MEL-110 (GRAPHIC SCIENCE) INTRODUCTION TO AUXILIARY VIEWS

These views are formed on planes other than the principal planes of projections (i.e., the frontal plane, horizontal (top) plane and the profile plane). Such planes are called auxiliary planes and they could be either Auxiliary ertical !lane or Auxiliary "nclined !lane. The A ! (Auxiliary ertical !lane) is a plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and inclined at an an#le to the frontal plane (see e.#., $ase "). A profile plane is special case of the A ! in which case the an#le made by the vertical plane to the frontal plane is also %&&. The A"! (Auxiliary "nclined !lane) is a plane that is perpendicular to the frontal plane and inclined at an an#le to the horizontal plane (see e.#., $ase ""). 'hen the an#le made by the auxiliary inclined plane to the horizontal plane is %& &, the auxiliary plane becomes profile plane. Case I( Auxiliary projection of point ! on an A ! is shown. The A ! is assumed inclined to the frontal plane at an an#le of and perpendicular to )!. *otice that the view formed on the A ! of the point ! is at a hei#ht !! ) (shown in the fi#ure by ma#enta color line). Also notice that the after the horizontal plane has been rotated by %& & (as seen in the second fi#ure), the A ! could be seen from the front as a line ma+in# an an#le of to the reference line ,). "n the projections, therefore, the A ! is represented by a reference line )A drawn at the prescribed an#le (in this case ) to the main reference line ,). The A ! is finally rotated by %& & about the common intersectin# line between horizontal and auxiliary planes as shown by the arrow. The auxiliary plane then lies vertical with )A inclined at the an#le to the ,) line. The projection of the point ! then lies on a line (projector) drawn from p) that is perpendicular to reference line )A. The location of the view pA alon# this line would be mar+ed at a distance that is e-ual to the hei#ht of the point ! from the )!. This hei#ht could be obtained from the front view as is clearly noticed in the first fi#ure. Case II( Auxiliary projection of point ! on an A"! is shown in case "". The A"! is assumed inclined at an an#le of to the horizontal plane and perpendicular to the frontal plane. "t may be noted that the distance of the view on the A"! (shown by p A) is at a distance e-ual to p,p from the frontal plane. This distance is actually the distance of the point from the common reference line ,) in the top view (shown by oran#e color line in the illustration). Thus, when the )! is rotated by %& & about ,) to lie in vertical plane, the front view p, and the top view p) lie alon# a vertical line and the A"! can be seen from the front as a line ,A inclined at to the ,) line. *ow when the A"! is rotated by %& & as shown by an arrow in the fi#ure, the auxiliary view of the point ! lies alon# a line (projector) drawn from the front view p, and perpendicular to the reference line ,A. The location of the auxiliary view pA alon# this line (from the reference line ,A) can be located at a distance p,p, which can be obtained from the top view of the point.

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Thus, while locating the auxiliary view on an AVP, project the top view across a reference line HA (drawn at an angle to the FH line) and locate fro HA line the distance easured fro the front view! "arefully o#serve the illustration of "ase $! 'hereas, while locating the auxiliary view on an A$P, project the front view across a reference line FA (drawn at an angle to the FH line) and locate the distance easured fro the top view fro (%#eyond) FA line! "arefully o#serve the illustration of "ase $$! Case I: Pr !e"#$ % & a P $%# % a% AVP

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Case II: Pr !e"#$ % & a P $%# % a% AIP

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Case III: Pr !e"#$ % & a L$%e % AVP a%' AIP *otice the illustration #iven below for the auxiliary projection of line on A ! and A"!. ,or the case of projection of line on A ! (fi#ure a), notice how the distance of auxiliary views of points A and 5 (aa 6 ba respectively) are e-ual to the hei#ht of these points from the )!, which can be obtained from the front view as shown by and mar+s on the projectors. *otice how the auxiliary views of these points lie alon# projectors drawn from the top view a)b) across and perpendicular to the reference line )A (,i#ure c). This is because of the fact that the projectors from the points A and 5 are perpendicular to the plane of projection (in this case A !). )ence the ima#es of these projectors formed on the horizontal plane are also obviously perpendicular to the A ! represented by perpendicular lines from a) and b) to line 7* (line of intersection of A ! and )! representin# A) reference line). The ima#es of the vertical projectors drawn from A 6 5 (shown by and mar+s) formed on the A ! are also perpendicular to the line 7*. Thus, when the A ! is rotated by %& &about 7*, the auxiliary views of end points of the line aa 6 ba (see fi#ure c) lie on projectors from top view of the end points a ) and b) and these projectors are drawn perpendicular to the line 7*. The exact location of the views can be located (from the )A) alon# these projectors at distances measured from front view of the line (i.e., a,b,). 'ith similar lo#ic, notice how for obtainin# the projection of the line A5 on an A"! (,i#ure b), the view is projected from the front view of the line and distances (shown by and mar+s) measured from the top view of the line (,i#ure d).

