INTRODUCTION Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissionsin

the ISM band from 240024 0 M!"# from fixed and mobile devices$ creating %ersonal area networ&s ('()s# with high levels of security* +reated by telecom vendor ,ricsson in -..4$/20 it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to 1S-222 data cables* It can connect several devices$ overcoming %roblems of synchroni"ation* 3luetooth is managed by the 3luetooth S%ecial Interest 4rou%$ which has more than -.$000 member com%anies in the areas of telecommunication$ com%uting$ networ&ing$ and consumer electronics*/20 3luetooth was standardi"ed as IEEE 802.15.1$ but the standard is no longer maintained* 5he SI4 oversees the develo%ment of the s%ecification$ manages the 6ualification %rogram$ and %rotects the trademar&s*/40 5o be mar&eted as a 3luetooth device$ it must be 6ualified to standards defined by the SI4*/70 ( networ& of %atents is re6uired to im%lement the technology$ which is licensed only for that 6ualifying device* Name and logo

3luetooth logo 5he word 83luetooth8 is an anglici"ed version of the Scandinavian Bltand9Bltann$ the e%ithet of the tenth-century &ing !arald I of :enmar& and %arts of )orway who united dissonant :anish tribes into a single &ingdom* 5he idea of this name was %ro%osed

in -..; by <im =ardach who develo%ed a system that would allow mobile %hones to communicate with com%uters (at the time he was reading >rans 4unnar 3engtsson?s historical novel The Long Ships about @i&ings and &ing !arald 3luetooth#*/A0/;0 5he im%lication is that 3luetooth does the same with communications %rotocols$ uniting them into one universal standard*/ 0/.0/-00 5he 3luetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Bounger >uthar& runes (!agall# (# and (3Car&an# (#$ !arald?s initials* Implementation 3luetooth o%erates in the range of 240024 2*7 M!" (including guard bands#* 5his is in the globally unlicensed Industrial$ Scientific and Medical (ISM# 2*4 4!" short-range radio fre6uency band* 3luetooth uses a radio technology called fre6uency-ho%%ing s%read s%ectrum* 5he transmitted data is divided into %ac&ets and each %ac&et is transmitted on one of the ;. designated 3luetooth channels* ,ach channel has a bandwidth of - M!"* 5he first channel starts at 2402 M!" and continues u% to 24 0 M!" in - M!" ste%s* It usually %erforms -A00 ho%s %er second$ with(da%tive >re6uency-!o%%ing ((>!# enabled* Driginally 4aussian fre6uency-shift &eying (4>S=# modulation was the only modulation scheme availableE subse6uently$ since the introduction of 3luetooth 2*0F,:1$ G94:H'S= and :'S= modulation may also be used between com%atible devices* :evices functioning with 4>S= are said to be o%erating in basic rate (31# mode where an instantaneous data rate of - Mbit9s is %ossible* 5he term ,nhanced :ata 1ate (,:1# is used to describe G94-:'S= and :'S= schemes$ each giving 2 and 2 Mbit9s res%ectively* 5he combination of these (31 and ,:1# modes in 3luetooth radio technology is classified as a 8319,:1 radio8* 3luetooth is a %ac&et-based %rotocol with a master-slave structure* Dne master may communicate with u% to ; slaves in a %iconetE all devices share the master?s cloc&* 'ac&et exchange is based on the basic cloc&$ defined by the master$ which tic&s at 2-2*7 Is intervals* 5wo cloc& tic&s ma&e u% a slot of A27 IsE two slots ma&e u% a slot %air of -270 Is* In the sim%le case of single-slot %ac&ets the master transmits in even slots and receives in odd slotsE the slave$ conversely$ receives in even slots and transmits in odd

