Antennas and propagation

Assignment I

1. Given ] ). , , ( [ ) , (
t j
e
e z y x E R t z y x
e
c =
] ). , , ( [ ) , , , (
t j
e
e z y x H R t z y x H
e
=
Using the identity ] . * . [
2
1
] . [
t j t j t j
e
e E e E e E R
e e e
+ =
Show that ] . [
2
1
*] [
2
1
2 t j
e e
e H E R H E R H W
e
c + = =
2. A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free space. At a distance of 100m
from the antenna, the total electric field (E
u
) is measured be 5V/m. Find
a) Power density (W
rad
)
b) Power radiated (P
rad
)

3. Find the half power beam width (HPBW) and the first null beam width (FNBW) in
radians and degrees for the following normalized radiation intensities
a) U(u) = cosu b) U(u) = cos
2
u
c) U(u) = cos2u d) U(u) = cosu . cos2u
e) U(u) = cos
2
u . cos
2
2u
Assume 0 u 90, 0 | 360

4. The maximum radiation intensity of a 90% efficient antenna is 200mW/unit solid
angle. Find the directivity and gain (dimensionless and in dB) when,
a) input power is 125.66mW
b) radiated power is 125.66mW

5. The power radiated by a loss less antenna is 10W. The directional characteristics are
represented by the radiation intensity of
a) U = B
0
cos
2
u watts / unit solid angle
b) U = B
0
cos
3
u watts / unit solid angle
(0 u t/2, 0 | 2t)

For both the cases, determine
a) maximum power density (in watts) square meter) at a distance of 1000m.
specify the angle where this occurs.
b) Beam solid angle O
A

c) directivity of the antenna
d) gain of the antenna

6. Assume that you have been asked to design a high directivity / gain antenna for a
space lorne communication system operating at 10GHz. The specifications of the
antenna are such that its pattern consist of basically of one major lobe and for
simplicity no minor lobes. Further, it is desire that the pattern be symmetrical in the
azimuthal plane. In order to meet the desired objectives, the main lobe of the pattern
should have a half power beam width of 10 degrees. To expedite the design, it is
assumed that the major lobe of the normalized intensity of the antenna is
approximated by, U(u,|) = cos
n
u and exists only in the upper hemisphere
(0 u t/2, 0 | 2t), Determine
a) Value of n (not necessarily an integer) to meet the specifications of the
major lobe.
b) Exact minimum directivity of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB)

7. The normalized radiation intensity of three different antennas is given by
a) U = sinu sin| b) U = sinu sin
2
| c) U = sin
2
u sin|
The intensity exists only in the 0 u t, 0 | t region, and is zero elsewhere.
Determine
a) directivity
b) azimuthal and elevational half power beam widths (in degrees)

8. Derive a general expression for the polarization loss factor (PLF) of two linearly
polarized antennas if
a) both lie in the same plane
b) both do not lie in the same plane

9. The electric field of a uniform plane wave travelling along negative z direction is
given by,

jkz
a a
i
e E y a j x a E
+
+ = . ) (
0
e
and is incident upon an antenna placed at the origin whose radiated electric field
towards the incident wave is given by,

jkz
I
a a
r
e
E y a x a E

+ = . ) 2 ( e
Determine the following:
a) Polarization and sense of rotation of the incident ware
b) Polarization and sense of rotation of the antenna.

10. A /2 dipole, with a total loss resistance of 1ohm is connected to a generator whose
internal impedance is 50+j25 ohms. Assuming that the peak voltage of the generator
is 2V, and the impedance of the dipole excluding the loss resistance is 73+j42.5,
find the power
a) supplied by the source (real)
b) radiated by the antenna
c) dissipated by the antenna

11. Using Maxwells equations, derive an expression for the magnetic field in the far
field region of an antenna if the electric field intensity is given by,
m V
r
e
E a E a E
jkr
/ ) cos sin cos (
0 0

+ = | | u
| u

Hence verify that
q
u
|
|
u
= =
H
E
H
E


12. Compute the minimum transmitted power required to establish a point to point
communication link at 2.4GHz between two points 20km apart, using two 20dB
gain antenna so that the minimum power into a matched receiver is -70dBm.
Assume that the antennas are loss less and matched to the load and source.


13. If ) ( e e j H H V = ec where e H is the electric Hertzian potential, show that,
a) J j k
e e
ec
1
2 2
= [ + [ V
b) ) . (
2
e e
e k E [ V V + [ =
c) A j
e
ec
1
= [
Where the symbols have their usual meanings

14. If ) ( h h j E H V = e where h H is the magnetic Hertzian potential, show that,
a) M j k
h h
e
1
2 2
= [ + [ V
b) ) . (
2
h h
h k H [ V V + [ =
c) F j
h
ec
1
= [
Where the symbols have their usual meanings

15. A transmission line has the following unit length parameters: L = 0.2H/m, C =
300pF/m. R = 5O/m, G = 0.01S/m. Calculate the propagation constant and
characteristic impedance of this line at 500MHz. Recalculate these quantities in the
absence of loss.

16. Show that the following T-model of the transmission line also yields the
telegraphers equations.

i (z,t)
RAz
2
LAz
2
FAz
2
LAz
2
i (z+Az,t)
v(z,t)
GAz CAz v (z+Az,t)
Az


17. A loss less transmission line of electrical length l = 0.3 is terminated in a complex
load impedance as shown. Determine the reflection coefficient, the SWR on the line
and the input impedance to the line

l = 0.3
Z
0
= 75O Z
in
Z
L
= 40 + j20O




18. The transmission line sketched below has V
g
= 15V
rms
, Z
g
= 75ohm, Z
0
= 75 ohm,
Z
L
= 60 - j40ohm and l = 0.7.

l
Z
0
Z
in
Z
g
V
g
Z
L
+
-
V
L


Compute the power delivered to the load using three different techniques.
a) Find P and compute
2
0
2
1 (
1
2
P
Z
V
P
g
L

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
b) Find Z
in
and compute ) (
2
in e
in g
g
L
Z R
Z Z
V
P
+
=
c) Find V
L
and compute ) (
2
L e
L
L
L
Z R
Z
V
P =
Discuss the rationale for each of these methods. Which in the most suitable method if
the line is not loss less