Hydroprocessing:Hydrocracking&Hydrotreating

Chapters7&9
Purpose
Hydrotreating
Removeheteroatoms&saturatecarbon
carbonbonds
Sulfur,nitrogen,oxygen,&metals
removed
Olefinic&aromaticbondssaturated
Minimalcracking
Minimalconversion 10%to20%typical
Productssuitableforfurtherprocessing
orfinalblending
Reforming,catalyticcracking,
hydrocracking
Hydrocracking
Severeformofhydroprocessing
Breakcarboncarbonbonds
Drasticreductionofmolecularweight
Reduceaveragemolecularweight&
producehigheryieldsoffuelproducts
50%+conversion
Productsmoreappropriatefordieselthan
gasoline
3
HydroprocessingObjectives
Feedstocks DesiredProducts ProcessObjectives
Naphthas Catalyticreformerfeed RemovalofS,N,&olefins
LPG Hydrocracking
Atmosphericgasoils Diesel RemovalofS,aromatics,&nparaffins
Jet RemovalofS&aromatics
Ethylenefeedstock Removalofaromatics
Naptha Hydrocracking
Vaccumgasoils LSFO RemovalofS
FCCfeed RemovalofS,N,&metals
Diesel RemovalofS&aromatics
Hydrocracking
Kerosene/jet RemovalofS&aromatics
Hydrocracking
Naptha Hydrocracking
LPG Hydrocracking
Ethylenefeedstock Removalofaromatics
Hydrocracking
Lubeoilbasestock RemovalofS,N,&aromatics
Hydrocracking
Residuum LSFO RemovalofS
FCCfeedstock RemovalofS,N,CCR,&metals
Cokerfeedstock RemovalofS,CCR,&metals
Diesel Hydrocracking
4
HandbookofPetroleumRefiningProcesses,3
rd
ed.
Ed.RobertA.Meyers,McGrawHill,2004
CharacteristicsofPetroleumProducts
5
RefiningOverview PetroleumProcesses&Products,
byFreemanSelf,EdEkholm,&KeithBowers,AIChECDROM,2000
Hydrotreating:justenoughconversiontoremoveundesirableatoms;
hydrogenadditionforatomremoval
CharacteristicsofPetroleumProducts
6
RefiningOverview PetroleumProcesses&Products,
byFreemanSelf,EdEkholm,&KeithBowers,AIChECDROM,2000
Hydrocracking:hydrogenadditiontominimizecokeformation
U.S.RefineryImplementation
7
Top 10 Combined Hydrocracking Capacity
CORPORATION State Site
Atmospheric
CrudeDistillation
Capacity(barrels
perstreamday)
Vacuum
Distillation
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
CatHydrocracking,
Distillate
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
CatHydrocracking,
GasOil
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
CatHydrocracking,
Residual
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
BPPLC Texas TEXASCITY 475,000 237,000 55,000 0 70,000
CHEVRONCORP California RICHMOND 257,200 123,456 0 103,400 0
MARATHONPETROLEUMCORP Louisiana GARYVILLE 518,000 268,000 0 93,000 0
CHEVRONCORP Mississippi PASCAGOULA 360,000 314,000 0 74,000 0
VALEROENERGYCORP Texas HOUSTON 90,000 38,000 66,000 0 0
EXXONMOBILCORP Texas BEAUMONT 359,100 148,800 65,000 0 0
BPPLC Washington FERNDALE 234,000 106,000 0 65,000 0
CONOCOPHILLIPS California RODEO 128,000 93,200 0 62,000 0
DEERPARKREFININGLTDPTNRSHP Texas DEERPARK 340,000 180,000 0 60,000 0
WRBREFININGLP Illinois WOODRIVER 345,000 199,000 0 58,000 0
U.S.RefineryImplementation
8
