure 3.7
In all formulas:
=150 MPa,
fy A = yield strengdi in flange must be introduced in MPa,
fy.w = yield strengdi in web must be introduced in MPa,
= modulus of elasticity (=210 000 MPa),
Npi = plastic axial resistance of cross-section (=A fy),
Mpi = plastic resistance moment of cross-section (=Wpi fy),
= sectional area of cross-section.
Available inelastic rotations (pav of plastic binge are given in radians[rad].

The following formulas provide characteristic values of available inelastic rotations <pav of plastic hinge which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor (see chapter 1.6.2) to obtain design values of available inelastic rotations cpav.d ( = 9av / ) aplastic hinge. The formulas of Feldmann's model are established for simply supported beams subjected to different kind of loads and or I cross-sections. The practical extension to more complicated spans arrangements and other load cases is presented in chapter 3.5.
498
..
type of load:
concentrated load
witii bending about major axis y-y of cross-section
[rad](3.1)
D,
type of load:
concentrated load
witii bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section
&r
tF-
-^>2-
^)MZ
0<<1
aL
,. (1-C0L
v
/
tF
This formula is only vahd when stiffeners are applied at die loading point.
w
2t, <Pav=<PK,pl+-
Pl-z y
(h'2tf)^fy 4
2C
\
w
[rad]
(3.2)
b3(fyfl+ACT)
where
,=7
0.2
~^\
'>
1= lengtii of the beam.
499
In practical cases die ratio 2b/l are rather small. One can therefore assume die safesided value
of , = 2
C/.
type of load:
concentrated load with bendinp; hont major axis v-v
of cross-section
combined witii axial compressive force
Limit of application of these formulas is set to N/Npi 0.5.

To apply the appropriate formula, the following criteria should be considered:
0ifJL<A-2btt
Np,
_ Aweb Afflai
men me neutral axis should be in web and
<pav
is evaluated
from (3.3):
ty
""^
____J.
neutral axis
N^My
fyB
[rad](3.3)
if
;>
Npi
A 2btf =-^gsL A ^ AtotaiJ
then the neutral axis hes m flange and 9av is calculated from
formula (3.4):
fy
^N^My
-t^Jl'Ura
imPfm^mVm^.
ft,
[rad]
(3.4)
where:
is die applied axial load

500
1-
M *N.y =W\ "pl.y f. *y
~ ^p
1-2A
Af.
with the limit MN y * MpI y(= Wpl y fy )

(see Eurocode 3 [3] or Appendix 1)
(3.5)
Nfl=(tf-tM)bfyil
N
(3.6)
*="2b 1-
*v
(3.7)
_4Ebtj
5hz
(3.8) (3.9)
Pu=btf(fy.fl + Aa)
The following value of Niimit defines the border between formulas (3.3) and (3.4) for <pav Nlimit is related to the case where neutral axis lies in die border between die web and the flange of the cross-section.
.si
fy
h-tf
N^)My
neutral axis
1
fy^
(3.10)
Nlimit=(A-2btf)fy.w
3.5
Extension to other load cases
This chapter contains practical information about application of Feldmann's model to other load cases inducing gradients of moments different from the case of 3-point bending beams:
other load cases (distributed loads, concentrated loads witii combined axial tensile forces), other spans arrangements (continuous beams, frames, ...), other load arrangements (alternative distributed or concentrated load, ...).
They are summarized in table 3.2.
It should
tiiat because cpav does not depend on spans arrangement if sufficient lateral restraint is imposed to avoid lateral-torsional buckling (die lengtii L does not interfere in the Feldmann's formulas), the same model is valid to all possible plastic hinges, no matter if they appear in die span (with sagging bending moments) or at die support (with hogging bending moments).
be noted
501
Table 3.2
Load case
& span arrangement
Applied model & formulas
&
îH
=>
i ^H
^w
l.J
ûjll^
The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and (z) are all identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) fori values given by formula (3.2) forH

=>
-^jp-
1H
MJXX>" @
The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x) are all identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I values given by formula (3.2) for
=>
ws
xqijp7
The available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges (h) or (x) and (y) are all identical and equal to : values given by formula A (3.1) for I values given by formula (3.2) for
,
=>
-w
sfr
^qjp^
If compression (->H
If tensioni-
H*j : The available inelastic rotation av for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and (z) are all identical and equal to values given by formulas C (3.3) and C (3.6) fori
Conservative values for the available inelastic rotation <pav for plastic hinges (h) or (x), (y) and (z) are given by formula A (3.1) fori
502
In case of distributed load, a realistic approach consists in considering the case of concentrated load, because there are no experimental results to confirm the model for this kind of load case. On the other hand, test results on 4-point bending beams have delivered greater available rotation capacities in comparison with 3-point bending beams [7]:
<Pav(
trit
avi cr Jj ><Pav(,
-^r>
According to numerical simulations presented in figure 3.8, if sufficient lateral restraint is ensured. cpav (for distributed load) = cpav (for concentrated load). For lateral restraint rules - see chapter 1.6.3.
il
MpLj
<Pav
(-"*)
"-
-DL/LR1
CL/LR1
"
C CL/LR2
DL/LR2
m.
('01i_i_i'> rav I,-"-"-/
load case
77
7ff7
concentrated load (CL)
distributed load (DL)
* restraint (LR1) :
"
I
i
(LRl)
(LRl}
lateral restraint (LR2)
(LR2)
(LR2)
Figure 3.8
Therefore,
503
3.6
Tables with values of q>av fr I and H cross-sections
The tables which are included in this chapter are derived from the Feldmann's formulas presented in chapter 3.4 and based on assumptions detailed in chapter 3.2. They have been prepared to give a quick and easy estimation of <Pav values instead of applying die equations of the model. The tables concern standard European and British I and H hot-rolled steel profiles:
IPE, IPE A, IPE O, HE AA HE A HE B, HE M, UB and UC.

The following steel grades are considered in the tables (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material thickness according to Eurocode 3):
3.6.1 Tables of tpav for S 235 steel grade (fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm), 3.6.2 Tables of <paV for S 275 steel grade (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm), 3.6.3 Tables of cpaV for S 355 steel grade (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm), 3.6.4 Tables of <paV for S 420 steel grade (fy = 420 MPa for tf < 40 mm), 3.6.5 Tables of <pav for S 460 steel grade (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Inelastic rotations can be provided only for "plastic" cross-sections, therefore only classes 1 and 2 cross-sections according to present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] are covered in the tables. For crosssections in classes 3 and 4 , there are no available inelastic rotations (<pav = "-" is introduced in the tables). In case of My-N interaction, where the web class which depends on the position of neutral axis cannot be given a priori, the value of maximal normal force (Nmax) applied to the cross-section limits the application of the model.
The border between class 2 (plastic) cross-sections (=> cpavÔ) and class 3 (elastic) cross-sections (=> (pav=0) is in Eurocode 3 [3] [4] defined by the highest (the least favourable) limitation of its compressed elements (web and/or flange). These limitations are presented in table 3.3 (issued from table 1.5a).
Table 3.3 : Border between class 2 and class 3 cross-sections according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]
Load
cases
*
1
1 1
y
r
Class of elements of cross-sections
L-
tw
d
Flange class
c/+ <11
N<Nborder 456 13 -1
Web
class
d/t
w
<83
which is equivalent to
_d_
t...
where 0,5 <
-+0,5
<l
2dVy
420
j
460
0,71
Note:
+ : stresses in compression fy (N/mm2)

8 (if t <, 40 mm)
stresses m tension
235
275
355
= ^235/fy
0,92
0,81
0,78
0,78
8(if40mmtl00mm)
0,96
0,84
0,74
504
Three load cases are represented in the tables:
A.
B.
C.
concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section (My): given in the column 2, they are calculated from the formula (3.1).
(pay values are
concentrated load witii bending about minor axis z-z of the cross-section (M21: cpav values are given in the column 3, they result from the formula (3.2) (witii safesided . = 0,2). concentrated load with bending about major axis v-v of the cross-section combined with axial compressive force (My-N): tables provide four columns for this load case, because the values of tpav are not constant for a given cross-section and depend on the applied normal force N. Figure 3.9 shows the influence of that force on inelastic rotation cpaV. In formulas of Feldmann's model, the normal force is also expressed in terms of N/Npi ratio,with Npi meaning axial plastic force (=A fy).
, [rad]
neutral axis in web (formula (3.3))
neutral axis in flange ^(formula (3.4))
limit of application of model
0,1
0,4
N/Npi [-]
0,3
0,4
force [kN]
Nlimit
0,5 Npi
Figure 3.9 Column 4 furnishes values of maximal normal force which can be applied to the cross-section, in other words, the limit of application of the model ,- is calculated as a minimum of the two
following values:
limit of application of <pav model for My-N interaction which is set to N=0,5 Npi (half the
plastic axial resistance) (see figure 3.9), NjjQj^gj = normal force defining the border between class 2 web (plastic) and class 3 web (elastic) for My-N loading [3] [4] [14] (see table 3.3).
Therefore, if applied values of are greater than Nmax, there are no available inelastic rotations in plastic hinges: = 0.
Values of Numit (see formula (3.10)), listed in column 6, correspond to the transition of neutral axis from web to flange (see figure 3.9). Thus, if values of are lower than Ninit, <Pav should be taken from column 5, otherwise we use values delivered by column 7. Column 5 presents <paV corresponding to the neutral axis lying in web - these values are deduced from the formula (3.3) and they are constant for different values of N. In column 7, the case of the neutral axis in flange is given - these values are calculated from formula (3.4) with = Ny^. Depending on value, inelastic rotations slightly change, but for reason of simplicity a constant value (given in column 7) is assumed for cases where > Niimit.Obviously N]^ can not be greater than
Nmax
505
For sections in classes 3 or 4 in case of My loading, tables deliver no available inelastic rotations for N-My loading (<paV = "-") and ,^ & Ni^ values do not mean anything OW = "-* and Njimit = "-" in tables).
All available inelastic rotation (pav given in radians [rad] in tables are characteristic values and must be divided by appropriate partial safety factor to obtain design values of available inelastic
rotation <pj,v.d (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6)
<Pav.d
:
= <Pav/TM(p
where
For <pa values in tables
related to <Pav formulas
1,52 1,73
in columns 2 & 5
(3.1) & (3.3)

(3.2) (3.4)
in column 3 in column 7
2,02
Notation of symbols used in die tables:

(Pav
Mv Mz
Nmax
available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge, [rad]; applied bending moment about major axis y-y; applied bending moment about minor axis z-z; applied axial force; limit of application of die formula My-N, [kN], ="-" in tables, if sections are in class 3 or 4 for My loading, =minimum (0,5 A fy; ,^ between class 2 web and class 3 web for My - loading),
where ^^
= minimum dtwfy; 456 -5,5

V
d
W j
4
6.5
j , (see table 3.3),
(Note : if the class of a cross-section submitted to My loading is lower or equal to 2 and if, the web class for loading is also lower or equal to 2, then border does not exist); Niimit border between two Feldmann's formulas : (3.3) and (3.4) (see formula (3. 10)) (with Numit < Nmax , in tables) fkN]; Npi plastic axial force (=A fy).
The following flow-chart n2 explains the elaboration of the tables and the way to use them.
506
Flow-chart n2
Internal force and/or bending moment applied to the cross-section
U
My.Sd*0
Nsd
My.Sd
*0
Mz.5d
"0
(compression)
<Pav
=0
column 2
of tables
column 7
<Pav*0
of tables
3"0
columns of tables
âv.d = âv ; ' with appropriate safety factor
507
3.6.1
Tables of <pav for S 235 steel grade
508
IPE
Available inelastic rotation (pav

Noie: aV must be divided by ffâ ( chapter 36)
IPE A -IPE O
1
6
r
0
r^
pl
L L-
-J
c
L/2
Nmax
<Pav
>K L/2
1
iA
Designation
_>y
<Pav
u IJMZ
<Pav
5 My-
trad]
Nllmit
<Pav
[rad]
[rad]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750 137 IPE 750 147 IPE 750 173 IPE 750 196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600
IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE O 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600
[rad]
0,356 0,343 0,336 0,331 0,325 0,322 0,317 0,316 0,313 0,304 0,299 0,299 0,303 0,304 0,306 0,311 0,313 0,319 0,290 0,289 0,312 0,332
0,326
[kN]
90
121
for < Nnmit

0,520 0,390 0,321 0,278 0,248 0,227 0,211 0,201 0,191 0,174 0,163 0,157 0,156 0,149 0,144 0,141 0,139 0,141 0,096 0,103 0,127 0,147
0,398 0,307 0,247 0,202 0.178 0,169 0,158 0,159 0,152 0,139 0,134 0,130 0,130 0,122 0,119 0,119 0,117 0,120
[kN]
67 95
121
for N N,Imit
0,149 0,108 0,087 0,074 0,065 0,059 0,054 0,051 0,048 0,043 0,040 0,038 0,038
-
0,520 0,390 0,321 0.278 0,248 0,227 0,211 0,201 0,191 0,174 0,163 0,157 0,156 0,149 0,144 0,141 0,139 0,141 0,096 0,103 0,127 0,147
0,398 0,307 0,247 0,202 0,178 0,169 0,158 0,159 0,152 0,139 0,134 0,130 0,130
155 193 236

281
149 187
221
335 392 460 540 632 736 855 653 749

851 999
270 309 367 433 510 606 694

-
1148 614 1075 1458 1887
0,122
0,119 0,119 0,117 0,120
0,318 0,310 0,306 0,299 0,299 0,297 0,297 0,295 0,289 0,285 0,286 0,293 0,292 0,295 0,300 0,303 0,310
0,335 0,329 0,326 0,322 0,324 0,316 0,315 0,318 0,318 0,327 0,330
75 103 130 157 190 230 276 332 391 259 312 346 326 347 380 452 499 582
318 376 439 514 633 738 853 989 1133 1382 1606 1834
59 85 106 123 153 182 223 266 315

-
0,111 0,083 0,065 0,052 0,045 0,042 0,039 0,039 0,037

-
0,273 0,245 0,234 0,224 0,212 0.197 0,188 0,188 0.176 0,179 0,175 0,168 0,188
0,332 0,348
2312
0,273 0,245 0,234 0,224 0,212 0,197 0,188 0,188 0,176 0,179 0,175 0,168 0,188
248 296 342 408 485 569 679 789 939 1177 1409 1655 2097
0,073 0,064 0,061 0,058 0,055 0,050 0,047 0,047 0,043 0,044 0,042 0,040 0,045
509
HE AA

Noie: Cay must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.6)
S 235
|
HEA
1
Pi
,
______
0 \<r |C
1
pl
L/2 *-' Pf1-.
,
1
. L/2 -
r
Designation
J My *
j
H>
JMy-N
Nmax
<Pav
<Pav
<Pav
[rad]
Nlimit
<Pav
trad]
[rad]
HE 100 AA
[rad]
0.276 0,263
-
[kN]
183 218
-
for < Nlimit

0,451 0,309
-
[kN]
108 126
-
for > Num

0,136 0,091
-
HE120AA HE140AA
HE 160 AA HE 180 AA HE 200 AA HE 220 AA HE240AA HE 260 AA HE 280 AA HE 300 AA HE 320 AA HE 340 AA HE 360 AA HE400AA
0,451 0,309
-
HE450AA
HE 500 AA
HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE 700 AA

HE 800 AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
0,133 0,132 0,124 0,118 0,115 0,106 0,104 0,098
0,265 0,269 0,271 0,274 0,278 0,283 0,292 0,297
1608 1179 1214 1249 1282 1355 1413 1459
0,133 0,132 0,124 0,118 0,115 0,106 0,104 0,098 0,628 0,434 0,381 0,343 0,280 0,264
1243
-
0,033
-
0,628 0.434 0,381 0,343 0,280 0,264 0,255 0.247 0,218 0,212 0,209 0,213 0,214 0,214 0,213 0,200 0,191 0,180 0,172 0,165 0,163 0,147 0,140 0,131
0,310 0,292 0,284 0,278 0,273 0,269 0,269 0,269 0,266 0,264 0,265 0,271 0,276 0,281 0,288 0,297 0,306 0,311 0,315 0,320 0,325 0,329 0,338 0,343
250 298 369 456 532 633 756 903 1020 1143 1322
1461 1568
123 144 179 234 260 325
0,255 0,247
0,218 0,212 0,209 0,213 0,214 0,214 0,213 0,200 0,191 0,180 0,172 0,165 0,163
1677 1868 2092 2321 2488 2661 1571 1788 1699 1771 1640
375 452 513 575 670 737 810 887 1057

1223 1399 1592
1797
I
0,195 0,133 0,116 0,103 0,084 0,078 0,076 0,073 0,064 0,062 0,061 0,062 0,062 0,062 0,060 0,055 0,052 0,048 0,044
-
0,147 0,140
0,131
"
510

Nete: (pav must be divided by ffjjm (see chapter 3.6)
6
r
pl
L
0 L/2
-
.
'T-
L/2
-
Pav
Designation
_>y
<Pav
HV
<Pav
X->y-N
Nmax
<Pav
[rad]
Nlimit
[rad]
2:
[rad]
HE 100 8 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000
HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
[rad]
0,338 0,327 0,319 0,312 0,308 0,304 0,301 0,298 0,293 0,289 0,288 0,295 0,299 0,304 0,311 0,320 0,329 0,334 0,339 0,343 0,348 0,352 0,362 0,366
0,461 0,431 0,409 0,392 0,379 0,368 0,360 0,379 0,368 0,359 0,374
[kN]
306 400 505 637 767 917 1070 1245 1392 1544 1752 1896 2008 2122 2324 2561 2804 2985 3172 3364 3600 2703 2810 2672
for < Niimit

0,879 0,699 0,589 0,579 0,515 0,467 0,431 0,403 0.349 0,330 0,318 0,314 0,308 0,303 0,292 0,265 0,247 0,230 0,216 0,205 0,200 0,178 0,167 0,154
3,216 2,381 1,866 1,660 1,393 1,199 1,053 1,153 0,977 0,889 0,974 0,871 0,786
[kN]
142 179 220 297 349 425 485 573 645 718 824 901 985 1072 1264 1456 1660 1881 2114 2358 2688
-
for
N,imit
0,879 0,699 0,589 0,579 0,515 0,467 0,431 0,403 0,349 0,330 0,318 0,314 0,308 0,303 0,292 0,265 0,247 0,230 0,216 0,205 0,200 0,178 0,167 0,154
3,216 2,381 1,866 1,660 1,393 1,199 1,053 1,153 0,977 0,889 0,974 0,871
0,278 0,220 0,185 0,180 0,160 0,144 0,133 0,124 0,107 0,100 0,096 0,095 0,092 0,089 0,084 0,075 0,069 0,062 0,057 0,053 0,051
-
626 780 947 1140

1331
0,786 0,714 0,599 0.497 0,424 0,368

0,325 0,292 0,265 0,224 0,196 0,174
0,379 0,379 0,380

0,381 0,381 0,381 0,381 0,382 0,382 0,382 0,383 0,383
0,383
1543 1756 2345 2581 2822 3561 3667 3711 3746 3828 3941
4045 4164 4273 4391 4500 4750 4978 3646
0,714 0,599 0,497

0,424 0,368 0,325 0,292 0,265 0,224 0,196 0,174
255 317 383 486 563 665 750 960 1068 1177 1440 1524 1613 1702 1884 2111 2338 2575 2812 3049 3286 3804 4278
-
1,039 0,767 0,600 0,531 0,445 0,382 0,335 0,369 0,312 0,283 0,312 0,277 0,248 0,223 0,183 0,148 0,123 0,104 0,090 0,078 0,070 0,056 0,047
-
511
UB
Available inelastic rotation
<pav
Noie: (paV must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
r-
"
I
c U2
>|c L/2
Irad]
Designation
3 Mu
<Pav
fl
<Pav
M,
^My-N
max
[kN]
285 345 376
449
<Pav
[rad]
Nlimit
<Pav
[rad]
UB 178 X 102 X 19 UB 203 X 102 X 23 UB 203 X 133 X 25 UB 203 X 133 X 30 UB 254 X 102 X 22 UB 254 102 X 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 X 146 X 31 UB 254 X 146 X 37 UB 254 146 X 43 UB 305 X 165 X 40 UB 305 165 X 46 UB 305 X 165 X 54 UB 356 X 171 X 45 UB 356 X 171 X 51 UB 356 X 171 X 57 UB 356 X 171 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 54 UB 406 X 178 X 60 UB 406 X 178 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 74 UB 457 X 1S2 X 52 UB 457 X 152 60 UB 457 X 152 X 67 UB 457 152 X 74 UB 457 152 82 UB 457 X 191 X 67 UB 457 X 191 X 74 UB 457 X 191 X 82 UB 457 X 191 X 89 UB 457 X 191 X 98 UB 533 X 210 X 82 UB 533 210 X 92 UB 533 X 210 101 UB 533 X 210 X 109 UB 533 X 210 122 UB 610 X 229 101 UB 610 X 229 X 113 UB 610 X 229 125 UB 610 X 229 X 140 UB 610 X 305 X 149 UB 610 X 305 X 179 UB 610 X 305 X 238 UB 686 X 254 125 UB 686 X 254 X 140 UB 686 X 254 152 UB 686 X 254 X 170 UB 762 X 267 X 147 UB 762 X 267 X 173 UB 762 X 267 197 UB 838 X 292 X 176 UB 838 X 292 X 194 UB 838 X 292 X 226 UB 914 305 X 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 X 305 X 253 UB 914 X 305 X 289 UB 914 X 419 X 343 UB 914 419 X 388
[rad]
0.308 0,327 0,281 0.300 0,293 0.314 0,336 0.282 0.303 0.320 0.286 0.299 0,314 0,279 0,293 0.305
0,326
for < Niimit

0,205
0,210
[kN]
194 246
for > Niimit

0,054
0,205 0.210 0.192

0.237
0,055
0,051
0.135 0,158
0,181
280 376
424
0.156 0,184 0.222 0.136 0.159 0.195
466 554
644
0,122
0.140 0.160
0,194
277 387 808 374

444
580
1005
0,192 0,237 0.135 0.158 0.181 0.156 0.184 0.222 0.136 0.159 0.195 0.122 0.140 0.160
0.194
263
294
0,065 0.038
0,044 0,040 0,049
351 368 342 358 408
0,060
541
0.051
0,050
0.119
0.134
0,153 0.172 0.107 0.126

0,144
0.162 0.183 0.122 0.137

0.154
0.170 0,191 0.111 0.127 0.142 0,156 0.178 0.108 0,123 0.139
0,158
0,285 0,300 0.311 0.324 0,299 0.321 0,335 0,353 0,369 0,293 0.306 0.316 0,328 0.341 0,288 0.303 0.315
0,324 0,340
426 463 646 1110 336 425 606

741
0,119
0,134
0.153 0,172 0.107 0.126

0,144
871
0,043
967 502 606 813 967 1472 610 725 900

1119
0,162 0,183 0,122 0,137

0.154
1826
674
0.170 0.191 0.111 0.127 0.142 0.156 0.178

0.108
1168
0,048
1530
0,044
0,290
0,305
823
1039 1403
0,319
0,333
0,123 0.139
0,158
0,132 0.165 0.238 0,106 0.121

0.134
0,290
0.307
1028
1764 3564
0.340 0,289
0,304
0,132 0,165 0.238

0.106
2533
0.063
0.152 0.103 0.126 0.147

0.101 0.114
0,315 0.329 0,292 0.312 0.332

0.289
826 1018 1258 1693 955 1421

1884 1111 1336
0.121
0.134
0.152 0.103 0.126 0,147

0,101 0.114
0.137 0.100 0.116 0.134 0.156 0,151 0.175
0,303 0,327 0.292 0,309 0,327 0,344 0.306 0,321
1835
1284
1561
2098 3072
0,137 0,100 0.116

0.134
3120
5807
0.156 0.151 0.175
4381
0,044
512

Note: <pav must be divided by ffjla
<pav
f8* chapter 3.6)

5
pl
t
Designation
m,
Nmax
<Pav
U
-
L/2
'T-
L/2
-
_>y
<Pav
HI
[rad]
.
-^My-N
<Pav
[rad]
N|mit
<Pav
[rad]
[rad]
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152 152x37 UC 203 203 46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203 203 60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 305 97 UC 305 305 118 UC 305 305 137 UC 305 305 158 UC 305 305 198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356 368 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
-
[kN]
_
for < Niimit

_
[kN]
|
for N s NlimIt
0,112 0,167 0,085
0,101
0,374 0,548 0,283 0,334 0,450 0,506 0,784 0,270 0,364 0,530 0,734 1,125 0,240 0,330 0,421 0,536 0,759 1,077 1,604 0,211 0,273 0,352 0,444 0,537 0,787 1,196 1,568 2,113 2,891 3,609
0,285 0,303 0,275 0,285 0,296 0,316 0,336 0,277 0,294 0,310 0,334 0,366 0,270 0,284 0,297 0,312 0,339
0,364 0,393 0,266
450 554 690 779 897 1063 1288 1094 1331 1602 1976 2501 1451 1765 2049 2366 2966 3593 3875
1931
0,278 0,289 0,300 0,306 0,327 0,350 0,370 0,398 0,427 0,456
2289 2650 3022 3518 4297 4655 5381 6395 7546 8681
0,374 0,548 0,283 0,334 0,450 0,506 0,784 0,270 0,364 0,530 0,734 1,125 0,240 0,330 0,421 0,536 0,759 1,077 1,604 0,211 0,273 0,352 0,444 0,537 0,787 1,196 1.568 2,113 2,891 3,609
224 273 328 357

421 447
562
489 579 711 844 1051 691 828 945
0,137 0,158 0,246

0,081 0,111 0,164 0,231 0,357 0,071 0,099 0,128 0,166 0,238 0,341 0,482 0,063 0,083 0,108 0,138 0,168 0,249 0,359 0,473 0,640 0,877 1,096
1075 1290 1544

1639 830 973 1132 1290 1433 1749 1876 2152 2510 2945 3324
513
3.6.2
Tables of <pav for
275 steel grade
514
IPE IPE A -IPE O

1

Note: 9aV must be divided by YfJia> (see chapter 3.6)
6
f
pl
*
Designation
!=
<Pav
c
L/2
^*max
<Pav
>K L/2
j
<Pav
My
Hk
[rad]
0,352 0,339 0,332 0,327
0,321 0,318 0,314 0,312 0,310 0,302 0,296 0,297 0,300 0,301 0,303 0,308 0,310 0,316 0,287 0,287 0,309 0,328
< ^My-N
[rad]
Nlimit
<Pav
[rad]
at
[rad]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750 137 IPE 750 147 IPE 750 173 IPE 750 196
[kN]
105 142 182 226 276 329 392 459 538 632 740 530 586 657 747 844 990 1133 526 1003 1403 1853
88 121 152 184 222 269 195 239 252 258 311 344 318 335 360 426 465 541
for < Num

0,427
0,321 0,264 0,229 0,205
[kN]
79
111
for
Numit
0,427
0,321 0,264 0,229 0,205 0,188 0,175 0,166 0,158 0,144 0,135 0,130 0,129 0,124 0,119
0,188 0,175 0,166

0,158 0,144 0,135 0,130 0,129 0,124 0,119 0,117 0.115 0,117 0,080 0,085 0,105 0,122
142 175 219 258 316 361 429 506 597

-
0,136 0,098 0,079 0,068 0,059 0,054 0,049 0,047 0,044 0,039 0,037
-
0,117 0,115 0.117 0,080 0,085 0,105 0,122

0,327 0,252 0,204 0,167 0,148 0,140 0,131 0,132 0,126 0,115 0,111 0,108 0,108 0,102 0,099 0,099 0,097 0,099 0,226 0,203 0,194 0,185 0,176 0,163
0,156 0,156 0,146 0,148 0,145 0,139 0,155
IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600
IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE O 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600
0,323 0,315 0,307 0,303 0,297 0,296 0,294 0,294 0,293 0,287 0,283 0,284 0,291 0,290 0,293 0,298 0,300 0,307 0,332 0,325 0,323 0,319 0,321 0,313 0,312 0,315 0,314 0,323 0,327 0,328 0,344
0,327 0,252 0,204 0,167 0,148 0,140 0,131 0,132 0,126 0,115 0,111 0,108 0,108 0,102 0,099 0,099 0,097 0,099 0,226 0,203 0,194 0,185 0,176 0,163 0,156 0,156 0,146 0,148 0,145 0,139 0,155
69 99 124 143 179 213

-
0,101 0,075 0,059 0,047

0,041 0,039
-
373 439 514 601 740 864 998 1157 1325 1618 1379 1495 2706
290 346 400 477 568 666 794 923 1099 1377
.
0,066 0,058 0,056 0,052 0,050 0,046 0,043 0,043 0,039 0,040
-
2454
0,041
515
<pav
Note: (f>av must be divided by /| (see chapter 3.6)
Designation
pl
,
Nmax
<Pav
pl
L/2
--
. L/2
-
ID HV
My
<Pav
T-'
[rad]
[kN]
214
-
) My -N
Nlimit
<Pav
[rad]
HE 100 AA
9av [rad]
0,274
-
[rad]
for < Nnmit

0,372
-
[kN]
126
-
for > Num

0,123
-
0,372
-
HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE 260 AA

HE 280 AA HE 300 AA HE 320 AA HE 340 AA HE360AA HE 400 AA
HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA

HE600AA HE 650 AA HE 700 AA
HE800AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA

0,109 0,103 0,098 0,095 0,088 0,086 0,081 0,517 0,359 0,315 0,284 0,233 0,219 0,212 0,206
-
0,267 0,270 0,272 0,276 0,281 0,290 0,294 0,307 0,290 0,282 0,276 0,271 0,267 0,267 0,267
-
1186 1211 1233
1253 1300 1325 1334

292 348 432 533 622 740 885 1056
-
0,109 0,103 0,098 0,095 0,088 0,086 0,081 0,517 0,359 0,315 0,284 0,233 0,219 0,212 0,206
-
144 169 209 274 304 380 438 529

-
0,178 0,122 0,106 0,094
0,077
0,071 0,069 0,067
-
0,178 0,178 0,179 0,177 0,167 0,160 0,150 0,143 0.137 0,135 0,122 0,117 0,108
0,270 0,274 0,279 0,285 0,294 0,303 0,308 0,312 0,317 0,321 0,326 0,335 0,339
1710 1835 1963 2186 2448 2716 2912 1544 1573 1786 1660 1699 1523
0,178 0,178 0,179 0,177 0,167 0,160 0,150 0,143 0,137 0,135 0,122 0,117 0,108
863 948 1038 1237 1431 1637 1863

-
0,057 0,056 0,056 0,054 0,050 0,047 0,043

-
516

Itola: (pav must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.6)
1
\r-
Pi
L
pl
-
l^
I:
L'2 >K L'2

5
ff
<Pav
Designation
_) My HV
<Pav <Pav
T-'
Nmax
<Pav
My-
Niimit
[rad]
[rad]
[rad]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000
[rad]
0,334 0,323 0,316 0,309 0,305 0,301 0,298 0,295 0,291 0,287 0,285 0,292 0,297 0,301 0,308 0,317 0,326 0,330 0,335 0,339 0,344 0,348 0,357 0,362 0,454 0,425 0,403 0,387 0,374 0,364 0,355 0,374 0,364 0,355 0.370 0,375 0,375 0,375 0,376 0,376 0,376 0,376 0,377 0,377 0,378 0,378 0,379 0,379
[kN]
358 468 591 746 897 1074 1252 1457 1629 1806 2050 2218 2350 2484 2719 2997 3281 3493 3712 3937 4213 2717 2789 2601 732 913 1108 1334 1557 1805 2055 2744 3020 3302 4167 4291 4343 4384 4479 4612 4734 4873 5000 5139 5266 5559 4102 3623
for < Niimit

0,722 0,575 0,485 0,477
0,425 0,386 0,357 0,334 0,290 0,274 0,264 0,261 0,256 0,251 0,242 0,221 0,206 0,191 0.179 0,170 0,166 0,147 0,139 0,128
[kN]
166 209 257 348 408
for N s N|imlt
0,254 0,201 0,169 0,164 0,146 0,132 0,121 0,113 0,098 0,092 0,088 0,086 0,084 0,082 0,077 0,069 0,063 0,057 0,052 0,048 0,046
-
0,722 0,575 0,485 0,477 0,425

0,386 0,357 0,334 0,290 0,274 0,264 0,261 0,256 0,251 0,242 0,221 0,206 0,191 0,179
497 568
671 755 841 965 1054 1152 1255 1479 1704 1943 2202 2474 2759 3145
-
| |
0,170 0,166 0,147 0,139

0,128
2,620 1,943 1,524 1,357 1,140 0,982 0,864 0,946 0,803 0,731 0,800 0,717 0,647 0,589 0,494 0,411 0,351 0,304 0,269 0,242 0.220 0,186 0,162 0,144
2,620 1,943 1,524 1,357 1,140 0,982 0,864 0,946 0,803 0,731 0,800 0.717 0,647 0,589 0,494 0,411 0,351 0,304 0,269 0,242 0,220 0,186 0,162 0,144
298 371 449 569 659 778 878 1124 1250 1377 1685 1783 1887 1991 2205 2471 2736 3013 3291 3568 3845 4451
-
0,947 0,700 0,547 0,485

0,406 0,348 0,305 0,337 0,285 0,258 0.285 0,254 0,227 0,204 0,168 0,136 0,113 0,095 0,082
0,072 0,064 0,051

