You are on page 1of 42

CHEANG EI LEEN CHI N PUI MAN CHU SZI WEI HI EW YEN NEE LEONG CARMEN -LI EW HUI EN TAN

ARMEN -LI EW HUI EN TAN HENG YEE YONG SEH LI


1006A77249 0310331 0314160 0314212 0314953 0314920 0314941 0314345
SCHOOL OF ARCHI TECTURE, BUI LDI NG & DESI GN
Bachelor of Science (Honours)(Architecture)
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 [ARC 1413]
Assignment 1: Experiencing Construction
Table of content

"#$% &'$ ()%
"#$% &'$ ()% *+,-.
/
01%2 34# 5$ *+,6.
7)% 84%2 044
/ 8$49 04% :44
"#4)%2 ;$<44%
/ "#' 3=$ >4$
")?@4% 541%2 *A,6BA,+BA,C.
7)% 84%2 044 *A,+.
"#4)%2 ;$<44% *A,D.
5$49 8'$ ;% *A,A.
8$49 04% :44 *A,E.
01%2 34# 5$ *A,F.

"#$% &'$ ()% *E,-.
5$49 8'$ ;% *E,6.
"#4)%2 ;$<44%
"#' 3=$ >4$

1.0
Introduction

1.1
Introduction of
Site


2.0
Sites and Safety

3.0
External Work
4.0
Foundation
5.3 Wall

5.5 Formwork



3.1
Setting out
and Earth
Work
2.1
Plants and
Machinery
4.1
Foundation type
and construction
process
(from site visit &
reference)



5.2 Slab
5.4 Staircase

6.0
Roof

6.1
Roof type and
construction
process (from
site visit &
reference)

5.6 Door



5.1 Beam and Column




5.7 Windows




7.0
Summary


7.1
Reference

As archi tects and the bui l di ng i ndustry conti nue to
desi gn and bui l d structures that di f f er i n desi gn,
type, materi al s and bui l di ng method, i t has
become i mportant that each party stay f ami l i ar
wi th both basi c and new concepts of bui l di ng
constructi on.
As ti me pass by, constructi on methods are
constantl y bei ng repl aced by new and more
ef f i ci ent and cost ef f ecti ve methods to construct
bui l di ngs. Theref ore, archi tects need to i mprove
wi th knowl edge of bui l di ng constructi on i n order
to f ol l ow trend of technol ogy.


































1. 0 I ntroducti on


AI M:
Thi s proj ect i s to produce archi tects wi th
knowl edge of bui l di ng constructi on by
i denti f yi ng di f f erence types of bui l di ng
el ements, constructi on process, detai l s and
materi al s. Thi s report i ncl udes the studi es
and records of si te and saf ety, external work,
f oundati on, superstructure, roof and doors.
































1. 1I ntroduct i on of Si t es


a.
De bunga Residence
@
Ukay Perdana

Date of plan approval: Mac 2013

Proj ect ti tl e

3 strata landed housing scheme
(gated community) build 68 units of
3-storey semi-detached houses,
14 units of 3-storey house, 1 unit of
electrical substations and 1 unit of
guardhouse.

Owner

STAR BASE SDN. BHD.
[Company no: 521591-H]
Level 22, Menara Maxisegar,
Jalan Pandan Indah,
4/2 Pandan Indah
65100 Kuala Lumpur.

Archi tect

Ar. Lee Be Hsin
43-3 Jalan 1/1 16B Kuchai Entrepreneur Park,
Off Jalan Kuchai Lama
58200 Kuala Lumpur.




Devel oper & Contractor

Sierra Ukay Sdn. Bhd
&
Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.


b.
Al ti tude 236, Luxury Condomi ni um
@
Buki t Mandari na

Construction starts: September 2011.
Estimated of completion date: October 2014
Proj ect ti tl e

One block of medium cost apartments of
38-storey high with 31-storey
apartments (236 units), 1-storey
residential facilities, 4-storey car park, 2
floor of M&E and services and 1 block
annex parking 4 and ! floor and 1 floor
recreational facilities.

Owner & Devel oper

MANDA RINA SDN. BHD.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.

Architect

PTA Design Sdn. Bhd.
No. 37, Jalan Damai,
Off Jalan Tun Razak,
55000 Kuala Lumpur.
Contractor

Ijm Building Systems Sdn. Bhd.
Ground Floor, Wisma IJM,
Jalan Yong Shook Lin,
46050 Kuala Lumpur.

Safety management is established;
a. Prevent injuries and illness
b. To avoid direct and indirect cost that related to injuries and properties damages

Ways to prevent injuries and accidents;
a. Train all employees on safety steps.
b. Material handling and mobile equipment safety.
c. Provide protective equipment

Site Safety

Si gns warn hazards at locations where hazards exist.

Si gnal s are moving signs provided by workers (eg: flagman, flash lights, honks,
alarms) to warn possible or existing hazards.