CORPORATION State Site
Atmospheric
CrudeDistillation
Capacity(barrels
perstreamday)
Desulfurization,
DieselFuel
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
Desulfurization,
Gasoline
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
Desulfurization,
HeavyGasOil
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
Desulfurization,
KeroseneAndJet
Downstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear
(barrelsper
streamday)
Desulfurization,
Naphtha/Reformer
FeedDownstream
ChargeCapacity,
CurrentYear(barrels
perstreamday)
EXXONMOBILCORP Texas BAYTOWN 584,000 138,000 196,000 117,000 132,700 155,500
HOVENSALLC VirginIslands KINGSHILL 525,000 65,000 50,000 140,000 65,000 107,000
EXXONMOBILCORP Louisiana BATONROUGE 523,200 176,000 136,000 0 0 78,000
MARATHONPETROLEUMCORP Louisiana GARYVILLE 518,000 141,000 110,000 106,000 64,500 100,500
BPPLC Texas TEXASCITY 475,000 55,000 56,500 105,000 79,000 114,000
PDVAMERICAINC Louisiana LAKECHARLES 440,000 100,000 77,000 0 63,800 127,000
BPPLC Indiana WHITING 430,000 123,700 0 103,100 54,500 72,000
VALEROENERGYCORP Texas PORTARTHUR 415,000 104,000 84,000 62,000 33,000 50,000
CHEVRONCORP Mississippi PASCAGOULA 360,000 35,000 0 100,000 30,000 57,300
EXXONMOBILCORP Texas BEAUMONT 359,100 36,300 25,000 0 51,000 159,800
Hydrotreating Top 10 Atmospheric Capacities
HydroprocessingTrends
Hydrogenisubiquitousinrefinery&expectedtoincrease
Produceshigheryields&upgradethequalityoffuels
Thetypicalrefineryrunsatahydrogendeficit
Ashydroprocessingbecomesmoreprevalent,thisdeficitwillincrease
Ashydroprocessingprogressesinseverity,thehydrogendemandsincreasedramatically
Drivenbyseveralfactors
Heavier&highersulfurcrudes
Reductionindemandforheavyfueloil
Increaseduseofhydrodesulfurizationforlowsulfurfuels
MorecompleteprotectionofFCCUcatalysts
Demandforhighqualitycoke
Increasedproductionofdiesel
9
SourcesofHydrogeninaRefinery
Byproductfromotherprocesses
CatalyticReformer
Mostimportantsourceofhydrogenforthe
refiner
Continuouslyregeneratedreformer:90vol%
Semicontinuouslyregeneratedreformer:80vol%
FCCUOffgas
5vol%hydrogenwithmethane,ethane&
propane
Severalrecoverymethods(canbecombined)
Cryogenic
Pressureswingadsorption(PSA)
Membraneseparation
Manufactured
SteamMethaneReforming(SMR)
Mostcommonmethodofmanufacturing
hydrogen
90 95vol%typicalpurity
Gasification/PartialOxidation
Producesynthesisgas(syngas)
Hydrogenrecovery
Pressureswingadsorption(PSA)
Membraneseparation
Moreexpensivethansteamreformingbutcan
uselowqualitybyproductstreams
10
HydroprocessingCatalysts
Hydrotreating
Desiredfunction
Cobaltmolybdenum sulfurremoval&olefin
saturation
Nickelmolybdenum nitrogenremoval&
aromaticsaturation
Reactorconfiguration
Downflow fixedbed temperaturetocontrol
finalsulfurcontent
Firstbedmayguardbedfornickel&vanadium
- Cheapercatalysts
- Mostremovalofheteroatomsin
subsequentbeds
Selectivecatalystsforsulfurremovalwithout