-
517
<pav
Note: <p3V must be divided by f Ma (see chapter 3.6)
I
cr
Designation
1
Mv
<Pav
"
M,
1
fe L/2
>|c L/2
ff
<Pav
ID )
<Pav
z^
max
[kN]
334 404
440
Mu-N
Niimit
<Pav
[rad]
[rad]
[rad]
UB 178 X 102 X 19 UB 203 X 102 X 23 UB 203 X 133 X 25 UB 203 X 133 X 30 UB 254 X 102 X 22 UB 254 X 102 X 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 146 X 31 UB 254 X 146 X 37 UB 254 146 X 43 UB 305 X 165 X 40 UB 305 X 165 X 46 UB 305 X 165 54 UB 356 171 45 UB 356 X 171 X 51 UB 356 X 171 57 UB 356 X 171 67 UB 406 X 178 X 54 UB 406 X 178 X 60 UB 406 X 178 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 74 UB 457 X 152 X 52 UB 457 X 152 X 60 UB 457 X 152 X 67 UB 457 X 152 X 74 UB 457 X 152 82 UB 457 191 67 UB 457 X 191 74 UB 457 X 191 X 82 UB 457 191 X 89 UB 457 191 98 UB 533 X 210 X 82 UB 533 X 210 X 92 UB 533 X 210 101 UB 533 X 210 X 109 UB 533 X 210 X 122 UB 610 X 229 X 101 UB610X229X 113 UB 610 X 229 X 125 UB 610 X 229 X 140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610 305 X 179 UB 610 X 305 X 238 UB 686 X 254 X 125 UB 686 X 254 140 UB 686 254 X 152 UB 686 X 254 170 UB 762 X 267 147 UB 762 X 267 X 173 UB 762 267 X 197 UB 838 X 292 X 176 UB 838 X 292 X 194 UB 838 292 X 226 UB 914 X 305 X 201 UB 914 305 X 224 UB 914 X 305 X 253 UB 914 305 X 289 UB 914 X 419 X 343 UB 914 419 X 388
[rad]
0.305 0.323 0.279 0.297 0.290 0.311 0,332 0,280 0.301 0,317
0.284
for < Niimit

0.170 0.174
0.159
[kN]
227 288 308 344
for > N,|mit

0.049 0,050 0.046 0,059
0.170
0,174
0.159 0.196 0.111
0,131
0,150 0.130 0.153
0.184 0.113
525 281 328 378 336 649 753 272

387 946
0,196 0.111 0.131 0,150 0,130 0,153

0,184
419 477
0,044
0.055
0.132 0.162 0.101 0.117 0.133 0,161 0.099 0.111 0.127

0.143 0,088
0.296 0,311 0.277 0.291 0.302 0.322 0.283 0.297 0.308 0,320
0.297
0.105 0.120
0.134
0.317 0.332 0.349

0,364
0.151 0.101
0.113
0.128
0,141
0,290 0.303 0.313

0,325
0,158 0,092
0,106
0,118 0.129 0.148

0,089
0,102 0.115 0.131 0.110 0.137 0.197 0.087 0,100

0.111 0,126
0.337 0.285 0,301 0.312 0.320 0,336 0.288 0,302 0.316 0,330 0,287
0.304
366 440 583 1175 412 451 643 813 309 402 591 733 970 482 591 809 970 1236 579 699 683 1114' 1468 628 783 1009 1391 1001
1774
0.113 0,132 0,162 0.101 0.117 0.133 0.161 0.099 0.111 0.127 0,143 0,088 0.105 0.120
0.134
634
0,047
855
0.046
0.151
0.101 0,113
0,128
0,141
0.158 0.092
0.106
0.336 0.286 0.301

0,311
4171 767
967 1218 1674
0.118 0.129 0,148 0.089 0,102 0.115 0,131 0,110 0,137 0.197 0.087
0.100
2964
0,058
0,325
0,289
0.085
0,104
879
1364
0.111 0,126 0.085

0.104
0.122
0,083
0.309 0.328
0.287
1850
1014
0.122
0,083 0.094
0,094 0.113 0.083 0.096 0.111 0.130 0.126 0,145
0.300 0.323 0.290 0.306 0.323 0,341 0,303 0.318
1248 1769 1170

1459
2019
3041
3102 4186
0.113 0.083 0.096 0.111 0,130 0,126 0.145
518
(f>av
Not: <jpav must be divided by ( chapter 3.6)
Wi
"1
L
l^
Designation
î -
L/2
[rad]
.
->K
1
L/2
. H>,
<Pav
<Pav
5 My -
Nmax
<Pav
Niimit
<Pav
[rad]
_
[rad]
UC 152 152 23 UC 152 152 30 UC 152 152 37 UC 203 203 46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203 203 60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 305 97 UC 305 305 118 UC 305 305 137 UC 305 305 158 UC 305 305 198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356 368 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
-
[rad]
-
[kN]
_
for < Nmit

0,309 0,451 0,235 0,276 0,371 0,418 0,644 0,224 0,301 0,437 0,604 0,922 0,200 0,273 0,347 0,442 0,624 0,883 1,298
-
[kN]
_
for Niimit
0,102 0,153 0,077 0,092 0,125 0,144 0,225 0,074 0,102 0,150 0,211 0,326 0,065 0,091 0,117 0,151 0,217 0,311 0,437
.
0,309
0,451 0,235 0,276 0,371
0,418 0,644
0,224 0,301 0,437 0,604
0,922
0,200 0,273 0,347
0,442 0,624 0,883

1,298
-
0,283 0,301 0,273 0,283 0,293 0,313 0,333 0,275 0,291 0,307 0,331 0,362 0,268 0,282 0,295 0,309 0,335 0,360 0,387
-
526 648 808 911 1050 1243 1508 1280 1558 1875 2312 2927 1697 2065
2398 2769
3471 4205 4595
-
262 319 383 418 493 523 657 572 677 833 988 1230 809 969 1106 1259 1510 1807 1944
_
0,227 0,292 0,367 0,443 0,646 0,969 1,269 1,707 2,331 2,907
0,276 0,286 0,297 0,303 0,324 0,346 0,366 0,393 0,421 0,449
2679 3101 3537 4117 5028 5521 6382 7585 8950 10296
0,227 0,292 0,367 0,443 0,646 0,969 1,269 1,707 2,331 2,907
1139 1324 1509 1677 2047 2225 2552 2977 3492 3942
0,076 0,099 0,126 0,154 0,227 0,326 0,429 0,580 0,795 0,994
519
3.6.3
Tables of (pav for
355 steel grade
520
IPE

m\Smm'.
IPE A -IPE O
1
<Pav
<&
be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.6)
Wi
pl
L
>\
l^
Designation
% U2
"
>\<l
1
L/2
ff
[rad]
_>y
<Pav
I
I
\*\ M I JM2
<Pav
^My-N
''max [kN]
136 183 234 292 357 425 506 592 694 447 491 529 579 644 721 803 937 1065 313 815 1240 1720
113 156 196 238 171 186 195 240 251 250 298
<Pav
[rad]
Nlimit
<Pav
[rad]
[rad]
0,346 0,333 0,327 0,322 0,316 0,313 0,309 0,308 0,305 0,297 0,292 0,292 0,296 0,296
for < Niimit

0,303 0,228 0,188 0,164 0,146 0,135 0,125 0,119 0,114 0,104 0,097 0,093 0,093 0,089 0,086 0,084 0,083 0,084 0,057 0,061 0,075 0,087 0,232 0,180 0,146 0,120 0,106 0,101 0,094 0,095 0,091 0,083 0,080 0,078 0,078 0,073 0,071 0,071 0,070 0,072
0,161
[kN]
102 144 183 225 282 333 408 466 554
. -
for > Niimit

0,116 0,084 0,068 0,058 0,050 0,046
0,303 0,228 0,188 0,164 0,146 0,135 0,125 0,119 0,114 0,104 0,097 0,093 0.093 0,089 0,086 0,084 0,083 0,084
0,042 0,040 0,037

_
0,299 0,303 0,305 0,311

0,284 0,283 0,305 0,323
0,057
0,061
0,075 0,087
0,232 0,180 0,146 0,120 0,106 0,101 0,094 0,095 0,091 0,083 0,080 0,078 0,078 0,073 0,071 0,071 0,070 0,072
0,161. 0,145 0.139 0,133 0,126 0,117
IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE O 500 IPE 550 IPE 600
0,318 0,310 0,303 0,299 0,293 0,292 0,290 0,290 0,289 0,283 0,279 0,280 0,287 0,286 0,289 0,293 0,296 0,303 0,326 0,320 0,317 0,314 0,316 0,308 0,307 0,310 0,310 0,318 0,321 0,323 0,338
89 128 160 185

-
0,086 0,064 0,050 0,040

. _
327
291
297 306 355 377 433

481
567
664 776 956 699 772 890
0,145 0,139
0,133 0,126 0,117 0,112
374 447 516 616 733

.
_
0,057 0,050 0,047 0,045 0,042

. .
0,112 0,112 0,105 0,106 0,104

0,100 0,111
942
1200 1382 1484 2243
0,112 0,105 0,106

0,104 0,100 0,111
521
<pav
Note: (pay must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.6)
1^
"l
I L
^
j
pl
o -
l^t
j
L/2
'T
, L/2
r
Designation
LJMy
9av
[rad]
HV
"
JMy-N
Nmit
<Pav
9av [rad]
-
Nmax
<Pav
[rad]
-
[rad]
-
[kN)
-
for
< Niimit
-
[kN]
-
for N S Nmit
-
HE100AA HE 120 AA HE140AA HE 160 AA HE 180 AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE 340 AA HE 360 AA HE 400 AA HE 450 AA HE SOO AA HE550AA HE 600 AA HE650AA HE 700 AA HE800AA HE 900 AA HE 1000 AA
0,068 0,063 0,061 0,058

0,368 0,257 0,226 0,204
-
0,273 0,277 0,286 0,290
1152 1137 1090 1016 377 450 558 688

-
0,068 0,063 0,061
0,058
0,368 0,257 0,226 0,204
-
0,303 0,286 0,278 0,273

-
186 218
270 354
-
0,152 0,104 0,090 0,080

-
0,130 0,129 0,121 0,116 0,109 0,104 0,099 0,098 0,088 0,084 0,078
0,275 0,282 0,290 0,299 0,303 0,308 0,312 0,316 0,320 0,329 0,333
2534 2822 3160 1512

1521
1527 1527 1725 1522 1487 1214
0,130 0,129 0,121 0,116 0,109 0,104 0,099 0,098 0,088 0,084 0,078
1340 1597 1847

-
0,048 0,046 0,043

-
522

Note: (pay must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
6
t
r^
P
L L
Î
-
0
i1-
L/2
'T-
L/2
Designation
_>y
9av [rad]
0,512
0,410 0,347 0,340 0,304 0,276 0,256 0,240
JMZ
I
I->y-N
**max
9av [rad]
0,329 0,318
0,311 0,305 0,301 0,297 0,294 0,291
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,512
0,410 0,347 0,340 0,304 0,276 0,256 0,240
Niimit
9av [rad]
for N Nmit
0,216 0,172 0,144 0.140 0,124 0,112 0,104 0,097 0,083 0,078
[kN]
462 604 762 963 1158 1386 1616 1881
[kN]
214 270 332 449 527 642 733 866 974 1085 1245 1361 1487 1620 1909 2200 2508 2842
-
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
0,209 0,198 0,190 0,188 0,185 0,182

0,175 0,160 0,149 0,138 0,130 0,123 0,120 0,106 0,100 0,092
0,287 0,283 0,282 0,288 0,293 0,297

0,303
2102 2332 2646 2864 3033

3206 3511 3869 4236
0,209 0,198 0,190 0,188 0,185 0,182

0,175 0,160 0,149 0,138 0,130 0,123 0,120 0,106 0,100 0,092
0,075 0,074 0,072 0,070

0,066 0,059 0,054 0,049
-
0,312 0,321 0,325 0,329 0,334 0,338 0,342 0,351 0,355 0,443 0,415 0,395 0,379 0,367 0,357 0,349 0,367 0,357 0,348 0,363 0,367 0,367 0,368 0,368 0,368 0,369 0,369 0,370 0,370 0,370 0,371 0,371 0,371
4510 2605
2621 2884
2662 2656
2361
1,836 1,365 1,073 0,956 0,804 0,694 0,611 0,670 0,570 0,519 0,568 0,510 0,461 0,420 0,353 0,294 0,252 0,219 0,193 0,174 0,158 0,134 0,117 0,103
945 1179 1430 1723 2010 2330 2653 3543

3899 4263 5380 5539
5606 5659 5783 5954

6111 6290 6455 6634 6799 4684 4079 3460
1,836 1,365 1,073 0,956 0,804 0,694 0,611 0,670 0.570 0.519 0,568 0,510 0,461 0,420 0,353 0,294 0,252 0,219 0,193 0,174 0,158 0,134 0,117 0,103
385 479 579 735 851 1004 1133 1451 1613 1778 2175 2302 2436 2570 2846 3189 3532 3890 4248 4606 4964
-
0,806 0.597 0,467 0,413 0,346 0,297 0,261 0,288 0,244 0,221 0,244 0.218 0,195 0,175 0,144 0,117 0.097 0,082 0,070 0,062 0,055
-
"
523

tifila: (pav
1
mu$t
& divided by (se* chapter 3.6}

4
I
0
le-
Pi
,
"il 't
\c Nmax
P
L/2 *-'
-.It-
--
L/2
'i
Designation
_>y
9av
[rad]
0.122 0.125 0.114
0,141
Kk
9av [rad]
0.301 0.318 0.276 0.293 0.287 0,307 0.327 0.276 0.296 0.312 0.280 0.292 0,306 0.273 0.287 0.298 0.317 0,279 0,293
0,304
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.122 0.12S
0.114 0.141
My"
Nmit
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
0,042
-
[kN]
431
316 567
[kN]
294
-
203 X 102 X 23 203 X 133 25 203 X 133 X 30 254 X 102 X 22 U8 254 X 102 X 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 X 146 X 31 UB 254 X 146 X 37 UB 254 X 146 X 43 UB 305 X 165 X 40 UB 305 X 165 X 46 UB 305 X 165 X 54 UB 356 X 171 X 45 UB 356 X 171 X 51 UB 356 X 171 57 UB 356 X 171 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 54 UB 406 X 178 X 60 UB 406 X 178 X 67 UB 406 X 178 74 UB 457 X 152 X 52 UB 457 X 152 X 60 UB 457 X 152 X 67 UB 457 X 152 X 74 UB 457 152 X 82 UB 457 X 191 X 67 UB 457 X 191 X 74 UB 457 X 191 X 82 UB 457 X 191 X 89 UB 457 191 X 98 UB 533 X 210 X 82 UB 533 X 210 X 92 UB 533 X 210 X 101 UB 533 210 X 109 UB 533 X 210 X 122 UB 610 229 X 101 UB610X229X 113 UB 610 X 229 X 125 UB 610 X 229 X 140 UB 610 305 X 149 UB 610 X 305 X 179 UB 610 X 305 X 238 UB 686 X 254 X 125 UB 686 X 254 X 140 UB 686 X 254 152 UB 686 X 254 170 UB 762 X 267 X 147 UB 762 X 267 173 UB 762 X 267 X 197 UB 838 X 292 176 UB 838 X 292 X 194 UB 838 X 292 X 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 X 305 X 224 UB 914 X 305 X 253 UB 914 X 305 X 289 UB 914 X 419 X 343 UB 914 419 X 388
UB UB UB UB UB
178 X 102 X 19
397
444
-
0.079 0.093 0.107 0,093 0,110 0,133 0.082 0,096 0.117 0.073 0,084 0,096
0,116
678 273 324 378 335 390 972 251 376 635 338 417 571
826
0,040 0,050
-
0.079 0.093 0.107 0.093 0.110 0,133 0.082 0.096 0.117 0.073
0.084
616
-
0.047
-
0,096
0.116
0,071 0,080 0.092 0,103 0.063 0,075 0,086 0.096 0,109 0.073 0.082 0,092 0.101
0.114
368 409
616 800
0.066 0.076 0.085 0,093 0,106

0,064 0,073
0,315 0.293 0.313 0,326 0.343 0.358 0.287 0.299 0.308 0.319 0.332 0.282 0,297
0.307
240 338 539 692 948 423 539

774
948
1238
0,071 0,080 0.092 0,103 0.063 0.075 0.086 0.096 0.109 0.073 0.082 0.092 0.101
0.114
493 621
818
0.315 0,330
0.284
0.083 0.094
0,079
0.298 0.311
0.324 0,284
0.099 0.142 0,063 0.072

0,080
0,300 0,331 0.283 0.297

0.307 0.320
0,091 0,061 0.075 0.087 0,059 0.067 0,081 0,059 0.069 0.079 0.093 0.091 0.105
0.285
0.305
1066 1450 507 671 912 1322 907 1741 5384 612 825 1092 1581 682 1197
1717
0,066 0,076 0,085 0,093 0.106

0.064 0.073
0.083
0.094
0.323 0.283 0,296 0,318

0,286
0.302 0.318 0.335 0.299 0.313
768 1015 1569 881 1185 1780 2876 2966 4140
0.079 0.099 0.142 0,063 0,072 0.080 0.091 0.061 0,075 0.087 0.059
0.067
3826
-
0.049
-
0.081 0.059 0.069 0.079
0.093 0.091
0.105
524

Moje.: <Pav
b divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)

4
5 6 7
\4
1
pl
L
^l
\r~
L/2 L/
-il 'T-
L/2
Designation
_>y
9av [rad]
-
HV
9av
[rad]
-
>'^My-N
Nmax
9av [rad]
for < Num
.
Nmit
9av [rad]
for N > Num
_
[kN]
.
[kN]
.
UC 152x152x23 UC 152 152 30 UC 152 152x37 UC 203 203 46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203 203 60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 305 97 UC 305 305 118 UC 305 305 137 UC 305 305 158 UC 305 305 198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356 368 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
0,221 0,321
-
0,280 0,296
-
679 836
-
0,221 0,321
_
338 412
.
0,087 0,130
.
0,199 0,265 0,299 0,457

-
0,279 0,289 0,309 0,327

-
1177 1356 1605 1946

-
0,199 0,265 0,299 0,457

.
540 636 675 849

_
0,079
0,107 0,123 0,192

.
0,217 0,312 0,429 0,652

-
0,287 0,303 0,325 0,355

-
2011 2421 2984
0,217 0,312
0,429 0,652
-
3778
-
874 1075 1275 1588

_
0,087 0,128 0,180 0,279

.
0,196 0,249 0,315 0,443 0,625 0,901

-
0,279 0,291 0,304 0,329 0,353
0,379
-
2666 3096 3574 4480 5428 6037

-
0,196 0,249 0,315 0,443 0,625 0,901

-
1251 1428 1625 1949 2333
2554
,
0,077 0,100 0,129 0,186 0,266 0,370

,
0,164 0,210 0,263 0,316 0,459 0,675 0,881 1,181 1,608 2,003
0,272 0,283 0,293 0,299 0,319 0,339 0,358 0,384 0,411 0,438
3458 4003 4566 5315

6491 7253 8385 9965 11757 13526
0,164 0,210 0,263

0,316
0,459 0,675 0,881 1,181 1,608 2,003
1470 1709 1948 2165 2643 2923 3353 3911 4588 5179
0,065 0,084 0,107 0,132 0,194 0,276 0,363

0,491
0,672 0,839
525
3.6.4
Tables of <pav for
S 420 steel
grade
526
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1
<pav
Note: (paV must be divided by Ym9 (see chapter 3.6)
Pi
%
Designation
!=
ff
9av
trad]
0,342 0,330 0,323 0,319 0,313 0,310 0,306 0,305 0,302 0,295 0,290 0,290 0,294 0,294 0,296 0,300 0,303 0,308 0,281 0,281 0,302 0,319
0,314 0,307 0,300 0,296 0,290 0,290 0,288 0,288 0,286 0,281 0,277 0,278 0,285 0,283 0,286 0,291 0,294 0,300
Ye
L/2
>l<
L/2
ff
9av [rad]
for Nmit
0,104 0,075 0,060 0,052 0,045 0,041 0,037
-
j
9av
[rad]
0,238 0,179 0,148 0,129 0,116 0,107 0,099 0,094 0,090 0,082 0,077
My
H>,
Nmax
- ^My-N
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,238 0,179 0,148 0,129 0,116
Niimit
[kN]
161 217 277 345 422
[kN]
120 170 216 267 334 394 482
-
0,074 0,074 0,071 0,068

0,067 0,066 0,066 0,045 0,048 0,059 0,069
503 598 395 428 445 484 517 562

618 682 749 871 982 115 627 1066
0,107 0,099
0,094 0,090 0,082 0,077 0,074 0,074 0,071 0,068
0,067
0,066 0,066 0,045 0,048 0,059 0,069 0,182 0,142 0,115 0,095 0,084 0,080 0,075 0,075 0,072 0,066 0,064 0,062 0,062 0,058 0,057 0,057 0,056 0,057
1565
134 184 232 167 172 184 192 235 244 237 281 305 260 257 250 283 290 327
IPE 0 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
0.182 0,142 0,115 0,095 0.084 0,080 0,075 0,075 0,072 0,066 0,064 0,062 0,062 0,058 0,057 0,057 0,056 0,057 0,127 0,115 0,110 0,105 0,100 0,093 0,089 0,089 0,083 0,084 0,082 0,079 0,088
105 152
189
-
0,077 0,057 0,045

-
0,323 0,317 0,314 0,311 0,313 0,305 0,304 0,307 0,307 0,315 0,318 0,319 0,335
569
671 785 918 654 704 774 889 933 1186 1357 1444 2219
0,127 0,115 0,110 0,105 0,100 0,093 0,089 0,089 0,083 0,084 0,082 0,079 0,088
442 528 611
729
-
0.051 0,044 0,042 0,040

-
527

Note: Cpav musl be divided by (* chapter 3.6)
1
Pi
,
^.
pl
0
~i
L/2
'T-
. L/2
-
9av [rad]
for N > Nmit
-
Designation
LM H>2
'
J
"
JMy-N
Niimit
9av [rad]
HE 100 AA HE 120 AA
-
9av [rad]
.
NfTiax
9av [rad]
for < Num
-
[kN]
-
[kN]
-
HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA

HE 220 AA
HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA

HE 300 AA
HE320AA
HE 340 AA HE 360 AA HE400AA HE450AA

HE 700 AA HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
0,048 0,046
0,290 0,203
-
0,284 0,288
854 707
446 532
-
0,048 0,046 0,290 0,203

-
0,300 0,284
-
220 258
-
0,136 0,093
-
0,102 0,096 0,092 0,087 0,083 0,079 0,078 0,070 0,066 0,062
0,280 0,288 0,296 0,301 0,305 0,309 0,313 0,317 0,326 0,330
3339 1509 1511 1498 1479 1455 1635 1366 1264 911
0,102
0,096 0,092 0,087 0,083 0,079 0,078 0,070 0,066 0,062
1889
-
0,042
-
528

Usus: Cpav mua be divided by
Ym (see chapter 3.6)

5
6
Wi
Pi
L
l^
Designation
< 2 > L/2
ff
9av [rad]
for N
2:
_>y
9av [rad]
0,403 0,323 0,274 0,269 0,240 0,219 0,203 0,190 0,166 0,157 0,151 0,150 0,147 0,144 0,139 0,127 0,118 0,110 0,103 0,098 0,095 0,084 0,079 0,073 1,433 1,067 0,840 0,748 0,630 0,545 0,480 0,526 0,448 0,409 0,447 0,402 0,363 0,331 0,279 0,233 0,199 0,173 0,153 0,138 0,125 0,106 0,092 0,082
H>2
9av [rad]
0,325 0,315 0,308 0,302 0,298 0,294 0,292 0,289 0,285 0,281 0,280 0,286 0,290 0,294 0,301 0,309 0,317 0,322 0,326 0,330 0,334 0,338 0,347 0,351
0.437 0,410 0.390 0,374 0,363 0,353 0,345 0,362 0,353
Nmax
^My-N
Nmit
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,403 0,323 0,274 0,269 0,240 0,219 0,203 0,190 0,166 0,157 0,151 0,150 0,147 0,144 0,139 0,127 0,118 0,110 0.103 0,098 0,095 0,084 0,079 0,073 1,433 1,067 0,840 0,748 0,630 0,545 0,480 0,526 0,448 0,409
[kN]
547 714 902 1139 1370 1640 1912 2226 2487 2759 3131 3388 3589 3793 4153 4578 5011 2624 2618 2606 2853 2558 2481 2095 1118 1395 1692 2038 2378 2757 3138 4191 4613 5043 6365 6553 6632 6695 6841 7044 7230 7442 7637 7848 8043 4689 3973 3242
[kN]
254 319 393 531 624 759 867 1024 1153 1284 1473 1610 1760 1917 2259 2603 2967.
.
Nmit
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 8 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
0,194 0,154 0,129 0,126
0,112 0,101 0,093 0,087 0,075 0,070 0,067

0,066 0,064 0,063 0,059 0,053 0,048
-
0,344 0,358 0,363 0,363 0,364

0,364 0,364 0,365 0,365 0,365 0,365 0,366 0,366 0,367 0,367
455 566 685 869 1007 1188 1341 1716 1909 2104
0,447 0,402 0,363 0,331 0,279 0,233 0,199 0,173 0,153

0,138 0,125
2574 2724
2882 3041 3367 3773 4179 4602 5026 5449 5872
-
0,721 0,534 0,418 0,370 0,310 0,267 0,234 0,259 0,219 0,199 0,219 0,196 0,175 0,158 0,130 0,105 0,087 0,074 0,063 0,055 0,049
-
0,106 0,092 0,082
529
UB

Note: (pay must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
<T
Designation
1
Mv
"
M:
^max
cr L/2 r*"
I
>lc
^
Nmit
ID KJ
9av [rad] 9av
[rad]
0.298
X->y-N
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0.097 0,099 0.112
0.062 0.074
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
-
[kN]
257 318 802
260
[kN]
-
UB 178 X 102 X 19 UB 203 X 102 X 23 UB 203 X 133 X 25 UB 203 X 133 X 30 UB 254 102 X 22 UB 254 102 X 25 UB 254 102 X 28 UB 254 X 146 X 31 UB 254 X 146 X 37 UB 254 X 146 X 43 UB 305 X 165 X 40 UB 305 X 165 X 46 UB 305 X 165 X 54 UB 356 X 171 X 45 UB 356 X 171 X 51 UB 356 X 171 X 57 UB 356 X 171 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 54 UB 406 X 178 X 60 UB 406 X 178 X 67 UB 406 X 178 X 74 UB 457 X 152 X 52 UB 457 X 152 X 60 UB 457 X 152 67 UB 457 152 74 UB 457 X 152 X 82 UB 457 X 191 67 UB 457 X 191 X 74 UB 457 191 82 UB 457 191 X 89 UB 457 X 191 X 98 UB 533 X 210 X 82 UB 533 X 210 X 92 UB 533 X 210 X 101 UB 533 X 210 X 109 UB 533 210 X 122 UB 610 X 229 X 101 UB610X229X 113 UB 610 X 229 X 125 UB 610 X 229 140 UB 610 X 305 X 149 UB 610 305 X 179 UB 610 X 305 X 238 UB 686 X 254 125 UB 686 254 140 UB 686 X 254 X 152 UB 686 X 254 170 UB 762 X 267 147 UB 762 X 267 X 173 UB 762 X 267 X 197 UB 836 X 292 176 UB 838 X 292 X 194 UB 838 X 292 X 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 305 X 224 UB 914 X 305 X 253 UB 914 X 305 X 289 UB 914 X 419 343 UB 914 X 419 X 388
0.097 0.099 0,112

0,062
0.315 0.290
0.284 0.304
525
-
0,045
-
0.074 0,085 0.088 0.106 0.065 0.076 0.093 0.067 0.076 0.092 0,056 0,063 0.073 0.082 0.050 0,059 0,068 0.076 0.086 0.057
0,065
0.323
0.294
313 371 384 S82 228 358 631 387 549 817 321 364 580 772 172 273 482
641
0,085
0,088
0,106
0.309 0.278 0.290 0,304 0,285 0,295 0,314 0.277 0.291 0,301
0,312
0.065 0.076 0.093 0.067 0.076 0.092 0,056 0.063 0,073 0,082 0.050 0.059 0.068 0.076
0.086
0,290 0,310 0,323

0.339
0,353 0,284
0.296
0,073 0.080 0.090 0.052 0,060 0.067 0.073 0.084 0,051 0.058 0,066 0.075 0.063 0.079 0.112 0.049 0.057 0.063 0.072 0.048 0.059
0,069 0,047
0,306 0.316 0.328 0,280

0.294
0.304 0.312 0,327 0.282

0.296 0.308
909 361 482 726 909 1213 406 538 742 1001
1404
0.057 0,065 0.073 0.080 0.090 0,052 0,060 0,067 0.073

0.084
0.321 0.282 0.297

0.327
0.281
0.294 0.304
0.317 0.283 0.302 0.320 0,281

0.294
0,053 0,064
0.047 0.054
0.315
0,284
387 555 805 1233 804 1676 3931 459 678 955 1464 490 1021 1560 530 783 1355 601
914
0.051 0.058 0.066 0.075 0,063 0,079 0.112 0,049 0.057 0.063 0.072 0.048 0,059 0.069 0.047 0,053
0,064
0,063 0.073 0,072 0.083
0.299 0.315 0,331

0,296
0,310
1528 2668 2782 4012
0.047 0.054 0,063 0,073 0.072 0.083
530
Available inelastic rotation 3

tlflls:
1
<pav must be divided by
ffja
(see chapter 3.6)
pl
!=
ff
9av
[rad]
-
Designation
Ve
L/2
>!<:
L/2
ff
9av [rad]
for N S Nmit
,.
J HV
My
zNmax
^My-N
Niimit
9av
[rad]
UC 152 152 23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152 152 37 UC 203 203 46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203 203 60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 305 97 UC 305 305 118 UC 305 305 137 UC 305 305 158 UC 305 305 198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356 368 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
_
[kN]
_
[kN]
_
0,175 0,253
-
0,278 0,294
-
804 989
-
0,175 0,253
_
400 487
_
0,078 0.117
_
0,157 0,209 0,236 0,360

-
0,277 0,287
0,306 0,324
-
1392 1604 1899 2302

-
0,157 0,209 0,236 0,360

.
639 753 799 1004

.
0,071 0,096 0,111 0,172

_
0,172 0,246 0,338 0.511

-
0,285 0,300 0,322 0,351

-
2380 2864 3531 4470

-
0,172
0,246 0,338 0,511
.
1035 1272 1508 1878

_
0,078 0,115 0,162 0,250

.
0,155 0,197 0,249 0,349 0,490 0,725

-
0,277 0,289 0,301 0,326 0,349 0,375

-
3154 3663 4229 5301 6422 7028

-
0,155 0,197 0,249 0,349 0,490 0,725

.
.
1480 1689 1922 2306 2760 2974

_ .
0,069 0,090 0,116 0,167 0,238 0,336

.
.
0,166 0,208 0,250 0,361 0,544 0,709 0,949 1,291 1,606
0,281 0,291 0,297 0,315 0,336 0,354 0,380 0,406 0,432
4736 5402 6288 7680 8444 9761 11601 13688 15747
0,166 0,208 0,250 0,361 0,544 0,709 0,949 1,291 1,606
2022 2305 2561 3126 3403 3903 4554 5341 6029
0,076 0,097 0,118 0,174 0,251 0,329 0,445 0,608 0,760
531
3.6.5
Tables of <pav for S 460 steel grade
532
IPE
<pav
IPE A -IPE O
1
Note: (pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
6
r
Pi
^
Designation
L L
_>y
9av [rad]
0,208 0,157 0,130 0,113 0,101 0,093 0,087 0,083 0,079 0,072 0,068 0,065 0,065 0,062 0,060 0,058 0,057 0,058
-
* u JM2
I
L/2
> U2
5
ff
9av [rad]
for N 2 Nmit
0,097 0,070 0,057 0,049
0,042
-
XNmax
My-
Nmit
9av [rad]
0,340 0,328 0,322 0,317 0,312 0,309 0,305 0,303 0,301 0,293 0,288 0,289 0,292 0,293 0,295 0,299 0,301 0,307 0,280 0,280 0,301 0,318 0,313 0,305 0,298 0,295 0,289 0,288 0,286 0,286 0,285 0,280
-
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,208 0,157 0,130 0,113 0,101 0,093 0,087 0,083 0,079 0,072 0,068 0,065 0,065 0,062 0,060 0,058 0,057 0,058
-
[kN]
176 237 304 378 462 347 377 395 427 441 476 506 546 598 652 708 822 921
.
[kN]
132 186 237 292 366
-
0,042 0,052 0,060 0,159 0,124 0,101 0,083 0,074 0,070 0,066 0,066 0,063 0,058
-
500 945 1453
0,042 0,052 0,060 0,159 0,124 0,101 0,083 0,074 0,070 0,066 0,066 0,063 0,058
_
IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE 0 600
147 202 254 167

171
116 166 207

-
0,072 0,053 0,042

-
182 189 231 238 228

-
0.055 0,051 0,050 0,050 0,049 0,050

0,112 0,101 0,096 0,092 0,088 0,082 0,078 0,078 0,073 0,074
0,284 0,282 0,285 0,290 0,292 0,298

0,321 0,315 0,313 0,309 0,311 0,303 0,303 0,306 0,305 0,313 0,316 0,318 0,333
238 228 212 235 230 255 623 735 860 611 656 702 770 883 921 1169 1332 1409 2189
0,055 0,051 0,050 0,050 0,049 0,050
0,072 0,069 0,077
0,112 0,101 0,096 0,092 0,088 0,082 0,078 0,078 0,073 0,074 0,072 0,069 0,077
485 579 669

-
0,048 0,042 0,040

.
533

Note: Cpav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1^
pl
L
P
.j -
0 fs.
L/2
P|s.
- L/2
^|
Designation
_>y
9av [rad]
-
I I
H M JM2
I
X^->y-N
Nmax
9av [rad]
-
9av [rad]
for N < Nmit
-
Nmit
9av [rad]
for N > Nlimit
-
[kN]
-
[kN]
-
HE HE HE HE HE
100 120 140 160 180
AA AA AA AA AA
HE200AA HE220AA
HE 240 AA HE 260 AA HE 280 AA HE 300 AA HE 320 AA HE 340 AA HE 360 AA HE 400 AA HE 450 AA HE 500 AA HE 550 AA HE 600 AA HE650AA HE 700 AA HE 800 AA
HE900AA
HE 1000 AA HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
0.042 0,040 0,254 0,178

-
0,282 0,287
0,299 0,283
-
694 499
488 583
-
0,042 0,040 0,254 0,178

-
241 282
-
0,128 0,087
-
0,085 0,081 0.076 0,073 0,070 0,068

0,061 0,058 0,054
0,287 0,295 0,299 0,303 0,308 0,312 0,316 0,324 0,328
1511 1500 1473 1439 1398 1565 1255 1109 705
0,085 0,081 0,076 0,073 0,070 0,068 0,061 0,058