Acci dent -Prevent i on Tags is used for temporary warning. (figure 2.2)


Head Protection

Protective hard hats are to minimize the rate and level which impact forces are
transmitted to the brain, neck and spine. Refer to figure 2.3







































!"#$%& ()*)+, -.%/ 01.23"4#

2.0 Sites and Safety
Har d hat s


St andar d vest with
stripes.


Long- sl eeved wor k
shi r t . Nothing less
than 4-inch sleeves.


Cl ose- f i t t i ng or
medium-fitting j eans.


Saf et y wor k shoes
or boots.
Har d out er shel l ;
to resists and defects
blows to the head.

Shock- absor bi ng
l i ni ng; incorporate a
headband and straps.

Cl i p on sweat band;
absorb sweats before
trickles into eyes.

Peak; to protect eyes
and face.
Figuie 2.u.S: Baiu Bat Type 2
Figuie 2.u.S: Signs Figuie 2.u.4: Acciuent-pievention tag
Figuie 2.u.2: Signs
Scaffolding & Planking

Scaffold is a temporary structure used to support people and materials.

Safety Net

Safety net is setup to provide fall protection.


















































Figuie 2.u.6: Scaffoluing at Be'bunga Figuie 2.u.9: Walk-thiough scaffolu
Figuie 2.u.7: Planking on scaffolu to
pioviue walking unueineath
Figuie 2.u.8: Piopei planking
system
Figuie 2.u.11: Walkway on scaffolu
in between builuing anu safety net
Wooden
guar dr ai l s
secured to frame
Tube- and- cl amp
guar dr ai l s to
protect outrigger/side
platform

-Can be adjustable in
height and width.
Walk-through scaffold is frequently used by
masonry trade to provide greater height per
tier and easier distribution of materials on
platforms at intermediate levels.

Fr ames

Pile Driving Equipment

A pile driver is used to drive poles or piles into the soil to give foundation support for
buildings or structures. It is placed on a pile or pole




























Excavator

Excavator is heavy machinery composed of a boom, stick, bucket and cab upon rotating
platform known as the house. The house sits on top of an undercarriage with tracks or
wheels.

Funct i on movement of excavator are achievable through the use of hydraulic fluid,
motors and cylinders. Is used to dig holes, foundations and trenches.












Compactor

A machine used to minimize the size
of waste materials or soil through
compaction.
Figuie 2.u.1u: Scaffoluing at Altituue 2S6

2.1 Plants and Machinery
Figuie 2.1.1: Pile Biiving Equipment at Be'Bunga
Gui de consists heavy
weight to enable to
slide up and down
easily in single vertical
line. It is placed on a
pole or pile. Figuie 2.1.2: Paits of Pile
Biiving Equipment
Figuie 2.1.S: Excavatois at Be' Bunga
Figuie 2.1.4: views anu measuiement of
excavatoi
Hydraulics, steam, diesel or manual labor is
used to raise weight. Once the weight reaches
its optimum point, it will immediately released
and smashes on to pile or pole in order to
drive it into the ground soil.
Figuie 2.1.S: Compactoi at Altituue 2S6
Backhoe Loader

Is an excavating equipment consists of digging bucket on the end of the two-part
articulated arm.
It is also used in construction, demolitions, light transportation of building materials,
excavation, landscaping and paving roads.


























Bulldozer

A bulldozer is a crawler consist of a substantial metal plate, also known as blade, used
to push large quantities of sand, soil and other materials during construction and
generally equipped at the rear with a ripper to loosen compacted materials.































Figuie 2.1.6: Backhoe loauei at Altituue 2S6 Figuie 2.1.7: Backhoe loauei at Be'Bunga
Figuie 2.1.7: Pait of backhoe loauei
Figuie 2.1.u: 0veiall view of bulluozei
Figuie 2.1.9: Blaue Figuie 2.1.8: Rippei
Dump Truck

Is used to transport loose material like sand, soil and dirt. It is equipped with an open-
box bed, which is hinged at the rear and consists of hydraulic piston to lift up the front,
enabling the material in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck.















Rebar Bender

A device used to bend steel bars and other heavy metals.











Tower Crane

Tower crane is fixed to the ground on a concrete slab. It gives the best combination of
height and lifting capacity and is used in construction of tall buildings. The base is
attached to the mast that gives its height. It is further attached to the slewing unit,
which enables the crane to rotate. On the top of the slewing unit, there are the long
horizontal jib, shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.














