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A general explanation of log types, their uses and potential problem areas.
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Temperature Survey
Difference in slope of temperature gradient will detect flow rates down to 25 BPD if liquid and temperatures of fluids are different. Figures on temperature vs. flow distance help estimate water flow in the annulus. Best performance of noise logs is with gas flow. Gas flow to about 10 actual ft3/D (Note not standard ft3/day). At very low gas flow rates (q<400 actual ft3/D), gas flow can be estimated from millivolts of noise between the 200-Hz and 600-Hz frequencies: q = 0.35 (N200 N600). Where q is the actual gas flow in ft3 and N = noise log cut at that frequency. Open hole or channels behind single string. Accuracy is sharply reduced for investigating channels behind two strings (use temp or noise George E. King Engineering 6 tools). GEKEngineering.com
Noise Log
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Two distinct types of application for openhole CT deployed logging: In highly deviated and horizontal wellbores
toolstring can no longer be lowered into well by gravity
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Gamma ray
Compensated neutron
measures porosity and identifies lithology locates gas and fluid contacts
Borehole seismic
recovers seismic data
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Rock sampling
provides side wall cores
Fluid sampling
retrieves fluid samples under reservoir conditions estimates permeability
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SP
One of the oldest and simplest logs Measures voltage between formations and the fluid in the wellbore. Potential differences arise due to the difference s between salinity of the formation and the wellbore fluids. SP is used for qualitative permeability, reservoir quality evaluation, Rw calculations and zone shaliness estimation. Check Rmf value and correct for formation temperature to determine if SP deflections really are a valid indicator of permeability.
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Capacitance Tool
Measures the fluids capacitance uses the wellbore fluid as the fluid between plates of a capacitor.
Determine water entry points Identify static fluid interfaces Assists production logs
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Resistivity
Measures resistance difference between formation and wellbore fluids to various depths in the formation. The shallowest measurements are indicative of severely invaded zone and the deepest measurements are most reflective of actual formation fluids.
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Resistivity (continued)
Generally the rock matrix is not conductive, so the resistance of the fluids in the pore space are reflective of invasion. Used to establish qualitative permeability, correlate markers, and determine water and hydrocarbon bearing zones.
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ML - Microlog
A special resistivity tool that measures the resistivity of the mud cake on one curve and the resistivity of the fluids in the formation, but near the wellbore, on a different curve. Separation between the curves is an indication of permeability since mud cake builds on permeable zones. Tight zones usually show high resistivity readings.
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Density Tool
Measures electron density of the formation. A Co60 or Cs137 source bombards the formation with gamma-rays. A higher degree of Compton scattering on return is associated with higher density formations. Used for porosity estimation, density measurement, lithology determination, indication of gas bearing zones (effect of free gas on density shows a higher porosity / lower density reading than when the formation is wet).
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Sonic
A sonic log measures the interval travel time (delta t) of compression sound waves moving through one foot of a formation (milliseconds/ft). If matrix velocity is known, porosity can be calculated since sound waves travel slower in porous media (travel slower in less dense materials such as fluids). Sonic logs are used for porosity determination, pressure determination in shale, as a correlation log, and a gas detector.
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Neutron Tools
Source emits neutrons into the formation. Neutrons interact with hydrogen nuclei resulting in an energy loss that is converted to neutron porosity. All hydrogen bearing materials (water, oil, gas) contain hydrogen, but the formation usually does not. Amount of hydrogen affects reading, so gas filled porosity creates a lower porosity than oil or water filled porosity.
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Compensated Neutron
Radioactive neutron source bombards the formation with high energy neutrons. The high energy neutrons are slowed and captured by atoms of the formation. The low energy neutrons are reflected back to the tool and counted. The amount of neutrons returning is inversely proportional to the porosity of the formation.
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Compensated Neutron
Locate gas-liquid and evaluate Locate hydrocarbon bearing zone Determine lithology Structural analysis
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PE Photoelectric Log
A direct measurement of values present in formations. Under ideal conditions the PE can be read off the log and compared to tables to determine the mineralogy. Bad hole conditions, heavy muds, thick mud cake, barium from drilling fluid additives and multiple formation types (stacked pays) can confuse the PE.
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Collar Locator
A simple magnetic field that measures a disturbance of thicker (or thinner) metal mass moving through the field.
Typical use is collar location Can see profiles Locates packers and hangers Locates tubing crossovers Can see some corrosion problems Can see some perforations
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Temperature Tool
A recording of the wellbore temperature.
Identify fluid entry or exit Gas channeling Tubular leaks Hydraulic frac height Cement top Fluid levels Differential temperature curve
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 50
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"cellar effect - temperature normally cools from surface temperature to about 100 ft below surface, then temperature begins to increase with increasing depth. Watch for
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Temperature log Saaman Well Trinidad. Leak at packer using annular injection after base line at same rate.
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Gradiomanometer
Measures the differential pressure of a 24 column of fluid calculates the fluid density.
Determine gas or liquid entry points Identify static fluid interfaces Determine exact depth of fluid density change Assist production logs
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Flow meter
Measures fluids moving past the tool. Moving fluids turn the spinner
To determine fluid entry or exit points Evaluate perforations Evaluate cross-flow occurrence Helps evaluate completion design
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Alaska CTD well with good cement isolation over a shale zone
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Comparison of a memory CNL and PNL method. A channel is apparent in the pre and post squeeze logging tracks. In some cases, the borax logging technique is sufficiently robust to complement or replace temperature logging when looking for behind the pipe channels. (SPE 25383 for Borax logging) The technique has not been used widely outside Alaska, due to the problems in making the Borax Brew and keeping it hot to avoid precipitation of the Borax at colder temperatures (<100degf). The Borax needs to be mixed at a near critical saturation in order to give the best result. Typically this is 7lb/bbl Borax Pent hydrate and 7lb/bbl NaCl.
Post-Squeeze Perforations
TVD Depth
8950 0 FEET 8850 100
DEPTH
FEET
Pre-Squeeze Perforations
Gamma Ray
GAPI
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10000
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10200
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