0,054
534

Note: <Pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
wr=-
pl
I
-si
\c Nmax
pl
L/2 L/
-jit.
'T-
L/2
Designation
_>y
9av [rad]
0,352 0,283 0,240 0,235 0,210 0,192 0,178 0,167 0,146 0,138
-
I I
ft M JMZ
I
I9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,352 0,283 0,240 0,235 0,210
^My-N
Nmit
9av [rad]
0,324 0,314 0,306 0,301 0,297 0,293 0,290 0,288 0,283 0,280
-
9av [rad]
.
[kN]
599 782 988 1248 1501 1796 2094 2438 2724 3021
-
[kN]
278 350 430 582 683 832 949 1122 1262 1406
-
for N Nmit
0,182 0,145 0,122 0,118 0,105
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000
0,192 0,178 0,167 0,146

0,138
-
0,095
0,088 0,082 0,070 0,066
-
0,132 0,129
0,127 0,122 0,111 0,104 0,097 0,091 0,086 0,083 0,074 0,069 0,064 1,248 0,929 0,732 0,653 0,550 0,476 0,420 0.459 0,392 0,357 0,391 0,352 0,318 0,290 0,245 0,204 0,175 0,152 0,134 0,121 0,110 0,093 0,081 0,072
0,285 0,289 0,293 0,299 0,308 0,316 0,320 0,324 0,328 0,332 0,336 0,345 0,349
0,434 0,407 0,387 0,372 0,360 0,351 0,343 0,360 0,351 0,342
3711 3931 4155 4549 5013 5489 2633 2609 2579
2815 2473 2350 1907

1224 1527 1853 2232 2605 3019 3437 4590 5052 5524 6971 7177 7264 7333 7493 7715 7919 8151 8364 8596 5415 4663 3878 3077
0,132 0,129 0,127 0,122 0,111 0,104 0,097 0,091 0,086 0,083 0,074 0,069 0,064
1,248
1764 1927 2099

2474
2851 3249
-
0,062 0,061 0,059 0,056 0,050 0,045

-
0,929 0,732
0,653 0,550 0,476 0,420 0,459 0,392 0,357 0,391 0,352 0,318 0,290 0,245 0,204 0,175 0,152 0,134 0,121 0,110 0,093 0,081
498 620 751 952 1103 1301 1468 1880 2090

2304
0,356
0,361 0,361 0,361
0,362
0,362 0,362 0,362 0,363 0,363 0.363 0,364 0,364 0,364
2819 2983 3157 3331 3688 4133 4577 5041

5504 5968
-
0,678 0,502 0,394 0,348 0,292 0,251 0,220 0,244 0,206 0,187 0,207 0,185 0.165 0,149
0,122
0,099 0,082 0,069 0,060 0,052
-
0,072
"
535

Note: <pav must be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
1
"
"
L/2
1
*-
L/2
Designation
Z^
9av
[rad]
0.085 0,087 0,098 0.055 0,065 0.074 0,077 0,093 0.067 0,082 0.058 0.067
0.081
Mv
fl
9av [rad]
0.297
M,
>y max
[kN]
257 317 879 250
304
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
0,085
Niimit
9av [rad]
for
at
[kN]
Nmit
UB 178 X 102 X 19 UB203X 102 X 23 UB203X 133 X 25 UB203X 133 X 30
0,314
0.087
UB254X 102x22 UB 254 X 102 X 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 146x31 UB 254 X 146x37 UB254X 146X43 UB305X 165x40 UB305X 165x46 UB30SX 165 X 54 UB356X 171 X45 UB356X 171 X 51 UB356X 171 57 UB356X 171 X 67 UB406X 178 X 54 UB406X 178 60 UB 406 X 178 67 UB406X 178 X 74 UB4S7X 152 X 52 UB457X 152 X 60 UB457X 152 X 67 UB4S7X 152 X 74 UB457X 152 X 82 UB457X 191 X 67 UB457X 191 X 74 UB457X 191 X 82 UB457X 191 X 89 UB457X 191 X 98 UB533X 210 X 82 UBS33X 210 92
UB 533 X 210 X 101 UB 533 X 210 X 109 UB533X 210 122 UB 610 X 229 X 101 UB 610 229 X 113 UB 610 229x125 UB 610 229 140 UB 610 X 305 X 149 UB 610 X 305 X 179 UB 610 X 305 X 238 UB 686 X 254 X 125 UB 686 X 254 X 140 UB 686 X 254x152 UB 686 X 254 X 170 US 762 X 267 147 UB762X 267 X 173 UB 762 X 267 X 197 UB 838 X 292 X 176 UB838X 292 X 194 UB 838 X 292X226 UB914X 305 X 201 UB 914 X 305 X 224 UB 914 305 X 253 UB 914 305 X 289 UB 914 419 X 343 UB 914 419 388
0,289 0,283 0,302 0.322

0.293 0.307
363 378 562

344 624
0.098 0.055 0,065 0.074 0.077 0,093

0.067 0.082 0,058
0.067 0,081
575
0,043
0.289 0.302 0,283

0.294
366 531
806
0.313 0.289 0.299 0.311 0.289 0.308 0.321

0.337
0,056
0.064
0.072 0.044 0,052 0,059 0,067 0.075 0.050

0.057 0.064
0.351
0,283
0.295
0.304
0.070 0.079 0.053 0.059

0.064 0,074
0.315 0,327 0.293 0,303 0,311 0,325 0.281

0,294
331 552 749 127 228 440 603 877 318 440 690 877 1189
480
0.056
0.064
0.072
0.044
0.052 0,059 0.067 0.075 0.050 0.057

0.064
0.070 0,079 0,053

0.059 0.064
0,044
0,051
687 952 1365 305

476
0,057
0.065
0.055 0.069 0.099 0.043 0.050 0.055 0.063 0,042 0,052 0.060
0.041 0,047
0.056
0,041
0,306 0.319 0.280 0.296 0.325 0.280 0.293 0,303 0,315 0.282 0.301 0.318 0.280 0.292 0.313
0,283
730 1166 731 1622 3942 356 578 859 1378 361 898 1448 370 626 1206
414
0.074 0,044 0.051 0.057 0,065 0,055 0.069 0.099 0.043 0,050 0,055 0.063 0.042 0,052
0.060 0.041 0.047
0.056
0.041
0,047
0,298
0.314
0.055
0.064
0.063
0.073
0.329 0,295 0,308
729 1352 2513 2643 3903
0,047 0,055
0.064
0.063 0.073
536

Naia: CPav mus, be divided by (see chapter 3.6)
r*
pl
L
Y<
L/2
-
sic L/2
1
ff
9av [rad]
for > Nmit
_
Designation
j
9av
[rad]
-
My
I I
ft M IJM2
9av [rad]
.
^My-N
max
9av [rad]
for < Nmit
.
Niimit
[kN]
.
[kN]
_
UC 152 152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152 152 37 UC 203 203 46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203 203 60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 305 97 UC 305 305 118 UC 305 305 137 UC 305 305 158 UC 305 305 198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356 368 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
0,221
-
0,293
-
1084
-
0,221
_
534
_ _
0,110
_
0,183 0,207 0,315

-
0,286 0,304 0,322

-
1757 2080 2522

-
0,183 0,207 0,315

-
825 875 1100

-
0,090 0,105 0,162

-
0,151 0,216 0,296
0,447
-
0,284 0,299 0,321 0,349

. -
2606 3137 3867 4896

-
0,151 0,216 0,296 0,447

-
1133 1393 1652 2057

_ .
0,074 0,108 0,152 0,235

. .
0,172 0,218 0,305 0,428 0.628

-
0,287 0,300 0,324 0,347 0,372

-
4012
4631 5806 7033 7749
-
0,172
0,218 0,305 0,428 0,628
.
1850 2105 2526 3023 3279

.
_
0,085 0,109 0,157 0,224 0,315

. .
0,146 0,182 0,219 0,316 0,472 0,614 0,821 1,116 1,388
0,280 0,290 0,295 0,314 0,334 0.352 0.377 0,403 0,428
5187 5916 6887 8411 9310 10762 12791 15092 17362
0,146 0.182 0,219 0,316 0.472 0,614 0,821 1,116 1,388
2215 2525 2805 3424 3752 4304 5021 5889 6647
0,071 0,091 0,111 0,164 0,235 0,309 0,417 0,570 0,711
537
3.7
Graphs with values of <pav
The present chapter provides diagrams with
<pav
values for standard European and British
I and
H hot-rolled steel profiles:

, IPE A, IPE 0, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC.
These diagrams constitute a graphical presentation values already presented in tables of chapter 3.6.
of Feldmann's formulas
and concern die same
In regard to me load case, the following 2 series of die diagrams are available:
3 .7. 1 Concentrated load witii bending about major axis y-y
of cross-section (My).
3.7.2 Concentrated load with bending about minor axis z-z of cross-section (My.
Five steel grades (see table 3.1 with fy depending on material thickness according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]) are used to calculate (pav presented in graphs :
S 235
S 275
(fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm), (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm), S 355 (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm), S 420 (fy = 420 MPa for tf < 40 mm), S 460 (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm).
Each graph evaluates the value of 2 in function of the cross-section and steel grade. Considering tiiat present Eurocode 3 rules [3] [4] about classification of cross-section are respected in tiiis Guide, all cross-sections having class 3 or 4 have been excluded from the graphs. This is indicated by the missing of marks on the graph curves.
The values of available inelastic rotation <pay are given in radians ([rad]) in the left co-ordinates axis and in degrees ([deg]) in the right co-ordinates axis in each diagram. The graphs furnish characteristic values of available inelastic rotation (pav of plastic hinge which shall be divided by appropriate partial safety factor ^ (see chapter 1.6.2, table 1.6) to obtain design values of available inelastic rotation :
9av.d = 9av/YMq>
1,52
Load cases
<pav
formulas
j My
Bending about major axis yy
(3.1) & (3.3)
1,73
j Mz
Bending about minor axis zz
(3.2)
538
3.7.1
Concentrated load with bending about major axis y-y of I and H crosssections
"
~3>-J
zo
M,
539
IPE cross-sections
[rad]
"-
ZO
[deg]
M>
9av
0,30
-F-17.2
0,25
14,3
0,20
11.5
--S
8,6
235 l
0,15
-D-S
275
--S355
0,10
5,7
-O-S420 S 460
0,05
2,9
0.00
4-0,0
oooooooooooooooooof*-r>
ajocy^tDcoocj^rôcocpomotooTO^r^
IPE
^^^T-^-wcMCjcvjcocoH-e-'WinintO'-'-^-
o tn
r-
o in
o to
o to
r-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
IPE A cross-sections
^-
ZO
9av[deg]
17,2
14,3
11,5
--S235
8,6
-D-S
--S355
275
5,7
-O-S420 S 460
2,9
0.0
^ to to
CO
IPE A
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for A cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by yj^m (see chapter 3.7))
540
VJ
cross-sections
"
"-
Mv
--S
235
-D-S275 --S
355
-O-S420 -S
460
IPEO
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for O cross-sections (Note: (pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
541
XTjt/
[rad](j)av
0,50
AJ\
cross-sections
"-
ZO
9av
(de9l 28,6
]
M>
0,450,40
1
25,8
\
A
22,9
;
0,35
0,30
\
1
20,1
1
172
14,3 11.5
-B-S235
-D-S275
0,25
0,20 0,15
0.10 0.05
-S355
-O- S 420
8,6
--S
460
5â1
Tt^
5.7
-*!
<(=}(
2.9
0.0
0.00
HEAA
cv^cocoocsj^rcocoocM^rtootnoinotnoo
^rtniototot^coo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE AA cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
JrlJC/
[rad]
A. cross-sections
-&~
l^
9av
[deg] 17,2
14,3
9av
0,30
0,25
0.20
11,5
--S235
0.15 8,6
-Q-S275
--S355
0,10
5,7
-O-S420 S 460
0,05
2.9
0,00
0.0
oooooooooooooogogooooogo OCM-J-UJCOOCMfttJCOOCgtlOOlOOlOCJtOOOOO ^-^.^^Y-cMCMCMCMCMcoconn^r^-toiococo^Gocno
HEA
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE A cross-sections (Note: cpav values must be divided by yjvf (see chapter 3.7))
542
HEB
[rad]
0.30
cross-sections
"
--J
^
9av
Mv
9av
[deg]
172
0.25
14,3
0.20
11,5
--S235
0,15
8,6
-O-S
275
--S355
-O-S420
0,10
5,7
S 460
0,05
25
0,00
-o-toioo<or~coe>
0.0
HE
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE cross-sections (Note: cpav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
HEM
lfl
0.30
cross-sections
&-
*a-
ZO
<J>av
M>
(pav
Ideg] 17,2
025-
14,3
020-
11,5
--S235 0,158,6
-D-S275 *-S355
0.10-
5,7
-O
S 420
--S460
0.052,9
0.00oooooooooooooooooooooooo OCM-'J-DdOCiJ'^-tDCOOCMTfiOOlOOtfOiOOOOO
-'-^--cMcacj<MCiCTc5co^-'<Ttoto<o cor^coeo
co
HEM
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for HE M cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ^| (see chapter 3.7))
543
UB cross-sections
tradl (pav
0.20
-*
a*.*
^
<Pav
M,
|V
Ide9l 11,5
0,15
0.10
MXXXMKMXXKXX
***-*4*<4-*~**>**^**-*''*'*^
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections (Note: <p3v values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
UB cross-sections
[rad] ,
*&-
Z-0
[deg]
M>
020
0,15
0,10
SI5Sssssg5
sassassssxxss
S3SS8SS22
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
544
UC cross-sections
[rad]
-3*-
- 3
9av
[deg] 34,4
M.
9av
0,60
0.50
28,6
0.40
22,9 --S235
-Q-S275
17,2
-S
355
O-S420
11.5
--S
5,7
460
0.0
<M<v<t<i<-><t<i-*<<*
x xxxxxxx"-"---"***-
UC
ssassssaasasSsssss XXXXXXX*X**tWWP*
M O
J 3
333S3ISS3
SS8888SS88SS8888S
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UC cross-sections (Note: cpav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
545
3.7.2
Concentrated load with bending about major axis z-z of I and H crosssections
&-
HO
M,
546
IPE cross-sections
[rad]
~--
O
<
M,
9av
0.36
0,35 0,34 0,33

0,320,31
i
<
frteg] Pav
'
20,6
20,1
^ ^^ k ^ pj^'s
1
19,5
:
'
185
k
T.
0,30-
g b
--S235
--S355
185 -D-S275
17,8
il/i
V
;
-O-S420 172 --S460

16,6
j
0,29
0280,27
<M
CM CM
1 1
16.0
"
15,5
CM
CO
IPE
CT
CT
IO
IO
tO
y-
i-
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for IPE cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
IPE A cross-sections
[rad]
Pav
-^-
tO
<Pav
Mz
033-1
18,9
I
0,32
0 31
^^
<\
18,3
"\V
0,30
^^
kl
17,8
0,29-
KS5?000oooooooooooo
-i
fc!
-^1 ri''/)
r^\ Y
'
17,2
16,6
028
16.0
0.27
15.5
IPE A
^'-'-'-'-CMcycyoiejriS^Trwoo
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for IPE A cross-sections (Note: 3 values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
547
lx
JE/
kJ cross-sections
"
~3>-
HO
<Pav teg] 20,1
M,
[rad] Pav 0,35
0,34
19,5
0.33
18,9
--S235
0,32
18,3
-O-S
--S
275
355
0,31
17,8
O-S420
17,2
0,30
--S
460
0,29
16,6
0,28 4
180
200
220
240
270
300
330
360
400
450
500
550
16,0 600
IPE O
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge (pav for IPE O cross-sections (Note: (pay values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
548
HE AA cross-sections
[rad]
0 30
"-
3
<Pav
M2
,IV
17,2
029
028
I t
0 27
026
W'
16,6
16,0
--S
235
-D-S275
15,5
-S
355
-O-S420
14,9
--S
460
025
14,3
0.24
oooooooooooooooooooooooo OCM'iJ'DCOOCM^'tOCOOCM^CpOlOOlOOmOOOO '-'-^'-'-CMCMCMCMCMCOCOCOCO^f^-lOlOCOCDr-COOO
13 s
HEAA
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge ^ for HE AA cross-sections (Note: q>av values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
-LXC/
[rad] (pav
0,34
. cross-sections
&-~
-&-
HO
9av
[deg]
M2
'-in 19,5
18,9
18,3
--S235
17,8
-D-S275
--S35S
172
16.6
-0-S42Q --S460
16,0
15,5
14,9
*r-*rioio<otor^coo
HEA
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge cpav for HE A cross-sections (Note: q>av values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
549
HEB
cross-sections
~4 IO
Pav
M,
[deg]
21,2
--S235 -D-S275
--S355
O-S420
--S460
15.5
HEB
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE B cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by < (see chapter 3.7))
XJll/ IVI cross-sections

[rad] 0,46
Pav
&--
-&-~
O
'av [deg]
-
M,
0,45
0,44
r
<
258
l\\
0,43 0,42
0,41
^ 4
!
-25 2 -24 6
-24
--S235 -D-S275
-235
0,40 0,39
0,38 0.37
;
:229
223 I-
i i^ f
--S355|
^S42oj
*-S460|
0,36
;
0,35
;
y ^ ^ y/p&$ ^^ ^
'{
Xv5^
21 8
r^Jw
tt
>=<
>212
f=4
f=y
^20
o o
1
0,34
oooooooo
-19,5
U) U)
CMCgojcgCM<oco
o co
o a>
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for HE M cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by (see chapter 3.7))
550
UB cross-sections
[rad] Pav
-&-~
tO
Pav
M,
Ideg]
0.37
0.36
212
20,6
20,1
0,35 0,34 0,33 0,32

0,31
19,5 18,9 18,3
--S235
-D-S275
--S355 -O-S420
17,8
0,30
172
16,6
S 460
0,29 0,28
0,27
16,0
15,5
Ct
*3-
3
<M <* rt rt
S
r
I^j
UB
r.
r~
8 8
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
UB cross-sections
[rad] Pav 0,34
to
Pav [deg]
Mz
19,5
0.33
18,9
0,32
18,3
--S235
0.31
-D-S275
17,8
--S355 -O-S420
0,30
17,2
-S460
029
16,6
028
*^
<e
e*
<
16.0
UB
N4MOCJ4*OJO<rtrtrt040J<M<*tSI<VO<5c3<5rtrtrtrt
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UB cross-sections (Note: <pav values must be divided by ]^ (see chapter 3.7))
551
UC cross-sections
Jra
pav
&-
-&-~
O
Pav
M,
[deg]
-264
-252
241
229
^21 8
-
--S235
-D-S275 -S
355
206
195
-
-- S 420
-S
460
183
: :
172
16 0
0?6-
:14,9
<* ftp
UC
oicvc**!'*''*****
~
no
s s ? s
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
ti*tw*<<ato<a<
r-iMCKtc4i<nyrmi
<0
CH
c*
,...,,,.,,-,
Available inelastic rotation of plastic hinge <pav for UC cross-sections (Note: (Dav values must be divided by ^ (see chapter 3.7))
552
4.1
Introduction
Four design examples are given in ds chapter. Only die checking methods for die inelastic rotation and for die bearing capacity of structure are considered under a loading system for verification at die Ultimate Limit State. Otiier limit states should be investigated (deflection at die Serviceability Limit
State...).
Design examples 1 and 2 use formulas (developed in chapter 2) to calculate die required inelastic rotations <preq- Design example 3 is performed by using die computer program PEP [15] for plastic global analysis. In design example 4 the step-by-step metiiod, presented in chapter 2.4.2.2, is applied eitiier witii die help of a computer program for elastic global analysis (or according to a usual manual metiiod).
In all four design examples, die following values of different partial safety factors have been used:
for bending moment resistance of cross-sections (Mpi.Rd)
:
ymo
(CEN official value from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]);

1,1
for ductility of plastic hinges (<pav <j) for My load case :
= 1,52 (see table 1.6).
As explained in chapter 2.2.3, it is more conservative to check die ductility of plastic hinges at collapse instead of at die design load level (ductility requirement : <preq.u instead of <preq.d)Therefore die check of die required inelastic rotation in all examples hereafter is related to die state of collapse ; die ultimate limit state check is :
Preq.u <<Pav.d
4.2
4.2.1
Design example
: continuous beam
with concentrated load
Data
Fd
/
X-
3m
= 45kN
E200
XSteel grade: S 235
6m
6m
-x
Figure 4.1
fy = 235MPa
E = 210000 MPa
Cross-section : IPE 200
Class
(for My and S 235)
b=100
J
'
Iy=1943xl0-8m4
Wpl y = 220,6 IO"6 m3
Design plastic moment resistance:
=8,5_~
tw=5,6_
h = 200
M pl.y.Rd
_ WpLyfy _ 220,6x235
M0
= 47,13 kNm
11
200
553
4.2.2
Structural resistance
From formulas (2.5) and (2.6) (using Mpi = Mpi.y.Rd) w load a* collapse (Fu) and the load at occurrence of first plastic hinge (Fl) can be determined (see figure 4.2).
2nd ptate hinge : Fu = 47 kN
1tt ptartc hinge :
F1 = 38.SS kN
-47.13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
Bending moment diagram at collapse

V = 15,7kN
V = 7.8SkN
31.3 kN
Shear force diagram at collapse
Figure 4.2
Bending resistance
The load at collapse is reached for F = 47 kN, greater tiian die applied load
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4
235000 /
1,1
= 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi Rd : die shear force has no influence on the moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
Moreover, die slendemess of die web is less than 69 (d/tw = 28,4), it is not necessary to check die shear buckling resistance (EC3 5.6.1(1)).
LTB resistance
Let's assume tiiat die distance between lateral restraints is most critical part is at die origin of the second span.
.1m
1
m along die compressed flange. The
Figure 4.3
Therefore, in tiiis less favourable case, the moment ratio between the two lateral restraints is
:
= 0,833
From tiiis, one can calculate the critical moment from EC3 Annex F, and die reduced slendemess
= 0,39
554
It is not necessary to check die lateral torsional buckling resistance because die reduced slendemess is less then 0,4 (EC3 5.5.2(7)).
Note :
lateral restraints according to " Additif 80 - CM66 " is Lmin =35ize since the moment ratio is between 0, 625 and 1, 00. So Lmj = 0, 783 cm.
The minimal spacing between
F(kN)
M Itw intermediate support ,
rth toed
10
20
30
40
50 S
M (kNm)
Mp
Figure 4.4 : Evolution of die bending moment
4.2.3
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2. 14) and must be calculated for die first plastic hinge :
_ Mpl.y.Rd L ( + 3)(1-)
with = 0,5
(0,5 + 3)(l-0,5)
0,5
(Prequ
3 6 6 210000 6 1943 IO*8

47,13
^req.u^040^
4.2.4
In case of bending about major axis y-y of cross-section, die available inelastic rotation is given by formula (3.1) (or can be issued from column 2 of die table of chapter 3.6.1 or from graphs of chapter 3.7.1): 5,6 4 Eb _ ^ ht^ +^(fy htw)2+4 fy btf tw hA(T <Pav =
'4W+0,25)f* + ACT'bh
with : = 150 MPa
Therefore
:
5h
cpav
= 0,211 rad
,pavd=^=MU = 0,139 1,52

****** *
rad
555
4.2.5
Conclusion
F 47 a) The load factor at collapse is Xu = -^ = = 1,04 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary Fd 45
resistance to bear the applied design load Fd (= 45 kN);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge that is required to reach the mechanism is lower than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of the plastic hinge the
"req.u
av.d
chosen profile is acceptable
0,040 rad< 0,139 rad
4.3
4.3.1
Design example 2 : continuous beam with uniform distributed load
Data
Figure 4.5
Geometrical properties of the cross-section are tiiose from die design example
1
(see chapter 4.2).
4.3.2
From formulas (2.16) and (2.20) (using Mp[ = Mp y Rd) the load at collapse (qu) and the load at occurrence of first plastic hinge (qi) can be determined (see figure 4.6).
2nd plastic hinge :qu = 15,23 kNftn
1st plastic hinge : q1 = 13,74 kN/m

-Mp = -47,13 kNm
Mp = 47,13 kNm
Bending moment diagram
y = 38,5kN
'""immillili
V = 7,85kN
I
iiiniimmiiiiiiimiill
V = -52,8kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.6
556
Bending moment resistance
The collapse is reached for q = 15,23 kN/m, greater than the applied load.
Shear resistance
Av.z=14.10-4m2
Vpl.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 14. "4 235 000 / 1,1 = 172,6 kN
So, Vz.sd < 0,5 Vpi z Rd : the shear force has no influence on die moment resistance (EC3
5.4.7(2)).
Moreover, die slendemess of die web is less than 69 (d/tw = 28,4), check die shear buckling resistance (EC3 5.6.1(1)).
it is not necessary to
LTB resistance
The configuration is similar to the previous example, except tiiat we have to consider tiiat the less favourable portion of the beam is located in die middle of die first span.
In die vicinity of the plastic hinge, the moment ratio is about 1,00 : this is a conservative value. Then die reduced slendemess is about 0,41. In order to obtain a value less or equal to 0,4, die distance between the lateral restrains may be reduced in die vicinity of die plastic hinge, and taken equal to 95 cm for example.
4.3.3
The required inelastic rotation is given by formula (2.29):
^.u'-^fÛM
_
<Prequ
i-t+i)2
47,13
+ 4(1 + )
with = 0 and = 1,0
Mpl.y.Rd
L 3^2 +1 _
12
El
x l^x 6 " 210000 6 x 1943 x
0,4369
HT8
9req.u = 0,030rad
4.3.4
The design value of available inelastic rotation has been calculated in example 1 (see chapter 4.2.2) for a concentrated load. According to chapter 3.5, the same value of available inelastic rotation can be used in case of a uniform distributed load.
yav.d=0'139rad
557
4.3.5
Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is
= -^- = 1^1 = i,02 > 1,0 15

%
therefore the structure has the
necessary resistance to bear the applied design load q (=15 kN/m);
b) The inelastic rotation of the first plastic hinge tiiat is required to reach die mechanism is lower than die available inelastic rotation; dierefore regarding ductility of die plastic hinge the chosen profile is acceptable :
req.u
TSv.d
0,030 rad< 0,139 rad
4.4
Design example 3 : simple portal frame
In this example, it is assumed tiiat the columns and the beam are laterally and continuously restrained in such a way tiiat out-of-plane buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
4.4.1
Data
100
kN
45,45 kN
270
-X
300
IPE 300
6m
X-
8m
Figure 4.7
Steel grade : S 235
fy = 235 MPa
Class
1
Cross-section : IPE 270
(for My and
235)
Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3

Design plastic moment resistance
Mpl.y.Rd=
484x235
= 103,4 kNm
Cross-section : 300
Classi (for My and S 235)

Wpi.y = 628,4 x 10"6 m3
Mpl.y.Rd =
628,4x235
1,1
= 134,25 kNm
558
4.4.2
The plastic analysis has been carried out witii PEP micro program [15] and witii die assumption that the loads are increased in a proportional way Goad factor ). The plastic mechanism is plotted in figure 4.8. Two plastic hinges occur in the beam (IPE 270), then two plastic hinges occur at die bases of ti columns (TPE 300).
2nd plastic hinge
:
2 = 0,832
1 =0,790
= 38,6 kN
1st plastic hinge:
/s
"""
'""""
"""'
INIIMIIHI
N = 49,7kN
N = S1.7kN
3rd plastic hinge:
3 = 0,900
V = -48.7kN
M = -95.3 kNm
Axial force diagram

M = -103,4 kNm
M = 103,4 kNm
V = 51,7kN
V = -e.48kN Shear force diagram
V=
kN
M = -134kNm
M=
Bending moment diagram
Figure 4.8
Bending resistance
This is a non-sway frame (EC3
5.2.5.2(3))
0,0403x100
hH
Influence of axial force
6x45,45
= 0,0148 < 0,10
So the second order effects may be neglected.

:
In the columns In the beam

:
Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00538 235000 / Npi = A fy / ymo = 0,00459 235000 /
1, 10 1, 1 0
149
kN
= 980,6 kN
The applied axial force is very low in comparison witii the axial resistance. So diere is no influence on the moment resistance (lower tiian Npi/4, see EC3 5.4.8(3)). The plastic collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,014 greater than 1,00.
559
Shear resistance
In the columns :
Vpi.z.Rd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002568
235000/1,1 = 316 kN
In die beam :
Vvl.zXd = 0,577 Av.z fy / YMO = 0,577 0,002214 235000/1,1 = 273 kN
The shear force is lower than half the shear plastic resistance, diere is no influence on die moment resistance. Moreover, the slendemess of die web is lower tiian 69 , it is not necessary to check die shear buckling resistance (d/tw = 33,3 for 270 profile, and d/tw = 40,4 for IPE300 profile, see EC3 5.6.1(1))
Buckling resistance
The buckling lengtii for die columns may be calculated for a non-sway mode. Let's assume that die buckling lengtii is equal to the system lengtii :l- 6 m for die columns. The critical axial force is NCT = 48 1 1 kN. The reduced slendemess is
= 0,5126 (> 0,2)
By using die buckling curve a (EC3 table 5.5.3), the buckling resistance is
Nb.Rd = Xy A fy / YM1 = 0,92 0,00538 235 000 / 1,1 = 1058 kN
Since die plastic moment is reached in die column under die design loads, die buckling criterion which takes into account die interaction between axial force and bending moment is not satisfied (see EC3 5.5.4).
The french NAD adds die following condition : if Nsd / Nb.Rd does not exceed 0,10, necessary to check die buckling resistance. This condition is here fulfilled :
Nsd /Nb.Rd = 51,7/1 058 = 0,0489
it
is not
1.1
I
,1.014.0.9 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
r-B-i
I -
0.4
0.3 0.2
0.1
0
()
10
2030405060
70
809
1O0J
110
120
130
1'
|M| (kN)
Mp 103,4 kNm rMp* 134,16 WHm\

IPE 270
IPE 300
Figure 4.9 : Evolution of the bending moment in different cross-sections
560
4.4.3
Just before collapse, die inelastic rotations in the tiiree first plastic hinges are given in table 4.1. It should be mentioned tiiat it is not die first formed plastic hinge which requires the highest inelastic rotation.
Table 4.1
Plastic hinge
Load factor
Cross-section
Required inelastic rotation at collapse : ( = 1,014)
radi
1st
2nd 3rd
0,790 0,832 0,900
270 270 300
0,06038 0,08383 0,01239
4.4.4
For the steel grade S 235 and the two used profiles, available inelastic rotations are given by formulas (3.1) and (3.3) or are given in die table of chapter 3.6. 1 . :
for 270 : die value of <pav is taken from column 2 of the table (cross-section submitted to bending about major axis y-y, My).
must be taken from column 5 of die table, because die two last formed plastic hinges are submitted to normal compression force and bending moment My and because die maximum applied normal compression force is less tiien Nlimit (which is given in column 6 of die table).
for 300
<pav
270 and S 235
<pav = 0, 174
rad
design 6" value
. = âv.d 152 = 0,114 rad

0,163 =^^ = 0,107 rad
300 and S 235
cpaV
= 0,163 rad
=>
design value:
<pavd
(witii maximum compressive load in die right column of die frame,N = 52,43 kN < Niimit = 510 kN)
4.4.5
Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,014 > 1,0, tiierefore die structure has the necessary resistance to bear the applied design loads;
b) The highest inelastic rotations of different plastic hinges that are required to reach die mechanism are lower tiian die design available inelastic rotations for both profiles; tiierefore regarding ductility of plastic hinges the chosen profiles are acceptable :
for 270 (2nd hinge): for 300 (3rd hinge):
< <Pav.d 0,084 rad < 0,1 14 rad

<Preq.u
0,012 rad < 0,107 rad
561
4.5
Design example 4 :
step by step method with the help of an elastic analysis program
4.5.1
Data
A plastic analysis of a three span beam with distributed loads, as shown in figure 4. 10, will hereafter be performed. This example is meant to highlights the calculation procedure given in figure 2.27 of
chapter 2. For tiiis example, an elastic analysis computer program can be used, but die elastic calculations could also be made witii die help of a manual metiiod.
30 kN/m
25 kN/m
"2
a
2
C
b
6m
d
6m
X-
-X-
8m
-X-
-X
Figure 4.10
Steel grade S 235
fy = 235MPa Classi (for My and S 235)

Wpl.y = 484 x1o-6 m3
Cross-section : 270
Mpi.y.Rd =
484x235
1,1
= 103,4 kNm
562
4.5.2
30 kN/m
26 kN/m
2S
2\
6m
6m
8m
Mpl - -103,4
Mpl
-103,4
93,81
Mpl = -103,4
Final moment diagram
103,4 kN
71,169
76,82 kN
rrrC
34,78 kN
kN
-110,3 kN
-103 kN
Shear force diagram
Figure 4.11
Bending resistance
The collapse is reached for a load factor equal to 1,03 15, greater than 1,00.
Shear resistance
The shear plastic resistance is Vpi.z.Rd = 273 kN. So die maximal shear force (1 10,3 kN) does not exceed half die shear plastic resistance. Therefore it has no influence on the bending moment
resistance.
The web slendemess is lower tiian 69 , die shear buckling is not a potential mode of failure.
LTB Resistance
The most critical portion is in the middle of the second span : The moment is nearly constant and equal to the plastic moment. If we consider tiiis assumption (constant moment), the condition from Additif 80 (CM66) for the spacing of lateral restraints may be used : L = 35 iz = 35 1,00 3,02 = 105,8 cm. It would be recommended to have a distance of 1 meter between each lateral restraints.
If
we consider the rule from Eurocode 3 restraint is about : L = 1,30 m
Xlt ^ 0,4 ,
the minimal distance between each lateral
563
4.5.3
Analysis of the beam
4.53.1
First step
Elastic calculation
Figure 4.12
First plastic hinge
The maximum moment is at support b, so
:
= MpLy.Rd -M0 = :10MzP_= o,7554

mo
= +
-136,89
! = 0,7554
The state of the structure can be determined at die end shear force, the deflections ..., by the load factor }.
of tiiis
step by multiplying die moment, the
The moment diagram at die end of the first step is Ml =
mo :
Figure 4.13
There is no inelastic rotation to calculate at the end of die first step.
4.5.3.2
Second step
A perfect hinge is introduced at die place where die first plastic hinge was formed, and a new elastic
analysis is performed on die following structure.
564
30 kN/m
25 kN/m
A
b
0
>c
-162,5
45,75
kNm]
135
127
Figure 4.14
We must check that die rotation (obtained from die elastic analysis) in the first hinge at support b has the same sign as the plastic bending moment which was reached in previous step (Ml):
9b = -0,04825 rad
=>
M cpb = (-103,4) (-0,04825) > 0
This means tiiat there is no elastic return.