Forklift













Figuie 2.1.11: Bump tiuck at Be'Bunga
Figuie 2.1.14: Biief explanation of iebai benuei
Figuie 2.1.12: view of uump tiuck
Figuie 2.1.1S: Rebai Benuei at Be'Bunga
Figuie 2.1.1S: Towei ciane at Altituue 2S6 Figuie 2.1.16: Sectional view of towei ciane
Forklift truck is used to lift and transport
building materials. Its components include
the truck frame, counterweight, cab,
overhead guard, power source, tilt
cylinders, mast, carriage, load backrest
and attachments.
Figuie 2.1.17: Foiklift at Altituue 2S6
























1. Soil Testing

2. Land Surveying 5. Leveling and Grading 4. Cutting, Filling &
Compacting
3. Site Clearance
Collecting and identifying the
sample of soil on site
Purpose
a) To ensure no hidden
chemical/physical condition on
site
b) Help to choose suitable footing
type.
c) To know the ground water
level to help whether need to
carry out dewatering.
How?
a ) Excavation of Trial Hole
( 2m x1m)
I. Using machinery exactor
II. Allow good visual
inspection of the strata
b) Drilling boreholes
I. Using hand auger
II. Inspection of strata can
only be done by excavated
material brought up by
auger

Purpose
a) To ensure the
boundaries of the
property is set
precisely
b) To ensure building
build at a
right boundary
c) To avoid legal
problem when
construction start
Who ?
By Land Surveyor
How ?
By using Theodolite

Removal of vegetation,
stumps, roots and topsoil at
least 2 below subgrade
Purpose
a) To prevent soil
movement
caused by decaying
organic matter which
may threaten the
foundations or other
elements of the
surrounding site.
b) To prevent future
problems like insect
infestation, diseased
wood and lawnmower
damage

Earthmoving operation in
which the material excavated
and removed from one
location is used as fill material
at another location.
Why?
a) The land being filled is
going to be used for
building foundations.
b) Compacting earth is to
avoid settling.
Device


Bulldozer
Plate compactor

3.0 External Work




3.1 Setting out & Earth Work



Reshaping of the field surface to
a planned grade
Purpose
a) To level the field to its best
condition with minimal earth
movement
b) To provide a slope which fits
water supply
How?
Dumpy level measures the height
of two points on a horizontal
plane, allowing the builder to
measure whether a bit of ground
is level or not.
Phases of Land leveling
operations
1. Rough grading
2. Land levelling
3. Land smoothing.
Device

Skid-Steer loaders Dumpy level








































6. Setting Out

6a. Pegging Out 6b. Setting Out Corner
Profiles
6c. Mark Builders Line 6d. Marking Out on the
Ground from the Profiles
Purpose
To ensure that the various
elements of the scheme are
positioned correctly in all three
dimensions.
Equipment
a) Wooden Pegs
- provide with nail fixed at the
top center to locate the
station point
b) Profile Boards
- help to indicate the
thickness of the wall and
width of the foundation
c) Builders Lines
- made out of hemp, string or
wire
- must not stretch, sag or taut
which can cause the profile
board to displace or the line
itself breaks
Device



Theodolite Dumpy level Tripod
1. One of the building
corners will be set up as a
temporary benchmark
by placing a wooden peg
in the ground with a nail on
top.

2. Mark two corner of the
building to set out the front
line.

3. The lines of all the other
walls are measured from this
front line using Pythagoras
theorem.

4. After placing 4 pegs at
corner, measure the
diagonals (Line x & y) and
make sure both are in same
lengths

1.When the positions of
the corners of the
building are known,
profile board will be
used to mark the
positions and widths of
the wall, foundations
and excavation .

2.Saws cut in top of
profile board set
horizontal and to
know level

1.Saws cut in the top of
Profile board act as marks
and allow builder's line
stretching from notch to
notch in opposite profile
board
-intersection of string
mark corner of various
part of substructure

this black dot mark
the corner of the wall to be
built and should be exactly
over the original wooden
peg

1. Marking out on the
ground follow the
builders line as closely
as possible by
sprinkle old
cement, lime or
saw dust on
ground.

2. Remove the builder
line to allow excavation
to carry on as the line
will disturb the
subsequent work.


7. Trench Excavation

8. Subsoil Drainage System 9. Backfilling 10. Pavement
With the outline of the
concrete marked on the
ground, excavator digged
out between the lines to
form a trench
How?
By using JCB excavator

A drainage system above
natural water table that drain
away surface water
Purpose ?
a. Increase the stability of the
ground and footings of
building
b. Reducing foundation
movement due to the
variation in the soil moisture
content.
Type of pipes
a. Rigid-concrete pipe
b. FlexibleHDPE Corrugated
Pipe

Used to surround pipes that
are buries beneath the surface
Why?
a. Helps to protect the pipe
from damage.
b. Acts as a foundation for the
road pavement.
How?
a. Flowable type backfill
b. Granular type backfill
Made up of three layers:
a. Subgrade: Earth that has
been graded to the desired
elevation.
b. Subbase: A course of
material that is placed on
the subgrade to provide
drainage and stability.
c. Base is placed on the sub-
base to provide a stable
platform for the concrete
pavement slab.
Why?
a. These are essential for a
strong,durable concrete
pavement system.
b. To maintain a good system
of roads which is the
underlying backbone of our
infrastructure.


A pile cap is a thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that hav
e been driven into soft or unstable ground to provide a suitable stable foundati
on. It usually forms part of the foundation of a building, typically a multi-story b
uilding, structure or support base for heavy equipment. The cast concrete pile c
ap distributes the load of the building into the piles. A similar structure to a pile
cap is a "raft", which is a concrete foundation floor resting directly onto soft soil
which may be liable to subsidence.
4.after the completion of a bored pile , the remaining reinforced bars are then extended to form starter bars and th
e concrete pile is then extended up to ground level or beyond such that the floors of the building rests on the pile.
4. 0 Foundati on
4. 1 Foundati on type and constructi on process



Lateral Reinforcement
1. 2. 3.