olefinsaturation
Maintaininghighoctanerating
Hydrocracking
Crystallinesilicaaluminabasewitharareearth
metaldepositedinthelattice
Platinum,palladium,tungsten,and/ornickel
Feedstockmustfirstbehydrotreated
Catalystsdeactivate&cokedoesformevenwith
hydrogenpresent
Hydrocrackersrequireperiodicregenerationof
thefixedbedcatalystsystems
Channelingcausedbycokeaccumulationamajor
concern
Cancreatehotspotsthatcanleadtotemperature
runaways
Reactorconfiguration
Ebullientbeds pelletizedcatalystbedexpanded
byupflowoffluids
Expandedcirculatingbed allowscontinuous
withdrawalofcatalystforregeneration
11
ReactorBedConfigurations
12
PetroleumRefiningProcesses
J.G.Speight&B.zm
MarcelDekker,Inc.,2002,pg.452
HydrotreatingTechnologies
13
Provider Features
CDTECH Hydrotreating.CDHydro &CDHDS
ChevronLummusGlobalLLC Hydrotreating.ISOTREATING
DuPont Hydrotreating
HaldorTopsoeA/S Hydrotreating
UOP Hydrotreating
Axens Hydrotreating,diesel
GTCTechnology Hydrotreating,pyrolysisgasoline
UOP Hydrotreating/desulfurization.SelectFining
ChevronLummusGlobalLLC HydrotreatingRDS/VRDS/UFR/OCR
Axens Hydrotreatingresid
Axens Hydrodearomatization.2stageHDS/HAD
Hydrodesulfurization
Sulfur
Sulfurconvertedtohydrogensulfide(H2S)
Addedhydrogenbreakscarbonsulfurbonds&saturatesremaininghydrocarbonchains
Formofsulfurbonds
Sulfurinnaphthagenerallymercaptans (thiols)&sulfides
Inheavierfeeds,moresulfurasdisulphides &thiophenes
Lightends
Heavierdistillatesmakemorelightendsfrombreakingmorecomplexsulfurmolecules
Unsaturatedcarboncarbonbonds
Olefinssaturated onehydrogenmoleculeaddedforeachdoublebond
Olefinsprevalentincrackedstreams coker orvisbreaker naphtha,catalyticcrackercycleoil,catalyticcracker
gasoline
Aromaticringshydrogenatedtocycloparaffins (naphthenes)
Severeoperation
Hydrogenconsumptionstrongfunctionofcomplexityofthearomatics
prevalentinheavydistillatehydrotreating,gasoilhydrotreating,hydrocracking
Selectivecatalystsavailableforhydrotreating catgasolineforsulfurremovalbutnotsaturateolefins
Maintainhighoctaneratings
14
HydrogenConsumption
Chemicalconsumptionduetohydrogenationreactions
Crackingreactionsofcarboncarbonbondsminimalinhydrotreating,evenduring
aromaticsaturation
Olefinic bondseasiertosaturatethanaromaticbonds
Straightrunstockshaveessentiallyzeroolefins
Hydrogenislostinequilibriumwithlightgases
Amountissignificant &maydoubleamountrequiredforsulfurremoval
Hydrogenabsorbedinliquidproducts
Usuallysmallcomparedtosulfurremovalneeds 1lb/bbl
Hydrogenremovedwithpurgegas
Usedtomaintainahighpurityofhydrogen lightendsdilutethehydrogen
concentration
Usuallysmallcomparedtosulfurremovalneeds
15
YieldEstimates
Difficultpartlybecauseconversionoffeedstockisrelativelylow
Liquidproductsgenerallyhavegravity+1API
Generalrelationshipofhydrogenrequiredvs.sulfurcontent
16
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
WeightPercentSulfurinFeed
S
C
F
B

