V

- Dng ni hnh ng g v a mi xy ra.

- Cch dng kh ging vi V (nhng V thng i km vi

ngha:
.... va mi....
V d:
1.
Hi ny va mi n cm xong.
2.
Anh Hayashi mi vo cng ty thng ri.
3.
Hi ny va mi hi tn anh ta xong... nhng li qun mt na ri!

c th you = ging nh, naru = tr nn, you ni naru = tr nn nh = c th

Mu cu biu hin ngha t c kh nng no hoc t c iu g m trc cha thc hin c.
Nu s thay i vn cha hon thin dng.
V d:

Ti tr nn kh hiu ting Nht trn tivi

Ti c th nh my nhanh.

Trc y ti khng nghe hiu c ting Nht, cn nay th nghe hi u c ri

Em trai ti nm ngoi cha m c ch s nhng nm nay m c ri

Khi khng chia ng t dng kh nng, m dng nguyn th, th ch n thun ni v kt qu thay i ca

mt hin tng no m thi. (V dic. )

T lc lm mi ca hng, khch tr nn ng c hn

Do luyn tp nhiu nn ti c th c c ch kanji.

V
Tr nn khng th ~ (mu cu ny mang ngha ng c vi mu cu 2, ch s bin i t c th sang khng th)
V d:

Ngy mai khng th i chi c

Ti khng th c c ch nh

Phi -, buc phi - (do phn cng hay mnh lnh t trn)

koto = vic, phi (lm g), koto ni naru = phi lm g

V d:

Ti phi i cng tc.

1.
V ti n ngoi t th 3 tun trc, nn cho ti hm nay l ng mt tun ti n cm ngoi.
2.
Nu khng c gng nhiu vo th tt yu sau ny s hi hn y.
3.
Nu cho ngi mn tin th kt cc s khng bao gi tr li cho ti, nn ti khng cho mn.

V khng th no
1

V au rng nn khng th n cm c, nh ung caf cho xong

Ci vic nh th ti khng th no lm c u
1
Ti n nhi u ri nn mt ci na cng khng n ni u
1
Lm cng vic ny trong 1 ngy i vi ti khng th no m lm ni

Ngi nh p ny rt t ti khng th no mua ni

dng din t da vo nhng g bn thn nghe c hay thy c, m suy on ra mt kt qu no . Kt

qu tng i chnh xc.
Ni cch khc, din t s suy on c cn c nht nh.

V d:

Hm nay l mt ngy rt m p v ging nh ma xun.
( )
Ti khng hay mc nhng b qun o n tnh.

C v nhiu nhn vin cng ty i lm m khng n sng.

()

B phim c v khng th v lm nn ti chn phim khc

bn Takana c v thch m nhc

2

5
Mi c 5 tui thi m cch ni chuyn chng c v g l con nt

tokyo nghe ni hoa anh o n ri

nh hnh nh l c bui tic

~(~te hajimete)
ng t "te" + hajimete (ln u tin) ,ri th mi, sau khiri th mi
* ngha: Cho n khi hnh ng V1 xy ra th mi , lm hnh ng V2.
* Cch dng: V1 + + V2
V d

Cho n khi gio vin ch ra th ti mi n li ch Hn.

Cho n khi xem Kabuki th ti mi quan tm n vn ha Nht Bn.

n Nht ln u tin ti mi hiu s ngon ca c sng.

C con ri ln u tin mi hiu s cc kh ca cha m

c vi ngy ri ti mi nghe thng tin au thng

Ti vo i hc ny ri mi quen bit c y.

c nhiu ln ri mi thy ci hay ca bi th

khng, m khng
3

Khc vi cu trcV1 V2 phn 6,V1 V2vV1 V2biu th ngha khng

thc hinV1m ch thc hinV2, hay thay vic thc hinV1 bng vic thc hinV2.
xut pht t dngV c bthay bng Tuy nhin ng t c uis
chuyn thnh ( )
()
V d :

Ti khng thu dn phng m c th i ng

ng ti xem ti vi m khng cn eo knh

Ngi kia i b m khng cn cm

m qua, Ali khng ng, m thc hc

Bn ch cn ng ng c lm g ht l c ri.

Bn chc chn khng ngc nghch ti mc i ra ngoi tri ma m d cng khng mang ch.
N lm bi thi m chng hc hnh g.
N n m khng tr tin
Mu cu yu cu ai khng lm g y

C y ni xin ng khc

Xin ng vit vo tp ca ti

Xin ng qun cho ti gi li hi thm ngi v xinh p ca bn

ngi mi thot nhn th thy ng s nhng li l mt ngi rt thn thin. ng lo lng g c.