4.
Number of reinforcement bar used in columns may be varied instead
of varying the size of columns.
Formations of lateral reinforcement bars depends on the number of
vertical reinforcement bars used in a column.
Lateral ties should have a minimum diameter of 10mm.
Space between two ties is not more than 48 tie diameter.
Type of reinforcement used is usually T12, reinforcement steel with
a diameter of 12mm.
Beam and Column
Reinforced concrete column
Reinforced concrete column is designed to carry compressive
load.
Reinforcement bar in concrete increases the columns tensile
strength.
Size of columns differs according to the amount of load it has
to bear.
Length of overlapping reinforcement bar is forty times of the
diameter of bar.
Vertical reinforcement should not be less than 1% nor more than 8%
of the cross sectional concrete beam.
Types of reinforcement steel includes T12, T14, T16, T20, T25, T32
and T40.
T represents reinforcement steel and the numbers indicates the
diameter.
Concrete columns may be supported by isolated footings or by pile
caps.
Dowels tie column to supported beam or slab.
Rebars for columns




5.1 Beam & Column




!"#$%& ()$$*+,-. /-0# 1"2-. /-0# 3*454)*)( /-0#
"#$% &' '())*+,#- ./ ,0* 1*2(%3'
$, .*,4 #3-'5
"#$%' *6 $ +#2$78#2/ '4*+, ')$3
('#' ,4&' '())*+,5
"#$%' ,4$, $+# 9:#- $, .*,4 #3-'
#&,4#+ ,* *,4#+ .#$%' *+ ,* ,0* 0$22'5
;, &' 1$3 .# '())*+,#- ./ )+&%$+/
.#$%'5
< 1*373(*(' .#$% 4$' %*+# ,4$3 ,0*
'())*+,' -&',+&.(,#- ,4+*(=4*(, &,' 2#3=,45
>'#- ,* '())*+, $ .#$% *6 $ 2$+=# ')$35
6789 !:;;<=>?@A >B;7!
=-"4C*+D-. 3*4D+-,- 6-0#(
?&,4*(, +#&36*+1#%#3,@ .#$% 0&22 1+$1A 04#3 ,** %(14 6*+1# &'
$))2&#- ,* &,5
B*3=&,(-&3$2 .$+
'#+8#' $' ,#3'&*3
+#&36*+1#%#3,5
"*C*% .$+ 0&,4',$3-' %*+# ,#3'&2#
6*+1# .#1$('# 6*+1# &' $))2&#-
-*030$+-'5

D#),4 *6 .#$% &'
')$3 -&8&-#- ./ EF
"#$% 0&-,4 '4*(2- .#
#G($2 *+ =+#$,#+ ,4$3 0&-,4
*6 '())*+73= 1*2(%35
H7++()' $+# )2$1#- )#+)#3-&1(2$+
,* ,4# 2*3=&,(-&3$2 .$+ ,* +#'&',
,4# 8#+71$2 1*%)*3#3, *6 $
-&$=*3$2 6*+1#5
I#&36*+1#- 1*31+#,# .#$% &' $ 4*+&J*3,$2
',+(1,(+$2 1*%)*3#3, -#'&=3#- ,* 1$++/ 2*$-5
B&A# 1*2(%3'@ +#&36*+1#%#3, .$+ &' &3'722#- ,*
0&,4',$3- ,#3'&2# 6*+1#5

=-"4C*+D-#-4, /0+( *C /-0# 04. (%0/
Steps to build Beams and Column




































Setting up of
reinforcement bars.
The thickness of bars
and the number of
bars used depends on
the load it has to bear.
1

2 7 6 5 4 3
Cladding of formwork
using plywood.
Cement is being
pumped and poured
into the formwork. A
concrete vibrator is
then used to released
t rapped air and excess
water.
When the concrete of
the columns have
dried up, cladding of
formwork for beams
can be done.
Reinforcement bars
for beams are set up.
Cement is poured into
the formwork. A concrete
vibrator is then used to
ensure that the concrete
settle firmly in place.
Columns and beams
are formed. Excess
rebar on top of column
is for continuation of
rebar for next floor.
Reinforced concrete slabs are plate structures
laid with reinforcement bar to withstand load.
It is supported by beams. Hence, force
applied to slabs are transferred to beams.
Suspended Slabs
Beam that
supports
the slab
Reinforced Concrete Slab
Size of reinforcement
bar used differs
according to the load it
has to bear.
Reinforcement bar
placed perpendicularly.
Thickness of floor slab
depends on the load it has to
bear.
Minimum thickness of slab is
100mm.
Reinforcement bars for
slab.


5.2 Slab



Ground Slabs
Gravel Stone
Gravel Stone laid as a base to prevent the
capillary rise of groundwter.
Minimum thickness is 100mm.