The lowest value of 2 =
will be found among the following four cross-sections:

ml
Span ab Span
Span
bc :
:
Support C
cd :
= (103,4 - 56,538) / 135 = 0,3471 = (103,4 - 52,773) / 127 = 0,3986 = (-103,4 + 93,203) / -162,5 = 0,0628 = (103,4 - 44,3) / 45,75 = 1,2918
The lowest increment is 2 = 0,0628. Therefore, the second plastic hinge is located at support C and it occurs at die load factor :
2 = + 2 = 0,7554 + 0,0628
2 = 0,8182
=>
At the end of step 2, the moment diagram is M2 = Ml + 2 mi
Mpl = -103,4
Mpi = -103,4
[kNm]
65,016
60,749
47,173
Figure 4.15
565
The inelastic rotation at die end

analysis
:
of step
2 is die rotation in die hinge at support
b given by die
(Preq =
2 = 0,0628 0,04825 = 3,0301
IO"3 rad
4.5.3.3
Third step
A new perfect hinge is introduced at the place where the second plastic hinge was formed and a new
elastic analysis is performed on die following structure.
30 kN/m
25 kN/m
[kNm]
0
135
200
112,5
Figure 4.16
The rotations obtained from die elastic analysis are
1st plastic hinge (at support
:
b)
<pb
:
= -,06607 rad
2nd plastic hinge (at support C)
<pc
= -0,06237 rad
M cpb = (-103,4 -0,06607 rad) > 0 M epe = (-103,4 -0,06237 rad) > 0
The rotations in the hinges have the same sign as the plastic bending moments which were reached in previous step (M2). This means that there is no elastic return. The lowest value of 3 =
Spaa ab
_ Mpl.y.Rd ~M2 will be found among the following threre cross-sections:

m2
Span
Spaa,
be
cd
= (103,4 - 65,016) / 135 = 0,2843 = (103,4 - 60,749) / 200 = 0,2133 = (103,4 - 47,173) / 1 12,5 = 0,4998
The lowest increment is 3 = 0,2133. Therefore the last plastic hinge occurs in the middle
of span
be at the load factor :

3 = 2 + 3 = 0,8182 + 0,2133
3 = 1,0315
The final moment diagram is M3 = M2 + 3 m2
566
Mpi--
,4
Mpi =-103,4
[kNm]
93,81
Mpi =
103,4
71,169
Figure 4.17
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support b is
(Preq
:
= 3,0301
IO"3 + 0,2133
0,06607 rad
(Preq
= 0,01712 rad
:
The inelastic rotation in the hinge at support C is

(Preq
= 0,2133 0,06237 rad

(preq = 0,01330 rad
4.5.4
The plastic analysis is now completed because a plastic mechanism is obtained in span be. To reach die mechanism, the highest required inelastic rotation corresponds to the plastic hinge at
support b and is equal to
(Preq
u = 0,01712 rad
4.5.5
For the profile 270 and S 235 steel, the design value determined in design example 3 (see chapter 4.4.2) :
(Pav d
of available
inelastic rotation has been
= 0,1 14 rad
4.5.6
Conclusion
a) The load factor at collapse is = 1,0315 > 1,0, tiierefore the structure has the necessary resistance to bear the applied design loads;
b) The highest inelastic rotation of plastic hinge at support b that is required to reach the mechanism is lower than the design available inelastic rotation; therefore regarding ductility of plastic hinges the chosen profile is acceptable:
<Preq.u<<Pav.d
0,01712 rad < 0,114 rad
567
Appendix 1.
Plastic resistance of I and H cross-sections
(1) Following tables concern standard European and British I and H hot-rolled steel profiles :
, , O, HE AA, HE A, HE B, HE M, UB and UC
(2) The following steel grades are considered (see table 3.1 witii fy depending on material thickness according to Eurocode 3 [3] [4]) :
S 235 S 275 S 355 S 420 S 460
(fy = 235 MPa for tf < 40 mm) (fy = 275 MPa for tf < 40 mm) (fy = 355 MPa for tf < 40 mm) (fy = 420 MPa for tf < 40 mm) (fy = 460 MPa for tf < 40 mm)
(3) Classification of cross-sections : only class 1 and class 2 cross-sections can develop plastic resistance; the rules for classification of cross-sections are issued from Eurocode 3 [3] [4]. In the tables, the following legend is assumed :
44 , ,
means class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Npijr<j (see table 1.5b),
- "**"
means class 3
or class 4 cross-section without plastic bearing capacity of Mpi,y.Rd Mpi.z R or MNy .Rd (see table 3.3).
:
(4) Shear buckling
if
the web slendemess
of a cross-section is %
> 69 (where d = h - 2 (tf + r)
(see figure 1.11) and
ms
), then the web has to be checked for resistance to shear buckling
(see Eurocode 3 [3] chapter 5.6).
In die tables the following legend is defined :

/lw
"--"
means cross-section where
% > 69 , without plastic bearing capacity of Vpi jr<j

:
(5) Formulas for plastic resistance of cross-sections
* Conventions and symbols : for dimensions of profiles,
see figure 1.11; convention forces, shear forces and bending moments applied to the cross-section:
for axial
& &
z.Sd
Nx.sd
N.x.Sd
* The characteristic values of plastic resistance in following tables (Npi, Vpi.z, Vpi.y, Mpi.y> Mpi.z, MN.y) are calculated assuming die partial safety factor \ equal to 1,0 in Eurocode 3 [3] rules which define following design values of plastic resistance (Npi.Rd Vpi.z.Rd> Vpi.y.Rd, Mpi.y.Rd, Mpi.z.Rd, MN.yd) :
568
column 2
design plastic resistance of gross cross-section submitted to tension or

compression
:
N.pl.Rd
_Npl
Ymo
_Afy
Ymo
([3] 5.4.4 (2)),
column 3
where A = 2btf+(h-2tf)tw + (4-3t)r2, design plastic shear resistance related to bending about yy major axis My.sd
_ "pl.z _ Ayz fy
"pl.z.Rd
Ymo
Ymo^/3
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
where
Avz = A-2btf + (tw + 2tr)tf
([3] 5.4.6 (2))

:
column 4
design plastic shear resistance related to bending about zz minor axis Mz.sd
v _ vpi-y _ Avy fy "y-Rd"Mo"7^?3

where
([3] 5.4.6(1)),
([18]Table 5.14)
,
Ayy= 2btf+(tw + ytw
column 5
design plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis
M, , - MpLy 1. .Rd
Ymo
where
- WpLy fy
Ymo
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
W, -
Pl.y=-l-+(b-tw)(h-tf)tf+^r2(h-2tf) + ^r3,
4
*
""
"*
column 6
design plastic resistance bending moment about zz minor axis
M pl.z.Rd
M pl.z _ "pl.z *y
Ymo
Ymo
([3] 5.4.5.2(1)),
column 7
limit axial force Niimit over which allowance shall be made for the effect of the
axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis (=> MN.y.Rd ^ Mpi.y.Rd)>
([3] 5.4.8.1 (3)),

where
formula for A is provided for column 2,
column
ratio between Niimit (column 7) and NpijRd (column 2) over which allowance shall be made for die effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance bending moment about yy major axis (=> MN.y.Rd ^ MpLy.Rd),
limit pLRd
= minimum
for N-M
(A-2btf) 4' 2A
1
column 7^
column 2
569
column 10 : design value of applied compressive axial force Nsd related to the design plastic NSd resistance of die gross cross-section Npi Rd, for the given ratio - = 0, 15 ,
Npi R
NSd=0,15
At,
Ymo
where formula for A is provided for column 2, column 11: reduced plastic design resistance bending moment about yy major axis allowing for axial force NSd,
MN.y.Rd =
A.fy
NSd
([3] 5.4.8.1 (4)),
MN.y _ "pLy^y
Ymo Ymo
Ymo
A-2btf 2A
where
MN.yJld ^ Mpi.y.Rd (defined for column 5),
Nsd is issued from column 10,
^1<0,25)
2A
formula for Wpi_y is given for column 5, formula for A is provided for column 2,
Ncrf
A.Iy
.y
is equal to 0,15 in tiiis case.
Ymo
columns 12&13, 14&15, 16&17, and 18&19 are similar to columns 10&11 but related to other NSd ratios, respectively 0,20, 0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 instead of 0,15.
pl.Rd
In
case of high shear (if Vsd > 0,5.Vpi.Rd) , the design resistance bending moment Mpi.Rd of the cross-section should be reduced to M\r.Rd The following formulas are not used in tables and are provided for information according to Eurocode 3 ([3] 5.4.7 (3)):
if Vz.sd > 0,5.Vpi.z R , then :

2V.z.Sd
M V.y.Rd -
My.y
YMO
-1
kvz
wpi.y-
Vpl.z.Rd
4t w
Ymo
Where
Mv.y.Rd ^ Mpl.y.Rd (defined for column 5),

formula for Wpi.z is defined for column 5,
formulas for Vpi.zjRd and Ayz are given for column 3,
570
if vy.Sd > 0>5.Vpi.y.Rd , then :
where
Mv\z<Rd ^ Mpl.z R (defined for column 6), formula for Wpi#z is defined for column 6,
formulas for Vpi.yj^d is given for column 4.
(6) Partial safety factor Ymo : As several values of plastic resistance given in tables are characteristic, they must be adapted if partial safety factor Ymo is different from 1,0, in order to obtain design values of plastic resistance needed for checks at Ultimate Limit States (see Eurocode 3 formulas presented in clause (5)). In present version of Eurocode 3 [3] [4], ymo isfixed to 1,1 in general ([3] 5.1.1 (2)) but other values of YMO are provided by several NADs to Eurocode 3.
In practice, all the values given in the following columns of tables must be divided by the partial
safety factor ymo"
- columns 2 to 7 : Npi, Vpi.z, Vpiy, Mpi.y, Mpi.zand Niimit for N-My respectively, - columns 10 to 19 : Nsd and MN.y for Nsd / Npi.Rd = 0,15 and respectively 0,2, 0,25, 0,3 and 0,35.
* Remark : In
case of web classification for cross-section submitted to combined N-My, the Eurocode 3 rule that defines die border between class 2 and class 3 webs, is used (see table 3.3) :
d ^
Lw
456.
13
+1 2 vdtwfy
where
is the compressive axial load applied to the cross-section,
(
0,5 <
\ + 0,5 <1. 2dtwfy

J
In tables, = Nsd from different columns (10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 respectively). As explained above if YM0 differs from 1,0 those values of Nsd must be divided by Ymo Therefore the web classification calculated in tables is safesided.
(7) Flow-chart explaining the elaboration of tables and the way to use them.
571
4
o -g
*5
vi 'S C
3 o
3
(M
jo
2
O
f 3
GO B. ~
< s a o
<s\

es
572
IPE
IPE A
1
Plastic resistance of cross-sections

Note: all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
3
Vp,.Z
-IPE O
2
Npi
4
vpi.y
[kN]
69
91
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl.z
7
Nfimit
Designation
(Nihnh/Npi.Rd)
for -My
IkN]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750 X 137 IPE 750 147 IPE 750x1 73 IPE 750x196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600 IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
180 243 310 386 472 563 669 784 919
[kN]
49 69 86 104
131
[N.m]
5456
9 261 14 270
20 761
[N.m]
1367 2149 3191
4 523
[kN]
34 48 60 75 93 110 135
154 183 216 255
for -My
0,187 0,196 0,195 0,193 0,198 0,196 0,202 0,197 0,199 0,200 0,202 0,206 0,203 0,212 0,219 0,223
0,231
153 190 215 260
116 144 174 208 244 289
29107 39108 51850 67070

86162 113739 147664 189018 239 499 307180 399921
515 618
6133 8131
10 484 13 656
1080 1265 1471 1709 1985 2322

2 715
++
++
1
300 348 418 477 579 690 812 982

137
337 393 457 525 614 694 792 912 1033

1
17372 22783 29426 36114

44 908 53 815 64 949 78 932
303 347
421
509 605
731 851
193
654946 825414
1
++
++ ++
++
1260 1430 1580 1727

42 60
73
1258 1277 1626 1916

56 75 94 116 138 168 200
241
143 313
461 295
94126 114128 144308

148 241 190 329
1001
1
1200 825
1
101
1685 932
225318
1
1245 1347
30 42 53
61
0,232 0,244 0,250 0,239 0,229
150 206 259
4460 7750 11720

16 826 23 287
103
1771 2580
315 380 460 552 664 783 920
84 106 125 156

184 221
31802
42 689 56 449 73 219
3648 4863 6 571 8586 11394

14 664 19 351
0,197 0,206 0,204 0,195

0,201
76
91 111
1093 1286
++
++ ++
++ ++
++
254 302 366 404 485 573 684 818 952

172 210 240 290
285 334 392 456 553 613 705 820 935
1090
237 278 327 378 473 549 624 720 806 965
96936 127320 164953 213090 268817 351158 457312 581545 738177

44 450 58 614
133 157 184
0,198 0.202 0,200

0,201
25 222
31317
40 386
222 267 292

351
47486 57750
70 881 84 953 103 886
420 506 603 705

124 148
171
0,200 0,203 0,208 0,194 0,204 0,209 0,213 0,219 0,219
637
751
9 379
12195
15 724 19 833
879
75470
96 414
1027 1265 1476 1706 1977 2 265

2 765 3 213
342 394 473 546

651
135042 174 797 221555

278 730
806 953
1
3668
4 624
122
1416
1095 1225 1538
353010 480872 614051 766894 1050 694
27661 35 858 43 473 53 326 63 238 80 133 96 005 112921 150 420
204 243 285 339 394 470 588 704 828
1049
0,194 0,197 0,194 0,199 0,192 0,193 0,199 0,199 0.207 0,213 0,219 0,226 0,227
573
IPE IPE A -IPE O

9
10
|

Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Yj0
12
I
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
5456 9 261
14 270 20 761
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
36 49 62 77 94 113 134 157 184 216 253 294 342
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
45
61
Nsd/NPi.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
54 73 93 116 142 169
201
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
63 85 109
135 165 197
MN.y [N.m]
5369
9 218
MN.y [N.m]
5034 8 642
13 292
MN.y [N.m]
4698 8066 12 406 18 016 25 404 34049 45 459 58 448 75 331 99 558 129 487 166661 210 389 272980
MN.y [N.m]
4 362
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750 137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750x196
27 36 47 58
71
29107
39108 51850 67070 86162 113739 147664 189 018 239499 307180 399921 515618 654946 825 414
*
84 100 118 138 162 190

221
14178 20 590 29 034 38 913 51850

66 798 86 092
78
7490 11520
16 729 23 590
97
118
141
19303
27 219 36 481 48 706 62 623 80 712 106 670
31617
42 212 54 273 69 950 92 447
120 238 154 757 195361
'
1.
256 298 348 407 474 550 615

661
397 464
543 632 733
**
113739 147664 189018 239499 307180 399921 515 618 654946 825414
*
167 196 230 270 316 368
427 496
581
138736 178565 225417 292478 384190
235 276 324 379

441
679 790 916

*
497697 638998 806094

**
.
513 595 697 814 948

1
358577
464 518
234 274 322 378 443 515 598 695 813 950
1
k*
100
**
*
596399 752354
**
**
*
106
.. ..
'
t.
1283
*
ft k*
780 884
22
31
1200 825 1461295 1685 932
881
1040
1
179
1200 825 1461295 1685 932
101
1300 1474
37
52 65 79 95 115 138 166 196 230 273 322 376 429
**
**
1440991 1639166
1560 1768
45 62 78 94 114 138 165 199 235 276 328 386
** *
**
**
1529 888
3 887 6 829 10 307 14 626
20 401 27 752
2063
52 72
91
4460
7 750 11720 16 826 23 287
30
41
4443
7 750
39 47 57 69 83 100 117 138 164

193
31802 42689 56449

73 219 96 936 127320 164953
52 63 76 92 110 133 157 184 219 257

301
11720
16 716
4165 7317 11043

15 671
23 287
21858
29 735
110 133
161
31717 42689
56 449 73 219 96 935
40109
52 937 68 730 90 877 119871
37435
49 408 64 148
*
*
*
193
232 274
** *
3 610 6 342 9 571 13 582 18 944 25 770 34 761 45 879 59 566

** **
* **
*
225 258 302 356 413 483
213090
268 817
351 158
457312 581545 738177

44 450 58 614 75 470 96 414 135042 174 797
344 402 475

551
127320 164953 211599 268 817

* *
156144
* *
**
**
**
*
.* ..
**
** * **
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
644
127 150 176 205 253 295
341
**
IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
96
113 132 154 190
221
44142
58 382 74 951 96 242 133672 173 227 221231 278 546
159 188 220
41383
54 733 70 267 90 227 125318 162400 207404 261 137
191
256 297 340 415 482 550 694
221555
278 730
353010
480 872 614051
395 453 553 643

734 925
353010
480 872 614051
257 316 369 427 494 566

691
766894 1050 694
766894 1050 694
803 917
1
334005 458144 589867 742 746

1
225 264 308 380 443 512 593 680 829 964 1 100
38 624 51084 65 582 84 212
116963 151573 193577

243 728
311738 427601 550543 693230

951 198
223 263 308 360 443 517 597 692 793 968
1
35 865 47 435 60 898
78197
108609 140 747
179 750
124
156
019 141
1387
1284 1618
226319 289471 397058 511218 643 714 883256
574

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl.z
7
Nlimit
8
(Nfimit /NpiRd)
Designation
for -My
[kN]
HE100AA HE120AA
HE 140 AA
[kN]
83 94 107
141
[kN]
158 188
[N.m]
13 714 19 768
[N.m]
6684 9546
[kN]
54 63
*
for -My
0,147 0,144
367 436
541
HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA
HE 1000 AA HE HE HE HE HE
713 858
1037 1209 1419

1621
165 210 239
1834
2 089
2223
2 362
2505
2 766
292 336 373 439 480 525 572

651
237 316 380 452 527 610 697 789 890 933 977 1021
1 1 1
**
**
* *
*
**
2986 3 217
3 592 3 855
++ ++
1
742 840 986

103
105 149 193
1226
1361
1281 1325 1369
605414 734986 851419

1
++ ++
++
1680 1998 2336

103 115 137 179 196 245 280 342 390 431
1454 1549 1720 1809

229 272 336 408
481
977 566 137431
1462 828 1879 720

2 297 531
19 508
152585 164180 170250 176404 187932 201289 225 050 238 701
621
738 835 937
1045 1284 1482

1658
62 72 89 117
130 163 187 226 256
0,193 0,206 0,217 0,227 0,233 0,250 0,250 0,250
100 A 120 A 140 A 160 A 180 A
499 595 738

911
9668
13 830 19 939
0,123
0,121 0,121
28 080 40 771
57610
76 340
27644
36 776
HE200A
HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A
1053 1265 1512 1806 2040

2 286
564 680
811
914
1022
1
2644
2 923
3137 3355
3 736
HE400A HE 450 A HE500A HE550A HE600A HE650A

HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
4184
4 642
506 558 610 664 778 893 1014

1
181
4976 5322
5 678 6121
++ ++
136
1265 1400 1587 1884

2 216
1306 1390 1475 1603 1770 1936 2021 2106 2191 2280
2 371 2 542 2 628
100929 133587 174986 216146 261372 325069 382601 434862

490 791
47897
63 590 82 648
101090
121 761
150674
166 789
602023
755 729 927981
177648 188535 205123 226900

248 750
287 335 369 405 444 528

611
0,129 0,122 0,128 0,124 0,125 0,126 0,126 0,127 0,126 0,129 0,132
0,141
0,146
0,151
1086127 1257340 1442 028 1652 478 2044 380 2540 350
3 012 700
260122 271579 283125

295 334 308 381
700 796 898
1006
1
157
++
2504
332402 345382
1384 1651 1890
0,160 0,169 0,177 0,189 0,206 0,219 0,232
575

Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
Mfg.y
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
73 87
tttt * *
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd
[KN]
92 109
** *
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
110
131
tt*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
128 153
**
*
[N.m]
13 671 19 635
tt
MN.y [N.m]
12 867
MN.y [N.m]
12 063
MN.y [N.m]
11259 16170
tt
Nky
[N.m]
10 455 15 015
**
.*

HE180AA HE200AA
55 65
tttt *
18480
'
ka
17325
**
*. *.
tt
*
'* *
**
** ** **
*
**
'*
k. k*
**
tt
*
*
**
**
**
tt*
**
**
*
*
tt
tt
HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA
HE 1000 AA HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A
'*
k.
**
* *
**
* tttt
* tt*
*
** ** *
**
tt
tt*
**
tt tt tt
tt tt tt
*
>*
tt
**
**
tt
**
*tt * tt*
k.
tt
**
k. k
tt* tt
"
k.
**

** ** **
**
*
* *
**
**
'* '*
482 539 578 620 673 770 889 995

75 89
111
605 414 734 986 851 419
643 718
771
600 279
734986
851 419
804 898 964
562762
693 881 815081
1
965
525 244
126
487727
tt
1078
1
647622
760 742
157
977566
137431 1 462 828 1879 720 2 297531
1
826 897 1027

1
977566
137 431 1462 828 1879 720 2 297 531
1
1033
1
122
948352 112072
462 828
**
**
185
1326
100 119 148 182 213 253 302 361
1284 1482 1658

125 149 185
1239 1346 1540

tttt
885129
tttt tt **
1257 1349 1446

tt
**
* *
**
*
*
**
18 914
27157
39 436
17801 25 559
37116
52 889 69 567 92 645
121 981
137 160 190
56194
73 915
227
271
HE300A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE450A HE500A

HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
306 343 397 438 470 503 560 628 696

746 798 852 918
98 435 129605 170021 210129 254126 316417 372 141 424444

480 749 596034 752 297 927981 1086 127
228 266 316 378

451
16 688 23 962 34 796 49 583 65 219 86 855
150 179
221
15 576
175
22364 32 477
46 278 60 871
408 457 529 585 627

671
160019 197768 239177 297804 350 250
510
571 661 731
114357 150018 185408 224229

279 191
747 837 928 995
399477 452469 560973 708044 874114 1034 393

1 1
784 839 934
328360 374510 424190 525912

663 791 819481 969 743 1 134 528 1314 444 1 528 247
273 319 380 454 542 612 686 793 877

941
81064
106 733
140017 173047
209 280 260 579
1006
1
306469 349542 395911

490 851 619 539 764 849
208 258 319 372 443 529 632 714 800 926 1023
14 463 20 767
30157
42 972 56 523 75 274
1098
1
174
121
1046
1
161
1008
1
1257340 1442 028 1652 478 2044 380

2540 350 3 012 700
1064
1
136
210 163 402 074
130
1223
1224 1343 1506 1630
1630 131 2044 380 2540 350 3 012 700
1244 1330 1420 1530 1679 1883

2 038
1255 1393 1493 1597 1704 1836

2 015
tt tt
1308 1464 1625

1
905094 1058 893

*
..
742
*
1863
*

99110 130016 160687 194 332 241966 284 578 324575 367631 455 790 575 286 710 217 840444 983 257
*
.
1931368
*
*
* *
*
..
**
576

Note; aU values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
2
Np,
5
Mpl.y
7
Nlimit
Designation
Vplz
[kN]
123 149 177 239 275
Vpl,
[kN]
286 375 474 589
711
MpU
[N.m]
12084 19028 28149
39 941 54 288
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
for - My
[kN]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M
[N.m]
24 490 38 825
[kN]
71
for -My
0,116 0,112 0,109 0,117 0,114 0,116 0,113 0,115 0,116 0,116 0,118 0,119 0.123 0,126 0,136 0,142 0,148 0.158 0,167 0,175 0.187 0,204 0,217 0,230 0,102 0,102 0.101 0,107 0,106 0,108 0,107 0.102 0.103 0.104 0,101 0,104 0,109 0,114 0,123 0,134 0.144 0,155 0,165 0.174 0,183 0,200 0,215 0.228
612 799
1009 1275 1533 1835 2139

2 491
337 379
451
847
991 1 149
2 783 3 087
3503
3 792 4 016 4 245
510 558 643 702

761
1281
4648
5 122
822 949 1081
1417 1603 1729 1814 1899

2 028
2194
2 361
57675 83182 113140 150999 194356 247489 301484 360592 439138 505071 565905 630502 759458 935857
131 423 313 792 1509 907 1 720 172 1 956 876 2 404 050 2 956 300
1
71866
92 562 117128 141528
168629 204483 220688 231644 242635 259448 281449

303 537
89 110 149 175 212 243 287 322 359 412

451
5608
5 970
6344
6 729
7200 7853
8 725
++
1219 1358 1503 1656 1860 2195

2 561
492 536 632 728 830

941
2446
2 532
315168 326899
338 732
1057
1
2 617 2 706
179
2799
2971
3 057
351335 364986
389 710
2883
245 287 332 418 470 557 615 815 908 977
3492100
55 416 82 394 116049
403323
1344 1600 1895 2163

127 158 192 243 282
1251 1561 1893

2 281
614 760 916 1091
27334
40 333 56 520 76 483 99 919
2 661 3 085 3 512 4 690
|_
1269 1465 1665

2 249
5162 5644 7122 7333 7422 7492

7 656
2466 2686
3 417
3 491
158523 207610 266760 333570 497482 593049

696 924 958 253 1 042 231 1 108 629 1 172 489 1309 095 1487 789
127656 159460
236 394
280229
328 219
7883
8 091 8 328
1228 1287 1338 1389 1495 1626 1757 1894

2 031
3 491
3480
3 469
449597 458420 458887 456453 454521

455 713
332 375 480 534 588 720 762 806

851
3469 3458 3458

3 447 3 447
942 1056
1
HE600M
HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 Ml HE 1000 M
8546
8 783
9 001
1667154 1864180 2061440

2 269 385 2476 900 2 935150 3393 400 3 893 950
454024
455 267
169
9500
9 955 10 439
2167 2304 2636 2909 3188
453639 454883
453 264
3436 3434
3 423 3 423
453642
453 286
1288 1406 1524 1643 1902 2139

2 381
455825
577

Note: all values of Ns< and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npuw-0,15
Nsd [kN]
M[M.y
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
122 160 202 255
Nsd/N ?l.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
153
Nsd/Nlpl.Rd=0t3
Nsd [kN]
184 240 303 382 460 550 642 747 835 926 1051 1 137
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0I35
Nsd [kN]
214 280 353 446 537 642 749 872 974
[N.m]
23 546
MN.y [N.m]
22161
34 971
MN.y [N.m]
20 776 32 785 48 543 70 621 95 752 128078 164 404
MN.y [N.m]
19391 30 599 45 307 65 913 89 368 119 540
MN.y [N.m]
18 006 28 414 42 070
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550
92 120
151
37156
55 015 80 037 108519 145156 186325
191
230 275
321
374 418 463 525 569 602 637
237713 289841 346854 423038 487202

548 221
307 367 428 498 557 617

701
51779 75329 102135

136 617
175365
223 730 272 791 326 451
398153
458 543 515 972
697
768
841
613409 747114 927309

128 770 1 313 792 1509 907 1 720 172 1 956 876
1
758 803 849 930
200 252 319 383 459 535 623 696 772 876 948
61205
82 985 111001 142484 181780 221643 265 241
153444
195 763 238 692 285 645
209747 255742
306 048 373 268
429884
483 724 541243 659 218 818 214 995 973 1 169 629
1004
1061
1
1024
1 1
HE600B
HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE HE HE HE HE HE
896 952
122 194
1009 1080
1
178
1309 1410
188 234 284 342 399 463 527 704 774 847
2404050 2956 300 3 492100

52441 77950 109 757 150822 197355 254117 317438 471088 562 257 661344 906117 988621
1269 1346 1440 1571

1
577326 703166 872762 1062 372 1247604 1449 420 1668 467
1
162
1281
924 783
745
2404050 2956 300

3 492100
49 356 73 365 103 301
1880
250 312 379 456 532 617 702 938 1032
1
1402 1493 1586 1682 1800 1963 2181 2350

313 390 473 570 665
771
1
1205 1273 1394 1537 1682

1791
348384 401225 451476 505160

615 270 763 667 929 575 1091 654 1268 242 1459 909
1080 1226 1327 1406 1486 1627 1793 1963 2090

2 220 2 355 2 520 2 749 3 054
323499 372566
419 228
469077 571322 709119 863177

1 1
013 678
1358 831 1564188 1804 484 2264 407

2 832 397 3 401532
1903
2 019
2160 2356
2 617 2 820
1684185 2113 447

2 643 570
**
177654 1355 630 1563 886

tttt
100 M 120 M 140 M 160 M 180 M 200 M
HE220M
HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
129
1068
1
1
1 1 1
100 113 124 148 182
1057196
1
124 291
1214 1249 1282 1317 1350 1425 1493 1566
1268 873 1460 151 1656 424 1864180 2 061440 2269 385
2 476 900
1424 1467 1484 1498 1531
141950 185 746 239169 298765 443377 529183 622442 852816 930467 995008
46 271 68 779 96 844 133078 174 137 224 221
878 173
280092
415 666
375 468 568 684 798 926 1054
43187 64194
90 388 124 206
438 546 663 798

931
40 102 59 609 83 932 115 335
162528
209 273
1290
1411 1781
496109 583539
799 515
1058156
194 234 1374 260
1
1833 1855 1873 1914

1971 2 023
872313
932 820 992021 1 119 594 1288 369
1407 1548 1693 2137 2200

2 227 2 248 2 297
261419 387955 463035 544636

746 214
1080 1229 1642 1807 1975

2 493 2 567
814159 870632
925 886 1044 955 1202 477
2598
2 622
2680
2 759
150919 194325 242746 360244 429961 505 734 692913 756 004 808444 859 752 970315
1
1577 1618 1666 1709 1757

1
800
1558 987 1764 082 1973 897 2196 803 2423 941
2082 2136 2196

2 250 2 375
1461550 1653 827 1850 528 2059 503

2 272 444 2 752 381 3 241 452 3 783 247
2365 2 427
116 586
2498 2564 2635

2 700
1364114 1543 571

727 160 1922 203 2 120 948 2568 889 3 025 355
1
2832
2 915 2 991 3 074 3 150 3 325 3484
1266 677 1433316 1603 791 1784902 1969 452

2 385 397 2 809 258
**
2935150 3393 400

3 893 950
1900
1991
2935150
3 393 400 3 893 950
2850
2 987
2489
2 610
2088
3132
3 531030
3654
578

Note: all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by Ym0
1
2
,
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpi.z
7
Nlimit
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
Designation
Vp,z
[kN]
134 168 174 198
for - My
[kN]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254 x 102x22 UB 254 102x25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254 x 146 31 UB 254 X 146 X 37 UB 254 146 43 UB 305 X 165 40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171 x45 UB 356x171 51 UB 356x171 x57 UB 356x171x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457 152 52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457 152 67 UB 457 152 74 UB 457 152 82 UB 457 191 67 UB 457 191 74 UB 457 191 82 UB 457 191 89 UB 457x191 98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533 210 92 UB 533 210 101 UB 533 210 109 UB 533 210 122 UB 610 229 101 UB 610 229 113
[kN]
225 266 292
361 198
[N.m]
40 245 55 006 60 567 73 876 60 868
[N.m]
9 774
[kN]
97
123
131
for N-My
0.170 0,178 0.175 0,164 0,250 0,233 0.217 0,183 0,162 0,158 0,172 0,167 0,167 0,210 0,196
0,191
570
691 751
898 658 753 848 932

1 1
11692 16 672
20 733 8 760
10 812 12 890
212 227
241
108
287
++
1381 1 616
++ ++
1705 2009
++
++
2 010 2 221
++ ++
++
++
222 239 274 273 306 360 363 389 427 485 452 469 523 568 495 534 595 639
701
2 457
++ ++
2 455 2 673
2944
++
++ ++
3263 3 652
++ ++
556 593 653 696 759 735 782 840 903 994 907 967
243 289 352 445 522 469 545 638 467 553 628 762 544 637 716 805 469 572 649 738 826 676 773 858
951
71799
82 910 92 370 113559 133087 146423
169 211
147 165 175 184

171
22119
28 053 33 153 33 307 38 900 45 973 34 443 40 937 46 707
179
204 208
231 271
1059 777 917 1026

1
114
1269 947
1
107
UB610x229x125 UB 610 229 140

UB 610 305 149 UB 610 305 179 UB 610 305 238 UB 686 254 125 UB 686 254 140 UB 686 254 152 UB 686 254 170 UB 762 267 147 UB 762 267 173 UB 762 267 197 UB 838 292 176 UB 838 292 194 UB 838 X 292 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 305 253 UB 914 305 289 UB 914 419 343 UB 914 419 388
++
1043
1
4 188
++
153
5360 7128
++ ++
++ ++ ++
1069 1279 1681

1
1258 1426 1675

2 025 2 740 1 155
144
198828 182036 210561 237383 284552 247840 281875 316316 352689 257570 302509 341472 382248 425701 345 691 388391 430352 473206 524 616 483775 554620 613823 664680 750964 677065 770990 863831 973388 1079 488 1303 627 1759 258 938 623
1 1
57098 41898 49126

55 589 62 741
31326 38 317 43 870 50 085 56 490 55 767 63 944 71416

79 518 89 042 70 586 83 562 93 870 102409
117432 94 058 110 277 125825 143690

220 261
++ ++ ++
++
++ ++
++ ++ ++
10 277
11614
1223 1307 1441 1389 1565 1721 1678 1775 1967 1956 2 079 2 277 2 575 2 593 2 875
1354
1501 1704
071 154 175 107
1310 1623 1915 1549 1787

2 211
1323 230 1 211548 1456 454 1684147 1599 811

1
268805 369876 127463 149970 166894 190686 152093

189 758 225 269
284 299 326 365 355 364 404 436 392 418 463 493 539 438 463 508 539 584 582 612 653 700 765 723 764 817 898 822 977
0,182 0.219 0.202

0.201
1266
911
964 1024
1 1
123 100
795 427
1733 2048 2398

2 774
2 151 381 1962 541 2 240 611 2 570900
197844 228844 284 727

230 765
273409 322078
376 296 679048 785110
2953950
3637800 4152 450
3 748 4308
1236 1345 1316 1409 1540 1504 1648 1790 2013 1991 2190
0,196 0,250 0,233 0,230 0,222 0,219 0,218 0,208 0,207 0,201 0,198 0.237 0,222 0,216 0,215 0.210 0.239 0,226 0,218 0,215 0,184 0,182 0,178 0,243 0.230 0,225 0,220 0,250 0.239 0,228 0.250 0,243 0,227 0,250 0,246 0,236 0,233 0.194 0.189
579