4


y ta s dng th hin hnh ng ca ch th.- V pha sau thng c
chia th b ng, (
ngha:
nh vo....
do...
bi..
V d:
1.
Chu M do Columbus pht hin ra.
2.
D lut ny c quc hi thng qua.

Ti s bo co kt qu chn on ca bc s.

y n trnh by nguyn nhn, l do.

ngha:

Th hin nguyn nhn l do.

V d:

C nhng tai nn ln xy ra do thiu ch .

2.
Vic th tng b m st, chnh tr ca Thi Lan hn lon.
3.
Nghe ni thit hai do trn ng t ln ny ln ti hng triu Yn.

ngha:

y n c dng th hin th php, phng php...


ch phng thc, bin php
V d:
1.
Cc vn nn gii quyt bng i thai.
2.
Thy gio da vo vic cho bi thi, kim tra xem sinh vin c hiu cha.
3.
i li bng xe bus th tin li nhng tn thi gian.
- y c dng vi dng: mt ci g ng vi g .
ngha:
~
Biu th vic ng vi ... m c s khc nhau.
V d:
1.
Tp qun th khc nhau theo tng nc.
2.
Ti ngh l ty theo c n lc hay khng, kt qu cng khc nhau.
3.
Ti mun nghin cu s thay i y phc theo thi i.
4.
Loi thuc ny c tc dng i vi mt s ngi.

N nu v d chng hn nh
V d:
.
Gng mt ging thin thn.

Nu ni ting Anh lu lot c nh anh ta th hay bit my .

Kh m gp c ngi nhit tnh nh anh y .

th ny / mn ny khng phi ch no cng c u .

nh khng phi l hng ngi nh bn ngh u .

Yn tm i , n ci ny khng cht u / n ci ny vo cng chng cht chc g u .

Trng hp ung thuc m vn khng khe , th hy n hi kin ca bc s .
Cng - cng ba = nu, hodo = cng

V d:

Ting Nht cng hc cng hay.

Ch kanji cng hc cng thy hay.

Cng n c sng Nht Bn cng thy thch.

C y cng ngm cng yu.

Vic hc ngoi ng th cng tr cng tt.

My vi tnh th thao tc cng n gi n cng tt.
.
7

Lng th cng cao cng tt nh ^^.

N+

N Ton l -, ch ton l (v ch ton l vy nn gp kh khn g )

bakari = ton l
V d:
(=)
Khch ca ca hng ny ch c n gii nh.

Vn ny ton l oi hng.

ng c n ton tht m hy n rau na

Con ti chng hc hnh g c m ch ton xem tv

Lp ny ton con gi khng nh, nam ch c mnh ti hi xu h mt cht.

: ni ting vi/v
V d:

Thnh ph ny ni ting vi sui nc nng

Qun ny ni ting v gi cao

Cng vin nay ni ting vi hoa hng

Nh khoa hc ni ting trong v ngoi nc

Roma ni ting vi kin trc c i


- Dng khi trong mt nhm c nhiu ngi hay nhiu vt ni tri nhng chn ra mt vt hay mt ngi trong s
nhng vt hay ngi ni tri (c nhiu ngi bit n) lm mu in hnh. Khi ngi hay vt c
chn lm mu in hnh +
- c dng trong vn vit, thay vo vn ni bn dng ~
ngha:
~ng u l, ~ ngoi ra cn ~
~trc tin l, ~ngoi ra cn~

N+

V d:
1.
Nara ng u l Horyuuji, ngoi ra cn c nhiu cha c khc na.
2.
T ba m bn cho n cc thnh vin khc trong gia nh mi ngi u khe ch?
3.

Trong hi ngh ph n th gii ln u tin c t chc Chu , ng u l M, ngoi ra i biu ph n

ca cc quc gia trn th gii cng tham gia.
4.
vn th Ueno, c nhiu ng vt c tr em yu thch, tiu biu l gu trc.

mang tnh, c tnh

V d:

Cu ni th gii ha bnh nghe c tnh hp dn, nhng con ng n th gii ha bnhvn cn gian kh v
di lu

T p v xu ch l thut ng mang tnh tng i

Nu khng c s gip u n ca bn th nhim v ca t kt thc trong tht bi

Khi no th anh gii quyt nhng vn mang tnh k thut ?