Damp Proof Membrane
Polyethylene moisture barrier to prevent
water from entering the structure.
Thickness of polyethylene is 0.15mm
Concrete Slab
Thickness depends on the load it
has to bear.
Minimum thickness is 100mm.
Additives may be added to
increase surface hardness and
abrasion resistance.
One-Way Slab
One way slabs are
reinforced in one direction
and they are casted on a
series of parallel beams or
walls.
Force is transferred in
parallel to beams.
Suitable for light load and
span of slab is relatively
short.
Two-Way Slab
Two way slabs are
reinforced in two directions.
It is casted with supporting
beams on all four sides.
Force is transferred to all
four sides to the beams.
Suitable for heavy load.
Shape of slab is relatively
squarish.
Workers working on ground slab.
1. Ledger is set for the beams.

2. After setting the ledgers. Bearers
will be installed in an interval of
300mm.

Bearer
3. Plywood are installed sides by
sides and bases are installed
between the bearers
4.The props is set for slab
installation . Then ledgers for slab
will be set in an interval of 200mm .
Then,plywood decking will be laid on
the props setting.
Next is the entering of the
reinforcement cages of beams
Plywood
Decking
5. Spacer blocks are placed
on the plywood decking which
allow sufficient concrete
cover.
6. Electrical wiring system is
installed before placing the
bottom reinforcement.
7.Cement is poured to form
the concrete slab .The
cement is transported by a
concrete pump
8.Dismantlement of the
wooden formwork will occur
after the concrete gain certain
strength.
Types of wall

I. DeBunga :

a) Masonry Wall
Clay brick builds the wall. Bricks are laid in running bond.
Openings are spanned with lintels for installation of doors and windows.
Thickness of wall is 100mm.
































5. 3 WALL


Figuie S.4.1: Nasoniy Wall stiuctuie at Be'bunga
Figuie S.4.2: Paity Wall stiuctuie at Be'bunga
II. Altitude 236 :


Reinforced concrete wall formed by Aluminium formwork
Walls formed by reinforced concrete is load bearing
Pouring concrete mix into formwork with reinforcement bar forms
reinforced concrete wall.
Minimum thickness of load bearing wall is 150mm and 205mm
for party walls.

b) Party Wall
The wall is built between two houses that are attached to each other.
Thickness of wall is 205mm.
Acts as a fire wall. It slows down the spread of fire to the neighbouring house.
Figuie S.4.S: Reinfoiceu conciete wall at Altituue 2S6

































Steps of construction wall
Concrete Column

Dowel Bar

Acts as brick
reinforcement.
Placed at an
interval of 4
rows of bricks
1

2 4 3
Level Peg
An indicator for
the thickness of
the plaster.
X-met
Fastened in
between column
and bricks to
prevent cracking
of plaster.
!"#$
Nixtuie of
cement, sanu
anu watei.
Applieu onto
conciete
suiface.
To pioviue a
ioughei
suiface to
holu plastei.





Concrete cement
X-met
Acts as brick
reinforcement.
Placed at an interval of
4 rows of bricks.
Bricks
Laid in running bond

Finishing
Plaster will be done after
masonry work.
Plaster is a mixture of adhesive
cement, sand and water.
Wooden formwork of staircase


v
































1

2 3 4

5. 4 STAI RCASE


Temporary panels along the stairway
at construction area are set up and
braced. Treads and risers on the
panel are also laid out. Then, the slab
thicknesses at a right angle to the
slope of the stairway are measured
and a line is snapped.

Temporary panels

Brace
Riser Tread
Slab thickness
Rebar
Stringer width
Shores to be cut at
angle
Soffit panel thickness
Joist width
After that, lay out the soffit panel thickness,
joist width and stringer width and snap lines.
The next step, shore length and the side
form width are determined.

Soffit panel
Joist
Stringer
Shores cut to length
Shores are cut to length and secured in
position. Stringers are nailed to the tops of
the shores, joists are nailed to the tops of
the stringers and soffit panels are nailed in
position. Then, the temporary panels are
removed.
Front section
Rebar
Side forms
Cleats
Riser form boards
Stiffener
Bottom plate Top plate
Treads and risers are laid out on the side form.
While the top and bottom plates and stiffeners
are nailed through the side forms. Side forms
are then fastened to the top of the joists. After
the rebar has been placed, cleats and riser form
boards are fastened to the side forms. Lastly,
the front section is nailed into place.
Figuie S.S.1: Staiicase constiuction
foimwoik at Altituue 2S6
NOTE:
The const r uct i on of st ai r s usi ng syst em f or mwor k
at Al t i t ude 236 i s ver y si mi l ar t o wooden f or mwor k
such t hat segment s of t he f or mwor k ar e pi eced
t oget her l i ke a j i gsaw. Syst em f or mwor k i s at an
advant age wher eby no wast age of wood i s
pr oduced and t he al umi ni um moul d can r euse over
and over agai n. Thi s pr ovi des a one- t i me
i nvest ment f or t he cont r act or as wel l as compar ed
t o wooden f or mwor k t hat can be used once and
has t o be di sposed of af t er usage.

