How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
Alabama
No
definition,
just
“engages
in
surveillance.”
o Class
B
Misdemeanor
Ala.
Code
§
13A-‐11-‐32
Alaska
“[P]icture”
means
a
film,
photograph,
negative,
o Minor
Victim:
Class
C
Alaska
Stat.
slide,
book,
newspaper,
or
magazine,
whether
in
Felony
§
11.61.123
print,
electronic,
magnetic,
or
digital
format.”
o Adult
Victim:
Class
A
Misdemeanor
Arizona
[“P]hotograph,
videotape,
film,
digitally
record
X
X
(if
victim
o Class
5
Felony
Ariz.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
or
by
any
other
means.
.
.”
is
o Distributed
and
Victim
§
13-‐3019
recognizabl Recognizable:
Class
4
e
in
image)
Felony
Arkansas
“[A]ny
camera,
videotape,
photo-‐optical,
X
X
o Class
D
Felony
Ark.
Code
Ann.
photoelectric,
or
any
other
image
recording
o Upskirting:
Class
B
§
5-‐16-‐101
device.”
Misdemeanor
o Distribution
of
Upskirting:
Class
A
Misdemeanor
California
“[A]
concealed
camcorder,
motion
picture
X
o Misdemeanor
Cal.
Penal
Code
camera,
or
photographic
camera
of
any
type.”
o Jail/fine
enhanced
if
§
647(j)
more
than
one
conviction
or
victim
is
a
minor
Colorado
“[P]hotograph,
motion
picture,
videotape,
live
X
o Class
2
Misdemeanor
Colo.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
feed,
print,
negative,
slide,
or
other
§
18-‐7-‐801
mechanically,
electronically,
digitally,
or
chemically
reproduced
visual
material.”
Connecticut
“[P]hotographs,
films,
videotapes
or
otherwise
o Class
D
felony
Conn.
Gen.
Stat.
records.”
§
53a-‐189a
Delaware
“Tape
records,
photographs,
films,
videotapes
X
o Class
G
felony
Del.
Code
Ann.
tit.
11,
or
otherwise
reproduces.”
§
1335(a)(6)-‐(7)
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
District
of
Columbia
“‘Electronic
device’
means
any
electronic,
X
X
o Misdemeanor
D.C.
Code
§
22-‐3531
mechanical,
or
digital
equipment
that
captures
o Distribution:
Felony
visual
or
aural
images,
including
cameras,
computers,
tape
recorders,
video
recorders,
and
cellular
telephones.”
Florida
“‘Imaging
device’
means
any
mechanical,
digital,
X
o Perp.
under
19:
First
Fla.
Stat.
§
810.145
or
electronic
viewing
device;
still
camera;
Degree
Misdemeanor;
camcorder;
motion
picture
camera;
or
any
other
Over
19:
Third
Degree
instrument,
equipment,
or
format
capable
of
Felony
o Repeat
offender/victim
recording,
storing,
or
transmitting
visual
images
under
16
and
under
of
another
person.”
perp.’s
care/school
employee/perp.
over
24
and
victim
under
16:
Second
Degree
Felony
Georgia
Only:
“use
of
any
device…”
o Felony
(See
Ga.
Code
Ga.
Code
Ann.
Ann.
§
16-‐11-‐69).
§
16-‐11-‐62
Hawaii
“[A]ny
device
for
observing,
recording,
X
X
o First
Degree
Violation
Haw.
Rev.
Stat.
amplifying,
or
broadcasting.”
of
Privacy=
Class
C
§
711-‐1110.9
Felony
Haw.
Rev.
Stat.
o Second
Degree
§
711-‐1111
Violation
of
Privacy
=
Haw.
Rev.
Stat.
Misdemeanor
§
707-‐733(c)
o Fourth
Degree
Sexual
Assault
=
Misdemeanor
Idaho
“‘Imaging
device’
means
any
instrument
capable
X
o Felony
Idaho
Code
Ann.
of
recording,
storing,
viewing
or
transmitting
§
18-‐6609
visual
images.”
Illinois
“‘Video
record’
means
and
includes
any
X
X
o Recording:
Class
A
20
Ill.
Comp.