Em ng l mt c b c sc quyn r

Cu nn hnh ng mt cch hp php

Nh khoa hc c m t pht minh mang tnh khoa hc

Ti cn ni chuyn c tnh cch c nhn mt cht vi anh

C tm -, c khong kurai = tm, khong

1
Con c tm 1 k.

Dn s Thng Hi khong c ging dn s Tokyo

7 9
Thi gian ng thng thng ca ti khong t 7-9 ting

: Dng cng ging nh cu iu kin.Nu iu kin pha c thit lp th trng thi sau s c
thnh lp.
ngha:
ch cn
min l....
Khi dng mu cu ny dng nhn mnh t ng trc n vi ngha ch cn, ngay c, thm ch
10

V d:
1.
M n lin l th n tin li, ch cn cho nc nng vo l n c.
2.
Ch cn ng khng ng, i taxi n ga mt chng 10 pht.
3.
Ch cn giao thng tin li, sng quanh y cng d.
4.
Min l kin c tnh xy dng, d t d nhiu cng rt hoan nghin.
5.
Bit a ch th i tm b ng bn ngay.
6.
Ch cn c th khe mnh, ti ngh l kh n my cng chu c.

:
Cch dng v ngha hon ton gi ng
ngha:
chng
mc
n
V d:

Cc thanh nin mang n ghi ta t tp n mc trn ngp c hi trng.

lu m i c nghe ging ni ca m t trong nc, ti hnh phc n mun khc.

Mt hng ny bn rt chy , n mc thy tht l th v .

Ti ght ti mc khng mun nhn mt .

11


Hm nay mt ti cht i c .
Nu n dng : danh t + ( th c ngha "l nht")

i chi vi bn b thn thit l tt nht.

Ti cha gp ai thng minh nh c y.

Khng c g thm bng chin tranh.

V p ca quc gia nm trong nhn dn. Khng c g ngon bng ba cm ven ng.

Mt hng ny bn rt chy , n mc thy tht l th v .

Ti ght ti mc khng mun nhn mt .

Hm nay mt ti cht i c .

M vn -, vn cn -, vn cn ang Gi nguyn tnh trng nh vy. vn ang (lm g, nh th no)

Dng khi ang lm mt vic g nhng cha xong, ang trng thi na chng.
V d

Ti ng thip i m vn n in

v ca s y nguyn ng nn b cm mt ri

Anh y n m ci ca mnh m vn ang t v ma.

12


Chng thng c trn u theo cch t nhin ch ngha u!

Mi nm trc ti chy trn vi ch mt b trn ngi.

Anh c th vn c mang giy.

: l trng t thng c dng ch s mt cng sc lm vic g v2 th hin s cm n, bit

n.
C nh , c thnh

Cm n bn c nh t xa ti y

Cm n trong lc tri ma bn n y

Anh y gip ti khi ti gp kh khn

Anh y h ng dn ng n nh ga cho ti.

Anh y tm kim nh gip cho ti.

Nu m (gi nh)

Nu m i du hc, ti nh i Nht.

Gi s l, nu c sinh ra ln na, bn thch l con trai hay con gi?

9
13

Nu m nh k hoch th my bay phi n lc 9h ri.

- Dng vi cch ni vi tnh cm dng trn khi nh li nhng chuyn ngy xa mnh th ng
lm.
* ngha: Nh v vic xy ra lu trong qu kh
* Cch dng: ng t, tnh t a v th qu kh ri + .
V d:

Thi th u ti thng hay ht bi ny.

Thi sinh vin i hc, ti thng gh qua th vi n ny.

Cailuong"
Hi cn nh trc khi ng m ti thng ht ci lng cho ti nghe.

Hi b thng nghch ngm, hay b b mng.

Khu ny trc y yn tnh lm.

V
Th hin ngha va lm g thng qua hnh thc lin ng ng t
ng t c s dng cho mu cu ny hn ch
ngha:
Va mi
V d:

Ti mun ni chuyn th bng ting nc ngoi m ti va hc c

C y va tr thnh gio vin

14

Ti cn tri c chua va hi ngoi ng

Bnh m ch ny va nng xong nn ngon

Biu th mc trng thi.

ngha:
n mc ..
n ....
V d:
1.
Trn ng t mnh n mc cc vt b ri xung t trn gi.
2.
Vng ny v m yn tnh n bun b.
3.
Ni ting Nht c nh ti, lm phin dch c khng nh?
4.
Bng au n mc khng chu ni.

din t kt qu s vic ngc li kt qu d

on, mc ch
ngc li, tri li
V d:

nh ni chuyn t t, nhng ngc li hnh nh lm cho gi n d

Ti ngh s kp mc d i xe taxi nhng v b n tc giao thng nn ngc li b tr

15

Nu yu cu mt s ton din th ngc li s tht bi

Nu mong i cao th ngc li s b tn thng

Tng l n ph gip, ho ra li gy phin thm.

i bng taxi v ngh s nhanh hn, nhng do kt xe nn ngc li b tr gi.

B tht bi nhiu nhng ngc li, hc c nhng bi hc hay.

dng nhn mnh ch th c nhng c im ring bit, ch th c th l

ngi, s vic, vt

i vis c
V d:

i vi c y s c cch suy ngh cho ring mnh

Nht c cch hc ting Anh ring

nc ny c nhiu thnh ph
4
Mt nm c bn ma xun, h, thu, ng

i vi bc tranh ny s c gi tr tng ng khon tin mt kh ln

c nhiu thnhh ph c, chng hn nh Rom , Venice

Trng c v - (v mt th gic)
16


trng c v (v mt th gic)

Anh c v ging ngi Nht nh.

