Power Electronics - Lab Manual

List of Experiments
EE-420 Power Electronics

LAB
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
LAB TITLE
Software-Uncontrolled Single-Phase Rectifiers Hardware- Uncontrolled Single-Phase Rectifiers Software-Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers Hardware- Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers Software-Buck and Boost Converters Hardware- Buck Converter Hardware- Boost Converter Hardware- Buck/Boost Converter Software- Single-Phase Square wave Inverter Hardware- DC-AC Single-Phase Inverter Hardware- DC-AC Two Phase Inverter Software- Single Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectifier Software- Single Phase Controlled Full-Bridge Rectifier Software- Three Phase Square Wave Inverter Hardware- DC-AC Three Phase Inverter
Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab01: Software Uncontrolled Single Phase Rectifiers

Name Reg. no. Report Marks / 10 Viva Marks / 5 Total/15
Introduction:
The IV Characteristics of a diode can be expressed by an equation eq known as the Schockley diode equation: quation: The name of a diode must st start with D, and it takes the general fo orm D<name> NA NK DNAME[ [(area) value] Where NA and NK are the he node the cathode nodes, respectively. ly. The current flows from anode node NA through rough the diode to cathode node NK. DNAME D is the model name. Some diode statemen tatements are D15 33 35 SWITCH 1. .5 .MODEL SWITCH D(IS=100E15 1 CJO=2PF TT=12NS BV=100 00 IBV=10E3) DCLAMP 0 8 DIN914 .MODEL DIN914 D (IS S=100E15 CJO=2PF TT=12NS BV=10 00 IBV=10E3) The EVAL library of the e PSpice student version supports few low power diodes such as D1N4002, N4002, D1N4148, and D1N914.
ID = current through the di iode, A VD = diode voltage with anode positive with respect to cathode, V Is = leakage (or reverse saturation) current, typically in the range 106 to 1020 A n = Empirical constant known as the emission coefficient (or ideality factor), whose value varies from 1 to 2 The emission coefficie ent, n, depends on the material and the physical construction of diodes. For germanium diodes, n is considered to be 1. For silicon diodes, the predicted val lue of n is 2, but for most silicon diodes s the value of n is in the range 1.1 to 1.8. VT in Equation is a constant nstant called the thermal voltage, and it is given iven by:
The equivalent parametric cal model of a diode is:
The parameters that are required req to model a diode in PSpice are as under:
However to keep the model deling simple following statement will give e close enough approximation as a diode. ode. .MODEL D1 1N4002 D (IS=2.22E-15 BV=1200V IBV V=12E-2 CJO=2PF TT=1US) iode can be edited by selecting a diode iode and then The properties of the di going into Edit>PSpice Model. Mod
Diode Rectifiers iodes as the A rectifier converts an AC voltage to a DC voltage and uses diodes switching devices. The output voltage of an ideal rectifier should d be pure DC and contain no harmonics or ripples. Similarly, the input current should uld be pure sine wave and contain no harmonics. armonics. That is, the total harmonic distortion stortion (THD) of the input current and output voltage v should be zero, and the input power factor should be unity. The output voltage, the output o current, and the input current of a rectifier contain harmonics. The input power wer factor PFi can be determined from the THDi of the input current as follows:
Where, I1(rms) = rms value of the fun undamental input current Is = rms value of the input ut current 1 = angle between the e fundamental fu component of the input curren nt and the fundamental component t of the input voltage %THD = percentage total harmonic distortion of the input current
Finding the Performance of a Half Wave Diode Rectifier:

A single-phase half-wave rectifier is shown in Figure. The input voltage is sinusoidal with a peak of 169.7 V, 60 Hz. The load inductance L is 6.5 mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5. Use PSpice (a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io, (b) to calculate the Fourier coefficient of the output voltage, and (c) to find the input power factor. Please use simple diode model and modify PSpice model of D1N4002 as under: .MODEL D1N4002 D (IS=2.22E-15 BV=1200V IBV=12E-2 CJO=2PF TT=1US) DC input current Iin(DC)= RMS fundamental input current, I1(rms)= THD of input current THD= Harmonic input current, Ih(rms) = I1(rms)* THD = Rms input current, Is= [I2in(DC) + I21(rms) + I2h(rms)]0.5 = Displacement angle 1 = Displacement factor DF = cos 1 = Thus, the input power factor is given[1] by:
=
The power factor can also be determined directly from the THD as follows:
This gives a higher value and cannot be applied if there is a significant amount of DC component.
Note: The load current is discontinuous. When the diode turns off, there is a voltage transient. If an Anti-parallel diode (also known as the freewheeling diode) is connected across the load, the load current will be smoother. -phase bridge re As a result, the power factor will improve. Students are encouraged to simulate the circuit with an anti-parallel diode to verify this.
Finding the Performance of a Single Bridge Rectifier:

A single-phase bridge rectifier is shown in Figure. The sinusoidal input voltage has a peak of 170 V, 60 Hz. The load inductance L is 6.5mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5. Use PSpice(a) to plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and the load current io and (b) to calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current and the input power factor.
DC input current Iin(DC)= Rms fundamental input current, I1(rms)= THD of input current THD = Harmonic input current, Ih(rms) = I1(rms) THD = Rms input current Is = [I2in(dc) + I21(rms) + I2h(rms)]0.5 = Displacement angle 1 = Displacement factor DF = cos1 = Thus, the input power factor is given [1] by:
=
The power factor can also be determined directly from the THD as follows:
=
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab02: Hardware - Single Phase Uncontrolled Rectifiers

Objective:
The objectives of the lab include: To become familiar with the operating principles of the diode. Operation of half wave rectifier with R and RL loads and freewheeling diode. Operation of full wave rectifier with R and RL loads and freewheeling diode.
Equipment Required:
Theory and Background:

Diode: A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor device. The two terminals are called the anode A and the cathode K. The diode operates as a high-speed switch which has no movable parts.
Half-wave Rectifier: The half-wave rectifier is so called because it delivers a half-cycle of dc output for every full cycle of the applied ac voltage. With a resistive load, the circuit operates as follows: (see Figure 2) a) t0 < t < t1: The diode is forward biased and current flows through the resistor. b) t = t1: The current becomes 0 and the diode turns off. c) t1 < t < t2: The diode is reverse biased because E is negative. The diode is therefore in the off- state and no current flows.
Figure 2: Operation of a diode-resistor circuit.
The conduction angle of a rectifier component is equal to the time that the component conducts current during each cycle, divided by the period, and multiplied by 360o. In Figure 2, the conduction angle is 180o. With an inductive load, the circuit operates as follows (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: Operation of a diode-resistor-inductor circuit.
a) t0< t < t1 The diode is forward biased and is turned on. The inductor voltage EL is positive because Eo> ER. The current I increases and the inductor stores energy in the created magnetic field. This positive energy corresponds to the A+ region of Figure 3.
b) t1< t < t2 The diode is reverse biased because E is negative. The diode therefore remains in the off-state. The conduction angle of the diode has been increased because the inductor must restore the energy which has been supplied by the source. This principle is fundamental in defining the on state of a diode in inductive circuits. The current in an inductor varies slowly. This is because inductors oppose variations in their current. Also, the phase of I lags that of E. Rectifier with free-wheeling diode:
Figure 4: Half-wave rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.
When the load is inductive, the negative part of the output voltage waveform reduces the average output voltage. To prevent the output voltage from going negative, a freewheeling diode can be placed in the circuit as shown in Figure 4. When the output voltage begins to go negative, the free-wheeling diode starts conducting. This maintains the output voltage at approximately zero while the energy stored in the inductor is being released (see Figure 5). The output voltage waveform is the same as for a purely resistive load, and the average output voltage is therefore greater than it would be without the free-wheeling diode. Full-wave bridge rectifier: With full-wave rectification, current flow is maintained for both the positive and negative half cycles of the source voltage. This can be accomplished using a bridge rectifier. Figure 6 shows the circuit representation for a full-wave bridge rectifier and also the resulting output waveform. To understand the operation of this circuit, the rules of operation for diodes are applied to the circuit and waveforms of ES and Eo shown in Figure 7.
Figure 5: Half-wave rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.
Figure 6: A full-wave rectifier circuit.
Figure 7: Voltage waveforms associated with full-wave rectifier circuit.
a) t0 < t < t1 At time t = t0, ES is zero and the diode act as open switches. As ES goes positive (point A with respect to point B), diodes D1 and D4 become forward-biased and turn on. Therefore, the voltage at point X is the same as point A, and the voltage at point Y, the same as point B. Diodes D2 and D3 are reverse-biased and act as open switches. The current Io flows in the direction of the arrow.
b) t1 < t < t2 At time t = t1, the source voltage has returned to zero and D1 and D4 turn off. When ES becomes negative (B becomes positive with respect to A), diodes D2 and D3 become forward-biased. D1 and D4 are now reverse-biased. The voltage at X is now the same as that at B, and the voltage at Y is equal to that of A. By examining the circuit and replacing D1 and D4 by their open-switch symbols, you will see that the direction of current flow has not changed. It is still in the direction of the arrow. The direction of current flow for rectifiers is unique. It is the same as the arrow symbolizing the diode or thyristor in electrical schematics. The average voltage of Eo can be calculated with the equation: EO = 0.9 ES Where ES is the voltage of the source [Vac]
Procedure:
CAUTION! High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified!
1. 2.
Make sure that the main power switch of the power supply is set of O(Off) position. Set the voltage control knob to 0. On the power supply. Set the 24-V ac power switch to I (ON) position.
Diode characteristics: 1. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Circuit for observing the characteristics of a diode.
2. 3.
Set the value of R1 = 210 Make the following settings: On the power supply: Voltage Selector: 4-N On the oscilloscope: Channel-1 sensitivity: 2V/DIV (Set to GND) Channel-2 sensitivity: 1V/DIV (Set to GND) Time Base: X-Y Use the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) position controls on the oscilloscope to position the spot in the centre of the screen. Then set both channels to dc coupling. On the power supply, set the main power switch to I (ON), and set the voltage control knob to100 %. Observe the curve displayed on the oscilloscope screen. The horizontal axis represents the instantaneous value of the voltage across the diode and the vertical axis the instantaneous value of the current through the diode. Use Figure 9 to reproduce the curve displayed on the screen.
4. 5.
Figure 9: The voltage-current characteristic of a diode.
6.
On the power supply, set the voltage control knob to 0 then set the main power switch to O(OFF). Can you conclude from the appearance of the curve that current flows in one direction only? Explain.
7.
8.
Can you also conclude that the diode operates as a switch? Explain.
Half-wave rectifier circuit: 1. Set up the circuit of Figure 10 using the resistive load Z1(a).
Figure 10: Circuit for observing current and voltage waveforms.
2. 3.
Set Z1 (a) = 220 Make the following settings on the oscilloscope: Channel-1 sensitivity: 2V/DIV Channel-2 sensitivity: 1V/DIV Time Base: 5ms/DIV Trigger: LINE On the power supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to I (ON). Set the voltage control knob so that the voltage indicated by the power supply voltmeter is equal to 90% of the nominal line-to-neutral voltage. Sketch the voltage and current waveforms displayed on the oscilloscope in Figure 11. A sine wave is provided in this figure as a reference. You may find it helpful to change the time base of the oscilloscope. For example, you could adjust the time base so that one complete cycle of the waveform occupies 6 horizontal divisions. Each horizontal division would then represent 60o.Record the ripple frequency (frequency of the rectified waveform). Ripple frequency: ____________ Hz. Record the output voltage, current, and power of the rectifier circuit in the first row of the Table 1. Enter the conduction angle of the diode in Table 1.
4.
5.
Table 1. Measurements for half-wave rectifier circuit. Load Z1 Output Voltage E1 dc V Output Current I1 dc A
Output Power Po = E1 x I1 Conduction Angle
degrees
Resistive Inductive 6. On the power supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position. with Change the load in the circuit to the inductive load Z1 (b) i.e. R= 220 and L = 0.8 H. Repeat the procedure steps necessary to complete the Table 1 and Figure 11. Explain the effect of an inductive load on the voltage and current waveforms and on the conduction angle. On the power supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position.
7.
8.
9.
Rectifier with free-wheeling diode 1. Add a free-wheeling diode to the circuit as shown in Figure 12. 2. On the power supply, set the main switch to I (ON), and set the voltage control knob so that the voltage indicated by the power supply voltmeter is equal to 90 % of the nominal line-to neutral voltage.
Figure 12: Rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.
3.
Fill in Table 2. Table 2. Measurements for controlled rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode Load Z1 Output Voltage Output Current Output Power E1 dc I1 dc Po = E1 x I1 V Inductive A W
4.
What effect does free-wheeling diode have on the operation of the circuit and on the parameters measured?
Full-wave rectifier 1. Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 13. On the power supply, set the main power switch to the I(ON). Set the voltage control knob so that the voltage indicated by the power supply voltmeter is equal to 90 % of the nominal line-toneutral voltage. The value of resistive load is Z1 (a) = 220 and inductive load is Z1(b), , is R = 220 and L = 0.8 H. Sketch the voltage and current waveforms in Figure 14. Record the ripple frequency. Ripple frequency = ____________ Hz
Figure 13: Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.
Record the output voltage, current, and power of the rectifier circuit in the first row of Table 3.
Table 3: Measurements for bridge rectifier circuit