Stat.
videotape,
photograph,
film,
or
other
electronic
Misdemeanor;
Class
3
5/26-‐4
or
digital
recording
of
a
still
or
moving
visual
Felony
if
victim
under
18
image;
and
‘live
video’
means
and
includes
any
or
offender
is
registered
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
real-‐time
or
contemporaneous
electronic
or
sex
offender
digital
transmission
of
a
still
or
moving
visual
o Distribution:
Class
4
image.”
Felony;
Class
2
Felony
if
victim
under
18
or
offender
is
registered
sex
offender
Indiana
“‘Camera’
means
a
camera,
a
video
camera,
a
X
X
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Ind.
Code
§
35-‐45-‐4-‐5
device
that
captures
a
digital
image,
or
any
o Published
or
Repeat
other
type
of
video
recording
device.”
Offender:
Class
D
Felony
After
July
1,
2014:
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
o Published
or
Repeat
Offender:
Level
6
Felony
Iowa
“
‘Photographs
or
films’
means
the
making
of
o Serious
Misdemeanor
Iowa
Code
§
709.21
any
photograph,
motion
picture
film,
videotape,
or
any
other
recording
or
transmission
of
the
image
of
a
person.”
Kansas
“[A]
concealed
camcorder,
motion
picture
X
X
o Severity
Level
8,
Person
Kan.
Stat.
Ann.
camera
or
photographic
camera
of
any
type.”
Felony
§
21-‐6101
o Distribution:
Severity
Level
5,
Person
Felony
Kentucky
“[A]ny
camera,
videotape,
photooptical,
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Ky.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
photoelectric,
or
other
image
recording
device.”
§
531.090
Louisiana
“[A]ny
camera,
videotape,
photo-‐optical,
photo-‐ X
o Felony
La.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
electric,
or
any
other
image
recording
device.”
§
14:283
Maine
“[A]ny
device
for
observing,
photographing,
X
X
o Class
D
Crime
Me.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
tit.
recording,
amplifying
or
broadcasting.”
17-‐A,
§
511(d)
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
For
upskirting
provision:
“mechanical
or
electronic
equipment.”
Maryland
“‘Camera’
includes
any
electronic
device.”
X
X
o Misdemeanor
Md.
Code
Ann.,
Crim.
Law
§
3-‐902
Massachusetts
“[C]ellular
or
other
wireless
communication
X
o Recording:
2
½
years,
fine
Mass.
Gen.
Law.
Ann.
device,
computer,
television
or
other
electronic
of
not
more
than
$
5,000,
ch.
272,
§
105
device.”
or
both
o Distribution:
5
years
imprisonment
Michigan
“[A]ny
device
for
observing,
recording,
X
o Felony,
punishable
by
Mich.
Comp.
Laws
transmitting,
photographing,
or
imprisonment
for
not
§
750.539d
eavesdropping.”
more
than
2
years,
fine
of
not
more
than
$
2,000.00,
or
both.
(Higher
if
repeat
offense).
o Distribution:
Felony
punishable
by
imprisonment
for
not
more
than
5
years,
fine
of
not
more
than
$
5,000.00,
or
both
Minnesota
“[A]ny
device
for
observing,
photographing,
o Gross
Misdemeanor
Minn.
Stat.
§
609.746
recording,
amplifying,
or
broadcasting.”
o Repeat
Offender
or
Minor
Victim:
Felony
Mississippi
“[P]hotographs, films, videotapes, records or
o Felony
Miss.
Code
Ann.
otherwise reproduces.”
§
97-‐29-‐63
Missouri
“[A]
concealed
camcorder
or
photographic
X
X
o First
Degree
=
Class
D
Mo.
Rev.
Stat.
camera
of
any
type
to
secretly
videotape,
Felony
§
565.252
photograph,
or
record
by
electronic
means.”
o Second
Degree
=
Class
A
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
Mo.
Ann.
Rev.
Misdemeanor
§
565.253
o More
than
One
Victim:
Class
D
Felony
o Repeat
Offender:
Class
C
Felony
Montana
“[A]n
electronic
or
mechanical
recording
o Recording
Within
Mont.
Code.
Ann.
device.”