Chic v ny trng r tin.

Ti th lm nhng c v khng c.

Chic o ny trng trng.

~() / ~ / ~
About~ Lin quan n, v
[]
Lin quan n, v ~
[]
v d

Lin quan n vic thay i k hoch, chng ta cn xem xt y .

Cn phi kim tra k cng v vic thay i k hoch.

i ra nc ngoi th khng ch l ngn ng, cng nn bit v tp qun ca h.

C rt nhiu sch lin quan n kinh t.

khng bao gi !; khng th ....ng kinh ngc, cha tng, khng th no,...
l thn t, thng biu hin s ngc nhin ca ngi ni

17

L no anh ta l th phm?

L no l ni di?

Khng th no anh ta li lm ci chyn nh vy

:
Ngy hm ti c ngh rng em s n sn bay tin ti i nhng m khng ng em khng ti.
Cui cu hay i chung vi ; (i sau masaka l th ph nh
nhm nhn mnh iu ph nh)
khng l no, khng i no...
Lm sao m..khng chc nh

v d

Nghe ni anh Komura s mua cn h

Cn h gi mc nh th lm sao m anh y c th mua c

Khng i no c chuyn con ti n cp

v ti nh nhiu ln ri nn khng th no m khng n ...

V ngay c xe p ti cn khng c th lm sao m c xe gn my c.

c dng vi 2 ngha :
+ C l khng phi (th hin suy on ph nh)
+ Tuyt i mun t b mt vic g (ch ph nh)
18

 c dng vi ngi th nht l "ti", nu s dng vi ngi th 3 th dng

ngha:
c l khng phi.....
V d:

Tuy ti ngh l cuc phn tranh sc tc khng d gii quyt nhng nhng n lc gii quyt mt cch ha
bnh l cn thit.

Vn tip din cc a chn nh, chc l khng c vic xy ra ng t ln.

tuyt i khng.....tuyt i mun t b vic

Ci nh hng ti c ny th khng mun n ln th hai.

Hnh nh anh y khng nh ni g.

nh khng mua bnh ngt ri, nhn thy s mua mt

V bun ng nn khng n

Hm nay v mt mi ti khng hc ting nht na.

Ti quyt nh khng ht thuc l na

~
* ngha: Ch c ~chton l ... thng mang ngha ph nh(qu t, khng ,...)
* Cch dng: V-/ V- /N + . Tuy nhin vi nhng danh t s t th lc cng c th s dng l

19

V d

C y nghe g cng ch ci, ch p li li no.

Sng nay ch c ung caf, ch n g.

Con ci m ra ring, ch c hai v chng sng vi nhau.

ngha : k t khi, sau khi
Din t s vic sau khi xy ra th s vic khng chuyn bin v vn gi nguyn. S vic din ra nm ngoi
mong i d bo.
V d

Sau khi ma ri mt ln vo thng trc gn 1 thng khng thy ma ri

Sau khi mn sch xong gn 1 thng nay khng c. nu b hi th bit ni sao y

Sau khi vit mail cho c y cch nay 1 nm n gi khng thy lin lc na

C chuyn qui g nh, c chuyn qui qu g nh

ngha l th no?
V d:

Chuyn m anh ni vi ti l ci qui g vy?

tht ra th c y i u?
20


n khi no th n mi hiu ra y

ti sao hm qua cu khng n, h?

Cuc hp ny ko di n bao lu y?

Khng hiu c ta mun ci g?

Lm qui g m xy ra mt chuyn nh vy khng bit.

Gi , gi b

N gi v nh khng bit g ht.

Lc no n cng t ra bit r v vn ny, nhng thc t hon ton chng hiu g c.

Anh ta t ra l bit v iu y, nhng ti ngh thc ra ch bit g c u

3 .
Anh Takana t ra l ngi c thn nhng thc ra lp gia nh v c ti 3 a con ri.

C v nh, c l, chc l ,....thng dng b ngha cho cc cu trc ch kh nng xy ra nh

V d :

C v ngy mai tri s ma

Dng nh c s hiu lm y

21

Nhc u qu, chc l b cm

N chng khe khon g. Chc l thi rt ri

Cui cng th quen cu c sng sinh hot Nht.

- Khi mun ni bng tm lng cm t, v ai cu gip m tr nn c kt qu tt.

ngha:
nh...
V d:

Ti c khe mnh l nh cng n ca ba m ti.

Nh vo s hip lc ca ch m ti hon thnh mt cch sun s.