Load Z1 Output Voltage E1 dc V Output Current I1 dc A Output Power Po = E1 x I1 W Conduction Angle degrees
Resistive Inductive
2.
With the power off, change the load in the circuit to the inductive load, Z1 (b). Repeat the procedure steps necessary to complete Table 3 and Figure 14. What is the effect of the inductive load on the operation of the circuit? Compare the following characteristics of a single-phase bridge rectifier to those of a single phase half-wave rectifier. Diode Conduction angle: Ripple Frequency: Average output voltage and power: On the power supply, set the voltage control knob to 0 then set the main power switch to O (OFF).
3. 4.
Figure 14: Voltage and current waveforms for a full-wave bridge rectifier.
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab03: Software - Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers

Finding the Performance of a Three Phase Diode Rectifier

A three-phase bridge rectifier is shown in Figure. The rectifier is supplied from a balanced three-phase balanced supply whose per-phase voltage has a peak of169.7 V, 60 Hz. The load inductance L is 6.5mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5.Use PSpice to: 1. Plot the instantaneous output voltage vo and line (phase) current ia 2. Plot the rms and average currents of diode D1 3. Plot the average output power 4. Calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current and the input power factor. Use the following Diode model for your calculations..MODEL D1N4002 D (IS=2.22E-15 BV=1200V IBV=13E-3 CJO=2PF TT=1US) Small capacitance Ce=1uF is used to aid convergence error.
PSpice simulation setup. (a) Transient setup, (b) Fourier setup.
Note the following: a) The PSpice plots of the instantaneous output voltage V(4,5) and line current I(VY). As expected, there are six output pulses over the period of the input voltage. The input current is rectangular. b) The plots of the instantaneous rms and average currents of diode D1. Averaging over a small time at the very beginning yields a large value. But after a sufficiently long time, it gives the true average or rms values. c) The plot of the instantaneous average output power. The average current, rms current, and average power will reach steady-state fixed values if the transient analysis is continued for a longer period. d) The Fourier coefficient of input current: DC input current Iin(DC) = Rms fundamental input current, I1(rms) = THD of input current THD = Displacement angle 1 = Displacement factor DF = cos1= The power factor can also be determined directly from the THD as follows:
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab04: Hardware - Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers

Objectives:
The objectives of the lab include: Operation of Half wave rectifier with R and RL loads. Operation of Full wave rectifier with R and RL loads.
Equipment Required:
Theory and Background:

Three-phase rectifier: A three-phase rectifier circuit offers several advantages over a single-phase rectifier. Using Figure 1 the operation of such a circuit can be analyzed to fully understand these advantages.
Figure 1: A three-phase rectifier circuit using diodes.
Half-wave Rectifier: In Figure 1, the circuit simply consists of three diodes (one for each of the three phases), the three phase source, and the load. The waveforms of the three line voltages and the load voltage are also shown in Figure 1. The output voltage, EO is that of point X, measured with respect to the neutral line N.
At the origin, the phase angle of E1N is 0o as shown in Figure 1. Also, E1N = 0 and D1 does not conduct because the voltage across it is zero. E2N < 0 and D2 does not conduct because it is reverse-biased. E3N > 0 and D3 conducts it is forward-biased. Since D3 conducts, the voltage at X is the same as that at terminal 3. When the phase of E1N exceeds 30o, E1N > E3N and D1 conducts because it becomes forward-biased. E2N < E1N and D2 stays off because of reverse-bias. E3N < E1N and D3 does not conduct because it becomes reverse-biased. Since D1 conducts, current flow is now through D1 instead of D3. The voltage at X is the same as that at terminal 1. When the phase of E1N has increased by 120o to just over 150o, E2N > E1N and D2 conducts because it becomes forward-biased. E3N < E2N and D3 stays off because of reverse-bias. E1N < E2N and D1 goes off because it becomes reverse-biased. Since D2 conducts, current flow is now through D1 instead of D3. The voltage at X is the same as that at terminal 2. When the phase increases another 120o or just over 270o E3N > E2N and D3 conducts because it becomes forward-biased. E1N < E3N and D1 stays off because of reverse-bias. E2N < E3N and D2 goes off because it becomes reverse-biased. Since D3 is on again, the voltage at X is the same as that at terminal 3. When the phase angle increases an extra 90o, we return to the situation at the beginning. The cycle thus repeats itself indefinitely, and the voltage at X contains pulsations or ripple as shown in Figure 1. Notice, however, that the amount of ripple is less than the ripple obtained with a single-phase rectifier. Also the ON time of each diode is 120o, compare to 180o for single phase circuits. These two differences allow using smaller, less powerful semiconductor devices. The average value of Eo can be calculated with the equation: Eo = 0.675 ES where ES is the line to line voltage of the source [V ac].
Three-phase full wave rectifier: Figure 2 shows a three-phase, full wave rectifier, also called a three-phase bridge rectifier which uses diodes as the rectifying device.
Figure 2: A three-phase full-wave rectifier circuit using diodes.
The rectified output voltage Eo is equal to EXN + ENY or EXN - EYN. Note that reversal of subscripts makes ENY = -EYN. This circuit can be considered to be composed of two three-pulse rectifiers. EXN is the output voltage of the three-pulse rectifier formed by D1, D2 and D3. EYN is of opposite polarity and is the output of the three-pulse rectifier formed by D4, D5, and D6. The flow of current through R1 is from X towards N. Current flows through R2 from N towards Y. Since the average current flowing to or from N is zero. The N terminal of the three-phase source is not necessary for operation. It is shown here only to simplify the explanation of circuit operation. Figure 3 shows the output voltage waveform.
Figure 3: Voltage waveform of the three-phase full-wave rectifier circuit.
As shown in Figure 3, the maximum value of the output voltage is equal to the peak line-to-line voltage. The brick diagram underneath has shown the order of conduction and the on-time of the six diodes. From Figure 3, it can be seen that current Io always flows through one diode of the "positive half" D1, D2 or D3 and one diode of the "negative half" D4, D5 or D6 of the bridge rectifier. For example: If the phase angle is 30o, D3 and D5 conduct. If the phase angle is 90o, D1 and D5 conduct. The average value of Eo can be calculated with the equation: Eo = 1.35 ES, where ES is line-to-line voltage of the source [V ac]. Both three-phase, half-wave and full-wave can be used to supply power to an active load, as in a battery charger. They provide no means for electronically controlling the current.
Procedure:
1. 2.
Make sure that the main power switch of the power supply is set of O(Off) position. Set the voltage control knob to 0. On the power supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to I(ON) position.
Three phase, half-wave rectifier: 3. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Three-phase, half-wave rectifier circuit.
4. 5.
Set the value of Z1 = 550 Make the following settings: On the power supply: Voltage Selector: 4-5 On the oscilloscope: Channel-1 sensitivity: 2V/DIV (DC coupling) Channel-2 sensitivity: 0.5V/DIV (DC coupling) Time Base: 5ms/DIV Trigger: LINE
6.
On the power supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to I(ON). Set the voltage control knob so that the voltage indicated by the power supply voltmeter is equal to 90 % of the
nominal line-to-line voltage. Sketch the voltage and current waveforms in Figure 5. Record the ripple frequency. Ripple frequency: __________________ Hz. 7. For the inductive load, use Z1(b) = 0.8 H. where R = 550 and L =
8.
Record the output voltage, current, and power of the rectifier circuit in the first row of Table 1.
Table 1: Measurements for three phase half wave rectifier

Resistive Inductive
Table 1: Measurements for three phase half wave rectifier
9.
10.
To determine the diode conduction angle, connect the current isolator in series with diode D1. Before changing any connections, set the voltage control knob on the power supply to 0, then set the main power switch to O(OFF). With the power off, change the load in the circuit to the inductive load Z1(b) where Z1(b) = where R = 550 and L = 0.8 H. Repeat the procedure steps necessary to complete Table 1, and Figure 5. What is the effect of the inductive load on the operation of the circuit? Compare the output voltage of the circuit to the theoretical value. Theoretical value: Eo = 0.675 ES = ______________ V dc Measured value: E1= __________ V dc Compare the following characteristics of a three phase, half-wave rectifier to those of a single phase bridge rectifier. Diode conduction angle: Ripple frequency: Average output voltage:
11. 12.
13.
Figure 5: Voltage and current waveforms for three-phase, half-wav rectifier.
Three-phase, six-pulse rectifier: 14. Set up the circuit of Figure 6 using the resistive load Z1 (a). Note: Use two resistive load modules in series for Z1. If one module is used the nominal voltage of the module will be greatly exceeded.
Figure 6: Circuit for observing current and voltage waveforms.
15.
Set Z1 (a) =
where R = 550 .
16.
On the power supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position, then set the main power switch to I(ON). Set the voltage control knob so that the voltage indicated by the power supply voltmeter is equal to 90% of the nominal line-to-neutral voltage. Sketch the voltage and current waveforms displayed on the oscilloscope in Figure 7. Ripple frequency: ____________ Hz
Figure 7: Voltage and current waveforms for the three-phase, full-wave rectifier.
17.
Record the output voltage, current, and power of the rectifier circuit in the first row of the Table 2.
Table 2: Measurements for three-phase, full-wave rectifier circuit

Resistive Inductive
Table 2: Measurements for three-phase, full-wave rectifier circuit
18.
With the power off, change the load in the circuit to the inductive load Z1(b) i.e. with R= 5500 and L = 0.8 H. Repeat the procedure steps necessary to complete the Table 2 and Figure 7. Compare the following characteristics of a three-phase, full-wave rectifier to those of a three-phase, half-wave rectifier. Conduction angle: Ripple frequency: Average output voltage and power: Compare the output voltage of the circuit to the theoretical value. Theoretical value: Eo = 1.35 ES = __________ V dc Measured value: E1 = ___________ V dc On the power supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position.
19.
20.
21.
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab05: Software Buck and Boost Converter

Buck Converter Objective:

The objectives of the lab include: Study of the operation and characteristics of a DC buck chopper by observing the current and voltages across the capacitor and inductor. Study the effect of varying the switching frequency and duty cycle on load current. Procedure: For buck converter, make the circuit shown in figure 1 in PSpice using the following parts: VDC (voltage source) VPULSE (voltage source) IRF150 (Switch) R (Resistance) L (Inductance) C (Capacitance) DIN4002 (Diode) GND_SIGNAL/CAPSYM PARAM (Found in special library) ( For defining variables and their values) Double click on the parameter PARAM and then use new column or new row option for adding the variables and their values.
M1 IRF150 12.00V
I
L1 1
I
2 0V {inductance}
V
V1 20Vdc
V2 V1 = 0 V2 = 5 TD = 0 TR = 0.01us TF = 0.01us PW = {duty cy cle/f switch} PER = {1/f switch}
0V
0
C1 D1 D1N4002 {capacitance} R1
I
{resistance}
0V
PARAM E T ERS:
capacitance = {(1-duty cy cle)/(8*inductance*ripple*f switch*f switch)} duty cy cle = 0.5 f switch = 50k inductance = {(1-duty cy cle)*resistance/(2*f switch)} ripple = 0.01 resistance = 10
Figure 1(a): DC buck chopper
To perform transient analysis
Record your results below 1. Simulate the circuit and get plots for capacitor current and voltages
2.
Similarly get plots for inductor current and voltages
For getting plots for load current at different values of duty cycle use Parametric sweep from Simulation parameters settings and then put duty cycle as the parameter name. Specify its start value, end value and increment.
3.
Similarly get plots for load current at different switching frequencies
Boost Converter Objective:

The objectives of the lab include: Study the operations and characteristics of a boost chopper.
Procedure:
a) Make the circuit for boost converter using the following parts: VDC (voltage source) VPULSE (voltage source) IRF150 (Switch) R (Resistance) L (Inductance) C (Capacitance) DIN4002 (Diode) GND_SIGNAL/CAPSYM PARAM ( For defining variables and their values) Double click on the parameter PARAM and then use new column or new row option for adding the variables and their values.
Figure 2 (a): Boost chopper
Results Simulate the circuit and get plots for capacitor current and output voltage.
Similarly get plots for inductor current and voltages
For getting plots for load current at different values of duty cycle use Parametric sweep from Simulation parameters settings and then put Duty Cycle as the parameter name. Specify its start value, end value and increment.
Similarly get plots for load current at different switching frequencies
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab06: Hardware Buck Chopper

The Buck Chopper Objective:

The objectives of the lab include: To learn the operation of a buck chopper.
Discussion:
Transformers are of great importance in electric circuits because they allow voltage and current levels to be converted. However, transformers operate only with ac power. When dc voltage and current levels must be converted, choppers can be used. For example, a step-down transformer is normally used to convert an ac voltage into a lower ac voltage. With dc power, a similar conversion can be performed using a buck chopper. A chopper uses very fast electronic switches to convert dc voltages and currents from higher to lower levels and vice versa. The electronic switches can be designed with bipolar transistors, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), diodes, thyristors, etc. Figure1 shows a buck chopper built with an electronic switch (Q) and a diode (D), and some waveforms related to this circuit. When electronic switch Q switches on, the dc power supply voltage (VI) is applied to the load, diode D automatically switches off, and the current flowing in the load (IO) starts to increase. When electronic switch Q switches off, the dc power supply voltage is no longer applied to the load, diode D automatically switches on, and the current continues flowing in the load through diode D, but it starts to decrease. Diode D is usually referred to as a free-wheeling diode since it provides an alternative path for the load current, which continues to flow when electronic switch Q is off. The dc voltage at the buck chopper output (VO) is proportional to the dc voltage at the buck chopper input (VI) and the time electronic switch Q is on during each cycle. This time, which is referred to as the on-time (ton), is in turn proportional to the duty cycle (ton/T) of the switching control signal applied to the gate of electronic switch Q. The equation relating voltages VO and VI is given by the expression: VO = V i
Figure 1: Operation of a buck chopper.
Thus, voltage VO can be varied by varying the duty cycle . Since the duty cycle can vary between 0 and 1, voltage VO cannot exceed voltage VI. Varying the frequency of the switching control signal while maintaining the duty cycle constant does not vary the voltage VO and the dc current at the buck chopper output (IO). However, the ripple on the current IO decreases as the frequency of the switching control signal increases. The power which the buck chopper delivers at its output (PO) is equal to the power it receives at its input (PI) minus the power dissipated in the semiconductor switch. The power dissipated in the semiconductor switch is usually small compared to the power PO. The power efficiency of buck choppers, thus, often exceeds 90% and can even approach 100%. Notice that the power efficiency is the ratio of the output power on the input power times 100%, as stated in the following equation: Power Efficiency = (PO PI) 100%
Procedure summary:
In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will use the
circuit shown in Figure 2 to observe the operation of a buck chopper. In this circuit, the output of the buck chopper is connected to a current-type load consisting of resistor R1 and inductor L2. A voltage isolator and a current isolator will allow you to observe the waveforms of the voltage and current at the buck chopper output. You will vary the duty cycle of the switching control signal while observing the dc voltage and current at the buck chopper output. This will allow you to verify the relationship between the duty cycle and the value of the dc voltages at the buck chopper input and output, and to determine the direction of power flow. In the third part of this exercise, you will vary the frequency of the switching control signal while observing the dc voltage and current, as well as the current waveform, at the buck chopper output. This will allow you to observe the effect of frequency on these parameters. In the fourth part of this exercise, you will add a dc ammeter at the input of the buck chopper, as shown in Figure 3. This circuit will allow you to determine the power at the input and output of the buck chopper, the voltage of the variable dc power supply being known. You will then compare the output power to the input power and determine the power efficiency of the chopper.
Equipment Required:
MODEL 8311 8325 8412-1X 8837 8837-AX 9029 DESCRIPTION Resistive Load Smoothing Inductors DC Voltmeter/Ammeter MOSFET Chopper / Inverter IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit
PROCEDURE:
CAUTION! High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with the power on unless Otherwise specified!
Setting up the equipment 1. Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Chopper/Inverter, the Smoothing Inductors, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, and the Resistive Load modules in the Mobile Workstation. 2. Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and the Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure/Power Supply.
3.
Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle.
4.
Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position.
5. 6.
On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position. Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load module are all set to the O (open) position.
Operation of the buck chopper 7. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 2.
Note: Diode D4 is the power diode connected in parallel with electronic switch Q4. Diode D1, which is connected in parallel with switch Q1, and electronic switch Q4 are not shown in Figure 2 because they are not used in this circuit. Switch Q4 is forced to the off state by connecting SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 4 of the Chopper / Inverter module to the common point.
8.
Make the following settings:
On the Power Supply Voltage Selector On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 DC SOURCE 2 MODE Minimum Mid position CHOP PWM 7-N
On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1
On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity coupled) Channel-2 Sensitivity (DC coupled) Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling 2 V/DIV. (DC 2 V/DIV. Chopped 1 ms/DIV External positive (+) AC
Figure 2: Circuit used to observe the operation of the buck chopper.
9.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to I (ON) position.
Slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply to the 60 position (60% of the ac network line voltage). This supplies dc power to the buck chopper. On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. The trace of channel 1 represents the waveform of the voltage across the load connected to the buck chopper output. The trace of channel 2 represents the switching control signal applied to switch Q1. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob so that two complete cycles of the switching control signal coincides as closely as possible with the full width of the oscilloscope screen (usually ten 1-cm divisions). This sets the period of the switching control signal to approximately 5 ms. Consequently, the operating frequency of the buck chopper is approximately 200 Hz. Sketch the waveforms displayed on the oscilloscope screen
From the waveforms sketched, explain why a low dc voltage appears across the load, as indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter.
10.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob to the MAX. position while observing the voltage indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen.
Describe how the dc voltage at the buck chopper output varies when the duty cycle of the switching control signal is increased.
Explain why this circuit is referred to as a buck chopper, knowing that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is now set to maximum.
11.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back to the MIN. position, then slowly set this control knob to the MAX. position while observing the current indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter.
Does the polarity of the dc current flowing in the load change as the duty cycle of the switching control signal varies? Yes No In which direction does the power flow?
____________________________________________________________________________________
12.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is equal to 50%.
Measure and record the output voltage of the variable-voltage dc power supply (VI). It is indicated by the meter on the Power Supply. VI =___________ V dc Calculate the dc voltage which should appear at the output of the buck chopper using the following equation: VO = VI VO =__________ V dc
On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and record the output voltage of the buck chopper. VO (measured) =__________ V dc Does the measured output voltage correspond to the calculated output voltage?
Yes No
13.
On the voltage isolator, disconnect the cable connected to the OUTPUT, then connect it to the OUTPUT of the current isolator, making sure you connect the black lead of the cable to the common terminal.
On the oscilloscope, set the sensitivity of channel 1 to 0.5 V/DIV. Observe the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen. These waveforms represent the current flowing in the load connected to the buck chopper output (channel 1) and the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1 (channel 2). Sketch these waveforms
Explain why current still flows in the load when the switching control signal is at 0 V (electronic switch switched off).
____________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
Observing the effect of the switching control signal frequency 14. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 2 control knob in both directions to vary the frequency of the switching control signal, while observing the voltage and current indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter.
Does the frequency of the switching control signal have a significant effect on the dc voltage and current the buck chopper provides? If so, describe this effect.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
15.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 2 control knob in both directions to vary the frequency of the switching control signal, while observing the waveform of the current on the oscilloscope screen.
Does the frequency of the switching control signal have a significant effect on the ripple on the current flowing in the load? If so, describe this effect.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
Output power versus input power 16. On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position.
Connect the second dc ammeter of the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter in series with inductor L1, as shown in Figure 3.
Make the following settings: On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 DC SOURCE 2 Minimum Maximum
17.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position, then slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply to the 60% position.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the variable-voltage dc power supply provides the following current approximately:
LINE VOLTAGE V ac 220
I2dc mA 200
Figure 3: Input and Output Power observation
18.
On the Power Supply and the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the dc voltage and current which the variable-voltage dc power supply supplies to the buck chopper. Use these results to calculate the power which is supplied to the buck chopper (PI).
Record the resulting power in the space below. PI =_______________ W On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the dc voltage and current which the buck chopper supplies to the load. Use these results to calculate the power which is supplied to the load (PO). Record the resulting power in the space below. PO =_______________ W
Calculate the power efficiency of the buck chopper using the following equation: Power Efficiency = (PO PI) 100% Power Efficiency = __________% Is the power at the output of the buck chopper nearly equal to the power at its input?
Yes No
19.
On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch and the 24-V ac power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables, and probes.
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester: __________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab07: Hardware Boost Chopper