slots* 'ac&ets may be -$ 2 or 7 slots long but in all cases the master transmit will begin in even slots and the slave transmit in odd slots* Communication and connection ( master 3luetooth device can communicate with a maximum of seven devices in a %iconet (an ad-hoc com%uter networ& using 3luetooth technology#$ though not all devices reach this maximum* 5he devices can switch roles$ by agreement$ and the slave can become the master (for exam%le$ a headset initiating a connection to a %hone will necessarily begin as master$ as initiator of the connectionE but may subse6uently %refer to be slave#* 5he 3luetooth +ore S%ecification %rovides for the connection of two or more %iconets to form a scatternet$ in which certain devices simultaneously %lay the master role in one %iconet and the slave role in another* (t any given time$ data can be transferred between the master and one other device (exce%t for the little-used broadcast mode#* 5he master chooses which slave device to addressE ty%ically$ it switches ra%idly from one device to another in a roundrobin fashion* Since it is the master that chooses which slave to address$ whereas a slave is (in theory# su%%osed to listen in each receive slot$ being a master is a lighter burden than being a slave* 3eing a master of seven slaves is %ossibleE being a slave of more than one master is difficult* 5he s%ecification is vague as to re6uired behavior in scatternets* Many JS3 3luetooth ada%ters or 8dongles8 are available$ some of which also include an Ir:( ada%ter* Dlder (%re-2002# 3luetooth dongles$ however$ have limited ca%abilities$ offering only the 3luetooth ,numerator and a less-%owerful 3luetooth 1adio incarnation* Such devices can lin& com%uters with 3luetooth with a distance of -00 metres$ but they do not offer as many services as modern ada%ters do* Ue 3luetooth is a standard wire-re%lacement communications %rotocol %rimarily designed for low %ower consum%tion$ with a short range (%ower-class-de%endent$ but effective ranges vary in %racticeE see table below# based on low-cost transceiver microchi%s in each device* 3ecause the devices use a radio (broadcast# communications system$ they do

not have to be in visual line of sight of each other$ however a quasi optical wireless %ath must be viable*/20 !a"imum pe#mitted po$e# Cla &m(' &dBm'

T%p. Range &m'

Cla

1 -00

20

K-00

Cla

2 2*7

K-0

Cla

)-

K-

5he effective range varies due to %ro%agation conditions$ material coverage$ %roduction sam%le variations$ antenna configurations and battery conditions* Most 3luetooth a%%lications are in indoor conditions$ where attenuation of walls and signal fading due to signal reflections will cause the range to be far lower than the s%ecified line-of-sight ranges of the 3luetooth %roducts* Most 3luetooth a%%lications are battery %owered +lass 2 devices$ with little difference in range whether the other end of the lin& is a +lass - or +lass 2 device as the lower %owered device tends to set the range limit* In some cases the effective range of the data lin& can be extended when a +lass 2 devices is connecting to a +lass - transceiver with both higher sensitivity and transmission %ower than a ty%ical +lass 2 device*/-40 Mostly however the +lass - devices have a similar sensitivity to +lass 2 devices* +onnecting two +lass - devices with both high sensitivity and high %ower can allow ranges far in excess of the ty%ical -00m$ de%ending on the through%ut re6uired by the a%%lication* Some such devices allow o%en field ranges of u% to - &m and beyond between two similar devices without exceeding legal emission limits* *e# ion Data #ate !a"imum application th#oughput

*e# ion 1.2

- Mbit9s

L 0 &bit9s

*e# ion 2.0 + EDR 2 Mbit9s

L 0 &bit9s

*e# ion ).0 + ,-

24 Mbit9s See @ersion 2*0F!S*

*e# ion ..0

See @ersion 4*0M,*

Nhile the 3luetooth +ore S%ecification does mandate minima for range$ the range of the technology is a%%lication s%ecific and is not limited* Manufacturers may tune their im%lementations to the range needed for individual use cases* Bluetooth p#o/ile 5o use 3luetooth wireless technology$ a device has to be able to inter%ret certain 3luetooth %rofiles$ which are definitions of %ossible a%%lications and s%ecify general behaviors that 3luetooth enabled devices use to communicate with other 3luetooth devices* 5hese %rofiles include settings to %arametri"e and to control the communication from start* (dherence to %rofiles saves the time for transmitting the %arameters anew before the bi-directional lin& becomes effective* 5here are a wide range of 3luetooth %rofiles that describe many different ty%es of a%%lications or use cases for devices* 0i t o/ application

( ty%ical 3luetooth mobile %hone headset*

Nireless control of and communication between a mobile %hone and a handsfree headset* 5his was one of the earliest a%%lications to become %o%ular* Nireless control of and communication between a mobile %hone and a 3luetooth com%atible car stereo system* Nireless 3luetooth headset and Intercom* Idiomatically$ a headset is sometimes called 8a 3luetooth8* Nireless networ&ing between '+s in a confined s%ace and where little bandwidth is re6uired* Nireless communication with '+ in%ut and out%ut devices$ the most common being the mouse$ &eyboard and %rinter* 5ransfer of files$ contact details$ calendar a%%ointments$ and reminders between devices with D3,O* 1e%lacement devices* of %revious wired 1S-222 serial communications in test

e6ui%ment$ 4'S receivers$ medical e6ui%ment$ bar code scanners$ and traffic control