V gn y siu th va xy xong nn rt tin li.

: Trng t, b ngha cho tnh t, ng t, ch mc , s lng, kch thc,....
V d :

cao hn, t hn

kh khn hn, kh khn li cng kh khn

Cy ny cao, nhng cy kia cn cao hn.

C thm 3 hnh khch ln xe but.

22

 cng c th dng ni cu mang ngha b sung : hn na, thm vo

C thm nhiu bn mi, hn na li l nhng ngi trng vui v th tht l tuyt.

C y bit ting Php, ting Ty ban nha, thm na cn c th ni ting B o nha.

: Nhn mnh " lm g"

, ri,..
Trng t, thng i vi th qu kh nhn mnh ngha hnh ng x y ra ri
V d:

Ti hon thnh cng vi c ri.

Khi n thi ca tim ng c a

Xe la khi hnh mt ri

T bo hm nay c xong ri

C nhiu ngi xp hng ch trc rp chiu phim

l, bt gic...

Din t ngha l lm v khng kim ch li c nhng chuyn m mnh ngh l khng c lm, hoc
nhng chuyn m bn thn mnh lun c gng khng phi lm. Thng dng chung vi [ V -].
V d:

Toi bit l n vo s mp ln nhng v bnh trng ngon qu, nn km ch khng ni, l n mt tiu ri.

23

Ti vn b r nhng khi c ru trc mt th bt gic li th tay ra mun ung.

Ti ph c i v thy Tanaka lm ng tc bun ci qu.

Chuyn mc d b cm ni nhng ti l ming ni ra mt tiu.

: tri li, ngc li/ thcn hn

A B2 B
c phn (l B hn A); th (B cn hn A) ( khi so snh A vi B)
V d:

Th cht cn hn mt t do

C phn l cuc ci nhau hn gi l cuc thi

Nu nh phi thu cn h vi gi ny, th rng mua cn hn.

Mi ngi u mun lm vic doanh nghip ln v ni ting, nhng ti ngh th cng ty nh cn c th c

cho lm nhng cng vic tt hn.

Ti khng cn phi sng lu min sao sng c y .

C b th nn ni l d thng thay v xinh p

Khng phi t nh gy phin nhiu cc cu u, tri li t mun hp tc vi cc cu.

[
24

] Ly ci v d cc oan, o din t nhng th khc ( mc

thp hn) l ng nhin. Trong trng hp ny th cc tr t (ga) v(wo) s lc b i.
[]
:
Ngay c, n c
V d:
(=)
V ngay c ch Hiragana ti cn khng vit ni th khng th vit c nhng th nh l ch Hn.

iu th ngay c a tr con cng bit.

()
Ch tt trong ni, n in cng khng c. (th cn c Internet lm sao c)

Tri tr lnh qu, sng nay c ngi mc n o khoc.

n chuyn gia cn khng hiu th chng ta chu thi.

n b m cn chng trao i, n quyt nh ci ri.

Qu ti l mt lng nh n khng c c tn trn bn .

[][][]
Khi gn vo danh t, tr t c tnh lc. Cc tr t khc th gi nguyn

: tr nn, tr thnh
V d:

V mi ngy u luyn tp bng nn ti ngh mt ngy no anh y s tr thnh mtcu th gii

25


V chng ti cng mt s thch nn chc chn s tr thnh bn b vi nhau

Nu hoch nh k hoch thm mt cht na ti ngh cty mnh s tr thnh cty hng u

khng nh chc chn suy ngh (suy on) c a mnh

ngha:
Ti ngh ch c chn l....
Nu ti khng nhm th.....
Chc chn l....
V d:
1.
Khng c cha kha. Chc l ri u ri.
2.
Chai vang m bc Yamada mang n cho kh t y! V ln mi thm tht tuyt.
3.
Nhng cu chuyn ngy xa ca cc c vi tr con ng l chn ngt.
4.
Theo li bc s ni th chc l ti b ung th.

Mi m vn - (lm khng xong)/ mi m vnkhng

naka = bn trong, nakanaka = mi m vn (khng xong)

Ti mi m vn khng ngh ra cch gii quyt.

Ti hc cch mc kimono bit bao nhiu ln ri m mi vn khng th mc c

(v)
26


V ma to nn tr n u b hy.

B thuc l v sc kho

Lc no cng xem ti vi v vic hc ting Nht.

V t quc ti khng n hi sinh tnh mng.