Objective:
The objectives of the lab include: To learn the operation of a boost chopper.
Discussion:
The boost chopper As discussed in the previous exercise of this manual, transformers allow ac voltage and current levels to be converted. For example, a step-up transformer is normally used to convert an ac voltage into a higher ac voltage. With dc power, a similar conversion can be performed using a boost chopper. Figure 3-1 shows a boost chopper built with an electronic switch (Q) and a diode (D), and some waveforms related to this circuit. When electronic switch Q switches on, the voltage across its terminals becomes null virtually, the dc power supply voltage (VI) is applied to the inductor (L) and the current flowing in inductor L (IL) starts to increase. Simultaneously, diode D switches off since it becomes reverse biased. At this moment, capacitor (C) starts to discharge into the load and both the output current (IO) and voltage (VO) start to decrease. When electronic switch Q switches off, the voltage across its terminals increases very rapidly until it reaches approximately VO + 0.7V (due to inductor L). This applies a forward-bias voltage of approximately 0.7V to diode D, which therefore switches on. At this moment, a current equal to IL ! IO starts to charge up capacitor C, and both VO and IO start to increase. The dc voltage at the boost chopper output (VO) is proportional to the dc voltage at the boost chopper input (VI) and the time the electronic switch is on during each cycle. This time, which is referred to as the on-time (ton), is in turn proportional to the duty cycle (ton/T) of the switching control signal applied to the gate of electronic switch Q. The equation relating voltages VO and VI is given by the expression: VO = VI (1 - ) Thus, voltage VO can be varied by varying the duty cycle . This equation indicates that voltage VO can range between voltage VI and an infinite voltage when the duty cycle varies between 0 and 1. In practice, however, the duty cycle only approaches 0 and 1. Therefore, voltage VO can vary between a voltage little higher than voltage VI and many times voltage VI. In certain circuits, however, the maximum value of the duty cycle must be limited to limit the maximum voltage the boost chopper can produce. Varying the frequency of the switching control signal while maintaining the duty cycle constant does not vary the dc voltage and current at the boost chopper output (VO and IO). However, the ripple on the output voltage decreases as the frequency of the switching control signal increases.
The power which the boost chopper delivers at its output (PO) is equal to the power it receives at its input (PI) minus the power dissipated in the semiconductor switch and the inductor. The power dissipated in the semiconductor switch and the inductor is usually small compared to the power PO. The power efficiency of boost choppers, thus, often exceeds 80%. Notice that the power efficiency is the ratio of the output power on the input power times 100%, as stated in the following equation: Power Efficiency = (PO PI) 100%
Figure 1: Operation of a boost chopper.
Procedure summary:
In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will use the circuit shown in Figures 3-2 and 3-4 to observe the operation of a boost chopper. The only difference in these figures is the location of the dc voltmeter. In this circuit, the boost chopper output is connected to a resistive load consisting of resistors R1 and R2 connected in series. A voltage isolator and a current isolator will allow you to observe the waveform of the voltage at the boost chopper output and the waveform of the current at the boost chopper input. You will vary the duty cycle of the switching control signal while observing the dc voltage and current at the boost chopper output. This will allow you to verify the relationship between the duty cycle and the dc voltage at the boost chopper input and output, and to determine the direction of power flow. In the third part of this exercise, you will vary the frequency of the switching control signal while observing the dc voltage and current, as well as the voltage waveform, at the boost chopper output. This will allow you to verify the effect of frequency on these parameters. In the fourth part of this exercise, you will determine the power at the input and output of the boost chopper. You will then compare the output power to the input power and determine the power efficiency of the chopper. In the fourth part of this exercise, you will determine the power at the input and output of the boost chopper. You will then compare the output power to the input power and determine the power efficiency of the chopper.
Equipment Required:
MODEL 8311 8325 8412-1X 8837 8837-AX 9029 DESCRIPTION Resistive Load Smoothing Inductors DC Voltmeter/Ammeter MOSFET Chopper / Inverter IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit
Procedure:
CAUTION! High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify any banana jack connections with the power on unless Otherwise specified!
Setting up the equipment Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Chopper/Inverter, the Smoothing Inductors, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, and the Resistive Load modules in the Mobile Workstation. Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and the Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure/Power Supply. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle. Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position. On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position. Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load module are all set to the O (open) position.
Operation of the boost chopper
Connect the modules as shown in Figure 2.
Note: Diode D1 is the power diode connected in parallel with electronic switch Q1. Diode D4, which is connected in parallel with electronic switch Q4, and electronic switch Q1 are not shown in Figure 3-2 because they are not used in this circuit. Electronic switch Q1 is forced to the off state by connecting SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 1 of the Chopper / Inverter module to the common point.
Figure 2: Circuit used to observe the operation of the boost chopper.
Make the following settings: On the Power Supply Voltage Selector On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 DC SOURCE 2 MODE On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1 On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling 1 V/DIV (DC coupled) 2 V/DIV (DC coupled) Chopped 1 ms/DIV External positive (+) AC O Maximum Mid position CHOP. PWM 7-N
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the I(ON) position. Slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply to the 20 position (20% of the ac network line voltage). This supplies dc power to the buck chopper. On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. The traces of channels 1 and 2 represent the waveform of the current flowing in inductor L1 and the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q4, respectively.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob so that two complete cycles of the switching control signal coincides as closely as possible with the full width of the oscilloscope screen (usually ten 1-cm divisions). This sets the period of
the switching control signal to approximately 5 ms. Consequently, the operating frequency of the boost chopper is approximately 200 Hz. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is equal to approximately 90% while observing the voltage indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter.
Describe how the dc voltage at the boost chopper output varies when the duty cycle of the switching control signal is increased.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sketch the waveforms displayed on the oscilloscope screen
From the waveforms sketched, briefly explain why the boost chopper can produce output voltages which are much higher than the voltage applied at its input.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back to the MAX. position to set the duty cycle of the switching control signal to minimum. On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the dc voltage at the output of the boost chopper. On the Power Supply, measure and note the dc voltage provided to the boost chopper by the variable voltage dc power supply.
Explain why this circuit is referred to as a boost chopper, knowing that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is set to minimum.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is equal to approximately 90%, while observing the current indicated by the centre meter (I2dc) on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter.
Does the polarity of the dc current flowing in the load change as the duty
Yes No
In which direction does the power flow?
____________________________________________________________________________________
On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position.
Modify the connections so that the modules are connected as shown in Figure 3-4. In this figure, the voltmeter of the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter is connected at the input of the boost chopper instead of being connected to its output, and channel 1 of the oscilloscope is connected to the voltage isolator OUTPUT instead of being connected to the current isolator OUTPUT.
Make the following settings on the oscilloscope: Channel-1 Sensitivity Time Base 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 0.2 ms/DIV
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob so that a complete cycle of the switching control signal coincides as closely as possible with the full width of the oscilloscope screen (usually ten 1-cm divisions). This sets the period of the switching control signal to approximately 2 ms. Consequently, the operating frequency of the boost chopper is approximately 500 Hz.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal is equal to 80%.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position, then slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply to the 20 position.
Measure and record the dc voltage at the boost chopper input (VI). It is indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter. VI =_________ V dc Calculate the dc voltage which should appear at the output of the boost chopper using the following equation: VO = VI (1-) VO =_________ V dc Determine the dc voltage at the boost chopper output using the output signal of the voltage isolator which is displayed on the oscilloscope screen. VO (measured) =_________ V dc Does the measured output voltage correspond to the calculated output voltage?
Yes No
Observing the effect of the switching control signal frequency Make the following settings on the oscilloscope: Time Base 2 ms/DIV
On the Resistive Load module, modify the setting of the toggle switches so that resistors R1 and R2 have the following resistance value: R1 629 R2 629
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 2 control knob in both directions to vary the frequency of the switching control signal, while observing the dc voltage and current at the boost chopper output on the oscilloscope screen and on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, respectively.
Does the frequency of the switching control signal have a significant effect on the dc voltage and current the boost chopper provides? If so, describe this effect.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 2 control knob in both directions to vary the frequency of the switching control signal, while observing the waveform of the voltage at the boost chopper output on the oscilloscope screen.
Does the frequency of the switching control signal have a significant effect on the ripple on the voltage at the boost chopper output? If so, describe this effect.
____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
Output power versus input power On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob to the MAX. position.
On the voltmeter of the Power Supply, measure and note the dc voltage which the variable-voltage dc power supply supplies to the boost chopper. On DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the dc current which the variable-voltage dc power supply supplies to the boost chopper. Use these results to calculate the power which is supplied to the buck chopper (PI). Record the resulting power in the space below. PI =____________ W On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the dc current which the buck chopper supplies to the load.
Determine the dc voltage which the boost chopper supplies to the load using the voltage waveform displayed on the oscilloscope screen.
Use these results to calculate the power which is supplied to the load (PO). Record the resulting power in the space below. PO =__________ W Calculate the power efficiency of the boost chopper using the following equation: Power Efficiency = (PO PI) 100% Power Efficiency =___________ % Is the power at the output of the boost chopper nearly equal to the power at its input?
Yes No
On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch and the 24-V ac power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables, and probes.
Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab08: Hardware Buck/Boost Chopper

The Buck/Boost Chopper

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the lab include: To learn the operation of a buck/boost chopper. DISCUSSION: The buck/boost chopper As discussed in the previous exercises of this manual, the buck chopper converts a dc voltage into a lower dc voltage and the boost chopper converts a dc voltage into a higher dc voltage. In these choppers, the current always flows in the same direction, that is, from the input to the output of the chopper as shown in Figures 4-1 (a) and (b). In a buck/boost chopper, the current can flow in either direction. When the current flows in one direction, the voltage is converted into a higher voltage, and therefore, the buck/boost chopper operates as a boost chopper. On the other hand, when the current flows in the opposite direction, the voltage is converted into a lower voltage and the buck/boost chopper operates as a buck chopper. This is summarized in Figure 4-1 (c). A buck/boost chopper built with two electronic switches and two diodes (freewheeling diodes) is shown in Figure 4-2. This figure shows that the buck/boost chopper consists of a buck chopper and a boost chopper connected together. The buck chopper operates when the current flows from the high-voltage side to the low voltage side. In this case, the components of the boost chopper could be removed without disturbing the operation of the circuit. Conversely, the boost chopper operates when the current flows from the low-voltage side to the high-voltage side. In this case, the components of the buck chopper could be removed without disturbing the operation of the circuit. Figure 4-2 also shows the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to the electronic switches. These signals are pulse trains whose duty cycles are complementary. For instance, when the duty cycle of one signal is 60%, the duty cycle of the other signal is 40%. Therefore, when one electronic switch is switched on, the other electronic switch is switched off and vice versa. The equation relating voltages VI and VO in the buck chopper and the equation relating voltages VI and VO in the boost chopper also apply for the buck/boost chopper. The duty cycle of the switching control signal applied to the buck chopper electronic switch must be used when using the buck chopper equation. Similarly, the duty cycle of the switching control signal applied to the boost chopper electronic switch must be used when using the boost chopper equation.
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Procedure summary: In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will set up the circuit shown in Figure 4-3 to observe the operation of a buck/boost chopper. In this circuit, the buck/boost chopper is connected between a voltage-type source and a current-type source, which are both current reversible. The voltage-type source consists of a variable-voltage dc power supply, inductor L1, resistor R1, and the capacitor in the Chopper / Inverter module. Resistor R1 allows the voltage-type source to sink current. The current-type source consists of a variable-voltage reversible dc power supply connected in series with inductor L2. The reversible dc power supply is composed of a three-phase induction motor driving a dc motor/generator as shown in Appendix A of this manual. The voltage produced by the dc motor/generator is set by adjusting the voltage applied to the exciting winding using tandem rheostats. The dc motor/generator, therefore, simulates a dc power supply whose voltage is adjustable, and whose voltage and current are reversible. In the third part of this exercise, you will observe the switching control signals applied to the electronic switches in the buck/boost chopper. You will vary the voltage provided by the voltage-type source and the duty cycles of the switching control signals while observing the various information indicated by the dc voltmeters and ammeters, and the oscilloscope. This will allow you to observe and understand the operation of the buck/boost chopper. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: MODEL 8211 8221 8311 8325 8412-1X 8737 8837-AX 9029 8942 DESCRIPTION DC Motor/Generator Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Resistive Load Smoothing Inductors DC Voltmeter/Ammeter Tandem Rheostats IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit Timing Belt
PROCEDURE:
Setting up the equipment 1. Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Four-Pole SquirrelCage Induction Motor, the DC Motor/Generator, the Tandem Rheostats, the Chopper / Inverter, the Smoothing Inductors, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, and the Resistive Load modules in the Mobile Workstation. 2. 3. Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit in the Enclosure / Power Supply. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle. Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position. On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position. Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load modules are all set to the O (open) position.
4.
5. 6.
Starting up the equipment 7. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 4-3.

Note: Simply use a lead to connect terminal 2 of the Tandem Rheostats module to terminal 5 of the DC Motor/Generator instead of using a dc ammeter as shown in Appendix A of this manual. Use the timing belt provided in the accessory kit to mechanically couple the Four-Pole SquirrelCage Induction Motor to the DC Motor/Generator.
8.
On the Power Supply Voltage Selector 7-N
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 DC SOURCE 2 MODE On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1 On the Tandem Rheostats module Cursor Control Knob On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) Chopped 0.5 ms/DIV External positive (+) HF Rejection mid position O mid position Maximum CHOP. PWM
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-3(Contd.)
9.
On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. The traces of channels 1 and 2 represent the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q4, respectively.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob so that a complete cycle of the switching control signals coincides as closely as possible with the full width of the oscilloscope screen (usually ten 1-cm divisions). This sets the period of the switching control signal to approximately 5 ms. Consequently, the operating frequency of the buck/boost chopper is approximately 200 Hz.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signals is equal to 50%. 10. On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the I (ON) position. The Four- Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor should start to rotate. On the Tandem Rheostats module, set the control knob so that the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter indicates the voltage given in the following table. This is the voltage (E1dc) which the reversible dc power supply produces.
LINE VOLTAGE Vac 220
E1dc V +80
Operation of the buck/boost chopper 11. On the oscilloscope, set the time base to 1 ms/DIV.
Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q4 in Figure 4-4.
Using the waveforms sketched in Figure 4-4, describe the switching sequence of the electronic switches. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
On the oscilloscope, set the time base to 0.5 ms/DIV. 12. On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, measure and note the currents (I1dc and I2dc) which the two ammeters indicate. The currents I1dc and I2dc are the currents which flow on either side of the buck/boost chopper. I1dc = __________A dc I2dc = __________mA dc According to the polarity of the currents I1dc and I2dc, in which direction does the power flow? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________
Measure and record the dc voltage indicated by the meter on the Power Supply. This is the voltage at the terminals of the variable-voltage dc power supply (E2dc). E2dc =________ V dc Explain why the voltage at the terminals of the variable-voltage dc power supply (E2dc) is approximately twice that produced by the reversible dc power supply (E1dc). ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________
13. On the Power Supply, slowly set the voltage control knob so that the two ammeters on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter indicate approximately 0 A dc. Measure and record the dc voltages indicated by the voltmeters on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the Power Supply (E1dc and E2dc). E1dc =__________ V dc E2dc =__________ V dc Is the voltage at the terminals of the variable-voltage dc power supply (E2dc) still approximately twice that produced by the reversible dc power supply (E1dc)? Yes No Explain why there is no longer current flowing in the buck/boost chopper. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______________
14.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob in both directions so that the duty cycle of the switching control signals varies between 30 and 70%.
Describe the switching control signals and the relationship between the duty cycles of the two switching control signals. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
15.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1 is equal to 30%.
On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the Power Supply, measure and record the dc voltage and current on either side of the buck/boost chopper. E1dc = ________V dc I1dc = _______A dc E2dc =_________V dc I2dc =_______ mA dc 16. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1 is equal to 60%. E1dc = ________V dc I1dc = _______A dc E2dc =_________V dc I2dc =_______ mA dc
From the currents measured in this step and the previous one, describe how the dc current flowing in the buck/boost chopper varies when the duty cycles of the switching control signals vary. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
17.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the duty cycle of the switching control signals is equal to 50%. The two ammeters on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter should indicate again approximately 0 A dc.
On the Power Supply, slowly set the voltage control knob to the 90 position while observing the currents indicated by the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter. On the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the Power Supply, measure and record the dc voltage and current on either side of the buck/boost chopper. E1dc = ________V dc I1dc = _______A dc E2dc =_________V dc I2dc =_______ mA dc According to the polarity of the currents I1dc and I2dc, in which direction does the power now flow? Explain why. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
From the observation you carried out in this exercise, which feature distinguishes the buck/boost chopper from the buck chopper and the boost chopper? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 18. On the Power Supply, slowly set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch and the 24-V ac power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables, and probes.
Conclusion:
Faculty Member: _______________
Dated: _________________
Semester:______________________
Section: ______________
Lab09: DC-AC Single-Phase Squarewave Inverter