o
f

H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
PetroleumRefineryProcessEconomics,2nded.,
byRobertE.Maples,PennWellCorp.,2000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
SulfurinFeed[wt%]
S
C
F
B

o
f

H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
m
o
l

H
2

m
o
l

S
Naphtha,54API
Kerosene,40API
GasOil,24API
T
y
p
i
c
a
l

G
a
s
o
l
i
n
e
T
y
p
i
c
a
l

K
e
r
o
s
e
n
e
T
y
p
i
c
a
l

G
a
s

GeneralEffectsofProcessVariables
Reactorinlettemperature&pressure
Increasingtemperatureincreaseshydrogenationbutdecreasesthenumberofactivecatalyst
sites
Temperaturecontrolisusedtooffsetthedeclineincatalystactivity
Increasingpressureincreaseshydrogenpartialpressure&increasestheseverityof
hydrogenation
Recyclehydrogen
Requirehighconcentrationofhydrogenatreactoroutlet
Hydrogenamountismuchmorethanstoichiometric
Highconcentrationsrequiredtopreventcokelaydown&poisoningofcatalyst
- Particularlytruefortheheavierdistillatescontainingresinsandasphaltenes
Purgehydrogen
Removeslightends&helpsmaintainhighhydrogenconcentration
17
TypicalProcessParameters
Feedstock
Naphtha 160 340 570 700 100 450 250 1500 5 8 36 48 500 1200
Kerosene 320 465 625 700 150 500 500 1500 4 6 36 48 300 600
GasOil 465 660 645 750 150 700 1000 2000 2 6 36 48 200 400
VacuumGasOil 660 1200 680 750 450 800 1000 4000 1 3 36 48 50 350
Residua 650 EP 700 840 750 2250 1500 10,000 0.5 2 12 24 2 50
ProcessConditions
LHSV Months bbl/lb
BoilingRange Temperature HydrogenPressure HydrogenRate CatalystLife
F F psi scf/bbl
18
RefiningOverview PetroleumProcesses&Products,
byFreemanSelf,EdEkholm,&KeithBowers,AIChECDROM,2000
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/ulsd/figd3.html
PetroleumRefiningProcesses,
byJamesG.Speight&Bakizm,MarcelDekker,Inc.,2002
NaphthaHydrotreating
Naphthahydrotreatedprimarilyforsulfurremoval
Mostlymercaptans(RSH)&sulfides(RSR')
Somedisulfides(RSSR'),&thiophenes(ringstructures)
Cobaltmolybdenumonaluminamostcommoncatalyst
Chemicalhydrogenconsumptiontypically50to250scf/bbl
Fordesulfurizationcontainingupto1wt%sulfur 70to100scf/bbl
Significantnitrogen&sulfurremoval 250scf/bbl
19
NaphthaHydrotreatingProcess
Reactortypicallyat200psig&700F
Temperatureincreasestocompensate
fordecreaseincatalystactivity
Liquidspacevelocity~2perhour
Hydrogenrecycle~2,000scf/bbl
Acidgasremovalmaynotbedirectly
incorporatedintorecyclegasloop
Overheadvaporfromfractionator to
saturatesgasplanttorecoverlight
hydrocarbons&removeH2S
Productfractionation
Pentane/hexaneoverheadeitherto
blendingorisomerization
Bottomstoreformer
20
Haldo Topse processflow
2011RefiningProcessesHandbook
HydrocarbonProcessing,2011
DistillateHydrotreating
Ingeneral,allliquiddistillatestreamscontainsulfurcompoundsthatmustbe
removed
Saturateolefinsindieseltoimprovethecetanenumber
Hydrogenationatthehighpressureproducessmallamountsofnaphthafrom
hydrocracking
Requiredtogetattheembeddedsulfur
Dieselhydrotreaterstabilizerwillhaveanuppersidestreamdrawproducingthenaphtha
whichisrecycledtomotorgasolineprocessing
21
DistillateHydrotreatingProcess
Reactortypicallyat800F
Hydrogenrecyclestartsat2,000scf/bbl;
consumption100to400scf/bbl
Conditionshighlydependentupon
feedstock
Distillate(jetfuel&diesel)with85%
95%sulfurremoval
300psig
hydrogenconsumption200 300scf/bbl
Saturationofdieselforcetane number
improvement
over800scf/bblhydrogen
upto1,000psig
22
Haldo Topse processflow
2011RefiningProcessesHandbook
HydrocarbonProcessing,2011
BoilingPointRangesforProducts
23
Kaes's Example Distillate Hydrotreating Problem
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
BPT [F]
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l