Types of staircase

Both of the sites are having the same type of staircase, which is concret e st ai rs.
A concret e st ai r is designed as an inclined slab with steps formed on its
upper surface. Hence, it often requires careful analysis of load, span and support
conditions.































Shear key
Steel dowel
Nosing bars
Steel reinforcement as
required
Horizontal bars extend into
sidewall.
Beam support
Figuie S.S.2: Longituuinal section of a
conciete staiicase
Stai r Pl ans

1. De bunga

Uses quart er -t urn st ai r. Quar t er - t ur n st ai r is a
L-shaped stair, which makes a right-angled turn in the path of travel and its
two flights are connected by an intervening landing which are equal in size.

Figuie S.S.S: Quaitei-tuin staiicase
2. Al t i t ude 236

Uses hal f -t urn st ai r. A half turn-stair turns 180 degrees at an
intervening landing and this kind of stair is more compact than a single
straight-run stair. Two flights connected by the landing here are also equal in
size.
Figuie S.S.4: Balf-tuin staiicase

ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM
1. ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER
2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION
3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE
4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING
5. WALL SETTING
6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING





7. KICKER SETTING
8. AL-BRACKET SETTING
9.SLAB SETTING
10. CONCRETE SETTING
11. AL FORM DISMENTTLEMENT
12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING
BRACKETS
STAIRCASE SETTING







5.5 Formwork




1.ARRIVAL AND UNLOADING OF CONTAINER
2.MATERIAL VERIFICATION
The panels inside each container is unloaded
The supervisor and clients representative will
verify material received based on the packing
list. Once the verification is completed the
panels is put in order based on set up
location.
3. PRELIMINARY TASK BY JOBSITE
As preliminary task, the structural line must be
drawn based on the shell plan.
Based on the structural line the rebar must be installed.
Before installing the panels, it is extremely
Important to apply sufficient quantity of oil
based form oil, in order to prevent the
concrete to stick on the panel.
5. WALL SETTING
When installing the wall panels, the job site
workers must start on one side of the wall
and install the wall panels with the flat ties.
Once the set up for one side is completed
the opposite side will be completed with the
PVC slits.
6. OPENING AND SUNKEN SETTING
Ones all wall panels had been installed, the
installation of panels for opening area will start.
Ones the up stand has been set up the
installation of panels for window area is as
follows.
4. PREPERATION FOR SETTING
FLAT TIE AND PVC SLEEVE
1. BEAM CAP SLAB PANEL
2. BEAM CAP SC
3. WALL END PANEL
4. BEAM CAP SC
5. BEAM CAP PANEL
6. PROP AND PROP HEAD
WALL PANELS
WEDGE AND ROUND PIN
" # #
$ $
% %
&
'
Once the inner and outer panels had been installed,
the kicker will be installed on the top of the wall
panel in sure that the both four encore will be used
while installing the kicker panel.

7. KICKER SETTING 8. AL-BRACKET SETTING
In order the keep the horizontality of the
wall, the AL bracket and square pipe will be
installed.

The assembly of the main beam will be done by
assembling the middle beam, end beam and prop
head together. When installing the slab, start with
one standard panel at the corner of the room
and then install the main beam. Remaining slab
panels will be installed.
9.SLAB SETTING
Ones the assemble has been completed, the
person in charge of the job site must clarify all
panels and accessories had been installed
correctly. When this clarification is done, concrete
will be poured on wall, beam and slab .
10. CONCRETE SETTING 11. AL FORM DISMENTTLEMENT
24 hours after pouring the concrete, the
dismantlement will start with wall panels. Ones
dismantled leave the wall panels , leave the
panels along the wall by type and by location.
Furthermore, when the panels of opening areas
are dismantled insure that the prop remains in its
place.
After dismantling the wall panels, the slab
will be dismantled. While dismantling insure
that the slab panel will not free fall on the
floor or on the workers and the prop and
prop head will stay in its place. The last area
to be dismantled will be the slab corner.

KICKER
AL-BRACKET
SQUARE PIPE
JOINT BAR
BEAM
SLAB PANELS
PIPE
SUPPORT
PROP
HEAD
MIIDDLE BEAM
When installing the external plat form, install them
in a distance of 1.2 meters using the thyroids.
Once the bracket of the plat form has been
installed, install the timber for the platform and
safety rail.
12. INSTALLATION OF EXTERNAL WORKING BRACKETS STAIRCASE SETTING
The staircase must be installed as follows.
Installation of the wall panels on the down area.
Installation of the slab panel, beam and
props. Installation of the upper part
panels. Installation of the lower panels.
Using the same method shown, the installation
and dismantlement of the aluminum formwork
will be repeated until all of the floors are
completed.
Installation of the side panels. Finally installation
of the step and cap panels. Insure that there will
always be props on two level, to support the
slab .The external working platform must be
installed on two levels.
STEP
PANEL
CAP
PANEL
WALL
PLATFORM
TIMBER
PLATFORM
SAFETY RAIL
ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SYSTEM
SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