Name Reg. no. Report Marks Viva Marks / / 10 5 Total/15
DC-AC Inverter: Single-phase Square Wave Inverter

Objective: The objectives of the lab include: To get acquainted with the simulation environment for Single-phase Square wave inverter Graphically model and simulate the single-phase square wave inverter (dcac converter) using ORCAD and PSpice. Study the dc source (input) current and ac load (output) voltage and current waveforms. Compare the same with the results obtained from the analytical expressions. Tools required: Software simulator ORCAD Calculator
Software modules and settings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Add all the available libraries to the project Add MOSFETs IRF150, Resistor, Inductor, VDC, VPULSE and 0/Ground Set VDC = 120V Set Vpulse1: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T} Set Vpulse2: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={0.5*T} PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T} Set Vpulse3: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={0.5*T} PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T} Set Vpulse4: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T} Set load inductance and resistance as given above.
Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Start ORCAD Make a new project with the name Single_phase_square_inverter and select the option of analog and mixed A/D. Add all the libraries to the project Place components in the schematic page Arrange the components as shown in the figure 1 Set the values of the components as required Place PARAM in the schematic page and add the variables frequency and T and assign values as 50 and {1/frequency}. Make a new simulation profile PSpice>New Simulation Profile> Give any name>Set the simulation time to 0.1sec and other parameters according to requirements Place the voltage and current marker across the load.
9.
Part 1: Graphically model the square wave inverter shown in Fig. 1 using the graphical front end of ORCAD. The nominal values for the inverter are as follows: Vs = 120 V L= 20 mH R = 2.5 ohms F= 50 Hz
Figure 1.
Part 2: 1. Observe and plot the load voltage and current waveforms from time 0 to 0.1sec (Output voltage across R & L), (Current through L). 2. 3. Observe and plot supply current and voltage for the same duration.
Observe and plot the FFT of the input and output voltage and current waveforms from fundamental frequency to 1000 Hz. Part 3: 1. Repeat the above for R = 10 ohms.
Part 4: 1. Repeat the above experiment for a purely inductive load of L = 10 mH.
Questions: 1) 2) Sketch the load current and voltage waveforms for all of the steps performed above. Sketch the circuit diagram and show the current path when i) Switches M1 and M4 are on. ii) Switches M2 and M3 are on. Complete the following table. M1 M2 M3 M4 Output +E 0 -E 0 +E
3)
State, for each switch, if it is On or Off to produce the desired output Voltage. Conclusion:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab10: Hardware DC-AC Single-Phase Inverter

DC-AC Single-Phase Inverter

OBJECTIVE: To learn the operation of a PWM single-phase inverter. To learn the operation of a 180E-modulation single-phase inverter.
DISCUSSION:
Using a four-quadrant chopper as an inverter Inverters are devices which convert dc power into ac power. This allows single phase, two phase, and three-phase ac power networks with variable frequency and voltage to be obtained. Such ac power networks are widely used to build various ac motor drives. A single-phase inverter can be obtained using a four-quadrant chopper, in which the duty cycles of the switching control signals are made to vary so that the voltage at the chopper output alternates at a given rate between positive and negative values. Figure 6-1 shows a four-quadrant chopper connected to a current-type load, the signal applied at the duty-cycle control input of the four-quadrant chopper, and the waveforms of the voltage and current at the four-quadrant chopper output. A sine-wave signal modulates the duty cycles of the switching control signals. As a result, the waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output is a train of bipolar pulses whose width varies in accordance with the instantaneous voltage of the sine-wave signal. The dashed line in Figure 6-1 corresponds to the mean voltage, over each cycle, of the bipolar pulse train at the four-quadrant chopper output. It shows that this voltage is an ac voltage having the same form (sinusoidal) as the signal applied to the duty-cycle control input of the four-quadrant chopper. The range over which the width of the bipolar pulses at the four-quadrant chopper output varies depends on the sine-wave signal amplitude. Increasing the sine-wave signal amplitude increases the range of variation of the pulse width, and therefore, the amplitude of the ac voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. The rate at which the pulse width varies at the four-quadrant chopper output depends on the frequency of the sine-wave signal. Increasing the sine-wave signal frequency increases the rate at which the pulse width varies, and therefore, the frequency of the ac voltage at the fourquadrant chopper output. Except for a small ripple, the current at the four-quadrant chopper output has the same sinusoidal shape as the signal applied to the duty-cycle control input of the fourquadrant chopper. Notice that the current waveform is shifted towards the right in Figure 6-1 since current lags behind the voltage in a resistive-inductive circuit.
Figure 6-1: Using a four-quadrant chopper as an inverter.
The PWM and 180E-modulation single-phase inverters Figure 6-2 shows a simplified diagram of a single-phase inverter. It consists of two electronic switches (electronic switches Q1 and Q4), two free-wheeling diodes (diodes D1 and D4), and a SWITCHING CONTROL SIGNAL GENERATOR. In this configuration, the single-phase inverter requires a dual-polarity dc power supply (dc power supply E1 and capacitors C1 and C2).
In the single-phase inverter, the duty cycles of the switching control signals are complementary to ensure that when one electronic switch is on, the other is off, and vice versa. A positive voltage is applied to the load when Q1 is on, whereas a negative voltage is applied to the load when electronic switch Q4 is on.
Figure 6-2: A single-phase inverter built with two electronic switches and two free-wheelingdiodes.
The duty cycles of the switching control signals can be modulated using a sine-wave signal, as in the four-quadrant chopper, to obtain ac voltage and current at the output. In this case, the inverter is referred to as a pulse-width modulation (PWM) single-phase inverter. Therefore, the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output are identical to those obtained with the four-quadrant chopper (see Figure- 6-1). The amplitude and frequency of the ac voltage and current can be varied by respectively varying the amplitude and frequency of the sine-wave signal modulating the duty cycles of the switching control signals. Two complementary square-wave signals can be used as the switching control signals in the single-phase inverter shown in Figure 6-2. In this case, the inverter is referred to as a 180E-modulation single-phase inverter. Figure 6-3 shows the switching control signals and the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output of such a 180Emodulation single-phase inverter. The waveform of the voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter is a bipolar square wave having the same frequency as the switching control signals. The frequency of the ac voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single phase inverter can be varied by varying the frequency of the switching control signals.
However, since the duty cycle of the switching control signal is fixed, the ac voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter is also fixed, unless the positive and negative dc voltages at the input are varied. The waveform of the current at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter is a more or less smoothed bipolar square wave having the same frequency as the switching control signals.
Figure 6-3: Waveforms related to a 180E-modulation single-phase inverter.
Procedure summary: In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will set up the circuits shown in Figures 6-4 and 6-5 to observe how dc power can be converted into ac power using a four quadrant chopper. In the circuit of Figure 6-4, a variable dc voltage is used to vary the duty cycles of the switching control signals, and a dc voltmeter is used to measure the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. In the circuit of Figure 6-5, a sine-wave signal is used
to control the duty cycles of the switching control signals. You will vary the frequency and amplitude of the sine-wave signal to observe the effects these have on the waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. In the third part of this exercise, you will set up the circuit shown in Figure 6-8 to observe the operation of a PWM single-phase inverter. You will vary the frequency and amplitude of the sine-wave signal to observe the effects these have on the switching control signals as well as the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output of the PWM single-phase inverter. You will compare the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output of the PWM single-phase inverter to those obtained with the four-quadrant chopper. In the fourth part of this exercise, you will set up the circuit shown in Figure 6-10 to observe the operation of a 180E-modulation single-phase inverter. You will vary the frequency of the switching control signals to observe the effect this has on the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output of the 180E-modulation single phase inverter. You will compare the waveforms of the voltage and current at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter to those obtained with the PWM single-phase inverter. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
MODEL 8311 8321 8331 8412-1X 8837 8837-AX 9029 PROCEDURE:
DESCRIPTION Resistive Load Inductive Load Capacitive Load DC Voltmeter/Ammeter MOSFET Chopper / Inverter IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit
Setting up the equipment 1. Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Chopper / Inverter, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, the Resistive Load, the Inductive Load, and the Capacitive Load (2) modules in the Mobile Workstation.
2. 3.
Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, the Function Generator and the Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure / Power Supply. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle. Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position. On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position. Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load, Inductive Load, and Capacitive Load modules are all set to the O (open) position.
4.
5. 6.
Converting dc power into ac power using a four-quadrant chopper 7. 8. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 6-4. Make the following settings:
On the Power Supply Voltage Selector On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 DC SOURCE 2 MODE On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1 On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling
7-N
mid position mid position CHOP. PWM
2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) Chopped 0.2 ms/DIV External positive (+) HF Rejection
Figure 6-4: Circuit used to demonstrate dc-to-ac power conversion.
9.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the I (ON) position.
Slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply halfway between the 70 and 80 positions (75% of the ac network line voltage). This supplies dc power to the fourquadrant chopper. On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. These traces represent the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q2, respectively. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 2 control knob so that the period of the switching control signals is equal to 1 ms. Note: Do not modify the setting of DC SOURCE 2 for the rest of the exercise procedure.
10.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back and forth between the MIN. and MAX. positions while observing the fourquadrant chopper output voltage on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the waveforms of the switching control signals on the oscilloscope screen.
Describe the variation of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. Explain. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ From this observation, do you think it could be possible to convert dc power into ac power using a four-quadrant chopper? Briefly explain. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 11. On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position. Modify the connections so that the modules are connected as shown in Figure 6-5. In this figure, DC SOURCE 1 is replaced with the Function Generator, a current isolator and a voltage isolator is added to the circuit, and the connections on the oscilloscope are modified. 12. Make the following settings: On the Function Generator FUNCTION RANGE FREQUENCY LEVEL On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Time Base 5 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 5 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 0.5 ms/DIV sine wave 1 Hz fully CW mid position
Figure 6-5: Converting dc power into ac power using a four-quadrant chopper.
13.
A varying voltage should appear on the oscilloscope screen (channel 1). This voltage is applied to the duty-cycle control input (CONTROL INPUT 1) of the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit.
On the Function Generator, set the FREQUENCY control so that the voltage varies at a slow rate on the oscilloscope screen. Set the LEVEL control so the voltage varies between approximately +10 and -10 V. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position then slowly set the voltage control knob halfway between the 70 and 80 positions. Another waveform should appear on the oscilloscope screen. It is the waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. Observe the four-quadrant chopper output voltage on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter and the waveforms on the oscilloscope.
Describe what happens. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
Does the four-quadrant chopper perform dc-to-ac power conversion?