Y
i
e
l
d

[
b
p
d
]
35-Treated.Distillate
31-Liquids
27-Off.Gas
1-fresh.charge
19,145 bpd Sour Distillate Feed
18,292 bpd Treated Distillate
GasOilHydrotreating
Catalyticcrackerfeedstocks(atmosphericgasoil,lightvacuumgasoil,solventdeasphalting
gasoil)hydrotreatedseverely
Sulfurremoval
Openingofaromaticrings
Removalofheavymetals
Desulfurizationofgasoilcanbeachievedwitharelativelymodestdecompositionof
structures
Gasoilscanbecontaminatedwithresins&asphaltenes
Depositedinhydrotreater
Requirecatalystreplacementwithashorterrunlengththandeterminedbydeactivation
Guardchambermaybeinstalledtoprolongbedlife
Nickelmolybdenumcatalystsystemforseverehydrotreating
Gasoilunitsmoreexpensivebecauseofmoreintensivehydrogenation
Quench
Multistageflash
Morecomplexstrippers
24
GasOilHydrotreatingProcess
Normallytworeactorbeds
temperaturerise
Hydrogenpartialpressurerequirements
relatedtoringsaturation&amountof
sulfur&otherheteroatoms
Forlowringsaturation300psigmaybe
sufficient
1,200psigwillconvert25%ring
saturation&somewhatlessthan95%
sulfurremoval
Pressuresashighas1,500psigcan
achievesaturationof30%ofaromatic
rings
Hydrogenabsorptionof300scf/bbl
couldgiveabout80%sulfurremoval&
onlyrequire300psig
Noringsaturationatthesemild
conditions
25
ChevronLummus GlobalLLCprocessflow
2011RefiningProcessesHandbook
HydrocarbonProcessing,2011
Hydrocracking
Purpose:processgasoiltobreakcarboncarbonbondsoflargearomatic
compounds&removecontaminants
Hydrogenation(additionofhydrogen)
Cracking(carboncarbonscission)ofaromaticbonds
Typicallycreatesdistillaterangeproducts,notgasolinerangeproducts
26
HydrocrackingTechnologies
27
Provider Features
Axens Hydrocracking
ChevronLummusGlobalLLC Hydrocracking.ISOCRACKING
DuPont Hydrocracking
HaldorTopsoeA/S Hydrocracking
ShellGlobalSolutions Hydrocracking
UOP Hydrocracking
ExxonMobilResearch&Engineering Hydrocracking,moderatepressure.MPHC
ChevronLummusGlobalLLC Hydrocracking,resid
Axens Hydrocracking,residue.HOil
OC
UseofYieldCharts&Equations
28
Volume Mass Density AveBPT WatsonK
Hydrogen
Forcracking A
Sulfur 2mol/molS
Dissolvedin
product
1lb/bblfeed
H2S SulfurinFeed
C3 1.0+0.09*(Y
LN
)
IC4 0.377*(Y
LN
) Calculate Pure
NC4 0.186*(Y
LN
) Calculate Pure
C5to180F Fig.7.3(Y
LN
) Calculate Calculate 131F Fig.7.5
180to400F Fig.7.4 Calculate Calculate 281F Fig.7.5
400to520F A Calculate 460F Fig.7.5
HydrocrackerYieldExample
29
Example
HydrocrackerYieldTrends
Figure7.3
Thelighterthe feedstockthemore
readilyitcracks
Thecurvesforthe10.9APIfeedare
10%lowerthanthecurvesforthe12.1
APIfeed.
Suggeststhecalculationprocedure:
30

(
| |
=
|
(

\ .

12.1
10.9
1 0.1
12.1 10.9
G
Y Y
HydrocrackerYieldTrends
Figure7.4
Startovercrackingtheheavynaphtha
fractionwhenthelightnaphthayields
getsabove25vol%.
31
HydrocrackerYieldTrends
32
BoilingPointRangesforProducts
33
Kaes's Hydrocracker Example
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
BPT [F]
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l