Note: all values of Njj and Mjq.y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
40 245 55 006 60 567 73 876 60 868
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
114 138 150 180 132
151
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
143 173 188 224 165 188 212 233
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
171
Nsd/Np,.nd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
200 242 263 314 230 264 297 326 388
451
**
*
MN.y [N.m]
38 813 53 532 58 731 70 660 60 868
MN.y [N.m]
36 387 50186 55 061 66 244 60 868
MN.y [N.m]
33 961 46 841 51390 61828 56 811 65 513 74 097
MN.y [N.m]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30
UB254X 102x22
UB 254 102 25 UB 254 102 28 UB 254 146 31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254 146 43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356 171 51 UB 356 171 57 UB 356 171 67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406 178x67 UB 406 178 74 UB 457 152 52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457 152x67 UB 457 152x74 UB 457 152 82 UB 457 191 67
86 104 113 135 99 113 127 140 166 193

181
31535
43 495 47 719 57 412 52 753 60 834 68 805 73 519 88 048 102796
**
a.
71799 82910
92 370 113559 133087
146 423 169 211 198 828
71799
82 910 90 485
70193
79 390 84 829 101594 118610
**
170 186
222 257
241
108367 126518
141 481
207 242 202 229 256

301
182036
210 561
276 323 269 305

341
162 540
237383
284 552
191065 182036 209549 234 879

278 264
277 322 302 345 404 337

381
207 225 269 198 226 254 280 333 386

*
79174
94 821 110 703
* *
243 270 302 333 235 269 302 333 368

301
UB457x191x74 UB457x191x82 UB457x191x89 UB 457x191x98

UB 533 210 82 UB 533 210 92 UB 533 210 101 UB 533 210 109 UB 533 210 122 UB 610 229 101 UB 610 229 113 UB 610 229 125 UB 610 229 140 UB 610 305 149 UB 610 305 179 UB 610 305 238 UB 686 254 125 UB 686x254x140 UB 686 254 152 UB 686 254 170 UB 762 267 147 UB 762 267 173 UB 762 267 197 UB 838 292 176 UB 838 292 194 UB 838 292 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 305 253 UB 914 305 289 UB 914 419 343 UB 914 419 388
334 368
401
442 369 414 454 490 548 454 507 562 628 670 804
247840 281 875 316316 352689 257570 302509 341472 382248 425 701 345 691 388391 430 352 473 206 524 616 483 775 554620 613 823 664 680 750964
402 324 360 402 444 313 358 402 444

491
247840
281 875
316316 350984 257570 302509 341472

382 248 425 701 345691 388391
426 502 405 450 503

555 392 448 503 555 614 502 556 614 668 736 615 690 756 816 913 757 846 936 1047
1
152381 179 124 172926 196452 220199
260873 238032 265056 296953 329048

**
**
414 485 404 458 512 603 486 539 603 666
**
*
'
167 182
566
**
**
155241
a.
205 519 243481

** **
597 703
**
**
226090
*
~
**
277156 307111
**
*
704 777
**
aa
285 175
*
.
332 751 368 574 408 919

**
603 666 737

**
310 568 344 003
381658
**
704 777 860

*
'
**
354397
**
*
402 445
491
430352
473 206
677065 770990 863831 973388 1079 488 1303 627

1
1069
562 629 684 764 660 777 884 790 870
759 258 938 623

071 154 175 107
1 1
535 589 492 552 605 653 730 606 677 749 838 893 1072 1426 750 839 912
523519
483 775
367911 407041 444429 490 799

**
667 737 802 883

**
**
379 904 414 800 458 079

a. a.
859 936 1030

**
385172 425359
* **
554620 613823 664680 750964 677065 770990 863831 973388

1 1
534 544 587216
634732
712 534
tt* tt
828 907 979 1096

**
1
1
**
*
*
592417 665 032

* *
142 278
617530
** *
828 814 929401

tttt
123
**
1256
1608 2138

867441
**
1
1466
"
* *
-*
058 375 275 311
116
1
1711433 938623
1 1
071 154 175 107
1340 1782 937 1048

1
195 604 604 468

*
115 897 1497 504

**
.
1876 2 495
*
1390 539
**
a
"*
1
"
**
140
136 648
1368
1529
*
1
1323 230 1211548 1456 454 1684147 1599 811

1
1019
880 1036
1
178
1053
1
795 427
160
1323 230 1211548 1456454 1684147 1599 811 1795 427

2 151 381
1274
1
1272 997
188 130
*
**
1783
.a
**
** **
100
1017
902 1 007
1
2 151 381
1962541 2240 611

2 570 900 2 953 950 3 637 800 4 152 450
138
1298
1
1541 742
1356 1203 1343 1517 1731 2 055

2 323
1962 541
2 240 611 2 570 900
2953950 3 609 629 4 094 082
1295 1473 1316 1450 1695 1504 1678 1897 2164

2 569
1434 623 1637028

** **
1554 1767
**
aa
**
527 893
*
* **
.
2 062
..
**
"
**
**
**
2 087 734
** **
2034
**
..
"* **
.
**
"
2 523 715 2 887079 3 384 027
2 276
2904
3838 202
2596 3083 3484
2 694 607 3 158 425 3 582 322
3 029 3 597 4 065
2 502135
3 326 442
580

Note; all values of columns 2 to 7 must be divided by
1
2
Np,
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl.z
7
Nfimit
Designation
Vplz
IkN]
135 157 194 230 254
301
Vy
IkN]
291
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
for -My
IkN]
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203x203x71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254x254x73 UC 254x254x89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254x254x167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x1 18 UC 305x305 137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305x305 198 UC 305 x 305 x 240 UC 305x305 283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x177 UC 356x368x202 UC 356 406x235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356x406x340 UC 356x406x393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356x406x551 UC 356x406x634
{N.m]
*
IN.m]
IkN]
for -My
687 899
1
107
1380 1558 1795 2125

2 576
2188 2663
3 205 3 951 5 002 2 901
3530 4099
4 732 5 932
329 416 348 418 517 627 799 483 586 676 778 956
1
402 499 625 712 818 996
58 201
26 224
72559 116898 133338

154178 187708 229532 233136 287608 348841 439312 569562 374136 460019 539690 629904 808 395 998062
32801
54 253 62 099
112 136 164 179

211
1203
1
71754 87814 107215

109367 135197
163 805
223
281
006
1235 1484 1852 2364 1310 1604 1875 2178

2 769
206418 267258
170 645
7186
7 749 3 862 4 578
165
1377
576 682 798 916
3 376 3 667 1786
1097617 582629
696 711 811981 933 358
1
2127
2 464 2 816 3 319
5299 6045 7037 8594

9 310
10 762 12 791
1027 1272
1516 1765 2105 2308 2664
101 328
4068 4430 5145

6 162 7 312 8 476
1365 932 1504801 1767825 2150 000

2 597 200 3 061600
15 092
17362
210411 247348 289074 371 472 458388 503564 281812 337170 392 640 451090 560058 693078 761894 893050 1082 375 1302 461 1528 300
244 289 356 422 525 346 414 473 538 645 772 820 415 487 566 645 716 875 938
0,124 0,123 0,119 0,115 0,117 0,105 0,109 0,112 0,109

0,111
1076
1
255
1472 1662
0,107 0,105 0,119 0,117 0,115 0,114 0.109 0.107 0,106 0.107 0,106 0.107 0.107 0,102 0,102 0,101 0,100 0,098 0,098 0,096
581

Note: all values of Njj and Mj>j must be divided by ^0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y IN.m]
Nsd/Npi.Rd0.2
Nsd IkN]
Nsd/Npi.Hd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
tt
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
**
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0.35
Nsd [kN]
*tt
MN.y [N.m]
tt
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
tt
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203 X 203 71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254 X 254 X 73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254 X 254 X 132 UC 254x254x167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x1 18 UC 305 X 305 X 137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305x305x198 UC 305x305x240 UC 305 305x283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x177 UC 356 368 x 202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
135 166
207 234 269 319 386 328 399

481
56 498 70 334 112 743
180 221
53175 66196
106111 120493 139 742 167808
128024 148476
178 296
218975 223079
274 278 333 534
276 312 359 425 515 438 533

641
225 277 345 389 449

531
49 851
62059
99 479 112962 131008 157320
193 213 196 834
593 750 435 529 615 710 890
418069
540 952
361030 442974
518 526
604062 770996
950 486 1043 330
790 1 000 580 706 820 946

1
206094 209956 258144 313914 393476 509131

339 793
644 547 666

801
242010
294 295
270 332 414 467 538 638 773 656 799

1
46 528
315
57922 92 847 105432 122274 146832 180332

183 712
387
483 545 628 744 902 766 932
1
43 204 53 785 86 215 97901 113540 136344
167452
170 590 209 742 255 055 319 700
416916
488 025
988 1251 725 882
1025
1
568529
725 643
1.83
368884 477310 318 556 390859 457523 532996

680 290
961 185
186
1078
1
162
1437 1550
772 916
894575 981958
522 233 623 668
1483 1797 1937

965
1
579 687 795 907
1056 1289 1397 1614 1919

2 264
554872 662647 772674 888100 1042 245 1292 594 1422 398 1669 560
2 026 347
838664 920 585 489593

584 688 681771 783 618 919 628 1 140 524 1 255 057 1 473 141
1501 870 1059 1230 1420 1780 2156 2 325

1
159
144
1060 1209 1407 1719 1862 2152 2558

3 018
727222 835859 980936 1216 559 1338 727

1
1325
1511
1759 2149
2 328 2691 3198
1373 1590 1813 2111 2578

2 793 3229 3 837 4 527 5209
571 351
1907150
2 302 371 2 708 526
1787953
2 158 473 2 539 243
225876 274 675 344 292 445490 297319 364802 427022 497463 634938 782753 859 213 456 954 545 709 636319 731377 858319 1064 489 1 171386 1 374 932 1668 756
2 014 575 2369 960
122
1383 1751 1015 1235 1435 1656 2 076 2 515 2 712 1352 1602 1855 2116 2463 3008
3 259
413669 276082 338 745 396 520 461930 589585

726 842 797841
424314
506 730
590868 679135 797011

988 454
2604
2446 270 2877809
3773
4 341
3 472
3 767 4 477 5 282 6 077
1087716 1276 723 1549 560

1 870 677 2 200678
582
IPE
IPE A
1

3
-IPE O
2
Npi
5
Mpl.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nlimit /Np|.Rd)
Designation
Vpu
IkN]
57
81
.
Vpl,
IkN]
81
for - My
IkN]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750X196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600
IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE 0 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
[N.m]
[N.m]
1600
2 515
IkN]
39 56
71
for -My
0,187 0,196 0,195 0,193 0,198 0,196 0,202 0,197 0,199 0,200 0.202 0,206 0,203 0,212 0,219 0,223
0,231
210 284 363 452 553 659 783 918
6385
10 837 16 699
100
121
153 179 222
1076 1263 1480 1722 2000

2 323
++ ++
252 304
351
408 489 558 678 807

951 1 149
107 136 169 204 243 286 338 394 460 535 615 719 812
3735
5 293
24 295 34 061 45 764 60 676
87
109 129 158
181
7177 9 515
12 268 15 980
78487 100827 133099 172798

221 191
926
280265 359465 467993

603 382
++ ++
++
++

1330 1475 1674

1
849
1067 1209 1396 1472 1494 1903

2 242
66 88 110 136 162 197 234 282 333 391 459 533 647 717 825 960
20 329 26 661 34 435 42 262 52 552 62 975 76 005 92 367
766426
965 910
1337919 1405 221

710 026 1972 899
1
110148 133554 168871 173473 222726

263 669
214 253 299 355 406 493 596 708 855 995
1
171
2 021
49 70 86 99 124 146 182 215 259 298 353 428 473 568
671
1289 1457 1577

35 50 62 72 89 107 130 156 184 215 260 313 342 411 492 593 706 825
145 173 200 239 284 333 397 462 550 689 824 968
0,232 0,244 0.250 0,239 0,229 0,197 0,206 0,204 0,195

0.201
175
241
5 219 9 070
13 715 19 690 27 251
1290
2 073 3 019
303 368 445 538 645
4269
5 691
916
++
++ ++
++ ++
++
37 215 49 955 66 057 85 682 113436 148992 193030 249361
7689
10 047 13 333
0,198 0,202 0,200

0,201
17160 22645
29 515 36 648
47260
55 569
++ ++ ++
1
800 957
114
314573 410929 535152

680531 863824
67580 82946
99 413 121568
10 976 14 270 18 400
1094 1275
277 326 382 443 554 642 730 843 943
1
0,200 0,203 0.208 0,194 0,204 0,209 0,213 0,219 0,219 0.194 0.197 0.194 0,199 0,192 0,193 0,199 0,199 0,207 0,213 0,219 0,226 0,227
745 879
1028 1202 1480 1728 1997

2 314
2 651
202 245 280 339

401 461
52016
68 590 88 316 112825
158028
204 550 259 266 326 173
23 209 32 369
41962
50 873
3236
3 759
1
554 638 762 943

115
62403
74 002 93 772
129
413097 562722
718571 897429 1229 535
4 292 5 411
1313 1657
1282 1434 1800
112347
132 142
176023
1227
583
IPE IPE A -IPE O

9
10
11

Note: all values of Ns<j and Mj^.y must be divided by Ym0
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
6385
10 837 16 699 24 295 34 061
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
42 57 73 90
111
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
53
71 91
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
63 85 109 136 166 198 235 275 323 379 444 517 600 697 815 953
1
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
MN.y [N.m]
6 283
10 787 16 591
MN.y [N.m]
5890 10113
15 554 22 589
MN.y [N.m]
5498 9439 14 517 21083
29 729 39 844
IkN]
74 99 127 158 193 230 274
321
MN.y IN.m]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750 147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750x196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600 IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
32 43 54 68
83 99 117 138
161
5105
8 765 13 480 19 577
24094 33976
45 536 60 676 78 168 100 746 133 099 172798
221 191
45 764 60 676 78 487 100827
190 222 258
133099 172 798

221 191
300 348 408 477 554 643 720 773 913
280 265
359465 467993 603382

766 426
965910
**
132 157 184 215 253 296 344 400 465 544 635 739 858
**
113 138 165 196 229 269
31852 42690
56 997 73 282 94 450 124 826 162351
27605
36 998 49 397 63 511
53197 68 397
88 153 116 504 151 528 195 029
**
.
280 265
316 370 430 500

581
359465 467993 603382 766426 965910

**
a.
679 794 924
1072
aa
208960 263 786 342262 449 584 582412 747764 943301

**
376 442 518 603

**
**
*
81857 108183
140 704
**
**
aa **
*
a*
109
*
*" **
1287
"

*
**
**
** ** *
1405 221
1
1031
710 026
1035
26 36 45 55 67
81
1972 899
5 219 9 070 13 715 19 690 27 251 37 215 49 955 66 057 85 682 113436 148 992 193030 249 361
1217 1380
35 48
61
1710 026 1972899

5199
9 070 13 715
19 561 27 251
1522 1724
44 60 76 92
111
**
1
**
"
**
*
918 173
2069
53 72
91
4 874
8563 12923
18 339
4549 7992
12 062
61
85
106 129 156 188
4 224 7421 11200

15 893
97 117 137
161
192 226 264
74 89 108 129 155 183 215 256

301
37115 49955
66 057 85 682
135
161
25 579 34 796 46 936
113435 148992 193030
194 229 269
61948
80 429
tt
110 133 162 194 233 275

* *
*
17116
23 873 32 476
22168 30156
* *
>
43 807
57818
*
226 272
*
** **
320 376
**
"
'
a
302 353 417 484 565

112 132 154 180 222 259 300
314573 410929 535152

*
352 402
471
*
tt*
**
~
**
tttt
* *
*
*
*
**

"
k
556

tt
tt*
**

**
**
**
"
ka
52 016 68 590 88 316
112825 158 028

204 550 259 266
149 176 206 240 296 346
51655
68 319 87 709 112 624
186 220 257

301
156425 202712
258 887
347 398 485 564 644 812
326173 413 097

562 722 718 571
897429 1229 535
399 463 530 647 752 858
1082
325958 413097 562722 718571 897429 1229 535
370 432 499 578 663 809 940
48 427 64 050 82 227 105 585 146 649
224 264 308

361
45198
59 780 76 745 98 546
261
41970
55 510
308 360
421
190042
242 706
305586
390 857 536126 690 270 869171 1 192 612
444 518 599 694 795

1
136872 177373 226 526

285 214 364 800
518 605 699 810 928

1
71263 91507 127095

164 703
971 128
500384
644 252 811 227 1 113 104
132
1073 1353
1288 1623
1316 1502 1894
210346 264841 338 743 464643 598 234
1033 597
584

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
vPi.y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
8
{NfimH /Np,.Rd)
Designation
[kN]
HE100AA HE 120 AA HE 140 AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A
for -My
[kN]
98 110 126 165 193 245 280
for -My
M
0.147 0.144
tt
[kN]
185
[N.m]
16 048
[N.m]
7822
[kN]
63 74
tt*
429 510 633 835
1005 1214 1415 1660 1897

++ ++
2 601 2 764 2 932 3 237 3 494 3 764 4 203

++
++ ++ ++
342 393 437 514 562 614 670

761
220 278 370 445 529 617 714 816 924 1041
23133
*"
**
*
*
*
'*
" '
tt
tt* **
**
*
*
* **
**
tt tt* *
1092
1
**
tt
a a
143 195
~
ft
868 983
1
154
1293 1345 1396 1499

1551
tt
708 463 860 090
tt
192126
199 229
1291
996341
143 960 331 037 1 711 820 2 199 673 2688 600
1 1
++ ++
1435 1593 1966 2338

2 733
120 134
L_
727 864 977
1603 1702 1813

2 012
2117
268 318 393 477 563 660 796 948
206430 219921 235 552 263 356 279331
1097 1223 1502 1734 1940

72 84 105 137 152 190 219 264 300 336 392
431
0.193 0,206 0,217 0,227 0,233 0,250 0.250 0,250

0,123
0,121 0.121
584 697 864
161
22 829 32 860 47711
11314 16185
23 333 32 349 43 036 56 050 74 414 96 715
1066 1244 1480 1769 2113 2388

2 675
210 230 287 328 400
67415 89334 118108

156 326 204 771
457
504 592 653 714 777 910
1070
1
252937
305 861 380 399
197
3095
3 420
3 671 3 926 4 372 4 896 5 432 5 823
1382 1528 1627

1
447724
508 881 574 330 704 494
726
1044
1
1876 2071
2 265
195178 207886 220626 240038

265 521 291091 304 399
186
HE600A
HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A
6228
++
++ ++ ++
HE900A
HE 1000 A
1329 1480 1638 1857 2204 2593

2 930
2 365
2464 2564 2668

2 775 2 975 3 075
884363 1085 935 1270 999 1471356 1687480 1933 750 2392 359
2 972 750 3 525 500
317806 331317
345 604 360 871 388 981 404171
474 519 618 715 819 932 1051

1
0,129 0.122 0.128 0,124 0,125 0,126 0,126 0.127 0,126 0,129 0.132
0.141
0.146 0,151
178
1354 1620 1932

2 212
++
0,160 0,169 0,177 0,189 0,206 0.219 0,232
585
HE AA

Note: all values of Ngj and M^.y must be divided by Ym0
11
HEA
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y IN.m]
15 999
* * * a *
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>2
NSd
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd
IKN]
107
tt tt tt Itt
.*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd IkN]
150
**
aa
[kN]
86
* tttt *
MN.y IN.m]
15 057
**
MN.y IN.m]
14116
*
*
Nsd IkN]
129
tt
MN.y IN.m]
13175
** tt
MN.y IN.m]
12 234
*
HE100AA HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA
64 77
*
** **
tt * tt *
**
tt
tt
**
**
* tt *
tt
**
**
**
**
** **
**
*
**
*
**
tt *
tt*
** **
* * tt*
**
**
**
tttt tttt
**
**
**
**
'*
*
*
** **
tt
* *
*
**
**
tt
*
tt
**
*
**
'* *
**
**
~
tt tt*
*
**
*
*
**
**
aa
**
**
**
**
*
**
*
aa
**
** *
**
*
**

565 630 677 725 788

901
**
'*
**
*a a*
860090 996341
1
841
860090
996 341 1 143 960 1 331 037
1051
1
143 960
902 967
128
1
811988 953818
109 774

1261
"*

1331037
711 820 2 199 673
1
1040
1
164
2688 600
1050 1202 1387 1552

117 139 173 213
1711820
*tt
1208 1313 1502

aa
1353 1450
**

"
tt
"
**
*
**
**
**
"
88 105 130 160 187 222 265
22133 31779 46148

65 759 86 496
20 831 29 910 43 434
146 174 216
19 529 28 040 40 719
317 358
401
115190 151665 198960

tt* *
249 296 354 423

tttt
61891 81408
108 414 142 744
267
311
58023
76 320
187257
*
370 442 528

** **
a.
101639
133 822
175 209 259 320 373 444

531
18 227 26171 38 004
54 155
71232
94 863 124901
175553

634
aa
163850

204 244 302 373 436 518 619 740

**
a*
16925
24 302 35 290 50 287
66144
88 087
115979 152146
*
** **
464 513
551
**
**
589 656 734 815 874 934 997
1074
1
179
1322
1431
435484 496690 562578 697486 880347 1085 935 1270 999 1471356 1687480 1933 750 2 392 359 2 972 750 3 525 500
684 734 785 874 979
409867 467473 529485

656 458 828 562
855 918
981
384 251 438 256 496 393
1026
1 1
358 634
197
333017
379 822 430 207
101
409039
463 300
178
1086
1
165
1022899 1210 460

1
1246 1329 1433 1572 1763 1908
416 148
1093 1224 1358 1456 1557

1661 1791
615429
776 777
958968
1
134 806
**
aa
1312 1469 1630 1747

**
574400 724992 895036 1059152

1285 1374 1530 1714 1901 2038
533372 673207 831105

983 498
*
tttt *
1640 725 1907600 2392 359

tt*
*
*
aa a. aa
*
a*
**
a.
1965

**
** **
**
tt
**
586

1
2
Np,
3
Vp|.z
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl-z
7
Nfimit
Designation
Vy
IkN]
335 438 555 690 832
991
{Nfimft/NpLRd)
IkN]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
for -My
IkN]
143 174
[N.m]
28 659 45 433
[N.m]
14 141
[kN]
83
105 129 174
for -My
0.116 0,112 0,109 0,117 0,114 0,116 0.113 0.115 0,116 0,116 0,118 0.119 0.123 0,126 0,136 0,142 0,148 0,158 0.167 0,175 0,187 0,204 0,217 0,230 0,102 0,102
0,101
716 935
1
181
1492 1794 2147 2504

2 915 3 257 3 613
208 279
321
67492 97340 132398

176 700
4100
4 437 4 700 4 967
394 443 528 597 652 753 822

891
22 266 32 941 46 740 63 529 84 098
962
1
1159 1345 1499 1658 1876 2023 2122 2222

2 373
227438 289615 352801 421969 513885 591041 662229 737822

888 728 1 095 151 1324 006
108317 137065 165618 197332 239289

258 252 271 073
5439 5994 6563

6 987
111
7424
7 874 8 425
9190
++
++
1265 1426 1589 1759 1938 2177 2568 2997

3 374
286 336 388 489 550
651
2568
2 763
283935 303610 329356

355 203 368 814 382541
1
204 249 284 335 377 420 482 527 576 627 739 852
971
101
2863
2 962
1537417 1766 912

2 012 967 2 289 961 2 813 250 3 459 500 4086 500
3 062
3 167 3 276 3 477 3 577
396388
411 137
427112
456 044 471 974
1237 1380 1573 1872

2 218 2 531 149 185 224 285
1464 1826
2 215
719 889
2669 3114
3 610 4 110
5489 6040 6 605

8 335 8 581
719 954
1072 1277 1485 1714 1948

2 631
64849 96418 135802

185 505
31986 47198 66141

89 501
1062
1
144
8685
8 767 8 959 9 225 9 468 9 745
10 001 10 278 10 533
11 117
1437 1506 1566 1626 1749 1903 2056

2 216 2 376
2886 3143 3999 4085

4 085 4 072 4 059 4 059 4 047 4 047
242948 312165 390348 582160 693993

815 549 121360 1 219 632
1
116927 149385 186 602

276 632
327928 384086
526 125 536 449 536 995
1297332 1372062 1531920

1
534147 531886
533 281
330 389 439 562 625 689 843 892 944 996
1
0,107 0,106 0,108 0.107 0.102 0,103 0,104

0,101
102
741 029
11650
++
2536 2696 3084 3404

3 731
4034 4034
4 021 4 019
4006 4006
1950925 2181488 2 412323 2655 664 2898 500 3434 750 3 971000
4 556 750
531304
532 760 530 854
532310
530 416 530 858 530441 533 412
1235 1368 1507 1645 1784 1922 2226 2503 2786
0,104 0,109 0,114 0.123 0.134 0,144 0,155 0,165 0.174 0.183 0,200 0,215 0.228
587

Note: all values of Nsa and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
27554
43 481 64 379 93 660 126990 169863 218040 278 174
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.2
Nsd [kN]
143 187
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
179 234 295 373 449 537 626 729 814 903
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
215
281
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
251
MN.y [N.m]
25 933 40 923 60 592 88151 119520 159871 205 214 261811 319 224
MN.y [N.m]
24 312 38 366
MN.y [N.m]
22 691 35 808
MN.y [N.m]
21071 33 250 49 231
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 8 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700
107 140 177 224 269 322 376
236 298 359 429

501
56805 82641 112050

149 879
354 448 538 644

751
53018 77132 104580

139 887
437 489 542 615 666 705

745 816 899 984
583
651
339175 405893 495044 570130 641535 717819 874282 1085149 1320 901
1
723 820
887
940 993
382017 465924 536593 603798

675 594
1025
1
109 175
1088
1
822854
1
199
021 317
1242 1360 1499

1641
192388 245448 299272 358141 436 803 503056 566060 633370 771425 957485
165 501 1368 715
1
874 977
1084 1230
1331
179562 229085 279321 334 265 407683

469 519
327 413 522 628 752 876 1020

1
71622 97110
129895
166 736
140
1048
1
537 417
114
181
1766 912
2 012 967 2 289 961 2 813 250 3459 500 4086 500
1
1
264
HE800B
HE 900 HE 1000
1378 1532
1
1313 1397 1485 1575 1685 1838

2 042
1243 201 1459 962 1696130 1952 462

2 252 406 2 813 250 3459 500 4086 500
1747 1856 1969 2106

2 297
1410 1490 1632 1798 1969 2096

2 227 2 362 2 528 2 757
528323
591 145
719 997
1590 121 1830 433 2111630 2649 838

3 314 507
**
893652 1087801 1277467 1484113 1708 404

1
1264 1435 1553 1645 1739 1904 2098

2 297
212722 259369 310389

378 563
435982
490 586 548 920
668568
1
829 820 010 101

186 220 378 105
2445
2 598 2 756
1 1
970 855
aa
2949
* *
1586375 1830080
* *
a*
2553
2 750
366 457 554 667 779 903
3063
**
650
2200
293 365 443 534 623 722 822 1098 1208 1321 1667
"
HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M
220 274 332 400 467 542 616 823 906

991
61367 91218
128 439
176494
230 948
57 757 85 852 120 884 166112
54147
80 487 113329 155 730 203 777
439 548 665

801
50 537
75121
105 773
HE300M
HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
1250 1287 1303 1315 1344 1384 1420 1462 1500 1542 1580 1668 1747
1
832
297371 371469 551273 657960 773914 1060 350 1 156 897 1237145 1315 659 1484 852 1708 687 1938 368 2181488 2 412 323 2655 664 2898 500 3434 750 3 971000 4 556 750
217363 279879 349618 518845

619 257
1027 1372 1510

1651 2084
1716 1737 1753 1792 1845 1894 1949 2000

2 056
728389 997976 1088 844 1 164372 1238 268 1397 508 1608176 1824 347
2 064 351
2309 880 2 570 727 2836 526

3 434 750 3 971000 4 556 750
2107 2223 2330 2443
2145 2171 2192 2240 2306 2367 2436 2500 2569 2633 2779
2 912 3 054
262386 327767 486 418 580 553 682865 935603 1020 791 1091598
1
934 1083 1233
1647 1812
1981
145348 190192 244894 305 916 453990 541849 637341

873 229 952 739 1 018 825 1083 484 1 222819
512 639 775 934
1090 1264 1438 1921 2114

2 312 2 917
46 928 69 755 98 218 134 966 176 607
227402
284 065
421 562
503146 591816
810 856
2500
2 574 2606
3003 3040
3 069
884686
946 052
160 876 310 163
2630 2688
2 767
1006 092
1
1507665 1710 325 1935 329

2 165 512 2 410 056 2 659 244 3 220 872
2840
2 924 3000 3083 3160
1407154 1596 303 1806 307

2 021 145 2 249 386 2 481961 3006147 3540309
**
3136 3229 3 314 3 411

3500 3 597 3 687 3 891 4 077
*
135 475
1306 643
1
482 282
3 793188 4 427 204
3335 3 495 3665
1677285 1876 777 2088 716 2304 678 2 791422 3 287430

tt
588

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
5
Mpl.y
6
MpI.Z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
Designation
Vpi,
[kN]
263 312 342 422
231
for -My
[kN]
UB 178 102 19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203 133 30 UB 254 X 102 X 22 UB 254x102x25 UB 254 102 28 UB 254x146x31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305 X 165 X 46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356 X.I 71x45 UB 356x171 51 UB 356x171 X57 UB 356x171 x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406 178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191 67 UB 457x191 74 UB 457x191x82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533 210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x210x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x1 13 UB 610 229 125 UB 610x229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610x305x179 UB 610x305x238 UB 686x254 x 125 UB 686 X 254 X 140 UB 686x254x152 UB 686x254x1 70 UB 762 267 147 UB 762x267x173 UB 762x267x197 UB 838x292x176 UB 838x292x194 UB 838 292 226 UB 914x305 201 UB 914x305x224 UB 914 X 305 X 253 UB 914x305x289 UB 914x419x343 UB 914x419x388
[kN]
156 197 204
231
[N.m]
47095
64 369
[N.m]
11437
13 682 19 510 24 262 10 251 12 652 15 084
[kN]
114 144 154 172 193 205 215 200 210 239 243 270
for -My
0.170 0,178 0,175 0,164 0,250 0,233 0,217 0,183 0,162 0,158 0,172 0,167 0.167 0.210 0,196 0,191 0,182 0,219 0,202
0,201
667 808 879

1
70876
86 450
051
++
881
992 1091
1297
1506
++
248 265 282 260 279

321
71229
84 020
285 338 412

521 611
97022 108093 132888

155 741 171 346
++
1891
++ ++
1995
2 351
++
++
++
2 599
++
++
++ ++
2 875
++
++ ++
3129 3445
++ ++ ++
++
319 358 422 425 455 500 567 528 549 613 665 579 625 696 748 820 650 693 764 815 888 860 915 983 1057
1
549 637 747 546 647 734

891
198013 232671 213021 246401
637
746 838 942 549 669 760 864 967
791
277789 332987 290025 329853

370 157 412 722 301411
25 884 32 828 38 796 38 977 45 521 53 798 40 306 47 905 54 657 66 817 49 029 57 488 65 051 73 420 36 658 44 839
353999
399 595 447311 498161 404 532 454500 503603 553 752 613913 566120 649024 718304
51337
58 610 66 106 65 260 74 828 83 572 93 053
904 1004
1
113
1239
909
104198
82 600 97 785 109 848 119841 137421
1073
1201 1303
//7817
878 788 792311
4 273
++ ++
163 132
1484
1
1062
1
108
++
++ ++
6 272 8 342
++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
++
++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
1221 1349 1251 1496 1967 1339 1431 1530 1687 1626 1832 2 014 1963 2 077
2 301
1296 1472 1669 1960 2370

3 207 1351 1585
902222 1010 866

1
139 071
110068 129047 147242 168147

257 752
1263 231
525 521 2 058 707 1098 389 1 253 478 1 375 126 1548 460 1417 769 1704 362 1 970 810
1
317 332 350 382 428 415 426 473 510 458 489 542 577 630 513 542 595 630 683 682 716 764 820 895 846 894 957 1051 962
1
0,196 0,250 0.233 0,230 0,222 0,219 0,218 0,208 0,207

0,201
314559
432 833 149159
143
1482 1066
1 1
1757 1993 1533 1899

2 241
2289 2433 2665

3 014 3034 3364
++
13 591
1812 2091 2 587 2 027 2396 2 807 3 246 4 387 5 042
1872119
2 101 031 2 517574 2 296 591
2621991 3008 500 3 456 750 4 257000 4859 250
175497 195302 223143 177981 222057 263613 231519 267796 333191 270044 319 947 376900 440346
794 631 918 746
128 199
1314 1287 1446 1574 1540 1649 1802

1
759
1929 2095 2356 2330 2563
0,198 0,237 0.222 0,216 0,215 0,210 0.239 0.226 0,218 0.215 0,184 0,182 0,178 0,243 0.230 0,225 0.220 0,250 0,239 0,228 0.250 0,243 0,227 0,250 0,246 0,236 0,233 0,194 0.189
589

tote: all values of Njj and Mjfy must be divided by Yj^jo
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0f15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,2
NSd IkN]
133 162 176 210 154 176 198 218 259 301 282 323
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
167 202 220 263 193 220 248 273 324 377
**
NSd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
200 243 264 315
231
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd
JkN]
MN.y [N.m]
45 419
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
39 742 54 813
MN.y [N.m]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254x102x22 UB 254x102x25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254x146x31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305X165X54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356x171x51 UB 356x171x57 UB 356x171x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191x67 UB 457x191x74 UB 457x191x82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533x210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533 X 210 X 109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x113 UB 610x229x125 UB 610x229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610x305x179 UB 610 305 238 UB 686 254 125 UB 686 254 140 UB 686 254 152 UB 686 254 170 UB 762 x 267 147 UB 762 267 173 UB 762 267 197 UB 838 292 176 UB 838 292 194 UB 838 292 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 305 253 UB 914 305 289 UB 914 419 343 UB 914 419 388
100
121
47095
64 369
42580
58 729 64 433
62644
68 728 82 688
132 158 116 132 149 164 195 226 212 242 284 236 268 299
70876
86 450
60137
72 352 66 480 76 664 86 709 92 650 110961 129 546
**
**
71229
84 020
97022 108093 132888