Yes No
14.
Remove the cable which connects the SYNC. OUTPUT of the Chopper / Inverter module to the external triggering input of the oscilloscope.
Using a BNC-connector cable, connect the SYNC. Output of the Function Generator to the external triggering input of the oscilloscope Make the following settings: On the Function Generator RANGE FREQUENCY On the Oscilloscope Time Base 15. 100 Hz fully CW
2 ms/DIV
On the Function Generator, set the FREQUENCY and LEVEL controls so that the period and amplitude of the sine-wave signal displayed on the oscilloscope screen are equal to approximately 20 ms and 10 V peak, respectively.
Note: The waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output probably drifts left or right on the oscilloscope screen. Slightly readjust the FREQUENCY control of the Function Generator to minimize drift.
Sketch the waveforms displayed on the oscilloscope screen in Figure 6-6.
Figure 6-6: Signal at the duty-cycle control input of the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output.
16.
On the Function Generator, slowly turn the FREQUENCY control knob fully clockwise while observing the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen, then set the period of the sine-wave signal back to approximately 20 ms.
On the Function Generator, slowly turn the LEVEL control knob fully counterclockwise while observing the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen, then set the amplitude of the sine-wave signal back to approximately 10 V peak. What are the effects of the frequency and amplitude of the sine-wave signal on the waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
Note: There is a delay between the sine-wave signal modulating the duty cycles of the switching control signals and the waveform of the voltage at the four-quadrant
17.
chopper output. Do not take this delay into account. On the Function Generator, disconnect the two leads (those going to the oscilloscope) connected to the OUTPUT, then connect them to the OUTPUT of the current isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal.
On the oscilloscope, set the channel-1 sensitivity to 0.5 V/DIV. The oscilloscope now displays the waveforms of the current and voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output. Note: The waveforms of the current and voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output probably drifts left or right on the oscilloscope screen. Slightly readjust the FREQUENCY control of the Function Generator to minimize drift. Sketch these waveforms in Figure 6-7.
Figure 6-7: Waveforms of the current and voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output.
Briefly explain why the waveform of the current at the four-quadrant chopper output is like a sine wave.
Operation of a PWM single-phase inverter built with two electronic switches 18. On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the O position.
On the Chopper / Inverter module, set the interconnection switch to the O position. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 6-8
Figure 6-8: A PWM single-phase inverter built with two electronic switches and a dual-polarity dc power supply.
19.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position then slowly set the voltage control knob halfway between the 70 and 80 positions.
Measure and record the voltage across capacitor C1 (VC1) on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter. VC1 = V dc
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position. Disconnect the lead going to the + terminal of the DC voltmeter from capacitor C1, then connect it so that the DC voltmeter is connected across capacitor C2. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the I (ON) position. Measure and record the voltage across capacitor C2 (VC2) on the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter. VC2 = V dc
Is the PWM single-phase inverter powered by a dual-polarity dc power supply? Explain. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 20. The oscilloscope displays the waveforms of the current and voltage at the PWM single-phase inverter output. Sketch these signals in Figure 6-9.
Note: The waveforms of the current and voltage at the four-quadrant chopper output probably drifts left or right on the oscilloscope screen. Slightly readjust the FREQUENCY control of the Function Generator to minimize drift.
Figure 6-9: Waveforms of the current and voltage at the PWM single-phase inverter output.
Compare these waveforms to those obtained using the four-quadrant chopper (See Figure 6-7).
On the Function Generator, slowly vary the settings, first of the FREQUENCY control and second, the LEVEL control while observing the waveforms of the current and voltage on the oscilloscope screen. Describe what happens to the current and voltage at the output of the PWM singlephase inverter when these settings are varied. Briefly explain.
Operation of a 180E-modulation single-phase inverter built with two electronic switches 21. Make the following settings on the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit: DC SOURCE 1 MODE MAX. OFF
Modify the connections so that the modules are connected as shown in Figure 6-10. In this figure, the Function Generator is replaced by DC SOURCE 1, DC SOURCE 2 is removed, and the connections on the oscilloscope are modified.
Figure 6-10: A 180E-modulation single-phase inverter built with two electronic switches and a dual polarity dc power supply.
22.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit MODE On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity
3- 180E 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 2 V/DIV. (DC coupled)
23.
The oscilloscope now displays the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q4 of the 180E-modulation single phase I nverter.
Sketch the waveforms of these signals in Figure 6-11.
Figure 6-11: Waveforms of the switching control signals in the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter.
Using the waveforms sketched in Figure 6-11, describe the switching sequence of the electronic switches.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back and forth between the MAX. position and the middle position while observing the signals on the oscilloscope screen, then set the control knob back to the MAX. position. Describe what happens to the switching control signals applied to the electronic switches when the setting of the DC SOURCE 1 control knob is varied.
24.
On the Chopper / Inverter module, disconnect the leads connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 1 and 4, then connect them to the OUTPUTs of the current isolator and voltage isolator, respectively, making sure you connect the black leads to the common terminal.
On the oscilloscope, set the sensitivity of channels 1 and 2 to 0.5 and 5 V/DIV, respectively. The oscilloscope now displays the waveforms of the current and voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter. Sketch these signals in Figure 6-12.
Figure 6-12: Waveforms of the current and voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single phase inverter.
Compare these waveforms to those obtained using the PWM single-phase inverter (See Figure 6-9).
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back and forth between the MAX. position and the middle position while observing the waveforms of the current and voltage on the oscilloscope screen, then set the control knob back to the MAX. position.
Describe what happens to the current and voltage at the output of the 180E-modulation single-phase inverter when the setting of the DC SOURCE 1 control knob is varied. Briefly explain.
25.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch and the 24-V ac power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables, and probes.
CONCLUSION:
Faculty Member:____________________
Dated: ____________________
Semester:__________________________
Section: ____________________
Lab11: Hardware DC-AC Two Phase Inverter

The Two-Phase Inverter
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the lab include: To learn the operation of a 180E-modulation two-phase inverter. DISCUSSION: The 180E-modulation two-phase inverter A two-phase inverter consists of a single-phase inverter to which a pair of electronic witches (electronic switches Q2 and Q5) and a pair of free-wheeling diodes(diodes D2 and D5) is added, as shown in Figure 7-1. Furthermore, the SWITCHING CONTROL SIGNAL GENERATOR must produce two additional signals to control the switching of the added pair of electronic switches (Q2 and Q5). Thus, the two-phase inverter is provided with two outputs. These are usually connected to similar loads. The two additional signals which the SWITCHING CONTROL SIGNAL GENERATOR produces, consist of two complementary square-wave signals, as is the case for the signals which control the switching of the other pair of electronic switches (Q1 and Q4). The use of complementary square-wave signals ensures that when one electronic switch in a pair is on, the other electronic switch in this pair is off, and vice versa.
Figure 7-1: A two-phase inverter built with four electronic switches and four free-wheeling diodes.
Each of the two pairs of electronic switches operates the same way. A positive voltage is applied to the load when the upper electronic switch (Q1 or Q2) is on, whereas a negative voltage is applied to the load when the lower electronic switch (Q4 or Q5) is on. This type of inverter is referred to as a 180E-modulation two-phase inverter.
The switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q2 and Q5 are phase shifted by 90E with respect to those applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q4, as shown in Figure 7-2. Thus, switching occurs at different instants in each pair of electronic switches. As a result, the waveforms of the voltages at the outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter, which are bipolar square waves, are 90E out of phase, as shown by voltage waveforms VPHASE 1 and VPHASE 2 in Figure 7-2. Each of these two voltage waveforms represents the voltage between one of the outputs of the inverter (a line) and the neutral conductor, that is, the conductor which connects the loads to the common of the dual-polarity dc power supply. Therefore, voltage waveforms VPHASE 1 and VPHASE 2 represent line- to-neutral voltages. Line-toneutral voltages are often referred to as phase voltages. This explains why the waveforms of the voltage at the outputs of the inverter are identified VPHASE 1 and VPHASE 2 in Figure 7-2. Similarly, the waveforms of the currents in the outputs of the 180E-modulation twophase inverter are more or less smoothed bipolar square waves which are out of phase by 90E as shown by current waveforms ILINE1 and ILINE2 in Figure 7-2. The current in each output of the inverter is usually referred to as the line current. This explains why the waveforms of the current in the outputs of the inverter are identified ILINE1 and ILINE2 in Figure 7-2. Figure 7-2 also shows the waveform of the current flowing in the neutral conductor of the two-phase inverter. This current is the instantaneous algebraic sum of the line currents of the two-phase inverter (ILINE 1 + ILINE 2). The frequency of the ac voltage at the outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter can be varied by varying the frequency of the switching control signals. However, since the duty cycle of the switching control signals is fixed, the ac voltage at the outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter is also fixed, unless the positive and negative dc voltages applied at the input are varied.
Figure 7-2: Waveforms related to the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter.
Procedure summary: In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will set up the circuits shown in Figures 7- 3, 7-5, and 7-6 to observe the operation of a 180E-modulation two-phase inverter built with four electronic switches. You will observe the switching control signals applied to the electronic switches. A voltage isolator will be used to observe the waveform of the line-
to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) at each of the two outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter. A current isolator will be used to observe the waveform of the current (line current) in each of the two outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter and the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor. You will vary the frequency of the switching control signals and the dc voltage at the inverter input to observe the effects these have on the frequency and amplitude of the phase voltage and line current. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: MODEL 8311 8321 8331 8837 8837-AX 9029 PROCEDURE:
DESCRIPTION Resistive Load Inductive Load Capacitive Load MOSFET Chopper / Inverter IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit
Setting up the equipment 1. Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Chopper / Inverter, the Resistive Load, the Inductive Load, and the Capacitive Load (2) modules in the Mobile Workstation. Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and the Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure / Power Supply. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle. Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position. On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load, Inductive Load, and Capacitive Load modules are all set to the O (open) position.
Operation of a 180E-modulation two-phase inverter built with electronic switches 7. 8. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 7-3. Make the following settings:
On the Power Supply Voltage Selector On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 MODE On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1 I Maximum 2- 180E 7-N
On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling 5 V/DIV (DC coupled) 5 V/DIV (DC coupled) Chopped 2 ms/DIV External positive (+) HF Rejection
Figure 7-3: A 180E-modulation two-phase inverter built with four electronic switches and a dual polarity dc power supply.
9.
On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. These traces represent the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q2. that
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so the period of the switching control signals is equal to 10 ms.
On the oscilloscope, set the horizontal position control so that the rising edge of the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1 (channel 1) coincides with the left-hand end of the screen graticule. Note: Do not modify the setting of the horizontal position control until the end of the exercise.
10.
Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q2 in the appropriate locations of Figure 7-4.
Disconnect the leads connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 1 and 2 of the Chopper / Inverter module, then connect them to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 4 and 5 of the same module, respectively. Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q4 and Q5 in the appropriate locations of Figure 7-4. From the waveforms of the switching control signals sketched in Figure 7-4, describe how the switching of the electronic switches is carried out in the 180E-modulation twophase inverter.
11.
Disconnect the cable connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 4 of the Chopper / Inverter module, then connect it to the OUTPUT of the voltage isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal.
Disconnect the cable connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 5 of the Chopper / Inverter module, then connect it to the OUTPUT of the current isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal. Make the following settings on the oscilloscope: Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity
2 V/DIV. (DC coupled) 0.5 V/DIV (DC coupled)
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to the I (ON) position. Slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply halfway between the 70 and 80 positions (75% of the ac network line voltage). This supplies dc power to the 180E modulation two-phase inverter. 12. The oscilloscope now displays the waveforms of the line-to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) and line current at the phase-1 output of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter (VPHASE 1 and ILINE 1).
Sketch these waveforms in the appropriate locations of Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-4: Waveforms related to the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter.
On the Power Supply, vary the setting of the voltage control knob while observing the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current on the oscilloscope screen and the dc voltage indicated by the voltmeter on the Power Supply. Describe what happens.
13.
On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob halfway between the 70 and 80 positions.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back and forth between the MAX. position and the middle position while observing the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current on the oscilloscope screen. Describe what happens.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the period of the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen is equal to 10 ms. 14. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position.
Modify the connections so that the modules are connected as shown in Figure 7- 5. In this figure, the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators have been modified to allow the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-2 output of the 180Emodulation two-phase inverter to be observed. 15. On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to the I (ON) position.
Sketch the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-2 output of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter (VPHASE 2 and ILINE 2) in the appropriate locations of Figure 7-4.
Figure 7-5: A 180E-modulation two-phase inverter built with four electronic switches and a dual polarity dc power supply.
What is the main difference between the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-1 and phase-2 outputs of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter?
16.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position.
Modify the connections so that the modules are connected as shown in Figure 7- 6. In this figure, the voltage isolator has been removed and the connections of the current
isolator have been modified to allow the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter to be observed.
Figure 7-6: Observing the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation twophase inverter.
17.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to the I (ON) position.
Sketch the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter in the appropriate location of Figure 7-4.
Does current flow in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation two-phase inverter? Explain why?
18.
On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables and probes.
CONCLUSION:
Dated: _________________
Semester:______________________
Section: ______________
Lab12: AC-DC Single-Phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier

AC-DC Inverter: Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers

Introduction: Single phase uncontrolled rectifiers are extensively used in a number of power electronic based converters. In most cases they are used to provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage source which is further processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They have, in general, been proved to be efficient and robust power stages. However, they suffer from a few disadvantages. The main among them is their inability to control the output dc voltage / current magnitude when the input ac voltage and load parameters remain fixed. They are also unidirectional in the sense that they allow electrical power to flow from the ac side to the dc side only. These two disadvantages are the direct consequences of using power diodes in these converters which can block voltage only in one direction. As will be shown in this module, these two disadvantages are overcome if the diodes are replaced by thyristors, the resulting converters are called fully controlled converters. Thyristors are semi-controlled devices which can be turned ON by applying a current pulse at its gate terminal at a desired instance. However, they cannot be turned off from the gate terminals. Therefore, the fully controlled converter continues to exhibit load dependent output voltage / current waveforms as in the case of their uncontrolled counterpart. However, since the thyristor can block forward voltage, the output voltage / current magnitude can be controlled by controlling the turn on instants of the thyristors. Working principle of thyristors based single phase fully controlled converters will be explained first in the case of a single thyristor half-wave rectifier circuit supplying an R or R-L load. However, such converters are rarely used in practice. A thyristor circuit and thyristor model is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. This model works well with a converter circuit in which the thyristor current falls to zero itself: for example, in half-wave controlled rectifiers and AC voltage controllers. But in full wave converters with a continuous load current, the current of a thyristor is diverted to another thyristor, and this model may not give the true output. This problem can be remedied by adding diode D as shown in Figure 1(b). The diode prevents reverse current flow through the thyristor resulting from the firing of another thyristor in the circuit. FINDING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER A single-phase half-wave rectifier is shown in Figure 2. The input has a peak voltage of 170 V, 60 Hz. The load inductance L is 6.5 mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5 . The delay angle is = 60 . The gate voltage is shown in Figure 11.4(b) . Use PSpice to (a) plot the instantaneous output voltage Vo and the load current Io and (b) calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current is and the input power factor PF.
Figure 2: Schematic for half wave controlled rectifier DC input current Iin(DC) = Rms fundamental input current I1(rms) = Total harmonic distortion of input current THD = Rms harmonic current Ih(rms) = I1(rms) THD = Rms input current, Is =[I2 in(DC)+I21(rms)+I2h(rms)]0.5= Displacement angle, = Displacement factor, DF = cos = PF=(I1(rms)/Is)x cos =
Conclusion:
Dated: _________________
Semester:______________________
Section: ______________
Lab13: AC-DC Single-Phase Full-Bridge Controlled Rectifier

AC-DC Inverter: Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers

Introduction: Single phase uncontrolled rectifiers are extensively used in a number of power electronic based converters. In most cases they are used to provide an intermediate unregulated dc voltage source which is further processed to obtain a regulated dc or ac output. They have, in general, been proved to be efficient and robust power stages. However, they suffer from a few disadvantages. The main among them is their inability to control the output dc voltage / current magnitude when the input ac voltage and load parameters remain fixed. They are also unidirectional in the sense that they allow electrical power to flow from the ac side to the dc side only. These two disadvantages are the direct consequences of using power diodes in these converters which can block voltage only in one direction. As will be shown in this module, these two disadvantages are overcome if the diodes are replaced by thyristors, the resulting converters are called fully controlled converters. Thyristors are semi-controlled devices which can be turned ON by applying a current pulse at its gate terminal at a desired instance. However, they cannot be turned off from the gate terminals. Therefore, the fully controlled converter continues to exhibit load dependent output voltage / current waveforms as in the case of their uncontrolled counterpart. However, since the thyristor can block forward voltage, the output voltage / current magnitude can be controlled by controlling the turn on instants of the thyristors. Working principle of thyristors based single phase fully controlled converters will be explained first in the case of a single thyristor half-wave rectifier circuit supplying an R or R-L load. However, such converters are rarely used in practice. A thyristor circuit and thyristor model is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1
This model works well with a converter circuit in which the thyristor current falls to zero itself: for example, in half-wave controlled rectifiers and AC voltage controllers. But in full wave converters with a continuous load current, the current of a thyristor is diverted to another thyristor, and this model may not give the true output. This problem can be remedied by adding diode D as shown in Figure 1(b). The diode prevents reverse current flow through the thyristor resulting from the firing of another thyristor in the circuit. Finding the performance of a single-phase full converter A single-phase full converter is shown in Figure 11.10(a). The input voltage has a peak of 169.7 V, 60 Hz. The load inductance L is 6.5 mH, and the load resistance R is 0.5 . The load battery voltage is Vx = 10 V. The delay angle is = 60 . The gate voltages are shown in Figure 11.10(b). Use PSpice to (a) plot the instantaneous output voltage Vo, the input current Is, and the load current Io and (b) calculate the Fourier coefficients of the input current Is and the input power factor PF.
Procedure: The PSpice schematic with SCRs is shown in Figure 11.11. The model name of the SCR 2N1595 is changed to SCRMOD whose sub-circuit definition is listed in Section 11.2. Varying the delay cycle can vary the output voltage. The supply frequency {FREQ} and the duty cycle {DELAY_ANGLE} are defined as variables. The model parameters for the freewheeling diode are as follows: .MODEL DMD D(IS=2.22E-15 BV=1200V CJO=0PF TT=0US)) for Diodes
DC input current Iin(DC) = Rms fundamental input current I1(rms) = Total harmonic distortion of input current THD = Rms harmonic current Ih(rms) = I1(rms) THD = Rms input current, Is =[I2 in(DC)+I21(rms)+I2h(rms)]0.5= Displacement angle, = Displacement factor, DF = cos = PF=(I1(rms)/Is)x cos = Conclusion:
Dated: _________________
Semester:______________________
Section: ______________
Lab14: DC-AC Three-Phase Squarewave Inverter

DC-AC Inverter: Three-phase Square Wave Inverter

Objective: The objectives of the lab include: To get acquainted with the simulation environment for three-phase Square Graphically model and simulate the three-phase square wave inverter (dcac converter) using ORCAD 10.5 and PSpice. To study the dc source (input) current and ac load (output) voltage and current waveforms. To compare the same with the results obtained from the analytical expressions. Tools required: 1. Software simulator ORCAD 2. Calculator Software modules and settings 1. Add all the available libraries to the project 2. Add MOSFETs IRF450, Resistor, Inductor, VDC, VPULSE and 0/Ground 3. Set VDC = 220V 4. Set VG1: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T} 5. Set VG2: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T/6} PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T} 6. Set VG3: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T/3} PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T} 7. Set VG4: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T/2} PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T} 8. Set VG5: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T*(2/3)} PW= {0.5*T} PR ={T} 9. Set VG6: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T*(5/6)} PW= {0.5*T} PR ={T} 10. Set load inductance and resistance as given above. Procedure 1. Start ORCAD 10.5 2. Make a new project with the name three_phase_square_inverter and select the option of analog and mixed A/D. 3. Add all the libraries to the project 4. Place components in the schematic page 5. Arrange the components as shown in the figure 6. Set the values of the components as required 7. Place PARAM in the schematic page and add the variables frequency, T,Rload and Lload and assign values. 8. Make a new simulation profile PSpice>New Simulation Profile> Give anyname>Set the simulation time to 0.1sec and other parameters according to requirements 9. Place the voltage and current marker across the load.
Part 1: 1. Graphically model the square wave inverter shown in Figure using the graphical front end of ORCAD. The nominal values for the inverter are as follows: Vs = 400V L= 10 mH R = 2 ohms F= 50 Hz
Part 2: 1. Observe and plot the phase voltage and current waveforms from time 20ms to100ms (Output voltage across R & L), (Current through L). 2. Observe and plot the line to line voltage waveforms from time 20ms to 100ms 3. Observe and plot supply current and voltage for the same duration. 4. Observe and plot the FFT of the input and output voltage and current waveforms from fundamental frequency to 1000 Hz. Part 3: 1. Repeat the above for R = 10 ohms.
Part 4: 1. Repeat the above experiment for a purely inductive load of L = 10 mH. Conclusion:
Dated: _________________
Semester:______________________
Section: ______________
Lab15: Hardware-DC-AC Three-Phase Inverter