.. (MC CH)
Verb Ru+
Noun +

kt hn, t nay tr i ti s dnh tin

c sc khe ti tp th dc mi ngy
Ch li ch

Ngi ca cng ty t chc ba tic v ti

~V y l cch vit khc ca mu cu V m thi.

ngha: lm hnh ng 2 trong trng thi khng lm hnh ng 1.
Cch dng: Mu cu ny c dng khi ngi ni ch mt hnh ng khng din ra nh d on m c thay
th bi mt hnh ng khc. Rt n gin, chia ng t v th ph nh vn tt (th "nai" y), ri sau thay
"nai" bng "zuni".
Ch : ring ng t th chuyn thnh
V d:
1. , (=)
27

Vit m khng dng n t in nn chng thy t tin g c.

2. (=)
Ti qua i ng m khng nh rng.

ngha:
theo ... th
V d:
1.
Theo bo ra sng nay, hai trng i hc mi s c thnh lp.
2.
Theo d bo thi tit, ngy mai nghe ni s c ma.
3. 12 NHK
Theo tin tc t NHK ngy 25 thng 12 th nghe ni tnh Aichi tu in cao tc gp ti nn.
4.

Theo nh th ca ch ti gi, m ti nu nhn thy ai dng dp ging ti th b lin nh n ti v khc.

ngha:
.... thay cho.....
.... tm thi thay th cho...
Thay v, thay cho

Thay v i bin, i leo ni th sao ?

1.
y, robot ang lm vic thay cho con ngi.
2.
By gi thay cho bn nh my, my vi tnh (nh ch) c s dng.
3.
28

Ti i d m ci thay cho b.
4.
Thay mt cho th tng, b trng ngoi giao i thm M.

= C gng
* Mu ny khi kt hp vi ng t nguyn mu v ph nh vn tt c s dng biu th vic c gng, rng
sc lm hoc khng lm hnh ng mang tnh lin tc hoc thi quen. Trong mu ny cc ng t c ch
c s dng.
* Thng dng vi cc ph t nh
* ~: Dng trong trng hp nh hay khuyn ai 1 cch mm mng hy c gng lm V
hoc ng qun lm V. Hnh ng V mang tnh cht nhiu ln ch khoong phi ch 1 ln (nu ch 1 ln s s
dng mu V ).
V d:
1. (=)
C gng khng qun
2. .( =)
Ti c gng nh rng ca ti sau ba n.
* Cng c th s dng trong trng hp ch nh v 1 ln nhng vic nh v khng phi l by gi m l
tng lai.
V d:
8
* V ~ mang tnh cht nh 1 li khuyn m i hi s n lc nn ngi ni tr thnh
ngi ng gc ch th. Do hc sinh khng c s dng vi gio vin, cp di khng dng vi cp
trn.

V bt u V

2 nm trc ti b t u hc ting nht.

29

ngy mai ti s bt u vit lun vn.

ch : dng cho nhng hnh ng c ch ca con ngi.

C ch d ng
~(~te mo) biu hin v gi thuyt tng phn
ngha: d, mc d, cho d
Cch dng:
V-/
A A
A , N
- Thm (mo) sau (te) l c c mt t ch iu kin nghch.
- Ngc vi mu cu (~tara), mu cu (~te mo) dng trong tnh hung hy vng mt vic g
ng nhin s xy ra trong iu kin cho trc nhng li khng xy ra, hoc kt qu xy ra tri ngc vi
nhng g k vng.
V d:
1.
D bt cng tc nhng my vn khng chy.
2.
Mc d t nhng ti vn mun mua ci radio-cassette ny.
3.
Mc d yn tnh nhng cng khng ng c.
4.
Mc d l ch nht nhng vn lm vic.
*Khi mun nhn mnh v mc iu kin ca mu ny th ta c th thm (donna ni), (ikura),
(dare ga), (dou), (itsu), (nani wo)
30

V d
1. (= )
Ngay c khi ti ung nhiu ru th sc mt cng khng thay i.
2.(= )
b t u hc n guitar nhng cho d c luyn tp nh th no th cng ch ng gii c
A.
c d ng v i ngh a d u.c ng
1.

2. 9
B.
di n t d u c c ng c, d u c c ng kh ng c
1.
Thi gian cn nhiu, ng gp qu cng c
2 .
Ht thuc y c c khng?

Khng , khng c ht y.

Ni v lp trng, t cch, chng loi

ngha:
voi tu cach la...
V d:

Anh y n Nht vi t cch l lu hc sinh ngn sch nh nc

31


Cn bnh ny c nhn nh l mt bnh nan y.

Tuy ng y l mt bc s, nhng cng n i ting vi t cch l mt tiu thuyt gia.

Ngi kia tuy l mt hc gi xut sc, nhng l mt con ngi khng ng knh trng.

Nht Bn phi ng vi tr nh l m t thnh vin ca Chu .

ngha: nu ln v d: "nh l...."

+ nh l
V d:

C tp trung dn s nh tokyo, Kh trnh khi giao thng n tc.

Ti thch nhng th ngt nh bnh gat.