Residence:
6-‐month
§
45-‐5-‐223
penalty
o Recording
Adult
in
Public:
6-‐month
penalty
o Recording
Minor
in
Public:
2-‐year
penalty
Nebraska
“Recording
by
video,
photographic,
digital,
or
X
X
o Class
IV
Felony
Neb.
Rev.
Stat.
other
electronic
means.”
o Distribution:
Class
III
§
28-‐311.08
Felony
Nevada
“[V]ideotape,
photograph,
film,
record
by
any
X
X
o First
Offense:
Gross
Nev.
Rev.
Stat.
means
or
broadcast.”
Misdemeanor
§
200.604
o Repeat
Offense:
Category
E
Felony
New
Hampshire
“Any
device
for
the
purpose
of
observing,
X
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
N.H.
Rev.
Stat.
Ann.
photographing,
recording,
amplifying,
§
644:9
broadcasting,
or
in
any
way
transmitting
images
or
sounds.”
New
Jersey
“Photographs,
films,
videotapes,
records,
or
X
o Third
Degree
Crime
N.J.
Stat.
Ann.
otherwise
reproduces
in
any
manner.”
o Distribution:
Third
§
2C:14-‐9
Degree
Crime,
subject
to
fine
up
to
$30,000
New
Mexico
“‘instrumentality’
means
a
periscope,
telescope,
X
X
o Misdemeanor
N.M.
Stat.
Ann.
binoculars,
camcorder,
computer,
motion
o Minor
Victim:
Fourth
§
30-‐9-‐20
picture
camera,
digital
camera,
telephone
Degree
Felony
camera,
photographic
camera
or
electronic
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
device
of
any
type.”
New
York
“[U]ses
or
installs,
or
permits
the
utilization
or
X
X
o First
Degree
=
Class
D
N.Y.
Penal
Law
installation
of
an
imaging
device.”
Felony
§
250.45,
.50,
.55,
.60
o Second
Degree
=
Class
E
Felony
o Distribution:
Class
A
Misdemeanor
o Sale
or
Publication:
Class
E
Felony
North
Carolina
“‘[P]hotographic
image’
means
any
photograph
X
X
o Class
1
Felony,
increased
N.C.
Gen.
Stat.
or
photographic
reproduction,
still
or
moving,
or
penalties
for
repeat
§
14-‐202(e)-‐(f)
any
videotape,
motion
picture,
or
live
television
offenses
transmission,
or
any
digital
image
of
any
o Distribution:
Class
H
Felony
individual.”
North
Dakota
“[A]ny
device
for
observing,
photographing,
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
N.D.
Cent.
Code
recording,
amplifying,
or
broadcasting
sounds
or
o Repeat
Offense:
Class
C
§
12.1-‐20-‐12.2
events.”
Felony
Ohio
“[V]ideotape,
film,
photograph,
or
otherwise
X
o Misdemeanor
of
the
Ohio
Rev.
Code
Ann.
record.”
Second
Degree
§
2907.08(e)
o Minor
victim:
Misdemeanor
of
the
First
Degree
o Upskirting:
Felony
of
the
Fifth
Degree
Oklahoma
“[P]hotographic,
electronic
or
video
X
X
o Peeping
Tom:
Okla.
Stat.
tit.
21,
equipment.”
Imprisonment
in
the
§
1171
county
jail
for
no
more
than
1
year,
fine
not
to
exceed
$5,000.00,
or
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
both
o Recording:
Imprisonment
in
the
custody
of
the
Department
of
Corrections
for
no
more
than
5
years,
fine
not
exceeding
$5,000.00,
or
both
o Upskirting:
Imprisonment
in
the
county
jail
for
no
more
than
1
year,
fine
not
exceeding
$
5,000.00,
or
both
Oregon
“[P]hotograph,
motion
picture,
videotape
or
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Or.
Rev.
Stat.
other
visual
recording.”
§
163.700
“‘Makes
or
records
a
photograph,
motion
picture,
videotape
or
other
visual
recording’
includes,
but
is
not
limited
to,
making
or
recording
or
employing,
authorizing,
permitting,
compelling
or
inducing
another
person
to
make
or
record
a
photograph,
motion
picture,
videotape
or
other
visual
recording.”