BETTER WORKING ENVIRONMENT

INCREASE IN WORKERS SAFETY

INCREASE IN WORKFORCES SKILL
SLAB PANEL -used to support the concrete weight during concrete pouring and casting
PROP HEAD- used to joint the beams together and the prop head was connected with the pipe support
MIDDLE BEAM-Used to joint the prop heads and supports the slab panels
JOINT BAR-Used to joint the prop heads with the beams
WEDGE AND ROUND PIN- used to joint the Wall or Slab panels together.
FLAT TIE- used to joint the wall panel to the opposite sides wall panel.
PVC SLEEVE-installed between the wall panel and the opposite sides wall panels. Flat ties is inserted inside the PVC sleeve to prevent the casting of flat tie to the concrete.
AL-BRACKET AND SQUARE PIPE- used to allow horizontal straightness of the wall panels.
5.WALL
9. BEAM AND SLAB
DESCRIPTION OF ACCESSORIES
FLAT TIE WALL PROP HEAD AND PIPE SUPPORT STAIRS
CONCRETE PUMP PIPE
EXTERNAL PLATFORM

Door

A door f rame is a building component used to hang a door. Frames used in
residential buildings are typically made from wood. Its surrounds and supports the
entire door system.


5. 6 DOOR


Figuie S.6.1: Woouen uooi fiame at
Be'bunga
Figuie S.6.2: Woouen uooi fiame at
Altituue 2S6
Rough Openi ng
An opening in a wall into
which doorframe is fitted.

Head

Door j amb

St op/ Door st op
The projecting part of
doorframe against which
a door closes.


Si l l
Figuie S.6.S: Woouen uooi fiame at
Altituue 2S6
To hold the
doorframe before
it gets harden/fix
in position.
To prevent from
falling
Casi ng (Tr i m)
The moulding that surrounds the
doorframe for looks.

J amb
The door frame that surround the actual
door. Attached to door by hinges.

St op
Small st rip of wood that surrounds the
entire inside perimeter of the door and
stops the door from swinging in to far.

Hi nges
Attach the door to the doorjamb
(frame).
Types of Door


Sl ab Door
The most popular door that
used by everyone
Fr ench/ Hi nged Door
Two door panels that lock in
the middle and swing in or
out
Dut ch Door
The top part can be move
while the bottom shut.
Gl i di ng Door
A door with two or four
panels that slide past one
another
Bi - Fol d Door
A system of hinged doors
that stack against a wall
Sal oon Door
A pair of lightweight swing
doors often found in public
bars
Types of Mechanism
Open




Close
Hi nged Door
The doors are hinged along one side to allow door
to pivot away from the doorway in one direction
but not in the other. The axis of rotation is usually
vertical.
Open




Close
Fol di ng Door
The door operated by fitting the pivots of one
door into the top and bottom pivot brackets.
Open




Close
Sl i di ng Door
Pivot door slides allow the door to pivot open then
slide back into the sides of the cabinet.
Open




Close
Rot at i ng Door
The door typically consists of three or four doors
that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a
vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure. It is
either be mounted at the central pivot or attached
to the door wings.
Types of Windows

































5.7 WINDOWS



Single Casement Window
Casement windows are hinged on the
either side and open outward to the
right or left. It is usually taller than
wide, their entire sash opens to
provide top-to-bottom light and
ventilation.


Picture Window
Picture window is a large fixed window in a wall, generally
without glazing bars, or glazed with only minimum
reflection of glazing bars near the edge of the window.
Picture window provides an unblocked vie, as if framing a
picture on the wall.
Single-hung Window
Single-hung window has two sashes but typically the top sash
is fixed and only the bottom sash slides.
The advantage of sash window that it provides cooling effect
of interiors during warm weather. By opening both top and
bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air
at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing cool air from
the outside into the room through the bottom opening.
Fixed Window
A fixed window cannot be opened. Its function is limited to
allow light to enter. This type of window is used in where only
light or vision is needed and there is no ventilation is possible
because the use of trickle vents or over glass vents is absent
in this type of window.













The hardwood sill helps to
improve its weathering
qualities, which overhangs the
face of the brickwork. Where
the window is set well back
from the outer wall face, it is
necessary to incorporate a
precast concrete sub sill.

Mullions should be through tenoned into heads
and sills, an the transoms stubtenoned into jambs
and mullions.

Opening casements are held in a closed position by
casement fasteners, while both casement and
ventlights can be fixed in a number of open
positions by means of casement stays, which may
be either the peg or sliding varieties.

Installation of Casement Window
The window opening is
spanned externally by a
brick-on-edge arch backed
by a reinforced concrete
lintel.
As the flat arch has little
strength it is supported by a
mild steel angle, with ends built
into the brickwork. The
exposed edge painted for
protection.

The window frame may be fixed
to the sides of brick jambs.The
jamb may be fixed to the
brickwork by screwing or nailing
to hardwood plugs let into
mortar joints.



