CHAPTER 5 MATRICES

1. A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of

numbers The numbers or functions are called the
elements or the entries of the matrix. We denote
matrices by capital letters.
A= (


)
2 ORDER OF A MATRIX
The number of Rows in a matrix is
represented with m and the number of
Columns is represented with n. Hence the
matrix can be called mn order matrix. Then
numbers m and n are called dimensions of the
matrix.
A=
(
(
(
(

4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5
4
3
rows
columns

Order 4 3:
B=
(
(
(

2 4 1 3
2 9 4 3
2 1 0 5
3
4
rows
columns

Order 3 4:

3 SPECIFYING MATRIX ELEMENTS
(
(
(
(

=
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5


i w ro
j column
A
a
ij
denotes the element of the matrix A on
the i
th
row and j
th
column
a
12
= 0
a
21
= 2
a
23
= -4
a
32
= 2
a
41
= 3
a
43
= 4
TYPES OF MATRICES
1. Rectangular Matrix.
2. Square Matrix.
3. Row Matrix.
4. Column Matrix.
5. Diagonal Matrix.
6. Scalar Matrix.
7. Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix.
8. Zero Matrix or Null Matrix.

Rectangular Matrix
A matrix in which number of Rows is not equal
to number of Columns A=



Square Matrix
A matrix with equal number of Rows and
Columns (i.e., m=n)
| |
(
(
(
(

(
(
(

4 7 0 5
7 3 5 0
0 5 2 3
5 0 3 1
2 1 1
0 1 0
2 1 0
2 1
3 2
1

ROW MATRIX
A matrix with a single Row and any number of
Columns
| | 5 1 2 1 1 2
1
6

+

rows
columns

E=( )

COLUMN MATRIX
A matrix with a single Column and any number
of Rows
(
(
(

5
1
3
3
1
rows
columns

F= (

)






SCALAR MATRIX.
A Diagonal matrix in which all the Diagonal
elements are Equal
G= (


H=(



)

UNIT MATRIX OR IDENTITY MATRIX
When the Diagonal elements are One and non-
diagonal elements are Zero then matrix is called as
Unit matrix or Identity matrix. A unit matrix is
always a square matrix.
I= (


I =(



)

ZERO MATRIX OR NULL MATRIX
A matrix in which every element is zero is
called a zero matrix or null matrix
K = (




EQUAL MATRICES
Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the
same order and all the corresponding elements are
equal.
B= (


) C= (


)
B=C

Addition of Matrices :-
The sum of two matrices of the same order is the
matrix whose elements are the sum of the
corresponding elements of the given matrices.
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(
(

4 3 1
8 1 12
1 1 3
1 3 6
0 2 4
2 1 3
5 4 1
2 3 1
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5

4 1 7
4 3 6
9 7 1
3 3 4
0 2 4
2 1 3
5 4 1
2 3 1
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5



invalid!
1 1 3
2 0 1
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5
=
(

+
(
(
(
(

Subtraction of Matrices :-
Subtraction of the matrices is also done in the
same manner of addition of matrices. When the
matrix B is to be subtracted from matrix A, the
elements in matrix B are subtracted from
corresponding elements in matrix A.
Ex 1

Ex 2
Given



6

A C = (

) - (


)=INVALID!!

These two matrices cannot be subtracted as they
do not have the same order.








Multiplication of Matrices :-
A matrix may be multiplied by any one number or
any other matrix. Multiplication of a matrix by any
one number is called a scalar multiplication. One
matrix may also be multiplied by other matrix.
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

8 2 6
12 4 18
8 6 4
2 0 10
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5
2
12 3 9
18 6 27
12 9 6
3 0 15
4 1 3
6 2 9
4 3 2
1 0 5
3


Multiplication of two matrices
EX 1


=




= ( )
EX 2

ORDER =
=

= ( )






EX 3

ORDER =


=


EX 4

ORDER =


=





=
EX 5

ORDER =
=



EX 5

ORDER =


=




1 x 9 + 2 x 8 + 3 x 7
4 x 9 + 5 x 9 + 6 x 7








EX 1 3


2



5



6


7


8


9


10


11

12

13