The Three-Phase Inverter

Objective: The objectives of the lab include: To learn the operation of a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter. To understand the concept of selected harmonic reduction. Discussion: The 180E-modulation three-phase inverter A three-phase inverter consists of a two-phase inverter to which a pair of electronic switches (electronic switches Q3 and Q6) and a pair of free-wheeling diodes (diodes D3 and D6) is added, as shown in Figure 8-1. Furthermore, the SWITCHING CONTROL SIGNAL GENERATOR must produce two additional signals to control the switching of the added pair of electronic switches (Q3 and Q6). Thus, the three phase inverter is provided with three outputs. These are usually connected to similar loads.
Figure 8-1: A three-phase inverter built with six electronic switches and six free-wheeling diodes.
The two additional signals which the SWITCHING CONTROL SIGNAL GENERATOR produces, consists of two complementary square-wave signals, as is the case for the signals which control the switching of the other two pairs of electronic switches (Q1-Q4 and Q2-Q5). The use of complementary square-wave signals ensures that when one electronic switch in a pair is on, the other electronic switch in this pair is off, and vice versa. Each of the three pairs of electronic switches operates the same way. A positive voltage is applied to the load when the upper electronic switch (Q1, Q2 or Q3) is on, whereas a
negative voltage is applied to the load when the lower electronic switch (Q4, Q5 or Q6) is on. This type of inverter is referred to as a 180E-modulation three phase inverter.
The three pairs of complementary square-wave signals are shifted by 120E with respect to each other, as shown in Figure 8-2. This makes switching occur at different instants in each pair of electronic switches. Therefore, the waveforms of the line-to-neutral voltages at the outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter (phase voltages) are bipolar square waves which are shifted by 120E, as shown by voltage waveforms VPHASE 1, VPHASE 2, and VPHASE 3 in Figure 8-3. Similarly, the waveforms of the currents in the outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter (line currents) are more or less smoothed bipolar square waves which are 120E out of phase as shown by the current waveforms ILINE 1, ILINE 2, and ILINE 3 in Figure 8-3.
Figure 8-2: Switching control signals in a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
The frequency of the ac voltage at the outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter can be varied by varying the frequency of the switching control signals. However, since the duty cycle of the switching control signals is fixed, the ac voltage at
the outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter is also fixed, unless the dc voltage applied at the input is varied.
Figure 8-3: Waveforms related to a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
Figure 8-3 also shows the waveform of the current flowing in the neutral conductor of the three-phase inverter. This current is the instantaneous algebraic sum of the line currents of the three-phase inverter (ILINE 1 + ILINE 2 + ILINE 3).
The line currents contain many frequency components since they are not sine waves. The first frequency component has the same frequency as the line currents. It is referred to as the fundamental-frequency component. The other frequency components, which are referred to as harmonics, are odd multiples of the fundamental-frequency component since the positive and negative portions of the waveform of the line currents are identical. The fundamental-frequency components of the line currents are 120E out of phase with respect to each other and have the same amplitude. Therefore, the sum of the fundamental-frequency components of the line currents is null as shown in the phasor diagram of Figure 8-4. However, the sum of the harmonics of the line currents is not null. This explains why the amplitude of the neutral conductor current is fairly low and why its fundamental frequency is three times that of the line currents.
Figure 8-4: Phasor diagram showing that the sum of the fundamental-frequency components of the line currents in a three-phase inverter is null.
Since the current flowing in the neutral conductor contains only harmonics of the line currents, the neutral conductor can be removed without disturbing the operation of the three-phase inverter. Furthermore, this improves the waveforms of the phase voltages and line currents (which now resemble sine waves) since many harmonics of the line currents can no longer flow through the neutral conductor. Figure 8-5 shows the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at one of the outputs of the threephase inverter when the neutral conductor is removed as well as the switching control signals applied to the pair of electronic switches related to this output.
Figure 8-5: Waveforms related to a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor.
Removing the neutral conductor also eliminates the need for a dual-polarity dc power supply in a three-phase inverter. Figure 8-6 shows a diagram of a three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor and powered by a single-polarity dc power supply. Programmed-waveform modulation When programmed-waveform modulation is used in a three-phase inverter, the switching control signals applied to each pair of electronic switches become complementary pulse trains. The three pairs of complementary pulse trains are 120E out of phase with respect to each other as were the pairs of complementary square waves in the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
Figure 8-6: A three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor.
Figure 8-7 shows an example of complementary pulse trains used in programmed waveform modulation and the waveforms of the resulting phase voltage and line current in a three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor. As you can observe, the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current become better approximations of sine waves, because programmed-waveform modulation reduces the harmonics contained in the phase voltage and line current. Procedure summary: In the first part of this exercise, you will set up in the Mobile Workstation the equipment required to carry out this exercise. In the second part of this exercise, you will set up the circuit shown in Figure 8-8 to observe the operation of a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter built with six electronic switches. You will observe the switching control signals applied to the electronic switches. A voltage isolator will be used to observe the waveform of the line-to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) at each of the three outputs of the 180E-modulation threephase inverter. A current isolator will be used to observe the waveform of the current (line current) in each of the three outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter. You will vary the frequency of the switching control signals and the dc voltage at the inverter input to observe the effects these have on the frequency and amplitude of the phase voltage and line current. In the third part of this exercise, you will observe the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter. You will remove the neutral conductor to observe the effect this has on the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current. In the fourth part of this exercise, you will use programmed-waveform modulation and observe the effect it has on the switching control signals and the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current.
Figure 8-7: Waveforms related to a three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor and using programmed-waveform modulation.
Equipment Required: MODEL 8311 8321 8331 8837 8837-AX 9029 DESCRIPTION Resistive Load Inductive Load Capacitive Load MOSFET Chopper / Inverter IGBT Chopper / Inverter Chopper / Inverter Control Unit
Procedure:
Setting up the equipment 1. Install the Power Supply, the Enclosure / Power Supply, the Chopper / Inverter, the Resistive Load, the Inductive Load, and the Capacitive Load (2) modules in the Mobile Workstation. 2. Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and the Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure / Power Supply. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O (OFF) position. Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle. Plug the Enclosure / Power Supply line cord into a wall receptacle. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position. On the Power Supply, set the 24-V ac power switch to the I (ON) position. Make sure that the toggle switches on the Resistive Load, Inductive Load, and Capacitive Load modules are all set to the O (open) position.
3.
4.
5. 6.
Operation of a 180E-modulation three-phase inverter built with electronic switches 7. 8. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 8-8. Make the following settings:
On the Power Supply Voltage Selector On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit DC SOURCE 1 MODE On the IGBT Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switches S1 and S2
7-N
MAX. 3- 180E
On the Oscilloscope Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity Vertical Mode Time Base Trigger Source Trigger Slope Trigger Coupling
5 V/DIV (DC coupled) 5 V/DIV (DC coupled) Chopped 2 ms/DIV External positive (+) HF Rejection
Figure 8-8: A 180E-modulation three-phase inverter built with six electronic switches and a dual polarity dc power supply.
9.
On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively. These traces represent the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q2.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the period of the switching control signals is equal to 12 ms.
On the oscilloscope, set the horizontal position control so that the rising edge of the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1 (channel 1) coincides with the left-hand end of the screen reticule.
Note: Do not modify the setting of the horizontal position control until the end of the exercise.
Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q1 and Q2 in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-9.
Figure 8-9: Switching control signals in the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
10.
Disconnect the leads connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 1 and 2 of the Chopper / Inverter module then connect them to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 3 and 4 of the same module, respectively.
Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q3 and Q4 in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-9. Disconnect the leads connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 3 and 4 of the Chopper / Inverter module then connect them to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUTS 5 and 6 of the same module, respectively.
Sketch the waveforms of the switching control signals applied to electronic switches Q5 and Q6 in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-9. From the waveforms of the switching control signals sketched in Figure 8-9, describe how the switching of the electronic switches is carried out in the 180E-modulation threephase inverter.
11.
Disconnect the cable connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 5 of the Chopper / Inverter module then connect it to the OUTPUT of the voltage isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal.
Disconnect the cable connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 6 of the Chopper / Inverter module then connect it to the OUTPUT of the current isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal. Make the following settings on the oscilloscope: Channel-1 Sensitivity Channel-2 Sensitivity
2 V/DIV (DC coupled) 1 V/DIV (DC coupled)
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position then set the main power switch to I (ON) position. Slowly set the voltage control knob of the Power Supply halfway between the 70 and 80 positions (75% of the ac network line voltage). This supplies dc power to the 180Emodulation three-phase inverter. 12. The oscilloscope now displays the waveforms of the line-to-neutral voltage (phase voltage) and line current at the phase-1 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter (VPHASE 1 and ILINE 1).
Sketch these waveforms in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-10.
Figure 8-10: Waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the outputs of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
13.
Modify the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators so that they measure the phase voltage and the line current at the phase-2 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
Note: Make sure the INPUT terminals of the Current/Voltage Isolators are connected to the phase-2 output when modifying the connections. Also make sure to reconnect the phase-1 output to inductor L1 once the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators have been modified.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to I (ON) position. Observe the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-2 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter (VPHASE 2 and ILINE 2) on the oscilloscope screen, then sketch them in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-10. 14. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position.
Modify the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators so that they measure the phase voltage and the line current at the phase-3 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
Note: Make sure the INPUT terminals of the Current/Voltage Isolators are connected to the phase-3 output when modifying the connections. Also make sure to reconnect the phase-2 output to inductor L2 once the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators have been modified.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to I (ON) position. Observe the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-3 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter (VPHASE 3 and ILINE 3) on the oscilloscope screen, then sketch them in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-10. What is the main difference between the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current at the phase-1, phase-2, and phase-3 outputs of the 180E-modulation threephase inverter?
15.
On the Power Supply, vary the setting of the voltage control knob while observing the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current on the oscilloscope screen and the dc voltage indicated by the voltmeter on the Power Supply.
Describe what happens.
On the Power Supply, set the voltage control knob halfway between the 70 and 80 positions. 16. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, slowly turn the DC SOURCE 1 control knob back and forth between the MAX. position and the middle position while observing the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current on the oscilloscope screen.
Describe what happens.
On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, set the DC SOURCE 1 control knob so that the period of the waveforms on the oscilloscope screen is equal to 12 ms.
The current in the neutral conductor 17. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch to the O position.
Modify the connections of the current isolator so that it measures the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter.
Note: Make sure the INPUT terminal of the current isolator is connected to the loads when modifying the connections. Also make sure to reconnect the phase-3 output to inductor L3 once the connections of the current isolator have been modified.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to I (ON) position. Sketch the waveform of the current in the neutral conductor of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter in Figure 8-10.
Explain why the amplitude of the current in the neutral conductor, which is the sum of the line currents, is lower than the amplitude of any one of the line currents.
Would it be possible to remove the neutral conductor? If so, what other change could be carried out in the three-phase inverter?
18.
Modify the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators so that they measure the phase voltage and the line current at the phase-1 output of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter. Refer to Figure 8-8 to modify the connections.
Note: Make sure the neutral conductor is reconnected once the connections of the Current/Voltage Isolators have been modified.
On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set halfway between the 70 and 80 positions then set the main power switch to I (ON) position. Remove the neutral conductor while observing the phase voltage and the line current on the oscilloscope screen. Sketch the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current in Figure 8-11.
Figure 8-11: Waveforms of the phase voltage and line current of the 180E-modulation three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor.
Describe what has happened to the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current when the neutral conductor has been removed. Briefly explain.
Use of programmed-waveform modulation in a three-phase inverter 19. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, select the 3- P1 MODE while observing the phase voltage and the line current on the oscilloscope screen.
Sketch the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-12. Disconnect the cable connected to the OUTPUT of the voltage isolator then connect it to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 1 of the Chopper / Inverter module, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal. Channel 1 of the oscilloscope now displays the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1. Sketch the waveform of this switching control signal in Figure 812.
Figure 8-12: Waveforms related to the programmed-waveform modulation three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor (3- P1 MODE).
Disconnect the cable connected to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 1 of the Chopper / Inverter module, then reconnect it to the OUTPUT of the voltage isolator, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal. 20. On the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit, select the 3- P2 MODE while observing the phase voltage and the line current on the oscilloscope screen.
Sketch the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current in the appropriate locations of Figure 8-13. Disconnect the cable connected to the OUTPUT of the Voltage Isolator then connect it to SWITCHING CONTROL INPUT 1 of the Chopper / Inverter module, making sure you connect the black lead to the common terminal. Channel 1 of the oscilloscope now displays the switching control signal applied to electronic switch Q1. Sketch the waveform of this switching control signal in Figure 813.
Figure 8-13: Waveforms related to the programmed-waveform modulation three-phase inverter without a neutral conductor (3- P2 MODE).
Describe what has happened to the waveforms of the phase voltage and line current when the programmed-waveform modulation (3- P1 and 3- P2 MODEs) has been selected. Briefly explain.
21. On the Power Supply, set the main power switch and the 24-V ac power switch to the O position. Set the rocker switch on the Enclosure / Power Supply to the O position. Remove all leads, cables, and probes.
Conclusion:

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List of Experiments

EE-420 Power Electronics

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab01: Software Uncontrolled Single Phase Rectifiers

The equivalent parametric cal model of a diode is:

Finding the Performance of a Half Wave Diode Rectifier:

Finding the Performance of a Single Bridge Rectifier:

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab02: Hardware - Single Phase Uncontrolled Rectifiers

Theory and Background:

Figure 2: Operation of a diode-resistor circuit.

Figure 3: Operation of a diode-resistor-inductor circuit.

Figure 4: Half-wave rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.

Figure 5: Half-wave rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.

Figure 6: A full-wave rectifier circuit.

Figure 7: Voltage waveforms associated with full-wave rectifier circuit.

Diode characteristics: 1. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Circuit for observing the characteristics of a diode.

Figure 9: The voltage-current characteristic of a diode.

Figure 10: Circuit for observing current and voltage waveforms.

Figure 12: Rectifier circuit with free-wheeling diode.

Figure 13: Full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.

Table 3: Measurements for bridge rectifier circuit

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab03: Software - Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers

Finding the Performance of a Three Phase Diode Rectifier

PSpice simulation setup. (a) Transient setup, (b) Fourier setup.

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab04: Hardware - Uncontrolled Three Phase Rectifiers

Theory and Background:

Figure 1: A three-phase rectifier circuit using diodes.

Figure 2: A three-phase full-wave rectifier circuit using diodes.

Figure 3: Voltage waveform of the three-phase full-wave rectifier circuit.

Three phase, half-wave rectifier: 3. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Three-phase, half-wave rectifier circuit.

Table 1: Measurements for three phase half wave rectifier

Figure 5: Voltage and current waveforms for three-phase, half-wav rectifier.

Figure 6: Circuit for observing current and voltage waveforms.

Table 2: Measurements for three-phase, full-wave rectifier circuit

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab05: Software Buck and Boost Converter

Buck Converter Objective:

V2 V1 = 0 V2 = 5 TD = 0 TR = 0.01us TF = 0.01us PW = {duty cy cle/f switch} PER = {1/f switch}

Figure 1(a): DC buck chopper

To perform transient analysis

Similarly get plots for inductor current and voltages

Similarly get plots for load current at different switching frequencies

Boost Converter Objective:

Figure 2 (a): Boost chopper

Similarly get plots for inductor current and voltages

Similarly get plots for load current at different switching frequencies

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab06: Hardware Buck Chopper

The Buck Chopper Objective:

Figure 1: Operation of a buck chopper.

Operation of the buck chopper 7. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 2.

Make the following settings:

On the Chopper / Inverter module Interconnection Switch S1

Figure 2: Circuit used to observe the operation of the buck chopper.

LINE VOLTAGE V ac 220

Figure 3: Input and Output Power observation

Department of Electrical Engineering EE420: Power Electronics

Lab07: Hardware Boost Chopper

Figure 1: Operation of a boost chopper.

______________ _

Describe what happens.