Y
i
e
l
d

[
b
p
d
]
14
21
20-OffGas
1-oil.feed
HydrocrackingFeeds
Typicalfeeds
Catcrackercycleoil
Highlyaromaticwithsulfur,smallring&polynucleararomatics,catalystfines;usuallyhas
highviscosity
Hydrocrackedtoformhighyieldsofjetfuel,kerosene,diesel,&heatingoil
Gasoilsfromvisbreaker
Aromatic
Gasoilfromthedelayedcoker
Aromatic,olefinic,withsulfur
Usuallymoreeconomicaltorouteatmospheric&vacuumgasoilstothecat
crackertoproduceprimarilygasoline&somediesel
34
GasOilHydrocrackerFeed
Hydrocrackingdoesabetterjobofprocessingaromaticringswithoutcokingthan
catalyticcracking
Hydrogenusedtohydrogenatepolynucleararomatics(PNAs)
Reducesfrequencyofaromaticcondensation
Hydrocrackingnotasattractiveasdelayedcokingforresidshighinresins,
asphaltenes&heteroatomcompounds
Heteroatoms&metalsprevalentinresins&asphaltenespoisonhydroprocessing
catalysts
Highconcentrationsofresins&asphalteneswillstillultimatelycoke
FeedslimitedtoaConradsonCarbonNumber(CCR)of8wt%
Feedsrequirehighpressures&largeamountsofhydrogen
35
GasOilHydrocrackerProducts
Hydrocrackingprimarilytomakedistillates
InUShydrocrackingnormallyaspecializedoperationusedtooptimizecatalyticcracker
operation
InUScatcrackingpreferredtomakegasolinefromheavierfractions
Hydrocrackingcapacityisonlyabout8%ofthecrudedistillationcapacity
Notallrefinerieshavehydrocrackers
Intentistominimizetheproductionofheavyfueloil
Lightendsareapproximately5%ofthefeed.
Middledistillates(kerosene,jetfuel,diesel,heatingoil)stillcontainuncracked
polynucleararomatics
Allliquidfractionsarelowinsulfur&olefins
36
HydrocrackingChemistry
Crackingreactions
Saturatedparaffins cracked
toformlowermolecular
weightolefins&paraffins
Sidechainscrackedoffsmall
ringaromatics(SRA)&
cycloparaffins (naphthenes)
Sidechainscrackedoffresins
&asphaltenes leaving
thermallystablepolynuclear
aromatics(PNAs)
Butcondensation
(dehydrogenation)also
occursifnotlimitedby
hydrogenation
Hydrogenationreactions
Exothermicgivingoffheat
Hydrogeninsertedto
saturatenewlyformed
moleculefromaromatic
cracking
Olefinsaresaturatedtoform
lighthydrocarbons,
especiallybutane
Aromaticringshydrogenated
tocycloparaffins
(naphthenes)
Carboncarbonbonds
cleavedtoopenaromatic&
cycloparaffins (naphthenes)
rings
Heteroatomsformhydrogen
sulfide,ammonia,water,
hydrogenchloride
37
IsomerizationReactions
Isomerizationprovides
branchingofalkylgroupsof
paraffinsandopeningof
naphthenicrings
CondensationReactions.
Suppressedbyhydrogen
HydrogenConsumption
Carbonbondswithheteroatomsbroken&saturated
Createslightends
Heavierdistillatesmakemorelightendsfrombreakingmorecomplexmolecules
Sulfurconvertedtohydrogensulfide
Nitrogenconvertedtoammonia
Oxygenconvertedtowater
Organicchloridesconvertedtohydrogenchloride
38
HydrogenConsumption
Saturationofcarboncarbonbonds
Olefinssaturatedtoformlighthydrocarbons.
Consumptionstoichiometric onehydrogenmoleculeaddedforeachdoublebond
Aromaticringshydrogenatedtocycloparaffins(naphthenes).
Severeoperation hydrogenconsumptionstrongfunctionofcomplexityofthearomatics
Isomerizationreactionsgenerallynotpresent
Metalsdepositeddirectlyonthecatalysts
Excessmetalsreducecatalystactivity&promotedehydrogenation(producescoke&
hydrogen)
39
HydrogenConsumption
Havecrackingofcarboncarbonbonds
Severeoperation hydrogenconsumptionstrongfunctionofcomplexityofthearomatics
Hydrogenlostinmixturewithproducts
Equilibriumwithlightgases
Significant maydoubleamountrequiredforsulfurremoval
Absorbedinliquidproducts
Usuallysmallcomparedtohydrogenusedforsulfurremoval
Lostwithpurgegas
40
SingleStageHydrocracking
41
Haldo Topse processflow
2011RefiningProcessesHandbook
HydrocarbonProcessing,2011
SingleStageHydrocracking withHDS1
st
Step
42
PetroleumRefineryProcessEconomics,2
nd
ed.,
RobertE.Maples,Figure141,2000
UOPTwoStageUnicrackingProcess
43
http://www.uop.com/hydrocrackingunicrackingstage/
UOPsHyCycle Unicracking
TM
Process
44
http://www.uop.com/objects/Hycycle.pdf
Hydrocrackervs.FCCInstalledCost
HydrocrackerstendtobemoreexpensivethanFCCs
50,000bpddistillateFCC $150millioninstalledcost
50,000bpd@2000scf/bbl $350millioninstalledcost
45
PetroleumRefiningTechnology&Economics,5
th
ed.
Gary,Handwerk,&Kaiser
CRCPress,2007