R&D intensity1, 2005

1.5 0.8 16.9 4.2 1.0 0.0 42.2 7.8 0.6 0.9 100 5.3 3.0 0.8 4.4 1.3 1.6 29.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 15.4 0.3 0.2 1.6 2.6 2.2 Share of total OECD 0.2 R&D expenditure, 2005 0.6 or latest available year 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.2 5 % 4 3 2 1 0 Sweden Finland Japan Korea Switzerland (2004) Iceland United States Germany Denmark Austria OECD France Canada Belgium United Kingdom Netherlands (2004) Australia (2004) EU27 Luxembourg Norway Czech Republic China Ireland New Zealand (2003) Spain Italy (2004) Russian Federation Hungary South Africa (2004) Portugal Turkey (2004) Poland Slovak Republic Mexico Greece

Evolution of gross domestic expenditure on R&D, 1995-2005

Average annual growth rate, constant prices
China (2000-2005) Iceland Turkey (1995-2004) Mexico (2004-2005) South Africa (1997-2004) Ireland (1995-2006) Finland (1995-2006) Spain Hungary Korea Czech Republic Austria (1995-2007) Greece Portugal Russian Federation Denmark Australia (1996-2004) Canada (1995-2006) New Zealand (2001-2003) Sweden (1995-2004) Norway OECD Poland Belgium EU27 Japan (1996-2005) United States (1998-2006) Switzerland (1996-2004) Germany Italy (1997-2004) United Kingdom Luxembourg (2000-2005) France (2000-2005) Netherlands (1996-2004) Slovak Republic (1997-2005) -10 -5 0 5 115.2 0.3 3.5 5.6 4.5 2.3 6.0 13.3 1.7 32.0 3.0 8.0 1.6 1.7 16.7 4.5 11.6 23.1 1.1 10.4 3.4 771.5 3.0 6.3 231.0 R&D expenditure 130.7 in billions of USD 343.7 (current PPP), 7.6 2005 or latest 62.5 available year 17.7 35.2 0.5 40.4 9.7 0.4 10 15 20 25 %

GERD as a percentage of GDP, in billions of current USD PPP, and researchers per 1 000 persons employed
R&D expenditures in billions of current PPP1 Researchers per 1 000 employment 2 12

R&D in the OECD and non-OECD area, 2005

As a percentage of GDP, in billions of current USD PPP

Israel Chinese Taipei Singapore OECD China Slovenia Croatia (2004) Russian Federation Estonia Brazil (2004) South Africa (2004) Hong Kong, China Lithuania India (2004) Malta Chile (2004) Latvia Bulgaria Argentina Romania Cyprus 0 1 2 8.4 16.2 3.1 771.5 115.2 0.6 0.7 16.7 0.2 13.7 4.5 1.9 0.4 23.7 0.0 1.3 R&D expenditures in billions of current 0.2 0.4 USD PPP 2.6 0.9 0.1 3 4 5 %

Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD), 2005

United States
10 8 6 4 2 0 0 324

131 Japan

Russian Federation 17
231

EU27

South Africa 4 Brazil 14 India 24

1

China 115

3 4 GERD as % of GDP

Evolution of GERD, 2000-05

Annual average growth rate3
1995-2000 Malta China Estonia Hong Kong, China Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Croatia South Africa Singapore Chinese Taipei Romania Russian Federation Chile Bulgaria India Argentina OECD Israel Slovenia Brazil -20 % -10 0 10 20 30 40

R&D expenditure by performing sector, 2005

As a percentage of the national total
Business enterprises Government Israel Slovenia Malta China Russian Federation OECD Chinese Taipei Singapore South Africa (2004) Hong Kong, China Romania Chile (2004) Estonia Croatia (2004) Latvia Brazil (2004) Argentina India (2002) Cyprus Bulgaria Lithuania 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Higher education Private non-prot

R&D expenditure by source of financing, 2005

As a percentage of the national total
Business enterprises Government Other (other national sources + abroad) Luxembourg (2003) Japan Korea Switzerland (2004) China Finland Germany (2004) Sweden (2003) United States (2006) OECD Belgium (2003) Denmark (2003) Ireland (2006) Czech Republic EU27 (2004) France (2004) Australia (2004) Netherlands (2003) South Africa (2004) Spain (2004) Iceland Canada (2006) Austria (2007) Mexico Norway Italy (1996) United Kingdom Hungary New Zealand (2003) Turkey (2004) Slovak Republic Poland Portugal (2003) Russian Federation Greece (2003) 100 % 80 60 40 20 0