Nh c vit y, th 5 ti ch hc nguyn bui sng.
.
Nh ti thng bo hm trc, hc ph s tng vo nm ti.
Cu trc:
V1V2
V1 V2
-Ng php:Mu cu c ngha " lm c V1(hoc khng lm V1) th lm V2" V1 ch mc ch , V2 ch
hnh ng c ch thc hin mc ch V1.
V d:

32

 c th n c nhanh th gi ha tc.

c th ni c ting Nht th phi luyn tp hng ngy

khng b mun Sinkansen th nn ri khi nh nhanh

khng b qun s in thoi th hy ghi li.

Th hin s bin i " c th..."

Ti bi t i xe p. (bin i)

ngha
Bn thn c ngha l chnh l, dng khi mun trnh by s nhn mnh t hoc cm t ng trc.
Cu trc: c duy nht mt kt hp trc tip vi DT,

Chnh ln ny ti mun thng trn u.

Chnh ci ny l sn phm m ti cho l mi ngi mun

- Dng khi mun nhn mnh l do quan trng no .

- ngha l v ngha l chnh. Do , c th dch l "chnh v"
_ Cng c dng din t cho cch ni ngc.
ngha:
33

chnh v.........
v.....
V d:
1.
Chnh v em thch anh nn em mi dm ni.
2.
Chnh v thng con nn mi la mng.
3.
Chnh v my nn tao mi ni, i vi ngi khc th tao khng ni u.
4.
Chnh nh bc s phu thut cho, ti c th i c.

(Trong khong thi gian , xy ra vic m lc u khng c)

Trong lc cn cha

ng ri, lc cn cha qun th ni thi, s tht l

Trong lc tri cha ma th t i mnh v i.

(trong khong thi gian)Lu khng gp, ting N gii ln ri nh.

D tri lnh, trong lc chy c th tr nn m.

Trong lc nghe cu chuyn ca c y, ti ri nc mt.

Nhiu ln trao i, s hiu bit ln nhau ngy cng su m (tng cng).

d th nocng,nht nh
V d:
34


Xe c th ny d th no cng khng ch y c

D th no ti cng khng th qun

D th no ti cng mun tr v nh vo dp ging sinh

D th no cng mu n bn cnh bn
Din t mt ng thng xy ra hay d xy ra. C trnh by nguyn nhn.
- Thng dng vi ngha x u.

:
thng...
hay....
d....
Vic lm ~ l nhiu; ~ d lm; c chiu hng ~ [] []

V d:

Khi tuyt ri, tu thng hay tr.

()
Anh y gn y do c th khng kho, hay ngh lp hc ting Nht.
()
Ma xun th nhng ngy rm mt nhiu.

M hay m nn chng lm vic c my.

Hay c dng vi ngha xu.
35

nhiu nht - l cng

l cng, nhiu nht - l cng, ti a, khng hn c, nhiu nht c th
40
Ngi ph n nhiu lm th 40 tui l cng.

Tr ti a 1vn yn 1 ngy

C th bui tic nhiu nht ch khong 20 ngi n

Cho d c nh i con ng no chng na, nu i n thnh ph bng xe hi th m t ti a khong 20 pht.

~
- Dng khi mun ni rng: c bit ch ~ th ~
ngha:
(c bit) ch ~ th ~
l nht.
V d:
1.
(c bit) ch c nhng ngi trn 65 tui th mi vo ca min ph.
2.
Ch c qu khch no mang theo v ny th mi c gim gi 10%.
3.
c bit ch c hm nay th mt hng ny bn na gi.
4.
Nu chn trng ting Nht th trng ny l nht.

Dng mun ni rng: ch c ~ th c bit ~

hay: ch c ~ l khc vi
36

 ngha:
~ ch c ~ th
~ Ch ton l ~ th
V d:
1.
Bn ti khng bit ti sao, ch ton l nhng lc ti khng c tin th n mn.
2.
lc no cng dn dp phng sch s th nhng, ch ton l nhng lc ba bi th khc li n.
3.
Ch c con nh ti th chc khng lm nhng vic xu nh th .
4.
Ti ngh ch c ngi l khng lm chuyn in r nh vy.

Dng ch trng thi, v pha sau thng c t ch thi gian. (hoc mang ngh v thi gian)
ngha:
trong khi ~
trong lc ~
Chng no ~
V d:
Tri
Chng no cn Nht th anh Tr s lin lc cho ti.
2.
Cho d b ph phn th no, chng no t l ngi xem cn cao, th chng trnh khng th dng li c.

Cn l hc sinh th vic hc l ng nhin.