>or controls where infrared was often used* >or low bandwidth a%%lications where higher JS3 bandwidth is not re6uired and cable-free connection desired* Sending small advertisements from 3luetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other$ discoverable$ 3luetooth devices* Nireless bridge between two Industrial ,thernet (e*g*$ '1D>I),5# networ&s* 5hree seventh and eighth generation game onsoles$ )intendo?s Nii* and Sony?s 'layStation 2$ use 3luetooth for their res%ective wireless controllers*

:ial-u% internet access on %ersonal com%uters or ':(s using a data-ca%able mobile %hone as a wireless modem* Short range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile %hone$ set-to% box or dedicated telehealth devices* (llowing a :,+5 %hone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby mobile %hone*

1eal-time location systems (15MS#$ are used to trac& and identify the location of obCects in real-time using P)odesQ or PtagsQ attached to$ or embedded in the obCects trac&ed$ and P1eadersQ that receive and %rocess the wireless signals from these tags to determine their locations*

'ersonal security a%%lication on mobile %hones for %revention of theft or loss of items* 5he %rotected item has a 3luetooth mar&er (e*g* a tag# that is in constant communication with the %hone* If the connection is bro&en (the mar&er is out of range of the %hone# then an alarm is raised* 5his can also be used as a man overboard alarm* ( %roduct using this technology has been available since 200.*

+algary$ (lberta$ +anada?s 1oads 5raffic division uses data collected from travelers? 3luetooth devices to %redict travel times and road congestion for motorists*
/240

Nireless hubs$ connected to the JS3 bus of a com%uter$ and a wireless %ort$ connected to a JS3 interface of a %eri%heral device$ are %rovided$ and wireless communication is %erformed between the two* 5he wireless hub %erforms communication with the com%uter by converting a JS3 %ac&et routed to a device into a wireless signal$ and a wireless signal received from a device into a JS3 %ac&et* 5he wireless %ort attached to each device also converts a wireless signal into a JS3 %ac&et and vice versa* Nhile it is normal for a %lurality of wireless %orts to be connected to a single wireless hub$ an arrangement of one wireless hub and a corres%onding single wireless %ort is also %ossible* ( wireless hub and a wireless %ort each have a device identifier assigned to them$ and in the JS3-wireless conversion$ a non-s%ecific destination identified by a JS3 address and bus to%ology is converted into a device identifier* Inter-host communication is enabled by using the device identifier*

O1ER2TION ( method for %roviding wireless to universal serial bus (JS3# communications for a first wireless a%%aratus to establish a connection with a second wireless a%%aratus$ said second wireless a%%aratus communicating via JS3 with a com%uter$ com%rising the ste%s ofR receiving a %ac&et ac&nowledging that connection with said second wireless a%%aratus is %ermittedE transmitting a connection re6uest %ac&et including an identifier of said first wireless a%%aratus in res%onse to recei%t of said %ac&etE receiving a connection %ermission %ac&et including bus information concerning said JS3 of said com%uterE transmitting a %redetermined %ac&et in res%onse to said connection %ermission %ac&etE and setting the first wireless a%%aratus by said bus information when said %redetermined %ac&et does not s%ecify said first wireless a%%aratus as a destination*

5he method of to claim -$ further com%rising a ste% ofR transmitting a successive connection re6uest %ac&et$ after said %redetermined %ac&et has been received$ when said %redetermined %ac&et does s%ecify said first wireless a%%aratus as a destination*

CONNECTION T,ROU3, U-B4 ( method for %roviding wireless universal serial bus (JS3# communications for establishing a connection with a first wireless a%%aratus by a second wireless a%%aratus communicating along a JS3 with a com%uter$ com%rising the ste%s ofR receiving a connection re6uest %ac&et$ said connection re6uest %ac&et including an identifier of said first wireless a%%aratusE generating bus information concerning said JS3 of said com%uter for said first wireless a%%aratusE transmitting a connection %ermission %ac&et including said bus information to said first wireless a%%aratusE said second wireless a%%aratus receiving a %redetermined %ac&et from said first wireless a%%aratusE and Setting said second wireless a%%aratus using said identifier and said bus information*