R&D expenditure by performing sector, 2005

As a percentage of the national total
Business enterprises Government Luxembourg Korea Japan Sweden Switzerland (2004) Finland (2006) United States (2006) Germany China Denmark Belgium Russian Federation OECD Austria Ireland (2006) Czech Republic EU27 France United Kingdom Netherlands (2004) South Africa (2004) Spain Norway Australia (2004) Canada (2006) Iceland Slovak Republic Mexico Italy (2004) Hungary New Zealand (2003) Portugal Poland Greece Turkey (2004) 0 20 40 60 80 100 % Higher education Private non-prot

Business R&D intensity , 2005

Growth of business R&D, 1995-2005

Annual average growth rate, USD PPP of 20002

Sweden Finland (2006) Japan Switzerland (2004) Korea Denmark United States (2006) Germany Austria Iceland OECD France Belgium Luxembourg United Kingdom EU27 Netherlands Canada (2006) Ireland (2006) Australia (2004) Czech Republic Norway Russian Federation Spain Italy (2006) South Africa (2004) New Zealand Hungary Portugal Mexico Slovak Republic Poland Greece Turkey (2004) 6 % 5 4 3 2 1 0

China (2000-2005) Mexico (2004-2005) Iceland Portugal New Zealand (2001-2003) Turkey (1995-2004) South Africa (1997-2004) Finland (1995-2006) Austria (1998-2005) Spain (2002-2005) Korea Ireland (1995-2006) Australia (2001-2004) Hungary Denmark Czech Republic Greece Russian Federation Japan (1996-2005) Sweden (1995-2004) OECD Canada (1995-2006) United States (1995-2006) Switzerland (1996-2004) Norway EU27 Germany Belgium Netherlands (1996-2005) Italy (1995-2006) Poland Luxembourg (2000-2005) United Kingdom (2001-2005) France (2001-2005) Slovak Republic (1997-2005) -20 -10 0

78.7 2.8 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.8 2.5 4.2 4.6 7.2 24.6 1.6 6.2 0.7 3.1 1.9 0.5 11.3 100.0 7.6 524.2 12.1 241.8 5.6 1.8 144.4 43.3 4.3 5.8 Business R&D 9.5 expenditure in billions 1.0 of USD (current PPP), 0.4 2005 or latest 21.7 available year 25.0 0.2 10 20 30 %

Share of business R&D by size class of firms, 2005

Firms with fewer than 50 employees Firms with 50 to 249 employees1 New Zealand Greece (2003) Norway Slovak Republic Ireland Spain Australia (2002) Belgium Portugal Canada (2004) Czech Republic Denmark (2003) Poland Austria (2004) Netherlands (2003) Switzerland (2004) Finland Sweden Hungary United Kingdom Italy (2003) Korea France (2004) United States Germany (2003) Japan 100 % 80 60 40 20 0

Share of government-financed business R&D by size class of firms, 2005

Firms with fewer than 50 employees Firms with 50 to 249 employees2 Portugal Hungary Australia (2002) Ireland Slovak Republic Belgium Switzerland (2004) Spain Czech Republic Canada (2004) Greece (2003) Austria (2004) Norway Korea Finland Poland Netherlands (2003) Denmark (2003) Germany (2003) Italy (2003) Sweden United States France (2004) United Kingdom 0 20 40 60 80 100 %

tre 13 et 24%.

Familles (1.) de brevets triadiques par million dhabitants (2)., 2005

Note sur les d ep ots de brevets: Le compte des brevets se fait dapr` es la date de priorit e et le pays de r esidence de linventeur, en appliquant un comptage simple. Les donn ees proviennent principalement de la base de donn ees de lOEB Worldwide Statistical Patent Database (avril 2007). 1. Les brevets d epos es aupr` es de lOfce europ een des brevets (OEB), du US Patent & Trademark Ofce (USPTO) et du Japan Patent Ofce (JPO) prot egeant une m eme invention. Les donn ees sont des estimations de lOCDE a ` partir de 1998. 2. Le graphique tient uniquement compte des pays/ economies avec plus de 10 familles de brevets en 2005.