6.0 ROOF



Cross Gable
From the site at Debunga, the roof
constructed is cross gable.
Lookout
A short bracket
for supporting
the overhang of
roof.
Fly rafter
Either of the end
rafters in the part
of a gable root
that projects
beyond the
gable wall.
Valley Rafter
A rafter
connecting the
ridge to the wall
plate along a
valley.
Valley Jack
A jack rafter
extending from
a valley rafter
to a ridge.
Cripple Jack
A rafter joining
a hip to a
valley.
Hip Rafter
A rafter forming the
junction of the
sloping sides of a
hip roof.
WOOD POST-BEAM
CONNECTION
METAL
STRAP
PLAT
E
FLATTER
SLOPES
BACK TO BACK
SHEAR PLATES
GREATER
SLOPES
i. RIDGE CONNECTION
ii. POST-BEAM CONNECTION
METAL FRAMING ANGLE
-BOTH SIDES OF BEAM
METAL TIE
STRAP
FLAT
ROOF
LOAD BEARING WALLS
1. WEAR COURSE
2. ROOFING MEMBRANE
3. RIGID FORM OR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
INSULATION
4. VAPOR RETARDER
5. SMOOTH TROWELED FINISH TO RECEIVE
INSULATION AND ROOFING
6. REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF SLAB
PARAPET
WALL
ROOF SLAB ARE SUPPORTED BY BEARING WALLS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE.
THE UPTURNED EDGE BEAM HAD FORM A PARAPET WALL.
THE FLAT ROOF IS SLANTED FOR WATER DRAINAGE.

SUMMARY:
Throughout the whole of this project, we manage to obtain more knowledge and guidance of Malaysian building construction methods compared to that of lecturers and in-class
learning. Besides that, we have learned that throughout the process of building construction, compromises are made and the plans produced by architects are not finalized and its a
process of evolutions that occurs from the beginning to the end of the project.
In the first site, DeBunga Residence, we were able to witness a three-storey bungalow at its pre-roofing stage such that most of its structural components were already completed.
We learned the different names of materials in which the contractors used such as splash dash, beam starter bars, wire mesh and key holes in the mortar walls for the door frame. All of
which are rather new terms we have not learned in class. This help broaden our architectural vocabulary as some of these terms are not written in the books and vary from country to
country. At the same time, we were able to improve our observation skills.
During our second site at Altitude 236, we were fortunate enough to be able to visit a condominium in which we managed to experience a totally different variety of construction
methods such as using reinforced concrete to construct everything from walls to roofs and floors. The machinery used in high-rise construction is very different as well such that they
have to transport building materials from ground level all the way up to the construction area.
Lastly, we as a team would like to thank the people in which has given us guidance and took time to patiently explain the different components of the construction site. We would
also like to thank IJM the developer for allowing us to visit their construction site and for providing us with the information we need to complete our assignment.






7.0 Summary




7.1 Reference

1. Francis D.K. Ching (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4thth ed.). Canada : John Wiley & Sons . (Original work published 1943).
- See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.IAP1nV35.dpuf
2.Stephen Emmit and Christopher A. Gorse (2010). Scaffolding. Barry's Advance Construction of Buildings (2nd ed., pp. 13-63). United Kingdom, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. (Original work published 2006).
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.CGtvjdMz.dpuf
3.Watts, A. (2010). Modern Construction Handbook (2nd ed.). London, England: SpringerWienNewYork. (Original work published 2001). - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.wuj9UxoZ.dpuf
4.Sarkar, S. K. (2012). Construction Technology (1st ed.). India: Oxford University Press. (Original work published 2008).
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MMZ0Vo1i.dpuf
5.Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno (2005). Construction Technology (4th ed.). Harrold, England: Personal Education Limited. (Original work published 1973). - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.JpkMre3r.dpuf
6.Edward Allen and Joseph Iano (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods (5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. (Original work published 1938).
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MfgdTH7J.dpuf
7. Deplazes, A. (2012). Constructing Architecture (2nd ed.). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser. (Original work published 1997) - See more at:
http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.XyPGNvQQ.dpuf
8. Francis D.K. Ching (2013). Introduction to Architecture (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and sons. - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.QFmEW525.dpuf
9.Broadhurst, T. (n.d.). About the Old House Web. Retrieved October 9, 2013, from http://www.oldhouseweb.com/about-the-old-house-web.shtml
-See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.MxlYMDQu.dpuf
10. Organizations of America States. (n.d.). Organizations of America States. Retrieved Oct 6, 2013, from http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/codedraw/sectionb.htm
See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.flvFOjAv.dpuf
11. bag, j. (2012, May 24). Kumkang Aluminium Formwork System [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 17,2013, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I85iQCvOT_I - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.xIkWGGwz.dpuf
12. Cheah, D. (2011, Dec 10). Casting of 1st Floor Beam & Slab [Video file] [Video file]. Retrieved Oct 5,2013, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MquLVCiCYtw&feature=youtu.be - See more at: http://reffor.us/index.php#sthash.a6E3t6qM.dpuf

You might also like