ARTICLE IV CITIZENSHIP Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: 1.

Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this constitution 2. Those whose father or mothers are citizens of the Philippines 3. Those born before January 27, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law Meaning of citizenship and citizen Citizenship - Is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the State. Citizen - Is a person having title of citizenship. He is a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the State. Along with other citizens, they compose the political community. General ways of acquiring citizenship *Involuntary method -by birth, because of blood relationship or place of birth *Voluntary method -by naturalization, except in case of collective naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by one state to another as a result of conquest or treaty. Citizens by birth Jus sanguinis - Blood relationship is the basis of acquisition of citizenship under this rule. Jus soli or jus loci - Place of birth serves as the basis for acquiring citizenship under this rule. WHO ARE THE FILIPINO CITIZENS UNDER THE NEW CONSTITUTION 1. First group -those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1973 Constitution (January 17, noon, 1973) 2. Second group - those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines 3. Third group

-those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the 1935 Constitution 4. Fourth group -those who are naturalized in accordance with law Naturalization - Is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and privileges of citizenship. Ways of acquiring citizenship by naturalization 1. By judgment of the court 2. By direct act of Congress 3. By administrative proceedings Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from the birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph 3, Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Kinds of citizens under the Constitution 1. Natural-born citizens 2. Citizens at the time if the adoption of the new Constitution 3. Citizens through election 4. Naturalized citizen Section 3. Philippine Citizenship may lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. Loss of citizenship 1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship 1. By naturalization 2. By repatriation of deserters of the Philippine armed forces and women who lost their citizenship by reason of marriage to an alien, after the termination of their marital status 3. By direct act of the Congress of the Philippines. Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it. CITIZENSHIP OF A FILIPINO WOMAN WHO MARRIES AN ALIEN - Under Commonwealth Act No. 63 as amended by RA Nos 106, 2639 and 3834, a Filipino woman loses her Philippine citizenship upon her marriage to a foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in her husbands country, she acquires his nationality.

CITIZENSHIP OF AN ALIEN WOMAN WHO MARRIES A FILIPINO - Under Section 15 of the Naturalized Law, an alien woman who marries a Filipino citizen becomes a Filipino provided that she herself may be lawfully naturalized. Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law. Dual Citizenship - Refers to the possession of two citizenship by an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the country where he became a naturalized citizen. Does-dual or multiple citizenship exist? a. From the viewpoint of the countries directly involved, dual or multiple citizenship does not exist. b. From the viewpoint of the third states, however, it does exist. EXAMPLE: If a child is born in the US of Filipino parents, under Philippine law the child will only be a Filipino (not an American) for we recognize the doctrine of jus sanguinis; under the US law, the child will be only an American (not a Filipino) for the US recognized jus soli. Thus dual citizenship does not really exist, insofar as the Philippines and the US are concerned. However in the contemplation of the third state, say, Japan, the child will be both a Filipino and an American, presenting a clear case of dual citizenship (Paras, 1985). From the view point of the third state, dual or multiple citizenship may arise through the following ways: 1. Through marriage 2. Through the naturalized citizens failure to comply with certain legal requirements in the country of origin 3. From a combined application of jus soli and jus sanguinis 4. By the legislative act of state 5. By the voluntary act of the individual concerned ARTICLE V SUFFRAGE Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are at least 18 years of age, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place wherein they proposed to vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the election. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. Suffrage - Is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national and local officers of the government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people.

Nature of suffrage 1. A mere privilege 2. A political right Scope of suffrage 1. Election 2. Plebiscite 3. Referendum 4. Initiative 5. Recall Qualifications of voters 1. A citizen (male or female) of the Philippines 2. Not otherwise disqualified by law 3. At least 18 years of age 4. Have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in the place wherein they proposed to vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the election Person disqualified to vote 1. Any person who have been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than 1 year, such disability not having been removed by plenary pardon or granted amnesty. But such person shall automatically reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of 5 years after the service of sentence 2. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored his full civil and political rights in accordance with law. Such person shall likewise automatically regain his right to vote upon expiration of 5 years after service of sentence 3. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority

Section 2. The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad. The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.