Ba ti ni mun lm vic trong khi cn khe.
5.
Trong lc m ti cha ngh tay, th ti cng khng ngh (ti vn tip tuc)
37

~
- Dng trong li ni trnh trng, nghim trang.
- Dng gii hn cho mt phm vi, phn on mt iu g .
ngha:
- (th hin phm vi)
Trong phm vi......
- Trong gii hn......
V d:
1.
Trong phm vi ti bit th cun sch ny nghe ni l c bn chy nht trong nm nay.

C nh ni chuyn trn in thoi th anh y khng gin th u.

Hy c gng ht sc!

Nu trong phm iu tra ln ny, t liu ca nc ngoi lin quan n vn ny dng nh rt t.

: mu cu ny s dng nh mt cu iu kin.
ngha:
nu khng)
ngha hon ton ging ~
~ nu khng ~
V d:

Nu ma hay tuyt khng ri, ti s khng b chy hng ngy.

Tun sau, nu cng vic khng bn th em mun tham gia lp hc.

38


C m khng ti th khng lm mn sashimi c.
~

- c dng khi mun ni rng: khng ch ~ m cn,
- l hnh thc khng hn nh ca ~
ngha:
Khng ch..... m cng.....
Khng nhng .... m cn....
V d:
1.
Disneyland th khng nhng c tr con a thch m c ngi ln na.
2.
Bui ging ny khng ch sinh vin m ngi i lm cng c th tham gia.
3.
Khng ch c nam gii m n gii cng ang c gng m rng tnh kh nng trong lnh v c ngh nghip mi.
4.
Khng ch c hc chuyn mn m ti cn mun hc nhiu th na.
~

Vic cho mn ti liu ny ch hn trong 3 ngy.

Hn trong ngy hm ny l chia tay mi ngi. Mi ngi gip ti nhiu qu.

39

 10
10 nm nay mi c th gp li em, tht v cng sung sng.

Thua ci thng , tht tic v cng.

R khng, l khng m li c li x xo, v cng bc mnh. (Khng c la m c khi, ut th!)

~
Dng ni: ~ cng vi ~
~ thng c s dng trong vn vit.
- c s dng ging vi : ~

ngha:
- Cng vi ....
- Cng ng thi vi....
- Cng vi s thay i mt s thay i khc din ra
V d:
1.
Ti mun n tt cng nh.
2.
Osaka cng vi Tokyo l cc trung tm kinh t ca nht.
3.
Vic pht trin sn phm ny, cng vi nhng kh khn cn tn chi ph na.
4.
Cng vi tui cao, th lc cng yu i.
5.
Cng vi vic xe hi tr nn ph bin, tai nn giao thng cng tng ln.

40


- Din t mt vic thng hay xy ra khi lm mt vic g .
ngha:
mi khi...
mi dp...
c h....
V d:
1.
Mi ln nghe bi ht , ti li nh v nhng ngy th u.
2.
Con ngi mi khi c mt tri nghim mi, u hc c iu g .
3.
Ti mi ln i du lch u mua bu nh.
4.
Con sng mi ln ma ln, nc dng ln gy thit hi.

- Khi mun nhn mnh mc thp v ni rng: ch c mc khng hn.

- Thng cu vn khi u l:

ngha:
ch c ...
khng hn..
V d:
1.
Lp ny c th u ikkyuu th ch khng qu 2 ngi trong s 30 ngi.
2.
Ngi m hiu ngha thc s ca vn ny th ch c mt vi ngi.
41

3.
S thnh danh ca anh ta ch l nh ba m ca anh ta. Anh ta khng c thc lc.
4.
Cho d ni l ang lm thm nhng thu nhp ch c 3man khng hn.

, ti, trong (ch a im, thi gian)

V d :

l ngy hnh phc nht i ti

i hi th thao ng nam nm nay s c t chc Indonexia

Ngy nay, my tnh l vt khng th thiu c

Ch trng thi cm nhn v tm trng ca mt ngi.

ngha:
c v....
V d:
1.
C y ni chuyn vi dng v bun thm.
2.
Anh ta ngi mt mnh trn gh cng vin vi v kh c n.
3.
ng lo nh mu n ni g ti n li gn.
4.
Anh y gii thiu vi mi ngi v nh mi vi v kh c .

(d nh..ca bn thn)
42

* ngha: d nh lm, d nh khng lm mt vic g .

* Cch dng: V / V
* Ch : So vi mu cu V th ch , V thng thng th mang ngha quy t on
hn c s dng ch mt hng r rt, 1 quyt nh chc chn hoc 1 d nh ln trong cuc sng.
V d
1.
Hm qua d nh i mua sm ri nhng m do au u nn li nh sut.
2.
Nm ti ti d nh s kt hn.
3.
Ti nh t ngy mai s khng ht thuc.
4.
Ti nh hc ting Nht.
5.
ti d inh ngy mai s n bnh vin thm bnh.

43

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47