155 741
71229 84020 97022 105886 126812 148053

**
77520 71229 82140

92 903 99 268 118887 138 799
*
264 298 327 389 452

**
234 283 308 368 270 308 347 382 454 527
**
36903
50898 55842 67184 61732
71 188
80 516
*
103035
120 293
*
353 284 316 353 390 275 314 353 390

431
353 390
431
469 517 432 484

531
573
641
532 594 657 735 784

941
171346 198013 232671 213021 246401 277789 332987 290025 329 853 370 157 412722 301411 353 999 399595 447311 498161 404 532 454500 503603 553 752 613913 566120 649024 718 304 Til 81 7 878 788 792311 902222 1010 866
1
190 206
378 315 357 399 470 379

421
223587
213021 245 217 274859 325629 290025
470 520 367 419

471
329853 370157
410 726
*
404 473 394 446 499 588 474 526 588 650
*
**
209613
tt tt
567
tt
195 639
**
tt
662
181 665
tt a a
**
257680
305 277
599 705
** **
**
284925
**
823
264 573
*
**
347498 385056
tt
706 780

** *"
**
359386
*
tt
910
tt
139 071
1263 231
525 521 2 058 707
1
520 575 470 520 575 626 689 576 646 708 764 855 709 792 876 980 1045 1254
399595 447311 498161

404 532
588 650 719 588

651
389389 431310 478523

** **
706 779 862

* **
** **
**
*
**
446621
**
tt
1006
> *
*
a *
454500
503 603 553 752
718 782
861
476324
520 076
862 939
*
1
612629 566120 649024 718304 777817 878788

*
574340
tt *
1033
** ** **
1
485405 536050
**
*
095
**
**
1206
**
*
497 761
**
720 807 885 955 1068

**
742772 833816
**
*
146
**
**
*
1282
778 229
**
*
1496
*
1010 866
1
139 071
**
1095 1225
**
**
** * *
1087597
tt
1470
tttt
..
tt>
1492 385
2 002 741
1251 658 736

801
1668
877
981
1568 2085
1399111 1877569
1882 2502
**
752 398
** ** *
a*
2 920
*
1627 227
1098389 1253 478

1
**
**
**
a.
**
tt * *
375 126
1067
1
894 772 909 1034 924
1548460 1417769 1704 362 1970810 1872119

2 101 031 2 517 574 2 296 591
193
375 126 1548 460

1
1334 1491
*
**
**
1489 677
** **
1
1789
**
aa
1018
1
190
178
1056
1
1332 1519 1804 2039
2 621 991 3008 500 3456 750 4 257 000 4859 250
1030 1212 1379 1232 1358 1587 1408 1571 1776 2025 2405 2 718
**
1 1
**
704 362 970 810

* *
1515 1723
**
**
915 671
*
2068
* **
**
aa
*"
aa
** **
**
**
2 517 574
*
1984
**
* ** * **
aa
* *
3008 500
3 456 750 4 224 033 4 790 947
2 219 2 532 3006 3398
** **
** ** **
**
3 378 497
3 038
3153 264
*
3545
**
3960 031
4 491 513
3608
4 077
4192079
4 757
**
590

1
2
Np,
4
vPi.y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl.z
7
Nfimit
Designation
VpU
[kN]
158 184
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
for - My
[kN]
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203 X 203 71 UC 203x203x86 UC 254 254 73 UC 254x254x89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254x254x167 UC 305 X 305 97 UC 305x305x118 UC 305x305x137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305 305 x 198 UC 305 305x240 UC 305x305x283 UC 356x368x1 29 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x1 77 UC 356x368 202 UC 356x406x235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356x406x340 UC 356x406x393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356x406x551 UC 356x406x634
IkN]
341 471
[N.m]
*
[N.m]
*
IkN]
**
for -My
*
804
1052 1296 1615 1823 2100

2 487
68108
84 909 136 796
3015 2560 3116

3 751 4 624 5 854 3 395
4131 4796 5 538 6 941 8409 9191 4 519 5 357 6 201 7074 8 234 10 057 11042
12 765
227 270 298 352 385 487 407 489 605 734 934 566 685
791
584
731
834 957
1
166
1407
1
177
156034 180421 219659 268601 272819

336 562 408 218
30 687 38 384 63 488 72 668 83 968
131
159 192 209
246
261
1446 1737 2167

2 767
514088
666 508
910
1
1532 1877 2194 2548

3 240 3 951
119
1363
1611 674 798 934
437819 538320 631552 737121 945995 1 167945

1
4350
2 091
301 825
102762 125465 127983 158 210 191 687 241553 312749 199690 246 225 289450 338 278 434 701 536411 597251
*
1072
1
202
2489 2884 3296 3884

4 760 5 254
681800 815301
950 191
15170
17 899 20 592
1489 1774 2066 2463

2 737 3 160
6102 7308
8 673 10 053
1092 228 1288 788 1598 431 1784 765 2096 723 2550 000 3080 400 3 631200
394561 459 472 527871
655387 811049
903 642 059 199 1 283 747 1544 779 1812 634
1
329 286 339 416 494 615 404 484 553 629 755 904 972 486 569 662 755 838 1024
1
1
113 276
1489 1746 1971
0,124 0,123 0.119 0,115 0,117 0,105 0,109 0.112 0,109 0,111 0,107 0,105 0,119 0,117 0,115 0,114 0,109 0,107 0,106 0,107 0,106 0,107 0,107 0,102 0,102 0,101 0,100 0,098 0,098 0.096
591

Note: all values of Ngj and Mjty must be divided by Y^0
9
10
|
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np|.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y IN.m]
*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd IkN]
MN.y IN.m]
*
MN.y [N.m]
**
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
**
UC 152x152 23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203x203x71 UC 203x203x86 UC 254x254x73 UC 254x254x89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254x254 167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x1 18 UC 305x305x137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305x305x198 UC 305x305x240 UC 305x305x283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356 368 153 UC 356x368x177 UC 356x368x202 UC 356x406x235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356x406x340 UC 356x406x393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356 X 406 X 551 UC 356x406x634
tt
158 194
66115
82 305 131933
149 815
242 273 315 373 452 384 467 563 694 878 509 620 719
831
173748 208645 256 247 261050 320963 390306

489 229
210 259 323 365 420 497 603 512 623 750 925
1
62226 77464 124172 141003 163528

196371
241 174
245694 302083 367347

460 451 595 792
263 324 404 456 525 622 754 640 779 938
1
58336
72 622 116412 132190 153307 184098 226101 230338
283 203
316 389 485 547 630 746 905 768 935

1
54 447 67 781 108651
123377 143087
171 825
344387
431 673
'
125
156
1041 1261
633029 422482 518373 606786 706881 902229

1
171
1463
849
679 826 959

1
397630 487881
571 093
1033
1
199
558555 372778 457388 535399

623 718 796 084
108
112 271
**
1379
678 804 930 1061 1 235
1237438
775438 904193 1039 266 1219 648 1512 610 1687030 1980176
2 403 342 2 901389 3 413 215
1388 1682 1838

**
665300 849157 1046 843 1 164 647
1384 1735 2102 2298
1387 1756 1018 1239 1439 1661

2 082 2 523 2 757
**
211027 214982 264323 321428 402895

521 318
368 453 565 638 735 870 1055 896 1091
50 558
62939 100890 114565 132866

159 552
1313 1618 2049

1
981415 1091857
*
347927 426896 499706 582137 743012 915988 1019 066

**
188
1446 1679 1938 2429 2943

3 217
195954 199626 245443 298469 374117 484081 323075 396403 464013 540556 689940 850 560 946 276
1071
1509 1656 1915

2 276
2685
3 089
1240 1415 1647 2011 2208 2553 3034 3580 4118
729824 851005 978133 1 147904 1423 633 1587 793 1863 695 2261969 2 730 719 3 212 438
1339 1550 1768

2 059 2 514
684 210
797817 917000
1
076 160
2 761 3191 3 793
1334 656 1488 556 1747 214 2120 596

2 560 050
1607 1860 2122 2470 3 017

3 313 3 829 4 551 5 370 6 178
638 596
744629 855866 1004 416

245 678 1 389 319 1630 733 1979 223 2 389 380 2 810 883
1
1875 2171
2 476 2 882 3 520 3 865 4 468 5 310
592982
691 441 794 733
932672
1
156 701
1290 081 1514 252 1837850

2 218 710 2 610106
4 475 5148
6265
7 207
3 011661
592
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
1

3
Vp,.z
2
Np,
4
vpt.y
5
Mpl.y
6
,
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
Designation
for -My
IkN]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750x196
IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600 IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
271
IkN]
73 104 129 157 198
231
IkN]
105 138 176 218 263
[N.m]
8 242 13 989
[N.m]
2065
3 247 4 821
IkN]
51
for -My
0.187 0,196 0,195 0,193 0,198 0,196 0,202 0,197 0,199 0,200 0,202 0.206 0.203 0,212 0,219 0.223
0.231
366 469 583 713 850 1011

1
72
91
'
21557 31362
43 970 59 077 78 327 101 319
130 159 171 819
6833 9265
12 283 15 837
113
141
185
1389
1631
++
287 326 392 454 526

631
++
++
++
++
720 875
314 369 436 509 594 690 793 928
223066
285 537
20 629 26 243 34 417 44 453 54 556
167 204 233 277
1048
1
++
++ ++ ++
1042 1227 1483 1717

-
196
++ ++
++
2161 2 387
1377 1560 1802 1900 1928

2 457 2 895
361797 464037 604136 778912 989387

246 901 1 727 132 1814 012
1
67840 81295 98115

119 237 142190 172405 217997 223 938 287519 340373
1
327 385 458 524 637 769 915

104
2609
63
91
111
2207488 2546 833

6 737 11708
17 704 25 417
1285 1512 1664 1881 2035

45 64 80 93 115
138 168 201
0.232 0.244 0,250 0,239 0,229
226 312 392 475 574 695

++ ++ ++
++ ++
127 160 188 235 278 334
85 114 142 176 209 254
1666
2 676 3 897 5 510
0,197 0,206 0,204 0,195

0,201
35178
48 041 64 487 85 274 110 608
7347
9 926 12 970
302 365 430

505 592 689 835 926
17212 22152
29 232
++ ++
++
++ ++ ++
384 456 553 610 733 866
++
1033 1236 1437

260 317 362 438 517 595 715 824 983 1217 1439 1695 2139
1065 1239 1412 1646

358 420 493 572 715 829 943
146435 192335 249184 321902 406085 530472 690832 878504 1 115119

67 148 88 544 114008
38101 47 309
238 278 336 404

441 531
61008 71735
87 240 107076
128 333 156 934
635 765
911
1065
187 223 258 308 367 430 513 596 709 889
0.198 0,202 0,200 0.201 0,200 0,203 0.208 0.194 0,204 0,209 0,213 0,219 0.219
962
1
14169
18 422 23 753 29 961
135
1327 1552
1911
2230
2 578 2 987 3 422
++ ++ ++ ++
145647 204000 264056

334 689
41786 54169
65 672 80 557 95 529 121 052
1088 1217 1457 1654

1851 2 324
1
421060
533 271
726423 927609
1
158 499 587 218
145029 170583 227230
1064
1 250 1584
0.194 0,197 0,194 0,199 0,192 0,193 0,199 0,199 0.207 0,213 0.219 0,226 0,227
593
IPE
IPE A -IPE O
9
10
11

Note: all values of Ngj and Mjj.y must be divided by Ym0
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0t15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
8 242
13 989
Nsd/Npi.Rd-0,2
Nsd IkN]
54 73 94 117
143 170 202
Nsd/N pl.Rd=0|25
Nsd IkN]
68 92 117 146 178 213 253 296 347 408 478 556 645 750 877
.
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
81
NSd/N 3i.Rd=n>35
Nsd IkN]
95 128 164
MN.y [N.m]
8111 13925 21418
31 104
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
6 590 11314 17402
25 272 35 636 47 761 63 767
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750 196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600 IPE O 180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
41
55 70
7604 13055
20 079
7097
12185
18 740
110
141
87
107 128 152 178 208 245
21557 31362
43 970 59 077 78 327 101 319
29160
41 118
43 859 58 783 78 327
175 214
55109
73 577 94 601 121926
161 139
287 333 387 450 526 615

716
831
130159 171 819 223066 285 537 361797 464037 604136 778 912 989 387
1
237 278 326 382 445 516 600 702 820 954
1
100908 130055 171 819 223066 285537 361797 464037 604136
209580
*
255 303 355 417 489 573

*
** **
27216 38377 51435

68 672 88 294 113 798
**
**
204 250 298 354 415 486
81987 105669
*
*
** '*
**

** **
aa aa
'*
ka k.
aa
*
tt *
"
**
**

'
ka ka
246 901
*
107
*
*
aa
**
aa
** * ** ** **
930 998
1
**
*
**
**
*
a*
"

'
ka
179
1336
34 47 59
71
2207488 2546 833

6 737
1571 1781
45 62 78 95 115 139 167
201
* **
tt
**
'
6 711
57
78 98 119 144 174 208
251
11708
17 704 25 417
11708 17704
25 252
6 292 11054
16 683 23 673 33 020 44 918
*
86 104 125 150 177 208 248

291 341
35178
48 041 64 487 85 274
35178
47913
64 487 85 274 110608
*
68 94 117 143 172 208

**
a.
5 873
10 317 15 570
22 095
*
**
aa aa aa aa
79 109 137 166

* *
5453 9580
14 458 20 517
* *
'*
ka
110608 146435 192335 249184

**
** **
237 278 330 389

*
a
296
**
** ** *
a. .
"
ka
* *
* tt
'*
" "
** **

"*
**
**
aa
tt
389 456 538 625 730

144 170 199
* **
aa
** **
*
'*
*
"
**
** **
**
" **
**
**
"
67148
88 544
192
66 682
233 287 335 387 448 513 627 728

831
114008 145647 204000 264056 334 689 421060

533 271 726 423 927609 1 158 499 1 587 218
227 265 310 382 446 516 597 684 835

971 1 108
1
88194
113 224
145387 201931 261683 334199

420 783 533 271
240 284 332 388 478 558 644 747 855
62 515 82 682 106148 136301 189310 245 328
313312 394484
504561
289 340 398 466 573 669 773 896
58 347
77170
99 071
127214
176 689
337 397 465 543 669

781
tt
54179 71658 91995 118127 164069

'
ka ka
228972
* tt
726423 927609
158 499
1048
1397
1587 218
1044 1213 1385 1746
692090 891076
1
122 021
1539 554
1027 1253 1456 1662 2096
'
ka y
**
' '*
1436 917
2445
594

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
5
Mpl.y
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
Designation
Vpl,
[kN]
239 284 359 477 574 682 796 922
MpLz
IN .m]
*
Itt
for -My
IkN]
HE 100 AA
IkN]
126
141
[N.m]
20 717 29 863
* * tt
[kN]
82 95
** **
for -My
0,147 0,144
*
HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA
554 659 817
1078 1297
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++
162 213 249

tttt
>
k.
317
361 441
'*
'*
*
* tt
tttt
tt*
++ ++
4 178
++
1
507 564 663 726 793 864 983

121
++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1269 1489 1666 1853

2 056
1053 1192 1344 1410 1476 1542 1670 1736 1802 1935
2 002
*
*
tttt
*
tt
**
*
tt
**
*
**
*
*
*
tt
**
* * * *
914 562 1 110 298
939
1
115
1286186
476 748 718 248 2209 803 2839 578 3470 738
1 1
1261
2538
3 018 3 529
155 173
2069 2197 2340 2598

2 733
283 898
304076
339 969 360 591
14 605
1416 1579 1939 2239

2 505
0,193 0,206 0,217 0,227 0,233 0,250 0,250 0.250
100 A 120 A 140 A 160 A 180 A
754 899
1
345
411
29 470
115
207
271
1376 1606
1911 2 284 2 728 3 082
297
371
HE200A
HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A
508 616 727 852
42 419 61591
20 893 30 121
424 516 589

651
1028 1224
1381
87027 115323 152467 201802 264341 326519

394 839 491061 577971 656 919
41760
** * ** **
93 109 135 177 196 246 283 341
3453
3 995 4 415
4 738
764 843
921
5068 5644
6 320
1003
1
175
1348
1531
7013
++ ++ ++
1545 1784 1973 2100 2228 2422 2673 2924

3 053
**
1716 1910 2115

2 397 2 845
++ ++
++ ++
HE800A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
3348
3 783
3181 3309 3444 3 582 3840 3969
741408 909438 1 141633 1401844 1640 745 1899 387 2178 383 2496 296
3 088 318
284809 309867 342764

375 772 392951 410 258 427700 446143 465852 502140 521748
387 434 506 557 612 670 798 923
3837550
4 551 100
1057 1203 1357 1520 1748 2091 2494

2 855
0,123 0.121 0.121 0,129 0,122 0,128 0.124 0,125 0.126 0,126 0,127 0,126 0.129 0,132 0,141 0,146 0.151 0,160 0,169 0,177 0,189 0,206 0,219 0,232
595
HE AA

Note: all values ofNgj and Mjf-y must be divided by Ym0
11
HEA
9
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y IN.m]

Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/N pl.Rd=0.25
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
a. a*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
*
*
N&J/N. >1.Rd=0,35
MN.y [N.m]
* *
*
Nsd [kN]
aa
MN.y [N.m]
HE100AA HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA. HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A
83 99
*
**
** * tt* *
**
tt k* tt k*
** "*
**
**
*
**
** ** **
**

**
aa
**
*
**
*
* **
**
** **
*
** ** ** **
* * * *
**
**
tt
'*
k*
ktt
**

**
aa
"

* *"
a.
**
tt*
* *
** **
tt*
*
**
*
** *
729 814 874 936
**
*
ktt
"
** **
"
**
**

1ktt
1017
1
718 248
*
aa
1356
ktt
**
163
** ** **
1343 1503
113 135 167 206 241
" "
**
'*
28 572
151
41024
59 573 84 889
tt tt* ** **
180 223 275

*
*
26 891 38 611 56 069 79 896

tt* *
188
225 279 344

25 210 36198 52 565 74 902

a.
226 270 335 413

tt*
23 530 33 785 49 060 69 909

**
* ** *
264 315 390 482

**
*
21849 31371
45 556
64915
tt
HE220A
HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A
HE300A HE 320 A
HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A
287 343 409 462 518 599 662

711
*
a.
**
**
* tt
**
** **
**
tt* * * *
**
tt
**
*
**
*
tt tt
**
**
*
**
** **
**
tt
**
*
**
**
tt*
**
tt
760 847 948
726 237 900 391 1 136 449
1014
1
129
HE500A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE800A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
1052
1
128
1206 1287 1387 1522 1707 1847
1401844 1640 745 1899 387 2178 383 2496 296

3 088 318
* **
1264 1403 1503 1608 1716 1849

2 029
*
aa
683518 847427 1069 599 1320 469 1562 593

*
1267
1411
640 798
1580 1753 1879
794463 1002 749

**
1520 1693 1896

*
ktt
598078 741499
935 899
*
1774 1975
2 212
*
aa
555358
688 535 869 049
* *
* ** **
aa
**
**
**
k*
tt
**
*
**
*
*
*
**
** *
t ktt
**
*
**
596

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
.
6
Mp].z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
Designation
for -My
IkN]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280
for -My
0,116 0.112 0,109 0,117 0,114 0,116 0,113 0,115 0,116 0.116 0.118 0,119 0,123 0,126 0,136 0,142 0,148 0,158 0,167 0,175 0,187 0,204 0.217 0,230
IkN]
185 225 268 361
[kN]
.
[N.m]
36 996 58 650
[N.m]
18 255
IkN]
107 135 166 225 264 321 366
924
1207 1525 1926

2 316
432 566
716 890
28 744
87126
125658 170914 228104 293602 373867 455 433 544 724 663379 762980 854877 952461 1 147267 1 413 741
709 171 1984 665 2280 923 2 598 557 2 956 131
1
42524
60 337 82 010
2772
3 232 3 762 4 205
415 509 572

681 771
HE300B
HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M
4663 5 292
5 728 6 067 6 412 7021
842 972 1061

1
1074 1280 1496 1736 1935 2140

2 422
108563 139828 176939

213 798
2612
2 740
150
7738
8 472 9 019
1242 1434 1633

1841
2 051 2 271 2 501 2 810 3 315
2868 3063
3 315 3 567 3 695 3 824 3 953
254738 308900 333379 349931 366534 391933 425168

458 535
433 487 543 623

681
744 810 955

1
100
1254
1421
9584 10165
++
476106 493825 511701

530 741
4089
4 229
++ ++
++
3869 4355
370 434
501
4488
4 618
3631650 4465 900

5 275 300
83 714
551363
588 711 609 275
1597 1781 2030 2417 2863

3 267
192 239 290 367 425 502 567 725 807 889
1890
2 357
928
1
147
2860 3445
4 020 4660 5 305
632 710
841
1383 1648 1918

2 213 2 515
124467 175308
239 471
7085
7 797 8 526 10 759
,_
HE300M
11078 11212 11318 11565 11908

12 223 12 580 12 910 13 268 13 597 14 351
++ ++
929 1231 1371 1476 1855 1944

2 021
313624 402977 503904

751 516 895 882 1052 800
3 397
3 725 4 057
273 273 257 5 240 5 240 5 224 5 224
5 5 5 5
163
41291 60 929 85 382 115 538 150942 192842 240886 357106 423325
495 821
0,102 0,102
0.101
0,107 0,106 0,108 0.107 0,102 0,103 0,104

0,101
2099
2 258
1447574 1574 434 1674 738 1771207 1977569

2 247 511 2 518 466 2 816 102 3114 090 3 428 221 3 741 700 4 433 950 5 126 200
679179
692 507 693 212
1088
1
151
2456 2654
2 861 3 067 3 274 3 481 3 982 4 395 4 817
689535 686617 688417 685866 687744

685 285
1218 1285 1423

1595 1766
5208 5208
5 191 5 188
5 171
687163
684 718 685 289 684 751 688 587
1945 2124 2303

2 482 2 873 3 231
HE800M HE 900 M
HE 1000 M
5 171
5882350
3596
0,104 0,109 0,114 0.123 0,134 0,144 0,155 0,165 0.174 0.183 0,200 0,215 0,228
597

Note: all values of tiâ -^ ^N.y must ** divided by f^0
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
35 569
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
185 241
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
231
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
277 362 457 578 695 832 970
1
Nad/Npi.Rd-0,35
NSd
MN.y [N.m]
33 477 52 828 78 219 113 795 154289
MN.y [N.m]
31385
49 526 73 331 106682 144646 193480
MN.y [N.m]
29 292 46 225 68 442 99 570
[kN]
323 423 534 674
811
MN.y [N.m]
27 200 42 923 63 553
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450
139
181
229 289 347 416 485 564

631
56130 83108
120 907
302
381 481
163933
219 278
281469
359 098
305 385 463 554 646 752

841
700 794 859 910 962
437844 523971 639057 735986 828163 926639

1
933
1058
1
146
1053
1
128 618
161
1400 829
1
HE500B
HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M
1271 1353 1438
705 163
1984 665 2280 923

2 598 557
1525
1631
1779 1977 2130

283 354 429 517 603 699 796
2956131 3 631650 4465 900

5 275 300
1213 1282 1404 1548 1694 1804 1917 2033 2175

2 373
206379 264912 337975 412089 493149 601465 692692 779448

872 131 1062 229 1 318 428 1604 859 1884 679 2 189 549
579 693 808

941
248355 316851
386 333
135003 180582 231798

295 728 360 578
970
1
131
129
1051
1
1261
166
462327
563 874
1323 1432 1517 1603 1755 1935 2118 2255 2396

2 541 2 719
649399
730 732
2520 451
2 907651
817623 995840 1236 026 1504 556 1766 886 2 052 702 2362 923
2 725 923
**
aa
1399 1588 1718 1820 1924 2106

2 321
431506
526 282
606106 682017 763114 929450

1
1317 1472 1632 1852 2005 2123

2 244 2 457
92458 125360 167683 215 241 274604 334 822 400684 488690 562813 633 301
708 606 863061
153 624
2 708
1071222
1303 948 1531302
**
**
aa aa aa
2 541 2 706 2 875 3 049
1404 252 1649 094
2965
3 157
**
**
3263
*
.
2636 2840
378
471
3 631650 4465 900
2966
3 295
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
79 219
1063
1
170
HE450M
HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
1279 1614 1662 1682 1698 1735 1786 1833 1887 1936 1990 2040 2153
2 256
2365
117754 165 803 227838 298132 383 879 479533 711644 849367 999052 1368 815 1493 449 1597041 1698397 1916 809 2 205 760 2 502 257 2 816 102 3114090 3 428 221 3 741700 4 433 950 5 126 200 5 882 350
74 559 110 828
572 689 804 932 1061
1417 1559 1705 2152

2 216 2 242
2264 2313 2382 2445

2 516 2 582
156050 214435 280 595 361298 451325 669 782 799404 940 284 1288 296 1405 599 1503 098 1598 491 1804 055 2 076 010 2355 066 2664 889 2 981844
3 318 575
472 589 715

861
1005
1
165
69 899 103901 146 297 201033 263 058 338 717
567 707 858 1034
1326 1771 1949 2131 2690 2 769 2803 2829

2 891 2 977
423118 627921
749441
3056 3145
3 227 3 317 3399 3588 3 760 3 942
881516 1207 778 1317 749 1409154 1498 585 1691302 1946 259 2 207874 2498 334 2795 479
3 111 164 3 432 842
1206 1398 1592 2126 2339 2558 3 228 3 323 3364

3 395 3 470 3 572 3 667
65 239 96 974 136 544 187631 245521
661
825
1
001
60 579 90 047 126 791
1206 1407
1631
316136 394910
586 059
1857 2480
699478
822 749 1 127 259 1229 899
2729 2984
3 766 3 877 3 924
174229 227984 293555 366 702 544198 649516 763981 1046 741
1
142 049
3 774
3 873 3980 4 079 4305 4 512
tt*
1315 211 1398 680 1578 548 1816 508 2060 682 2331778 2609114
2 903 753 3 203 986 3880 663
**
aa
3 961
4048 4168
4 278 4 403 4 518
2654
2 719
4644
4 759 5 023
*
2870 3008 3154
3 661698 4 433 950

5 126 200 5 882 350
1221267 1298 774 1465 795 1686 758 1913 491 2165 223 2422 749 2696 342 2 975129
*
tt
4157853 4896 661
**
598

1
3
Vp|.z
4
Vpl.y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpl.z
7
Nfimit
Designation
{Nnmn/Npi.Rd)
for N-My
IkN]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203 X 102 X 23 UB 203 133 25 UB 203 X 133 30 UB 254 X 102 X 22 UB 254 X 102 X 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 X 146 X 31 UB 254 146 37 UB 254 X 146 X 43 UB 305 X 165 X 40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305 x 165 X 54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356x171x51 UB 356x171 X57 UB 356 X 171 67 UB 406 X 178 54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457 152 x 74 UB 457 X 152 82 UB 457x191x67 UB 457 191 74 UB 457x191x82 UB 457 X 191 89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533x210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x210x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x1 13 UB 610 229 125 UB 610 229 140 UB 610 305 X 149 UB 610 305 179 UB 610 305 238 UB 686 254 125 UB 686 254 X 140 UB 686 254 152 UB 686 254 170 UB 762 267 147 UB 762 267 173 UB 762 267 197 UB 838 292 176 UB 838 292 X 194 UB 838 292 226 UB 914 305 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 305 253 UB 914 305 289 UB 914 419 343 UB 914 419 388
861
IkN]
202 254 263 299 320 342 365 336
361
IkN]
340 402
441
[N.m]
60 796
[N.m]
14 764
IkN]
147 186 199 222 249 265 278 258
271
for N-My
0,170 0,178 0,175 0,164 0.250 0,233 0,217 0,183 0,162 0.158 0.172 0,167 0,167 0,210 0,196 0,191 0,182 0,219 0,202
0.201
1044
1
135
++
1356
++ ++
++
++
1
944
++
++
2 441
++
++
++
++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
414 412 462 544 549 587 645 732 682 709
791
545 299 368 437 532 672 789 708 823 964 705 835 948
1
83095 91494 111600 91950 108462

125 246
17662 25185 31320

13 233 16 333 19 472
139538
171 547
201047
221 192
151
822 963
255616 300357 274991 318081 358600 429856 374396

425 811
33 414 42 378 50 082 50 315 58 764 69 449 52 032
++ ++
++ ++
858 748 807 898 965 1059 839 895 986 1051
1 1 1
1082 1216
709 864
981 1 115
477840
532 786
61841 70 558 86 254 63 292 74 212 83 975 94 778
308 313 349 409 428 452 493 552 536 550
611
658
591 631
389095
456 981 515 841
47323
57 883 66 272 75 660 85 337 84 244 96 596
1248
1021
1
577438 643080
522 213 586 718
167
++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
146
111 181
1295 1437 1600

1
174
++ ++
++ ++ ++
1268 1364 1501 1370 1461

576 1741
1
1386 1550 1682 1916

1431
650106 714844 792505 730809 837831 927265 1004 092

1
107884 120123 134510 106629 126 232 141803

154 703
700 745 814 662 700 768 814 882 880 924
987 1058
1
134 436 164 687
1022801
1
10 768
++ ++
++ ++
1615 1932 2540 1728

1
1672 1900 2155 2530

3 059
1304 937 1 470 437 1630 716 1969 308
848
1975 2177
2 098 2 365
4140 1745 2046 2268

2 573
2657603 1417920
1 1
618 127 775 162
++
++
1979 2452
2 893
1998 921 1830 211

2 200 176 2 544136
++ ++
++
2600 2535
2 682
2 971
2339
2 699
++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
3339
2 617
2 955 3 140
3440 3890
3 917
3 093 3 623 4 190
++
4343
5663 6508
2 416 736 2 712 240 3 249 959 2964 690 3 384 752 3883 700 4462 350 5 495 400 6 272 850
177398 142087 166588 190076 217063 332735 406067 558748 192551 226551 252117 288057 229 757 286656 340300 298870
345 700
156
154
1093
1
1235 1357 1242 1476 1913 1376 1456 1548 1697 1661 1866
2 032
1988 2129
2 327 2 271
430120 348602 413022

486 543 568 447 1025 796 1 186 017
2490
2 704
3 041 3008 3309
0.196 0,250 0,233 0.230 0,??? 0,219 0.218 0,208 0,207 0,201 0,198 0,237 0,222 0,216 0,215 0,210 0,239 0,226 0.218 0.215 0,184 0,182 0.178 0,243 0,230 0,225 0,220 0.250 0,239 0,228 0,250 0,243 0,227 0,250 0,246 0,236 0,233 0,194 0,189
599

Note: all values of Ns<j and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
60 796 83 095
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
172
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
215
261
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
258 313 340 407 298
341
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0.35
Nsd [kN]
301
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
54 967 75 813
MN.y [N.m]
51303
70 759
MN.y IN.m]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254x102x22 UB 254x102x25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254X146X31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356 171 51
129 157 170 203 149

171
58632
80 868 88 722 106 742 91950 108 462
47638
*
192
211 251
91494 111600 91950 108462 125246

139 538
171 547
209 227
271
199
UB356X171X57 UB356x171x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178 67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191x67 UB457x191x74 UB457x191x82 UB 457 191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533X210X92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x210x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x113 UB 610x229x125 UB 610x229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610x305x179 UB 610x305x238 UB 686x254x125
UB 686x254x140 UB 686x254x152 UB 686x254x170 UB 762x267x147 UB 762x267 173 UB 762x267x197 UB 838x292x176 UB 838x292x194 UB 838 292 X 226 UB 914x305x201 UB 914x305x224 UB 914x305x253 UB 914x305x289 UB 914x419x343 UB 914x419x388
292 273 313 366 305 346 386 455 367 407 456 503 355 406 456 503 557 455 504 556 606 667 557 625 685 739 827 686 767 848 949
201047
**
227 256 282 335 389

**
125246 136689 163703

191 122
284 339 249 284 320 352 419 486
83177
100071 91950 106036 119929
**
a.
77632
93 399
** **
365 397 475

*
72 087 86 728
**
*
*
** *
384
**
aa
**
* *
* **
179177
**
583
**
167 232
**
* tttt
681
155 287
*
255616 300357 274991 318081 358600

429 856
417 488 407

461
**
**
**
*
**
288 631
*
610
*
tt
270 591
*
*
732
**
**
** ** **
tt
** ** **
** ** * **
tt
*
374396
425 811
477840
532 786
515 607 490 543 607

671
a
354 817
420357
*
tt
644 759
**
*
**
394 085
910
** **
**
tt * tt
**
* *
tt
* *
477840
530 211
*
.
759 839
**
a. aa
**
**
*
* **
**
tt* * tt
**
**
*"
**
** **
515 841
607
671
**
** **
**
577438 643080
**
577438
643 080
** **
742
**
838 928
** **
** **
617729
* tt
tt*
113
*
**
tt*
tt * *
**
*
*
tt*
tt* *
586 718
650106
714 844 792 505
672 742 808 889
** *
*
1
650106
714 844 790 848
*
**
927 1010
1
**
*
tt
112
**

741 420
**
334
**
*
**
tt *
**
**
**
tt
** "*
**
**
927265 1004 092

1
914 986
1
1004 092
1
134 436
*" **
103
tt tt*
134 436
*
1232 1379
tt
**
1
** **
*
**
tt
076 381
"*
1655
**
"*
** ** **
tt tt
** **
1
**
** ** **
*
**
*w
**
** tt*
1304 937
1
131
tt*
470 437
**
1265
470 437
**
1581
**
** **
*
1012 1215 1615