5he method according to claim 2 wherein said connection %ermission %ac&et includes first bus information and further com%rising said com%uter generating com%uter bus information corres%onding to said first bus information$ and wherein said setting com%rising setting said second wireless a%%aratus by said com%uter bus information* 5he method according to above %oints wherein said %redetermined %ac&et is not received within a %redetermined %eriod of time following transmission of said connection %ermission %ac&et$ further com%rising a ste% ofR 5ransmitting a %ac&et that designates as a destination said first wireless a%%aratus$ said first wireless a%%aratus having transmitted said connection re6uest %ac&et* >urther com%rising receiving a %eriodic %ac&et transmitted after said %redetermined %ac&et has been received$ said %eriodic %ac&et not s%ecifying as a destination said first wireless a%%aratus that has transmitted said connection re6uest %ac&et* wherein said first wireless a%%aratus is communicating along a second JS3 with a device$ and further com%rising the ste%s ofR receiving a communication re6uest for said device from said com%uterE transmitting a )(= signal to said com%uter along said second JS3 within a res%onse time limit$ said )(= signal indicating that said second wireless a%%aratus is not ready to %erform %rocessingE and >orwarding said communication re6uest to said first wireless a%%aratus* 5ransmitting at least one successive )(= signal to said com%uter from said second wireless a%%aratus along said second JS3 within said res%onse limit until a res%onse is received from said first wireless a%%aratus* 2CCE-- !ET,OD O5 B0UETOOT, wherein said communication re6uest com%rises a re6uest for reading data from said device$ further com%rising the ste%s ofR receiving data from said first wireless a%%aratusE transmitting a %redetermined %ac&et to said first wireless a%%aratus in res%onse to recei%t of said dataE and

 5ransmitting said received data along said second JS3 to said com%uter* (IRE0E-- 12C6ET -TRUCTURE4 ( wireless %ac&et is arranged as shown in >I4* 4* In accordance with a command from the control unit$ a a%%ro%riate ty%e of wireless %ac&et is %re%ared by the transmitter of the wireless transceiver and is out%ut* 5he %ac&et starts from the left in >I4* 4* In >I4* 4$ 1 denotes a transition ram% timeE SD'$ a start of %ac&et symbolE 3S$ a bit synchroni"ation signalE JN$ a synchronous wordE OI:$ a transmission source I:E 1I:$ a transmission destination I:E '5$ a %ac&et ty%eE :(5($ the contents of transmitted dataE +1+$ a cyclic redundancy chec& which covers from OI: to :(5(E and ,D'$ an end of %ac&et symbol*

>igR 'ac&et Structure

50O(C,2RT 5OR D2T2 -7NC,RONI-2TION

B0UETOOT, -1ECI5IC2TION >re6uencyR 24 4 Mh" 3and widthR 2A M!" Modulation ty%eR *%i*94 shift H'S= S%read ty%eR :irect s%reading S%read symbolR -- bit bar&er ty%e 3aseband signal s%eedR 2 Mb%s S%reading modulation s%eedR - Mb%s

2110IC2TION-* 3luetooth %ersonal area networ&ing service ('()#* 2* Serial 'ort Service 2* Mocal area )etwor&(M()# 4* >ile 5ransfer Service 7* +ommunication System ( >ax$ 'hone$ wa&ie-tal&ie etc#* A* Information Synchroni"ation Service 5UTURE 2-1ECT(hat i the /utu#e di#ection o/ the Bluetooth tanda#d8 (t this time$ we antici%ate the 3luetooth SI4 to evolve the 3luetooth technology to %rovide greater bandwidth and distances$ thus increasing the %otential %latforms and a%%lications used in the emerging %ersonal area networ&ing mar&et%lace* (hat i the /utu#e o/ Bluetooth8 3luetooth is a continually ex%anding technology* 5here are %lans to add many new a%%lication %rofiles* Nith over - 00 com%anies wor&ing on 3luetooth$ the future could not be brighter* Nith a strong s%ecial interest grou% behind 3luetooth$ the standardi"ation of the a%%lication %rofiles is almost assured* (ccording to mar&et researchers$ +ahners In-Stat 4rou%$ it is antici%ated that as many as A;0 million %roducts will have 3luetooth built-in by the year 2007*

CONC0U-ION 5he develo%ment of 3luetooth is a creative and useful idea that benefits many %eo%le* 5his technology allows a verity of devices$ such as '+s$ Ma%to%s$ mobiles %hones$ %ersonal digital assistants and %artners$ to communicate with each other without cables or hard writing* 5oday many com%anies are still wor&ing in the develo%ment of 3luetooth devices and they s%end lots of money in this new develo%ment* 5hey ho%e that 3luetooth can be a%%lied world widely* 5he success of 3luetooth will benefit all the users in the future*