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Case III: Pr !e"#$ % & a L$%e % AVP a%' AIP

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Case IV: Pr !e"#$ % & a P $%# % a Se" %'ar( A)*$+$ar( P+a%e The projections on A"! and A ! help reveal features of the solid that lie on an inclined plane (to either of the principal planes). ,or example, a poly#onal slot drilled on an inclined face of the parallelepiped would be seen in true shape and size when projection of the solid is drawn on a plane that is positioned parallel to the inclined face. )owever, to reveal features of an obli-ue face of a solid, projections must be drawn on an auxiliary projection plane that is obli-ue (inclined to both principal planes). $onsider projection of a point on an auxiliary plane that is inclined to both the principal planes of projections (,! 6 )!). *ow such plane and projection thereon would be difficult to represent in a 3/ representation. The projection on a secondary auxiliary plane is always drawn in two sta#es. A primary auxiliary view is first drawn on a primary auxiliary plane (either A ! or A"!) and then from this primary auxiliary view, another auxiliary view (secondary auxiliary view) is formed on an additional auxiliary plane (refer $ase " ,i#ure). This additional auxiliary plane is called secondary auxiliary plane and is always perpendicular to the primary auxiliary plane but inclined to one of the principal planes of projection. ,or example, in the illustration of $ase " , the primary auxiliary plane (!A!) is an A ! (inclined at 89& to ,!), whereas, the secondary auxiliary plane (SA!) is perpendicular to !A! and inclined at :&& to )! (,i#ure " ;a). Thus, from the fi#ure it is obvious that the secondary auxiliary plane is an auxiliary plane that is inclined to both the ,! and )!. a a Thus p2 is primary auxiliary view formed on the A ! (inclined at 89 & to ,!) and p3 is & secondary auxiliary view formed on secondary auxiliary plane that is inclined at :& to the )!. 'hile drawin# the views on a 3/ representation, primary auxiliary view is first a obtained followin# the procedure already explained in $ase ". *ote that p2 is at a distance mar+ed by from the )A2 line and this distance is obtained from front view. a <ine )A2 is oriented at 89& to ,). =nce p2 is obtained, the secondary auxiliary view is a obtained from p2 , by first drawin# the reference line A 2A3 oriented at an an#le of :&& to the reference line )A2. "t may be noted that when the )! is rotated by %& &, the !A! (and SA! with it) also rotates with )! (,i#ure " ;b). 'hen )! lies in vertical plane after rotation as shown in ,i#ure " ;b, the !A! (bein# ori#inally perpendicular to )!) will then be seen in the front view as a line )A2 inclined at 89& to reference line ,). 'ith )! positioned vertical, the !A! is now rotated by %&& about 7* so that it finally lies flat in vertical plane (,i#ure " ;c). "t should be a#ain noted that when the !A! is rotated by %& & about )A2, the SA! also rotates with it and when !A! is lyin# in a vertical plane, SA! becomes a plane perpendicular to the vertical (line of intersection >S) and inclined to )A 2 at :&& and would be seen in the front view as a line A 2A3 as shown in the ,i#ure " ;e. ,inally the SA! (denoted in the ,i#ure " ;c as >ST ) is rotated about >S to lie flat in vertical plane (,i#ure " ;d). As all the projection planes ()!, ,!, !A! and SA!) now lie vertical, the reference line for primary auxiliary view ()A2) lies oriented at 89& to the main reference

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line ,) and the reference line for the secondary auxiliary view (A2 A3) lies oriented at :&& to the )A2.
a To mar+ the position of the secondary auxiliary view p3 , project the primary auxiliary a a view p2 across A2A3 (,i#ure " ;e) and mar+ the distance p p2 mar+ed by a ?@ (circled line) in ,i#ure " ;a, alon# the projector drawn from primary auxiliary view. This distance is located alon# the projector from the line A2A3. This is also obvious from a ,i#ure " ;a, that the secondary auxiliary view of the point, p3 lies in the plane >ST at a distance P P 2 from the line >S (which is actually the reference line A 2A3). *ote that the a T distance P P 2 (,i#ure " ;a) is the same as the distance of )A 2 from p in ,i#ure " ;e (circled distance).

Case IV: Pr !e"#$ % & a P $%# % a Se" %'ar( A)*$+$ar( P+a%e

,$-)re IV-a

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,$-)re IV-.

,$-)re IV-"

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,$-)re IV-'

,$-)re IV-e

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CASE V: Se" %'ar( A)*$+$ar( V$e/ & a L$%e The case presents secondary auxiliary view of a horizontal inclined line. "n this case the SA! is considered perpendicular to both )! and !A!.

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2&

CASE VI: A)*$+$ar( Pr !e"#$ %s & a s +$' % AIP

,$-)re VI-.

,$-)re VI-a

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,i#ure ";a shows a solid in 4 rd an#le method of projection with top and front view formed on )! and ,!. An A"! ma+es an an#le of with )!. The primary auxiliary view is formed on A"! as shown. The projectors from all ed#es and corners of the solid are perpendicular to the A"! and are parallel to each other. These projectors would obviously be seen as projectors in the front view of the object across the reference line ,A 2 that ma+es an#le with ,) and is the line of intersection of the A"! with the ,! (refer ,i#ure ";b). The view for the 3/ representation would be obtained after rotatin# the A"! about the line of intersection ,A2. The projections are therefore ta+en from the front view as shown and are perpendicular to the ,A 2 line, because the observer loo+s at the object across the A"! with lines of si#ht perpendicular to A"! (,i#ure ";a) and hence the projectors drawn from the front view in ,i#ure ";b across the ,A2 line would be perpendicular to this line as shown. CASE VII: A)*$+$ar( Pr !e"#$ %s & a s +$' % AVP The projections of the solid on an A ! inclined at an an#le to the ,! are shown in the ,i#ure below. *otice from the projected view that the corner A2 is closer to the A ! and would be clearly observed in the auxiliary view whereas the ed#e $4 is lyin# behind the solid and is not directly visible to the observer and hence should be shown as hidden line in the auxiliary view formed on the A !.

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