849 950 1033
1
1969 308 2 657603
1619 2154

1926 534
2 585 356
**
tt
2024
2 692
**
tttt
**
**
2 423 771
"
"
3 230
**
* **
2 262 187
"*
*"
3 769
**
tt tttt
2100 602
tt
**
1
** ** *
**
775 162
155 173 193
1998 921
2 200 176 2 544 136
**
1378 1539
**
**
"* ** ** **
1998 921
*
1924
tt
**
**
"*
** **
** **
997
1
1565
1
"* **
tt
**
**
tttt
** **
1335
1
780
** **
**
tttt tt*
** * **
tt
**
*
** **
** **
**
*
1314 1537
** ** **
3 249 959
** **
2 049
*tt
**
**
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
1363
1521
**
*tt tt*
**
** **
**
**
tttt
1719
1961 2 329 2 632
3 883 700 4 462 350 5 495 400 6 272 850
2 292 2 615 3105 3509
**
**
**
*a
4 462 350
a
3268
**
*
tttt
**
**
**
*
6 184 678
4386
**
**
**
600

1
2
Np,
5
MpJ.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
Designation
Vplz
IkN]
204 237 292 348 384 454
Vp.,
IkN]
440 608 753 944 1076
for -My
IkN]
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203 203 x 52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203 203 x 71 UC 203 X 203 X 86 UC 254 254x73 UC 254 254 89 UC 254 254 107 UC 254 254 132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305 X 305 97 UC 305x305x118 UC 305x305x137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305 X 305 198 UC 305x305 X 240 UC 305 305 283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x1 77 UC 356x368x202 UC 356 406 X 235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356 X 406 340 UC 356 x 406 x 393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356x406x551 UC 356x406x634
IN.m]
**
IN.m]
**
IkN]
for - My
0.124 0,123 0,119 0,115 0.117 0,105 0,109 0,112 0,109
0,111
1038 1358 1672 2085 2353

2 711 3 210 3 892 3 305 4 023 4 842 5 969
497
629 525
631 781
1236 1505 1817 1520 1866

2 242
87921 109610 176591 201425 232907

283 560 346 740
39 614 49 551
*
169
93 808 108 395
132656 161964
*
352184
434 471 526 973 663 641 860 402
204 234
7556
4 382 5 332
947 1206
730 885 1021
1
2798
3 572
247450 311822
403 731
~
1978
2 423 2 832
565185
694 923 815 276 951 557
1
317855
373 653 436 686
561 159
6 192
7148
8 961 10 856 12 074
175
1444
1
760
3290 4182 5101

5 714
221 193
206 247 270 318 337 424 369 437 537 638 794 522 625 714 812 975
1
1507 711
1
2080
870
710 241
5834
6 916
692458 784624
*
166
2699
3 213 3 722
4 254 5 014
8006
9 131 10 630 12 983
14 507 16 769 19 929
1030 1205 1384 1552 1922 2290 2666

3 180 3 595 4 152
6145 6903
8 017 9 601 11394 13 207
880141 052 479 1226 610 1409 967 1663 708 2 063 429 2 344 691
1
509 342
593137 681434
846 045
1046 991
1 1
23 515
27053
2 754 518 3350 000 4046 800 4 770 400
187 138 391 497
1686 492
2 029 416 2 381304
1277 627 735 855 974 1082 1321 1462 1676 1956 2294
2 589
0,107 0,105 0,119 0,117 0.115 0.114 0.109 0,107 0,106 0.107 0,106 0,107 0,107 0.102 0,102
0,101
0.100 0.098 0.098 0,096
601

bte: all values of Ns<j and Mfj_y must be divided by Ym0
9 10
j
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0>3
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
**
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd IkN]
*
MN.y [N.m]
tt*
MN.y [N.m]
"
UC 152 X 152 X 23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203x203x71 UC 203 203 86 UC 254x254x73 UC 254x254x89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254x254x167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x118 UC 305x305x137 UC 305 X 305 158 UC 305 X 305 X 198 UC 305x305x240 UC 305 305 X 283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356 368 177 UC 356x368x202 UC 356 406 235 UC 356 406 287 UC 356 406 340 UC 356 406 393 UC 356 406 467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356 406 634
204
251
85 348 106 249

*
272 334
**
80 327 99 999
**
340 418
**
75 307 93 749
*
408 502
70 287
87499
**
475 585
**
65 266
81249
*
313 353 407 482 584 496 603 726 895

1
193398
224 293 269341 330 792
**
471
542 642 778

**
182022 211100 253498 311334

*
588 678 803 973
170645 197906 237654 291875
706 813 963 1 168
159 269 184 712
824 949
1
147893
171 518
221810 272417
124
1362
205967 252959
**
133
414335 503849 631551 817182

**
805 968
1
389962
474 211 594401
194
1511
769113
tt
1006 1210 1492 1889

tttt
365589 444573 557251 721043

**
1207 1452
1791 2 267
*
341217 414935 520100 672974

w
1408 1695 2089 2645

tttt
316844
385 296
482950 624904
**
657 800 929
669173 783306
912 519 1 164 695 1435 840 1625 654
1072
1
344
1628 1811 875 1037 1201 1370 1594 1947 2176 2 515 2 989 3 527 4 058
1066 1238 1430 1792 2171

2 415
**
629810 737229 858841 1096184 1351379 1530 027

**
1333 1548 1787

2 240 2 714 3 019
590447
691 152
805164 1027672 1266 918 1434 400

**
1600 1858 2145 2688 3 257 3 622

**
551084 645075 751486 959 161 1 182 457 1338 774

**
1866
2167
2 502
511721 598998
3136 3799 4226

*
697809 890649 1097995

1
243 147
*
1001020
1
167 230
1341598 1574 455

952 641 2 216 294 2 601408
1
1383 1601 1826 2126 2 597

2 901
942136 1098 570 1262 681 1481840 1837 780

2 085 924 2448 384
2 971606
1729
2 001
2283 2657 3 246

3 627 4192 4 982 5 879 6 763
3157332 3 811629
4 484 028
3354 3986 4 703

5 411
3 587416 4 220 262
883 253 1029 909 1 183 763 1389 225 1722 919 1955 553 2295 360 2 785 881 3 363 202 3 956 495
2075 2402 2739 3189

3 895 4 352
5 031
824369 961249
1
2 420 2 802
104 846
3196
3 720
1296 610 1608 058

825 183 2142 336 2 600155 3138 989 3 692 729
1
5 979
7054 8116
4544 5 077 5869 6 975 8 230 9469
765486 892588 1025 928 1203 995 1493196 1694813 1989312 2414430
2 914 775 3 428 963
602
IPE
IPE A
1

3
Vpi.z
-IPE O
2
Np,
5
Mp|.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
Designation
Vpl,
IkN]
124 163 208 258 311 371
for - My
IkN]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750 173 IPE 750 196
IkN]
87
123 153 185 234 273
[N.m]
9 751 16 551
25 505
[N.m]
2443
3 841 5 704
IkN]
60 85
108 133 167 197
241
for - My
0,187 0,196 0.195 0.193 0,198 0,196 0,202 0,197 0,199 0,200 0.202 0,206 0,203 0,212 0,219 0.223
0,231
321
434 555 690 844 1006

1
37105
52 021 69 894 92 668
8084
10 962 14 532 18 737
196
1402 1643
++
++ ++
++
++
339 385 464 537 623 747 852
436 516 602 702 816 939
119870
153 991
24 406
31048
40 719 52 592 64 545 80 262
203 279
++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++
++
1035 1233 1452

754 2 032
1
-
1097 1240 1415 1629 1846 2132

2 248
2 281 2 907 3 425
100 135 168 208
263909 337819 428042 549002 714753 921529

170 542 1 475 207 2043 368
1
276 328 387 456 542

621
96180
116 080
753 910
141069
168 225
2146155
2 611676 3 013 155
++
2 824 3 086
203973 257912 264941 340163 402695

1971
1082 1306 1520

1788 1969 2 226 2408
53 76 95 110 137 163 199 238
281
0.232 0.244 0.250 0,239 0.229
268 369 463 562

++
74 108
131 151
7971 13852
20 946 30 071
3166 4611
6 519 8 692
0.197 0,206 0,204 0,195

0,201
189
247
301
++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++
.
++ ++
223 278 329 396 455 539 654 722 868
41619 56 837
76 295
11743
15 345
357
431
509 597 700 815 987
++
++
1025 1222
-
++
1
1095 1260 1466 1671 1947

423 497 584 676 846
981
1
100888 130860 173 247 227551 294810 380842 480438 627601 817323 1039 357 1319 295
79 443 104 756
20 364 26 208 34 585 45 078 55 971
0,198 0,202 0,200

0.201
72179
84 869 103 213
126 681 151 831
329 397 477 522 628

751
905
1078
1
185668
16 763
260
221
0.200 0,203 0,208 0,194 0,204 0.209 0.213 0,219 0.219 0,194 0.197 0,194 0,199 0.192 0.193 0,199 0,199 0,207 0,213 0,219 0,226 0.227
138
1342 1570 1836

2 261
2639
++
++ ++
++ ++
1
308 375 428 518 612 704 846 975

163
115
1440 1702
2 005
2 531
++
++
1287 1440 1724 1957 2190

2 749
134883 172315 241 352 312404 395 970 498155 630912 859431 1097453
1
21795 28102 35 447

49 437 64 087
77697
95 306 113021 143 216 171584
264 305 365 434 509 606 705 839
370 619
201816
268 835
1877836
1052 1259 1479 1874
603
IPE IPE A -IPE O

9

Note: all values of Njj and Mj^.y must be divided by Y^j0
12
13
10
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/NpuM-0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
9 751 16 551
25 505
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
64 87
111
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
80 108 139 172 211
251
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
96
130 166
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd IkN]
112 152 194
241
MN.y [N.m]
9596
16 475
MN.y [N.m]
8996
15 445
MN.y IN.m]
8396
14 416
MN.y [N.m]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750x196 IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450 IPE A 500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600
48 65 83 103 127
151
7797
13 386 20 588 29 899
37105
52 021 69 894 92 668 119 870 153 991 203 279
138 169 201
25 339 36 799
51890
69 546
23 756 34 499 48 647 65 200
179 210 246 289 339 394
458 532 623 728 847 983

1
1
263909 337819 428042 549002 714753 921529

1
239 280 329 386 452 526

611
92668 119384 153867

203 279
299 350
411
87049 111922
144 251
aa aa
207 253 302 359 420 493

**
22172 32199
45 404 60 853
81246
**
295 352 419

* *
*
42161
56 507 75 443
**
*
**
263909
tt
482 565

**

tt*
**
*
** **
a
"
** * *
709 830 970

1
** '*
**
* tt
**

**
**

**
**
*
tt*

**
170 542

129
*
'*
*
tt
** **
100
181
**
**

aa
**
*
**
**
tt
**
"
1394 1580
40 55 69 84 102 123
148 178
'*
ktt
* **
**
**
tt*
**
7971
13 852
20 946 30 071 41619 56 837 76 295 100 888
210 247 293 345 403

461
130860
1
54 74 93 112 136 164 197 237 280

** **
7940
13 852
67 92
116
141
7444
13 077 19 737
80
111
6948
12 206 18 421
**
a.
94
129 162
*
20 946 29 875
41619 56 685
ktt ktt
ktt
170 206
** **
aa
28 008 39 066
**
a.
139 169 204

**
a. aa
6 452 11334 17106

tt **
**

**
** **

**
**
tttt **
tt ktt
**
** **
** **
aa
**
** *
..
*'
*'
<
1
"
'*
ktt ktt
ktt
** **

** **
'*
** *
*
*"
**
539 637 739 863

171 201
**
* *
**
tt *
** *
**
k
**
**
1
** **
k*
**
aa
**
"
**
1PEO180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
236 275 339 396 457 530 607

741
79 443 104756 134883 172315 241 352 312404 395 970 498155 630912 859431
228 268 314 367 452 528 610 707 810 988
148 1311
1
861
1097453
370 619 1877 836
1
78 892 104342 133955 172007 238904 309 596 395391 497827 630912 859431 1097453
1
285 336 393 459 565 660 762 883
73 961
341
97821 125583 161 257 223972 290 247

370 679 466 713
*
a.
403
471 551
69 030 91300 117211
150506
**

398 470 550 643

** **
k
64100 84 778 108839

139 756

678 792 915 1060

tt*
tt
* **
"
ktt
**
tt

1012 1235 1435

1639
**
tt* *
ktt
ktt
*
983 1240
370 619
"
1653
1877836
2066
1821444
2 479
ktt
604

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Np|.Rd)
Designation
Mpi.z
for - My
IkN] IkN]
149 167 192 252 295
[kN]
283 337 424 564 679 807 942 1091 1246 1411 1590 1668
[N.m]
24 510
[N.m]
*
IkN]
97
112
**
k* k*
for -My
0,147 0,144
HE100AA HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA
HE650AA HE700AA
655 779
++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
35330
**
*
* * **
* *
** **
++ ++
++
++
++
375 428 522 600 667 785 858 938
**
>
*
ktt
**
*
a.
**
*
**

**
k*
**
**

*
k*
*
tt
++
++
1023
1
163
1746 1824 1975

2 054
**
*
**
*
k* k
**
++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1326
1501
1762
1971
2192 2433
3 002 3 570
-
2132 2290 2369 2448 2599

2 768 3 074
HE800AA HE900AA
HE 1000 AA
082 016 1 313 592 1 521 685 1 747 138 2 032 856 2614 415
1
110
* **
tt **
++ ++
3234
409 486 600 729 860
3359 500 4106 225

34 865
402 217 426 615

17 279 24 718
.. ka ka
1320 1492 1675 1868 2294 2648 2963

110 129 160 209
0.193 0,206 0,217 0.227 0.233 0.250 0,250 0,250
HE100A HE 120 A
HE 140 A
HE160A HE 180 A
HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A HE 500 A
892 1064 1319 1628 1901

2 261 2 702 3 227
183 205 245 320

351
0,123
0,121 0.121
50186 72868 102962 136438

180 384 238 752 312 742
438
501
3646 4 085 4 726 5 223 5606 5996 6 677 7477

++
610 697 770 904 997
1090
1
187
HE550A
HE 600 A
++
++
++
++
1390 1595 1812 2030

2 260 2 502
1009 1216 1449 1633 1827 2110 2334 2 485 2636 2866 3163 3460
3 612 3 763 3 915 4 074 4 237
'*
'* '*
386304 467134 580974

683 797
' "
777199 877159
075 955 1350 664 1658 519 1941 163 2 247 162 2 577 242 2 953 364 3 653 785 4540 200 5384 400
1
" '
366603
405 523 444 575 464 900 485 376 506011 527831
551 149 594 081
1
232 290 335 404 458 514 599 659 724 793 945
1093
250
0,129 0,122 0.128 0,124 0,125 0.126 0.126 0,127 0,126 0,129 0,132 0,141 0.146
0.151
HE650A
HE 700 A HE 800 A
1423 1606
1
798
2836
3366 3960
-
2068
2 474 2 951 3 378
++
HE900A
HE 1000 A
++ ++
4543 4 696
617279
0.160 0.169 0.177 0,189 0,206 0,219 0,232
605

Note: all values of Nsd and Mj>j y must be divided by 0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/NpLRd-0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Npi.Hd-0,2
Nsd [kN]
* **
Nsd/NpUM-0,25
Nsd IkN]
* **
*
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
* *
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd IkN]
*
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
* *
HE 100 AA
HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA HE 1000 AA
HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A HE 300 A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE 400 A HE 450 A
98 117
* *
**
*
**
**
* tt tttt *
* *
** *
**
* *
*
** **
**
* * * **
*
*
**

* *
* **
**
* *
k*
*
* **
862 963
'
k*
** **
aa
1034
1
**
a.
107
1203 1376 1589 1778

134 160 198
**
** **
**
aa
** *
aa
**
aa
*
**
**
33 803 48 535
178 213
* * *
31815 45 680
*
*
223 266
ka
29 826 42 825
**
**
** *
268 319
**
27838
39 970
**
312 372
**
25 849
37115
* *
244 285 339 405 484 547 613 709 784

841
** **
**
**
'"
ka ka
'*
k* k* k*
**
** * tt * tt
tt
*
** **
*
** ** **
tt*
*
"* * '* *
**
**
**
* tt
" "
k*
k
**
* *
**
* *
** *
*
" "
* '"
**
**
**
""
**
k*
899
tt*
**
**
1002
1
122
HE500A HE550A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
1244
1065 252 1344531 1658 519

1941 163 2 247 162
**
1334 1427 1522

1641 1801 2019
1335 1495 1659 1779 1902

* **
1002 590 1265 441
1669 1869
**
*
939928
2003
* *
877 266
** *
2 337
**
814604
*
** *
*
**
*
* tt*
**
*
*
**
* **
tt
*
*tt
**
aa
*
**
*
"
*
**
** **
**
"*
** **
**
**
*
>
*tt
2185
**
**
606

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
Vp..y
5
Mp|.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
Designation
for - My
IkN]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 8 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000
[kN]
219 266 317 427
491
IkN]
511
[N.m]
43 769 69 389 103079 148 665 202 208 269 870
[N.m]
IkN]
127 160 196 266
for - My
0,116 0,112 0,109 0,117 0,114 0,116 0,113 0,115 0,116 0,116 0,118 0,119 0,123 0.126 0.136 0,142 0,148 0.158 0,167 0.175 0,187 0,204 0.217 0,230 0.102 0,102
0.101
1094 1428 1804

2 279
21597
34 007 50 310
669 847
1053
1271
2 741 3 279 3 824 4 451 4 975 5 517 6 261 6 776
71385 97026
128441
602 677 806 912 996

1
1514 1770
2 054 2 289
150
7178 7587
8 307
9155
10 023 10 670
11338
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1255 1360 1469 1697 1932 2178 2427 2687 2959

3 324 3 922 4 577
2532 2866 3090

3 242 3 393 3 624 3 922 4 220 4 372 4 525 4 677
347360 442321 538823 644462

784 843 902 680
1011404
1
126855
1357330 1672 595 2022118

2 348 055 2698 557 3 074 349
165430 209336 252944 301380 365459 394421 414003 433646 463695 503016 542492
563 280 584 244
312 380 433 512 576 642 737 805 880 958
1
129
1302 1483
1681
4837 5003
5 310
3497395 4296 600 5283 600

6 241200 99 041 147257 207407 283 317 371048
476 762
605393 627919 652316

696 503 720 833
1889 2107
2 402
2860
3 387 3865
228 283 343 435 503 594 670 858 954
5153
437 513
593 747 840 995
5463
1098 1358 1637 1950
2 269
2236
2 789
3383
4 076 4 757
5 514 6 277
48 851 72 085 101 015
136693
178 579 228151 284992
8383
9 225 10 087 12 729
HE300M
HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
13106
13 265 13 390
1099 1457 1622 1747 2195 2300

2 392
2618 2976
4 019 4 407
596168 889117
059 917 1245 566 1 712 623
1
422492
500 836
4800 6108
6 239
586605
803 536 819 304
6239
6 219
13683
14 088 14 461 14 884 15 274 15 697 16 087
++ ++
2483 2672 2906 3140 3385 3 629 3 873

4 118 4711
6200 6200
6181 6181 6161 6161 6142 6138 6118
1862 711 1981380 2095 513 2339 660

2 659 027 2 979 594 3 331 727 3 684 276 4 055 923 4 426 800 5 245 800 6064 800 6959 400
1052 1287 1362

1441 1521 1684
0,107 0.106 0,108 0,107 0.102 0.103 0,104

0,101
820138
815 788 812 336
814466 811447 813669

810 759
1887
2 089
812982
810 089 810 765 810 128
2 301 2 513 2 724
++
5200 5699
6118
814666
2936 3399 3 823 4 255
0,104 0,109 0.114 0.123 0.134 0,144 0.155 0,165 0,174 0.183 0,200 0,215 0,228
607

Note: all values of Ngd and Mr.y must be divided by Jm0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
219 286
361
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.25
Nsd IkN]
273 357
451
Nsd/Np,.Hd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
328 428
541
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
Nsd IkN]
383 500
631
MN.y [N.m]
39 607 62 501 92 541 134630
MN.y [N.m]
37131
58 595 86 757 126 216
171 131
MN.y [N.m]
34 656 54 688 80 974 117801 159 722 213 646 274 240 349 875 426 599 510 514
MN.y [N.m]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280
164 214
271
42082
66 407
32180
50 782
98325
143 045 193 948
342
411
HE300B
HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450
492 574 668 746 828 939 1016
259427
333 006 424 848
518013
619 909 756 067 870 744 979 799 1096 305 1335 267 1 657 319 2 017 376 2 348 055 2 698 557 3 074 349 3 497395 4296 600 5 283 600
456 548 656 765 890 995

1
103
1077
1
138
1252 1355 1436 1517

1661 1831 2 005 2134
182540 244167 313418 399857 487542 583444 711593

819 523
570 685 820 956

1
228906
293 829 374 866
684 822 984 1 147
797 959
1
148
113
922164
1
031 817
1244 1379 1565 1694 1794 1897
457070 546979 667118 768303

864 528
HE500B
HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800
1246 1373 1503

1601 1701 1804
1256 722 1559 830 1898 707

2 229 761 2 590 452 2 981942 3 440 038
aa
2268
2 405 2 574 2 807
HE900B
HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M
1930 2105 2339

2 520
2077 2289 2506 2668 2835 3007 3217

*
967328 1 178177 1462340 1780 037

aa
1335 1492 1655 1878 2033 2153 2276

2 492
2747
3 007
*
622644 717083 806893 902840 1099 631 1364 851 1661368

* *
1338 1558 1741 1931 2191 2372

2 512
2655
2 907
75190 109387 148313 198385 254652 324884 396128 474048 578169 665863 749258 838351 1021086
3204 3508
**
1267362
1542 699
**
**
** ** **
**
*
**
**
"
**
** **
*
*
**
* * **
** "*
**
*
*
*
3119
**
**
335 418 508

611
713
93 724 139 315 196 161 269 554 352 720
447 558 677 815

1
88 211
559
827
941
1257 1384 1513 1909 1966 1990 2008 2 052
454167 567335 841944 1004884

181 977 1619 443 1766 897 1889 458 2 009 371 2 267 774 2609 632 2960 417 3 331727 3 684 276 4 055 923 4 426 800
1
951 103
1255 1677 1845

2 017 2 546
131120 184623 253698 331972 427451 533963 792418 945 774 1 112449
524 182 1662 962 1 778 313 1 891 172 2134 375
1
697 846 1019

1
189
1378 1569 2096 2306

2 522
82 698 122925 173084 237842 311224 400 736
671
77184
114 730
500 590
837 1015 1223 1427 1654 1883

2 515 2 768 3 026 3 819 3 932 3 979 4 017 4 105 4 227
783 976
1
161545 221986 290475 374020 467217

693 366
184
742892 886663 1042921

1
827552
973 393 1333 659 1455 092 1556 024 1654 776 1867578
2 621
3182 3 277
428 920 559 027
1427 1665 1930 2197 2934 3229 3530 4455

4 587
71671 106535 150006 206130 269 727 347304 433 845 643840 768441 903865 1 238398
1
351 157
2653 2678
2 737
3316
3 347 3 421
2113 2169 2233

2 291
2818
2 892 2 977 3 055
2456124
2 786 275 3 152 827
3522
3 615
3 721 3 818 3 924 4 022 4 245
1667168 1772 974 2000 977 2302616 2 612133

2 955 775
2355
2 413 2 547 2 669
HE800M
HE 900 M HE 1000 M
2798
5 245 800 6064 800 6 959 400
3139 3 217 3396 3 558 3 731
3 527 816 3 926 201

4 332149
5 245 800 6064 800
3 307327 3 680 813 4 061390 4 919150

*
4338 4465 4 582

4 709 4 826 5094
*
2149108 2437 990

2 758 724 3086 839 3 435 426 3 790 631

4643 4686 4789 4 931

5 061
5209
5 346
5494 5630
*
1444 879 1536 578 1734 180 1995 601 2263 848 2561672 2866 350 3190 038
3 519 871
**
a*
4448
*
**
*
608

1
2
,
3
Vp,.z
4
vpi.y
IkN]
402 476 522 645 353 435 517 629 795 933 838 974
1
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpi.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /Npi.Rd)
Designation
for - My
IkN]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203 102 23 UB 203 133x25 UB 203 X 133 X 30 UB 254 X 102 22 UB 254 X 102 25 UB 254 X 102 X 28 UB 254 146 31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305 165 40 UB 305 165 46 UB 305x165 54 UB 356 171 45 UB 356 171 51 UB 356 171 57 UB 356 171 67 UB 406 178x54 UB 406 178x60 UB 406 178x67 UB 406 178x74 UB 457 152x52 UB 457 152 60 UB 457 152x67 UB 457 152x74 UB 457 152 82 UB 457 191 67 UB 457 X 191 74 UB 457 191 82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457 191 98 UB 533 210 82 UB 533 210 92 UB 533 210 101 UB 533 21 109 UB 533 210 122 UB 61 229 101 UB 610 229 113 UB 610 229 125 UB 610 229 140 UB 610 305 149 UB 610 305 179 UB 610 305 238 UB 686 254 125 UB 686 254 140 UB 686 254 152 UB 686 254 170 UB 762 267 147 UB 762 267 173 UB 762 267 197 UB 838 292 176 UB 838 292 194 UB 838 292 226 UB 91 4 305 201 UB 914 305 224 UB 914 305 253 UB 914 305 289 UB 914 419 343 UB 914 419 388
IkN]
239 300
311
[N.m]
71928
98 309 108 247 132033 108 786 128 321 148179 165087
[N.m]
17468
20 896
**
IkN]
174 220 235 263 294 313 328 306 320 365
371
for N-My
0.170 0,178 0,175 0,164 0,250 0,233 0,217 0,183 0,162 0,158 0,172 0,167 0,167 0,210 0,196
0.191
1019
1
235
1343 1605
++ ++ ++
++ ++
353 379 405

431
37054 15 655 19 323 23 037

**
2300
++
++ ++ ++
++
397 427 490 487 546 644 650 695

764 867 807 839 935
202957 237858
261 692
141
302419 355352
325 342
50 137 59 252 59 528 69 524
82165
**
834 988
1
376322
424 260 508 562
++
++
122
++
1361 973
1
73164 83477 102047

74 881
442948
503 776 565 331
412 484 507 535 583 653 635

651
++ ++
++ ++
139
1015
954
++
++ ++ ++
1
1281 1438 838 1022

1
630338
460 337 540 654 610 291
87800 99351 112132

55 987 68 482 78 406 89 514 100962 99 669 114 282
0.182 0.219 0,202

0,201
1063
142
161
1319
1253
993
1476
1
++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
208
1059
1
167
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++
1244 1356 1314 1397

1501
1381 1533 1700
683166 760827 617830 694145 769139

845 731
1614 1776 1729 1864 2060 1910 2 285 3 005
1892 1389 1639 1834 1990

2 267 1693 1979
2 248
937612 864620 991237 1097046

1
127637 142118 159139 126153

149 345
722 778 700 747 828 882 962 783 828 909 962
0,196 0,250 0,233 0,230 0,222 0,219 0,218 0,208 0,207

0.201
1043
1041 1094
1
187 939
1342149
1
210 074 543 869
1377939
1
167767 183029 209879 168103 197090

224 878
167
1252 1368 1293 1365

1461 1605 1469 1746 2263 1628 1723 1831 2 007 1965 2208 2 405 2 352 2 518
2 753 2 687 2946 3200
++
++
2549
2 993 3 620
++ ++
1739 671 1929 298 2329 886

3 144 207
12 740
++
++ ++ ++
4898 2064
2 421
2186 2336
2 576
1677539 1914 403

2 100 192 2 364 921 2 165 321 2 603 025 3009 964 2 859 237 3 208 847 3 845 022
256807 393658 480418 661054 227807 268032

298 279 340 800
2683 3045
2 342 2 901 3 423 2 768 3 193
++
++
++
++ ++ ++
2798 3076
3 515
-
3 951
++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++
3096 3660
4 286 4 958
4 070 4 602 4634 5 138
3 507521 4 004 495 4594 800
5279 400
6 501 600
6699
7 700
7421400
271826 339142 402609 353 593 408997 508 874 412431 488 646 575 628 672529 1 213 618 1 403 175
3598 3559
3 915
0,198 0,237 0,222 0,216 0,215 0,210 0,239 0,226 0,218 0.215 0.184 0,182 0,178 0.243 0,230 0.225 0.220 0.250 0,239 0,228 0,250 0,243 0.227 0.250 0,246 0.236 0,233 0,194 0.189
609

Note: all values of Njj and Mjq y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.fld-0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd [kN]
204 247
**
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
255 309
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,3
NSd
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
tt*
MN.y [N.m]
69 367 95 674
**
MN.y [N.m]
65 032 89 695
**
IkN]
306 370
*
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
*
*
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254x102x22 UB 254 102x25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254x146x31 UB 254x146x37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356x171x51 UB 356x171x57
153 185
201 241
71928
98 309
**
177 202 227 250 297 345 323 370 433

361
132033 108 786 128321

148 179
**
321
235 269 303

tt
126 287 108 786 128 321
401
118 394
tt
481
110 501
**
*
562
102608

148179
**
294 336 379

tt
** ** ** **
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
202957 237858
**
**
396 460
tttt
**
* *

226117
** **
575
**
**
211984
* tt*
690
**
** ** ** *
**
**
**
*
**
**
* * **
355 352
*
578
tt*
341478

722
tt
**
**
**
UB356X171X67
UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191x67 UB 457 191x74 UB 457x191x82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533x210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x210x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x1 13 UB 610x229x125 UB 610 229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610x305x179 UB 610x305x238 UB 686 254x125 UB 686x254x140 UB 686 X 254 X 152 UB 686x254x170 UB 762x267x147 UB 762x267x173 UB 762x267x197 UB 838x292x176 UB 838x292x194 UB 838 292 X 226 UB 914x305x201 UB 914x305x224 UB 914x305x253 UB 914x305x289 UB 914x419x343 UB 914x419x388
409 457 539 434 482 539 595 420 480 539 595 659 539 596 658 717 789 660 739
811
**
tt
**
**
w
424 260 508 562

**
609 718
tt
tt
tt*
* * *

497324
**
**
tt*
898
**
**
**
**
tt*
*"
**
**
**
*
565 331 630 338

**
719 794
**
* **
**
tt
**
*
** ** ** ** *
**
** **
**
**
"
tt
** **
** ** ** "* ** ** ** **
**
**
**
**
**
tt w
**
**
683166 760 827

**
794 878
**
tt
**
760 827
**
1098
tt> tt
** **
** ** **
*
*"
**
**
** **
**
**
* **
769 139 845 731
878 956
**
** **
*
w
**
**
* *
937612
**
1052
*
935 651
**
*
1315
** *
tt*
* **
**
** *
tttt
**
*
**
**
** **
1
**

**
** **
a *
875 979 812 907 1004 1 123

1
1
1
187 939
166
**

**
*
** **
*tt
342149
1305
342 149
**
*tt *
1632
**
**
** **
1
** ** **
*
**
*" *" ** **
**

**
**
**
**
**
739 671
1497
*"
**
197
*" **
* **
1437
1911
2 329 886 3 144 207

*
1916 2548
tt
**
*
**
**
3 058 731
** ** **
*
3185
** "*
tt
2867560
3 822
* ** * ** **
2 676 390
4 459
**
1005
1
124
** **
**
** **
*
** **
1223 1366
1
**

** **
*
2 364 921
1821
**
**
179
**
tt *tt
**
**
* *
* ** **
1388 1579 1411 1555 1818 1612 1800 2034 2 320

2 755
**
*
** ""
** **
*
**
*
* *
**
** ** *
* *
**
**
tt
*"
*
**
*
tt
**
**
**
*
**
** ** **
tt tt
** * **
**
*
**
* **
*
**
**
* **
*
**
**
** * ** **
5 279 400
3 114
6 501600 7421400
3 093 3 673 4 151
** *
*
* ** **
**
**
**
610

1
2
Np,
3
VpLz
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mpi.z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nlimit /Npi.Rd)
Designation
for -My
IkN]
UC 152 152x23 UC 152x152x30 UC 152 X 152 X 37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203x203x52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203 203 71 UC 203x203x86 UC 254x254x73 UC 254 254 X 89 UC 254x254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254 254 167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x1 18 UC 305x305 137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305x305x198 UC 305 305 240 UC 305x305x283 UC 356 368 129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x177 UC 356x368x202 UC 356x406x235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356x406x340 UC 356x406x393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356 406 551 UC 356x406x634
[kN]
242 280 346 412 455 537 589 744
621
IkN]
521
[N.m]
tttt
[N.m]
IkN]
*
for -My
0,124 0,123 0,119 0,115 0,117 0,105 0,109 0.112 0.109 0,111 0,107 0,105 0,119 0.117 0.115 0.114 0,109 0.107 0.106 0.107 0,106 0.107 0,107 0,102 0,102 0,101 0.100 0,098 0,098 0,096
1228 1607 1979

2 467
719
891 1 117
2784 3208 3798 4605

3 910 4 759 5 728
1273 1462
1781
7062
8 940 5 185
747 924 1121
2149 1798 2208 2652

3 310 4 226
104019 129679 208924 238306 275 552 335 479 410 227 416669 514 022 623461 785153
46 868 58 623
110985
128 241 156 945
191 619
**
241629
292 758
1427
864
1017940
668 669 822 162 964 551 1 125 785 1444 792
368917 477653
*
2340
2 867
6309 7325 8 457

10 601 12 843 14 057
1047 1208 1390 1708 2082

2 461
3 351 3 892 4 948 6 035

6 652
376053 442069
516 643 663 907 819 246 913 442
**
200 244 293 319 376 399 502 437 517 636 754 939 618 740 845
1
961 153
1783 771
1
991 027
6 902
8182
9 471 10 803 12 576 15 360 16 888 19 522 23 201
1030 1219 1426 1638 1836

2 274 2 709
1380 1487
742 870 1011
1
3193
3 801
1041294
1
245 186
4404 5033
5 932 7 270
1451201 1668130 1968 330
701739
806 203 1000 955 1238 693
153
3155
3 762
8036 9333
177 13 265 15 376
11
2441240 2729 640