Pennsylvania
“Views,
photographs,
videotapes,
electronically
X
o Misdemeanor
of
the
18
Pa.
Con.
Stat.
depicts,
films
or
otherwise
records.”
Third
Degree
§
7507.1
o Repeat
Offender:
Misdemeanor
of
Second
Degree
Rhode
Island
“[A]n
imaging
device
to
capture,
record,
store
or
o
Three
year
R.I.
Gen.
Laws
transmit
visual
images.”
imprisonment
and/or
§
11-‐64-‐2
fine
South
Carolina
“[V]iews, photographs, audio records, video
X
o Misdemeanor
S.C.
Code
Ann.
records, produces, or creates a digital o Distribution
or
Multiple
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
§
16-‐17-‐470
electronic file, or films.”
Convictions:
Felony
South
Dakota
“[A]ny
visual
recording
or
photographic
X
o Class
1
Misdemeanor
S.D.
Codified
Laws
device.”
o Victim
under
17
and
§
22-‐21-‐4
Perp.
at
least
21:
Class
6
Felony
Tennessee
“‘[P]photograph’
means
any
photograph
or
X
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Tenn.
Code
Ann.
photographic
reproduction,
still
or
moving,
or
o Distribution:
Class
E
§
39-‐13-‐605
any
videotape
or
live
television
transmission
of
Felony
any
individual.”
Texas
“[P]hotographs
or
by
videotape
or
other
X
o Jail
felony
Tex.
Penal
Code
Ann.
electronic
means
records,
broadcasts,
or
§
21.15
transmits
a
visual
image.”
Utah
“[C]amcorder,
motion
picture
camera,
X
X
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Utah
Code
Ann.
photographic
camera
of
any
type,
or
other
o Minor
Under
14:
Third
§
76-‐9-‐702.7
equipment.”
Degree
felony
o Distribution:
Third
Degree
Felony
o Distribution
of
Minor’s
Image:
Second
Degree
Felony
Vermont
“[V]iew,
photograph,
film,
or
record
in
any
X
X
X
o Recording:
Up
to
2
years
Vt.
Stat.
Ann.
tit.
13,
format.”
imprisonment
and/or
§
2605
$1,000
fine;
o Repeat
Offense:
Up
to
3
years
and/or
$5,000
o Distribution
of
Images:
Up
to
5
years
imprisonment
and/or
$5,000
fine
Virginia
“[V]ideotape,
photograph,
or
film.”
X
o Class
1
Misdemeanor;
Va.
Code
Ann.
o Minor:
Class
6
Felony
§
18.2-‐386.1
o Repeat
Offenses
within
Jurisdiction
How
Technology
is
Defined
“Upskirt”
Distribution
Covers
Offense
Classification
Provision
Penalty
Public
and
Private?
10
years:
Class
6
Felony
Washington
“‘Photographs’
or
‘films’
means
the
making
of
a
X
X
o Class
C
felony
Wash.
Rev.
Code
photograph,
motion
picture
film,
videotape,
§
9A.44.115
digital
image,
or
any
other
recording
or
transmission.”
West
Virginia
“‘To
visually
portray’
a
person
means
to
create
o Recording
or
W.
Va.
Code
§
61-‐8-‐28
a
reproducible
image
of
that
person
by
means
Dissemination:
of:
Misdemeanor
(A)
A
photograph;
o Repeated
Offense:
Felony
(B)
A
motion
picture;
(C)
A
video
tape;
(D)
A
digital
recording;
or
(E)
Any
other
mechanical
or
electronic
recording
process
or
device
that
can
preserve,
for
later
viewing,
a
visual
image
of
a
person.”
Wisconsin
“‘Surveillance
device’
means
any
device,
o Class
A
Misdemeanor
Wis.
Stat.
§
942.08
instrument,
apparatus,
implement,
mechanism
or
contrivance
used,
designed
to
be
used
or
primarily
intended
to
be
used
to
observe
the
activities
of
a
person.
‘Surveillance
device’
includes
a
peephole.”
Wyoming
“[A]
camera,
video
camera
or
any
other
image
X
o Felony
Wyo.
Stat.
Ann.
recording
device.”
§
6-‐4-‐304