3 206 752
1382 041
1
619 952
1280 1563 1702 1952

2 277 2 671 3 014
3900 000
4 711200
27375 31494
4186 4833
1963 378 2362 603

2 772 264
5553 600
611

Note: all values of Ns<j and Mjkj.y must be divided by Yj^0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
NSd/ISlpI.Rd=0,2
NSd/N 3l.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
Nsd/N pl.Rd=0>3
Nsd IkN]
*
Nsd/N,3l.Rd=0,35
Nsd IkN]
tt
Nsd [kN]
tt*
MN.y IN.m]
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
*
MN.y [N.m]
**
UC 152x152x23 UC 152x152 30 UC 152x152x37 UC 203x203x46 UC 203 203 52 UC 203x203x60 UC 203x203x71 UC 203x203x86 UC 254x254x73 UC 254x254x89 UC 254 254x107 UC 254x254x132 UC 254x254x167 UC 305x305x97 UC 305x305x118 UC 305x305 137 UC 305x305x158 UC 305x305x198 UC 305x305x240 UC 305x305x283 UC 356x368x129 UC 356x368x153 UC 356x368x177 UC 356x368x202 UC 356x406 235 UC 356x406x287 UC 356x406x340 UC 356x406x393 UC 356x406x467 UC 356x406x551 UC 356x406 634
241
297 370 418

481
100975 125 703
321
95035
118 308
. **
396
*
402 495
89096
110914
482 594
**
83156 103520
**
562 693
tt
77216 96126
570
691
228 809 265361 318 657 391360

**
557 642 760

921
tt*
215 350 249 752 299 913
696 802 949

1
201890 234142 281168

345 317
*
835 962
1
139
*
188431 218533 262424

322 296
**
974
1
174 972
123
368339
**
151
1381
1329 1612
202923 243679
299 275
587
714 859 1059 1341 778 946 1099
490199 596103
747 187 966 807
*
952
1
146
461363 561038
703 234
190
1412 1788
**
909936
1432 1765 2235

**
432528 525973
659 282 853 065
1428 1718 2118

2 682
**
403 693 490 909 615 330
1666 2005 2472

3 129
**
374 858
796194
tt
455844 571378 739323
791698
926 728 1079 600 1377 950 1 698 740 1 892 552
* tt
1262 1465
1691
745 127 872 214
1577
1831
698 557 817701
1893 2198
2 537
651986 763188
889 082
134 782 1398 963 1 558 572
1
1269 1590 1926 2108 1035 1227

1421 1620 1886
2120 2569 2811

* *
1016094 1296 894 1598 815

1
2114 2650
3 211
3 514
**
aa
781 225
**
952588 1215 838 1498 889 1669 899

*
*
3180 3853 4 217

**
2208 2564 2960 3711

4 495 4 920
**
605416 708674
825 576 1053 726 1299 037 1447 246
*
**
**
1
**
**
1380 949 1587 243 1862 736

2 310 167 2 580 163 3 028 505 3 675 700
1894 2161
2 515 3 072 3 378
1299 716
1
2368
2 701
493 876
1753163
2 174 275
2304 2533 2928 3480

4 106 4 724
4 437419 5 220 212
3904 4640 5 475 6299
2 428 389 2850 357 3459 482
4176395 4913141
3144 3840 4 222 4 881 5800 6844
1218 484 1400 508 1643 590

2 038 383 2 276 614 2 672 210 3243 264 3 915 370 4 606 069
2 841
137 252
3 315
1056 020
1
3 241 3773 4608 5 067 5 857 6960

8 213
307 141 534 018 1 902 491 2124 840 2494 063
1 1
3 781 4 402 5 376 5911
213 774
6833
8 121 9 581
7874
9448
3 027047 3654 345 4298 998
11023
1424 445 1766 599 1973 066 2 315 915 2 810829 3 393321 3 991927
612
IPE IPE A -IPE O

1

3
Vp,.z
2
Np,
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
6
MpI.Z
7
Nfimit
8
{Nfimit /NpLRd)
Designation
for - My
IkN]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750x137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750x196
IPE A 80 IPE A 100 IPE A 120 IPE A 140 IPE A 160 IPE A 180 IPE A 200 IPE A 220 IPE A 240 IPE A 270 IPE A 300 IPE A 330 IPE A 360 IPE A 400 IPE A 450
IkN]
95
135 167 203 256 299
IkN]
136 179
[N.m]
10 680
[N.m]
2 676 4 207 6 247 8 853
12 006 15 916
IkN]
66 93
118 146 183 216 264
for - My
0.187 0,196 0,195 0,193 0.198 0,196 0.202 0,197 0.199 0,200 0,202 0,206 0,203 0,212 0,219 0,223
0,231
352 475 608 756 924

1
227 282
341
18127 27934
40 638 56 975 76 551 101 494 131 287
102
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
1
1310
372 422 508 588 682 818 933

134
++ ++ ++
++
1350 1590
1921 2 225
-
407 478 566 660 769 894 1028 1202 1358 1549 1784 2 022
20 522
26 731
168657 222638 289044 369992 468807 601288 782825 1009 294

282 022 1615 703
1
34005 44 597 57601

70 692
87906 105340 127135 154504

184 247
302 359 423 499 594 680 825 997

1
185
2335
2 462
223 399
2 237974
++
++ ++
2499
3 183 3 751
110 147 184 228
271
2350 551
2 860 407
3 092
3380
82 118 144 165
3300122
8 730
15 171 22 941
282475 290173 372560 441047

2159
3 467 5 050
1430 1665 1959 2156 2438 2638

58 83 104 120 150 178 218 260 308 360 435 523 572 688 823
991
1
0.232 0,244 0,250 0,239 0,229
293 404 507 616

++
++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++ ++ ++
++ ++ ++
207 244 305 360 433 498

591
717 790 950

-
329 392 472 557 654 767 892
32 935 45 583 62 250

83 561
7140
9 520 12 862 16 807 22 303 28 704
0,197 0,206 0.204 0,195

0,201
110496
143 323 189 747 249 223
0,198 0.202 0.200

0,201
37879
* *
1082
1
199
1PEA500 IPE A 550 IPE A 600
++ ++
1380 1606 1830 2133

464 545 639
741
322887 417113 526194 687372 895163

138 343 1444 943
1
79 053 92 952 113 043 138 746 166 291 203351

18 360
181
1380
242 289 334 399 475 557 664 772 919
1
0,200 0.203 0,208 0,194 0,204 0,209 0,213 0,219 0,219
1PEO180 IPE O 200 IPE O 220 IPE O 240 IPE O 270 IPE O 300 IPE O 330 IPE O 360 IPE O 400 IPE O 450 IPE O 500 IPE O 550 IPE O 600
1246 1470 1720 2011

2 476
++ ++
++ ++
337 410 469 567 670

771
87009
114 733
147729
188 726
23 870 30 778 38 822
926
926
++
++
++
++
1068 1274 1578 1865 2196

2 772
1074 1221 1409 1577 1888 2144 2398 3011
264338 342157 433682

545 598
54145 70190 85 097 104383

123 784 156 855
690999 941281
201 973 1501 154
1
152
2 056 677
187925 221037 294 438
1379 1620 2053
0.194 0.197 0,194 0,199 0,192 0.193 0.199 0,199 0,207 0,213 0,219 0,226 0.227
613
IPE IPE A -IPE O

9
10
|

Note: all values of Nsd and Mjj y must be divided by Yj^0
12
|
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
10 680 18127 27934 40 638
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
70 95
122
151
Nsd/Npi.Bd-0,25
Nsd [kN]
88 119 152 189
231
Nsd/NpLRd0,3
Nsd IkN]
105 142 182
Nsd/Npuw-0,35
Nsd [kN]
123 166
MN.y [N.m]
10 510 18 044 27 752
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
9196
15 789
MN.y [N.m]
IPE 80 IPE 100 IPE 120 IPE 140 IPE 160 IPE 180 IPE 200 IPE 220 IPE 240 IPE 270 IPE 300 IPE 330 IPE 360 IPE 400 IPE 450 IPE 500 IPE 550 IPE 600 IPE 750 x 137 IPE 750x147 IPE 750x173 IPE 750 196
53
71 91
9853 16916
26 018
8539
14 661
113 139 165 197 230 270
317
371
432 502 583 682 797 927 1076 1205
56 975 76 551 101494 131 287 168 657 222 638 289 044 369 992 468 807
185
601288
**
220 262 307 360 423 495 576 '669 777

*
40 304 56 832 76170
37785
53 280 71409 95 340 122 581
**
**

101494
130 754
168521
222638
ktt k*
275 328 384 450 528
227 277 330 393

461
** **
24 283 35 266 49 728 66 649

*
213 264 323 386
22 549 32 747
46176
*

**
**
*
**
aa
**
**
** *
**
*
** **
*
k*
k*
**
**
**
**
k* k*
**
ft
"
~ * **

**
*
*
**
aa
**
*
**
tt tt*
** ** **
1294 1527
1731
44
61
**
* **
"
ktt
**
**
* *
ktt
76 92 112 135 162 195 230 270

321
8 730 15171 22 941
59
81
8 697
73
101
101
32935 45 583
62 250 83 561 110 496 143323
aa
123 149 180 216 260
15171 22 941 32 720 45 583
8 153 14 323
88
121
7 610
13 368 20 176
103
141
7066
12 413 18 735

62084
127 154 186 225
21617
30 675
152 185
*
a
178
**
**
**
"
**
** *
*
**
**
*
a
**
*
**
tt
**
a.
*
**
306
** ** ** *
**
*
**
*
**
** ** ** **
* *
a
* **
aa
* *
aa
**
*
aa aa
378
441
**
* * tttt
**
*
**
**
*
**
"*
504 590 698 809 945

187
221
**
*
*
**

* **
tt
**

ka
'
**
**
*
*
**
**
'*
*
**
"
**
**
87 009 114 733
258 302
371
147729
188 726 264 338
434
501 581
342157 433 682

545 598 690 999 941281 1 201 973 1501 154 2 056 677
665 812 943
249 294 344 402 495 578 668 774 887
86 405 114 280 146 713
188389 261657 339 082 433 047

545 240
312 368 430 503 619 723 835 968

1
81005
107 137
374
441
137543
176 615
245303
aa
516 603 743
"
ta
75 605 99 995 128 374 164 840

*
436 515 602 704

* **
70 204 92 852
119 204
** **
** ** ** * **
" **
"
1077 1358
1082 1258 1436 1810
690999 941281 1201973

*
108
'
a ka
* *
*
.
*
a.
1353 1572
*
aa
2056 677
2263
**
**
**
**
614

1
2
Np,
3
Vp,.z
4
Vpl.y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimrt
8
{Nfimit /Np..Rd)
Designation
for - My
IkN]
HE100AA HE120AA HE140AA HE 160 AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA
HE 1000 AA HE 100 A HE 120 A HE 140 A HE 160 A HE 180 A HE 200 A HE 220 A HE 240 A HE 260 A HE 280 A
IkN]
163 183 210 276
IkN]
310 369 465 618 744 884
[N.m]
26 845 38 695
,a
[N.m]
IkN]
106 123
for - My
0.147 0,144
717
++ ++ ++
++
**
>*
++
++
++
++
323 410 468 572 657

731
'"
ta ka ka ka
**

1032
1
195
++ ++
++ ++ ++
860 940
1028
1
120
++
++
++ ++
++
++
++ ++
1274 1453 1644 1930 2159 2401 2665

3 288
-
1365 1545 1742 1827 1913 1998 2164

2 249
* '* '*
ka
*
*
**
*
tt
2335 2508
2 594 2 681 2 847
185 066 1438 696 1666 608

1
++ ++
3032 3366
3 542
1913 533 2 226 462 2863 407
1216 1445 1634 1834 2046

2 513
3679453 4497 294

38186
54 966 79 808 112 768 149 432
440523 467245
18 925
2901
3 245
120
141
0,193 0,206 0.217 0,227 0,233 0,250 0,250 0.250

0,123 0,121 0,121 0,129 0,122 0,128 0,124 0,125 0,126 0,126 0,127 0,126 0,129 0,132 0.141 0,146 0.151 0,160 0,169 0,177 0,189 0,206 0,219 0,232
977
1.165
201
1445
783 2 082 2 476
1
225 269
351
2960 3534 3994

++
HE300A
HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A
5176 5 721 6 140 6 567
384 480 549 669 764 843 990
448 532 658 798 942

1
27072
*
105
1332 1587 1789

2 001 2 311
1092
1
2556
2 721 2 887
194
HE400A
HE 450 A
7313 8189
++ ++
HE500A
HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A
1300 1523 1747 1984

2 223 2 475 2 740
3139 3464 3789 3 955
197563 261490 342 527 423094 511 623 636 305 748921 851218 960697 1 178 427 1479 299 1816 474
*
* **
*
**
175 229 254 318 367 442 502 563 656

721
**
**
*
793 868
1034
1
2126 035
2461 177 2 822 693 3 234 637 4 001764 4 972 600 5897 200
++
++ ++
++
4122
4 288 4 462 4 641 4 976
444144 486916 509176 531602

554 203 578 101
197
3107
3 687
1369 1558 1759 1970 2265

2 710
HE900A IHE1000A
++ ++
4338
5144
603639 650660 676068
3 232
3699
615

Note: all values of Ngj and Mfj.y must be divided by Ym0
9
10
|
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,15
Nsd [kN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd
[kN3
*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
aa
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd [kN]
** * *
Nsd/Npl.Rd=0,35
Nsd [kN]
-
**
MN.y [N.m]
* *
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
HE100AA HE120AA HE140AA HE160AA HE180AA HE200AA HE220AA HE240AA HE260AA HE280AA HE300AA HE320AA HE340AA HE360AA HE400AA HE450AA HE500AA HE550AA HE600AA HE650AA HE700AA HE800AA HE900AA
108 128
*
*
*
**
**
**
* *
*
r*
** *
**
*
**
** **
**
*
*
* **
** **
**
*
* a
**
*
** ** **
** *
**
**
**
aa
** * **
**
**
** **
** *

**
**
*
k
tt *
944
'
k* ktt ktt
*
aa
a.
1055
1
132
* **
*" ** **
*
*
**
**
1213 1317 1508 1740 1947

147 175
'*
**
* **
** **
**
**
'*
ktt
" ** *
**
**
100 A 120 A 140 A 160 A 180 A
37022 53158
** **

195 233
** ** * * **
34 845 50 031
*
244
291
aa
32 667 46 904
293 350
30 489 43 777
* *
342 408
** * **
28 311
40 650
a.
217 268 312

371
*
ktt
** **
**
**
HE200A HE 220 A HE 240 A

HE 260 A HE 280 A
**
**
**
444 530 599

671
**
a
ktt
**
a*
**
**
*
*
*
a.
**
"
ktt
**
**
"*
aa
* **
* * **
* *
**
** *
aa
HE300A HE 320 A HE 340 A HE 360 A HE400A

HE 450 A HE 500 A HE 550 A HE 600 A HE 650 A HE 700 A HE 800 A HE 900 A HE 1000 A
776 858
921
"
tt ktt
"
" *
**

**
**

*"
*
*
985 1097
*
k
**
**
** **
1228 1363
1461
1472 581
816 474 2126 035
1
1638
'* " *
* tt tt
**
*
*
** * "

1817 1948
**
aa
**
** **
* **
1563 1667 1797 1972

2 212 2 393
**
**
* *
"*
.
** **
** *
**
**
**
** **
**
**
**
616

1
2
Np,
3
Vp|.z
4
Vp..y
5
Mpl.y
6
Mp|.z
7
Nfimit
Designatton
{Nfimit /Np,.Rd)
for - My
IkN]
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 8 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M
1
IkN]
240
291
[kN]
560 733 928
1
[N.m]
47938
75 998
[N.m]
23654
37 245
55 101 78 183 106 266
[kN]
139 175 215 291
for -My
0,116 0.112 0,109 0,117 0,114 0,116 0,113 0,115 0,116 0,116 0,118 0,119 0,123 0,126 0,136 0,142 0,148 0,158 0.167 0,175 0,187 0,204 0.217 0,230 0,102 0,102
0,101
198
1564 1976 2496

3 002 3 592
4 188
4 875
5448 6043 6858 7422

7 861
8309 9098 10 027 10 977 11687

++ ++
++
347 467 538 659 742 882 998 1091 1260 1375 1490 1609 1858
154
1392 1658 1939

2 249 2 507 2 773
112896 162824 221466 295572 380442 484447 590139 705839

859 590
140674
181 185 229 273
342 416 475

561 631
277034 330083
**
3139 3384 3550

3 716 3 970
988650
1
107 728
2116 2385 2658 2943

3 241 3 641
4296
4 622 4 788 4 955
1234175 1486 600 1831890

2 214 700 2 571679 2 955 562
431984 453432 474945 507857 550922 594158

616 925 639 886
5123 5298
5 479 5 815 5 984
3 367145
3830 480
4 705 800 5 786 800
++ ++ ++
4296
5 013
663050 687720 714442

762 836
5643
479 562 650 818 920
6835 600
108474
161 282
789483
53 504 78 950 110 635 149 711
703 807 882 964 1050 1237 1425 1625 1841 2069 2308 2 631 3 132 3 709 4233 249 310 375 476
551
2449
3 055 3 706 4464 5 210
1203 1487 1792 2136 2485

2 867 3 259 4 402 4 827 5 257
227160
310 300 406 386
6039
6 874
195587
249 880 312 135 462 729 548 534
1090 1203
1
522168 652946
973 795
1
9181
10 104
595
11048
13 942 14 354
1777 1913 2404

2 519 2 619
160 861
191
650 734 940 1045

1
1364
1
HE400M
HE 450 M HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
14 528 14 665 14 986 15 430

15 838
6689 6833 6833

6 812
875 730
2040112 2170 082

2 295 086
642472 880063 897333

898 246
152
0,107 0,106 0,108 0.107 0.102 0,103 0,104

0.101
2720
2 926
893483
889 701
3183 3439
3 707 3 975 4 242 4 510 5159 5 695
6790 6790
6 769
6 769 6 748 6 748 6 727 6 722 6 701
6 701
2562 484
2 912 267
892034
888 727
891 162
1409 1491 1578 1665 1844 2066

2 288 2 520 2 752
16 301 16 728
3263 365 3649 034

4 035 159
17192 17619
++
++
887975
890 409 887 241
4 442 201 4848 400

5 745 400 6 642 400 7 622 200
2984
3 216 3 723 4 187 4660
887981 887283
892 253
!
++
6 241
0.104 0.109 0,114 0.123 0,134 0,144 0,155 0,165 0,174 0.183 0,200 0,215 0.228
617

Note: all values of Njj and i% y must be divided by Yj^0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
46 090 72 732 107689 156668 212 420 284134 364 721 465 310
NSd/N pl.Rd=0,2
Nsd/NpI.Rd=0,25
Nsd IkN]
299
391
NSd/N pl.Rd=0,3
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0.35
Nsd IkN]
419 547 692 873 1051 1257
Nsd
IkN]
240 313 395 499 600 718 838 975
MN.y [N.m]
43 379 68 453
MN.y [N.m]
40 668
Nsd IkN]
359 469 593 749 900
MN.y [N.m]
MN.y [N.m]
35 245 55 618 82 351
HE 100 HE 120 HE 140 HE 160 HE 180 HE 200 HE 220 HE 240 HE 260 HE 280 HE 300 HE 320 HE 340 HE 360 HE 400 HE 450 HE 500 HE 550 HE 600 HE 650 HE 700 HE 800 HE 900 HE 1000 HE 100 M HE 120 M HE 140 M HE 160 M HE 180 M HE 200 M HE 220 M HE 240 M HE 260 M HE 280 M HE 300 M HE 320 M HE 340 M HE 360 M HE 400 M
180 235 296 374 450 539 628

731
37956
59 897 88 685 129 021 174 934 233 993 300 358
64175
95 020 138 236
817 906
567348
678 948
1090
1
209
*
101355 147452 199924 267421 343 267 437939 533974 639010
494 624 750 898
187429 250 707

321 813 410 568 500 601
1047 1219 1362

1511
*
599 072
tttt
1078 1256 1463 1635 1813

**
383196 467227 559134
1466 1706 1907 2115
119805 162439 217279 278904 355 825 433854 519196

*
1029
1 1
113 179
1246 1365 1504 1647 1753 1863 1976 2114 2306 2 562 2 760
367 458 556 670
781
953672 1073113 1200 715 1462 435

815 159 2 209 507 2 571679 2 955 562 3 367 145 3830 480 4 705 800
1

1484 1572 1662 1820 2005

2 195
897573 1009 989

130 085 1376 409 1708 385 2 079 536 2 442119 2 837 162
1
*
2 337
2484 2634
2 819 3 074
1855 1965 2 077 2 274 2 507 2 744 2 922 3105

** **
841475 946864 1059 455 1290384

1
2 227
785377
883 740 988 824 1204 358 1494 837 1819 594
** **

2358
2 493
2 598 2 751
729 278
2908
3 184
601 611
tt*
2729 3008
3 293
*
3509
3 842
820616 918194 1 118333 1388 063

1
1949 565
**
**
689 623
**
**
a
**
* * ** * *
**
**
a
*
a.
" **
**
**
*
** **
**
**
**
"
102 650 152 583 214 844
490
611 741
906 1031
1377 1516 1657 2091 2153 2179 2200

2 248 2 315 2 376 2445
HE450M
HE 500 M HE 550 M HE 600 M HE 650 M HE 700 M HE 800 M HE 900 M HE 1000 M
2509
2 579
2643
2 789 2 923
3065
295 226 386 312 497421 621 367 922130 1 100 588 1294 546 1 773 676 1 935 173 2069 406 2200 739 2483 752 2 858168 3 242361 3649 034 4 035159 4 442 201 4848 400 5 745 400 6 642 400 7622 200
893
1042 1208 1375 1836

2 021
96 612 143608 202 206 277860 363 588 468161 584 816
612 764 926

1
90 574
134632
189 568
735 916
1
84 535
125657
176 930
112
857 1069 1 297

1
116
260 494
1302 1510 1719

2 295 2 526 2 762
340864 438901
548 265 813 644
971 107 142 247 1565 008
1
1339 1563 1812

2 062 2 754 3 031 3 314
2210
2 788 2 871
2906
2 933
2997 3086 3168 3260 3346 3438

3 524 3 719 3 897 4 087
867887 1035 847 1218 396 1669 342 1821339 1947676 2 071284 2337649
2 690 041 3 051634 3453 096 3863 798 4 300125 4 744 735 5 745 400
**
aa
243127 318140 409641 511714 759401

906 366
563
78 497 116681 164 292 225 761
3485 3589 3 632 3666 3 746 3858 3 959 4 075 4182 4298 4405 4649
**
1707506 1825 946 1941829 2191546

2 2 3 3
521 913
4182 4306 4358 4400 4496

4 629 4 751
1066 097 1460 674

593 672 704 217 1 812 374 2045 443 2353 785 2 670180 3 021 459 3 380 824 3 762 609 4151643
1 1
1823 2114 2406 3 213 3536 3 867 4880 5 024 5085

5 133 5 245 5 401
295415 380381 475163 705158 841626 989947 1356 340 1479 838 1582487
1
682 918
860 907 237 278 622 311
5543
5 705 5 855 6 017 6 167
*
**
4890
5 018 5 158
4 031367 4 448189 5 387 640

** *
1899 340 2185 658 2 479 453 2 805 641 3139 336 3 493 851
*
5286
5 579
**
*
*
**
**
**
618
UB

S 460
Designation
, 'Pi
'pl.z
[kN]
262 329 340
'ply
IkN]
440 522 572 707 387 476 566 689
871
M,
'pi-y
Mpl.Z
,limit
(Nfimit /NpLRd)
for - My
IkN]
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203 X 133 25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254x102x22 UB 254x102x25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254 146x31 UB 254 146 37 UB 254x146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305x165x46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356x171x51 UB 356x171x57 UB 356 171x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191x67 UB 457x191 74 UB 457 191x82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533x210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x210x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229x113 UB 610x229x125 UB 610x229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610x305x179 UB 610x305x238 UB 686x254x125 UB 686x254x140 UB 686x254x152 UB 686x254x170 UB 762x267x147 UB 762 267x173 UB 762x267x197 UB 838x292x176 UB 838 X 292 X 194 UB 838 292x226 UB 914x305x201 UB 914x305x224 UB 914x305X253 UB 914x305x289 UB 914x419x343 UB 914x419x388
for -My
0,170 0,178 0.T75 0,164 0,250 0,233 0,217 0,183 0,162 0,158 0.172 0.167 0,167 0,210 0,196 0,191 0,182 0,219 0,202 0,201 0,196 0,250 0,233 0,230 0,222 0,219 0,218 0,208 0,207 0,201 0,198 0,237 0,222 0,216 0,215 0,210 0,239 0,226 0,218 0,215 0,184 0.182 0,178 0,243 0,230 0.225 0.220 0.250 0.239 0,228 0,250 0,243 0.227 0.250 0,246 0,236 0,233 0,194 0.189
[N.m]
78 778
[N.m]
19131 22 886 40 583 17146
21 164
IkN]
190 241
107672
118 556
1758
387 415 444 472 435 467 537 533 598

705 712
761
144608 119147 140542

162 291
25 231 54 912 64 895

76 145 89 990
1022
918
180810 222 286 260 512

286 615
257 288 322 343 360 335

351
1066 1250
914
836 949 884 919 1025

1
1082 1228
1491
331221 389195 356 327 412 162 464 665

556 996
112
1065 1247 1403 1575

918
1
80132 91427 111766 96162 108813

122 811
120
485133 551755 619173 690371 504179 592144

668 414 748 230 833 287 676671 760 254 842391 926 276 1026 908 946 964 1085 640 1 201 526 1 301 076 1 469 973 1 325 320
399 406 452 530 555 586 639 715 695 712
791
61320
75 004 85 873
164
1271
1250 1372 1087

1
160
1278 1362 1485 1530 1644 1768 1945

2 042 2 256 2092 2 503
13 953
1445 1617 1323 1512 1679 1862

2 073
98039
110 577 109 161
853 766 818 907 966 1 054
125166
139 793 155 653 174 295
857 907 995 1054

1 1
1521
1795 2008 2180 2483 1854 2167

2 462 2 792 3 278
163 568 183 745
143 140 198
1279
1371
1509 172 1690 904 1905 354

2 113 041
200461 229 867 184113 215 860

246 295
281265
431 149 526 172
3 291
3964 5364
2 261
2 551 780 3443 655
1498 1416 1495 1600 1758 1609 1912

2 479
724 012
1837304
2 096 727 2 300 210
2 559 2 821
2651 2938
249503
293 559 326 686 373 257
1783 1887
2 005
3335 2565
3 177 3 749 3 031 3 497 4 327 3 391
3064 3369
2 590151 2 371 542 2 850 932 3 296 627
297714
371 441
2198 2153
2 419
440 953
3131545
3 514 452 4 211215 3 841 570 4 385 876 5 032 400 5 782 200
3 849
4008
4 458 5 041 5 075 5 627 4 695 5430
7337
I
7120 800
8 128 200
8 433
387269 447949 557338 451710 535183 630450 736579 1329 200 1536 811
2634 2 576 2 758

3 015
2943
3 227 3504
3 941 3898 4 288
619

Note: all values of Nsj and Mjj y must be divided by ^0
9
10
|
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Designation
NSd/NpI.Rd=0,15
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
78 778
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,2
Nsd IkN]
223 270
**
Nsd/Npi.Rd=0,25
Nsd [kN]
279 338
*
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,3
Nsd IkN]
MN.y [N.m]
Nsd/Np,.Rd=0,35
NSd
MN.y [N.m]
75 974 104 786
MN.y [N.m]

[kN]
**
MN.y [N.m]
* *
UB 178x102x19 UB 203x102x23 UB 203x133x25 UB 203x133x30 UB 254x102x22 UB 254x102 25 UB 254x102x28 UB 254 146 31 UB 254 146 37 UB 254 146x43 UB 305x165x40 UB 305X165X46 UB 305x165x54 UB 356x171x45 UB 356x171x51 UB 356x171x57 UB 356x171x67 UB 406x178x54 UB 406x178x60 UB 406x178x67 UB 406x178x74 UB 457x152x52 UB 457x152x60 UB 457x152x67 UB 457x152x74 UB 457x152x82 UB 457x191x67 UB 457x191x74 UB 457x191x82 UB 457x191x89 UB 457x191x98 UB 533x210x82 UB 533x210x92 UB 533x210x101 UB 533x21 0x109 UB 533x210x122 UB 610x229x101 UB 610x229 113 UB 610x229x125 UB 610x229x140 UB 610x305x149 UB 610 305x179 UB 610x305 238 UB 686x254x125 UB 686x254x140 UB 686x254x152 UB 686x254x170 UB 762x267x147 UB 762x267x173 UB 762x267x197 UB 838x292x176 UB 838x292x194 UB 838x292 226 UB 914x305x201 UB 91 4x305x224 UB 91 4x305x253 UB 914x305x289 UB 914x419x343 UB 914x419 388
167 203
221
107672
*"
**
**
264 193
221
144 608
119147
140 542
249 274 325 378 354 405 474 396 448

501
162291
352 258 295 332
138314
**
439
**
129669
**
5 27
* * * * *
121025
** *
**
615
112380
**
** * * ** **
,.
140542 162291

368 415
** ** **
*
**
222 286 260 512

**
434 504
**
"
247652
**
* ** *
630
*
**
**
**
**
** *
* *
389195
** **
633
**
*
* *
*
**
*
**
..
**
** **
* **
**
** **
590 476 528 590 652 460 526 590 652

721
464665 556996
**
668 787
**
**
*
544 688
a
983
**
**
"
'"
** ** **
**
**
**
**
**
**
tt * tttt
**
tt
'
**
**
690371
869
**

*
'
'*
**
tt
**
**
*
aa
tt * *
** *
* *
**
**
**
tt
tt
'*
k k
c
*
833 287
**
*
962
**
*
*
**
590 653
721
*
tt* tt tt* *
**
** **
**
**
**
*
**
* * *
785 864 722 810 888 958
926 276 1026 908

**
*
1047
1
**
1
tt
'*
*
** *
**
**
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622
European Commission
EUR 18366
Promotion of plastic design for steel and composite cross-sections: new required conditions in Eurocodes 3 and 4, practical tools for designers
J. B. Schleich,
P.
Chantrain, B. Chabrolin,
Y.
Galea, A. Bureau, J. Anza,
F.
Espiga
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

1998
622 pp.
21
29.7 cm
Technical steel research series

ISBN 92-828-4894-9
Price {excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 114
At present in Eurocode 3 (design of steel structures) and in Eurocode 4 {design of composite steel and concrete structures), the plastic analysis is governed by two criteria. The first refers to the mechanical characteristics of steel and the second to the geometry of the profiles
used.
Previous research on the rotation capacity for plastic analysis, performed by ARBED, CRM and RWTH Aachen, has allowed us to understand the behaviour of plastic hinge formation for conventional steel. The results of this research have shown that the requirements of Eurocodes 3 and 4 {b/t ratio and its yield stress dependence, 1Jiy > 1.2, eu > 20. sy, Ar > 15 %) are very safe-sided and could be substantially reviewed especially for high-strength steels {S460).
A new single criterion called rotation capacity quantifies the capacity of a profile to develop a plastic hinge without discrimination for high-strength steels. This rotation capacity of plastic hinges includes a lot of parameters: geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the cross-sections, ductility; deformation range, local buckling problems, influence of welding procedures, influence of defects and the analysed structure {geometry, loads).
Nowadays the more competitive plastic design is not often used on the market because guides and practical tools, which evaluate available rotation capacities of cross-sections and required rotation capacities for different structures, are missing.
The first aim of this research is to determine the available rotation capacities for composite cross-sections (steel beam in conjunction with a concrete slab) for all the steel shapes included in sales programmes and as a function of different steel grades.
The second aim is to determine the required rotation capacities for different types of structures.
These practical tools ensure a real promotion of plastic analysis because the designer will be able to know easily and quickly if a plastic analysis is possible by comparing the required rotation capacity for this structure with the available rotation capacities of the cross-sections used.
The final aim of this research is to introduce these new rules of plastic analysis for steel and composite cross-sections into Eurocodes 3 and 4, with the support of expert analysis.
In such a way the competitiveness of steel and composite cross-sections will be improved and with this advantage their market share will increase substantially.
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Promotion of Plastic Design For Steel and Composite Cross Sections

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technical steel research

Properties and in-service performance

Properties and in-service performance

ProfilARBED-Recherches 66, rue de Luxembourg L-4221 Esch-sur-Alzette

B. Chabrolin, Y. Galea, A. Bureau

July 1993 to 30 June 1995

Directorate-General Science, Research and Development

European Communities, 1998 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed on white chlorine-free paper

That international research project has been carried out

by the following partners:

ProfilARBED, Luxembourg: Mr. Philippe Chantrain,

MM. Bruno Chabrolin, Yvan Galea, Alain Bureau,

ENSIDESA and LABEEN, Spain: MM. Juan Anza, Fernando Espiga,

RWTH - Aachen, Germany: Prof. Gerhard Sedlacek, Dr. Markus Feldmann.

or Part II of the final report Part I of the

Profil ARBED (coordinator) CTICM (partner)

(C.E.C. Agreement 72 10-SA/520) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/321) (C.E.C. Agreement 7210-SA/935)

MM. Chantrain Ph., Conan Y. and Mauer Th.,

Linn Cao Hoang (as trainees),

MM. Chabrolin B., Galea Y. and Bureau .,

ENSIDESA and LABEIN (Spain)

MM. Anza J. and Espiga F.,

RWTH- LfS (Germany)

EPFL - ICOM (Switzerland)

List of Symbols List of Figures

Obj ectives of the research proj ect

Ductility of plastic hinges: concept

Available rotation capacity

Generalities about available rotation capacity

Calculation models of available rotation capacity

Numerical simulations of available rotation capacity

Required rotation capacity

Evaluation of required rotation capacity for composite beams

Review of Eurocode 3 rules

207 215 219 229 265

Annex 9 Annex 10 Annex ll Annex 12 Annex 13

area of gross cross-section

percentage elongation after fracture on gauge length L0 = 5,65 JA (where Aq is

the original cross-section area)

shear area of cross-section

ttea. of the web

allowable stress design

web depth of H or I cross-section

ultimate concentrated load

ultimate tensile strength

yield strength of the flange

of gyration of cross-section about z-z axis

moment of inertia of cross-section

equivalent length of member

plastic moment capacity of cross-section about z-z axis (= Wpj z fy)

normal force; axial load

specific term in formula

rigid-plastic or elastic-plastic global analysis

ultimate distributed load

rotation capacity of plastic hinge

required rotation capacity of plastic hinge

degrees = 57,3 degrees)

flange thickness of or I cross-section

web thickness of or I cross-section

ultimate limit state

total vertical load for elastic instability in a sway mode