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Jurisdiction

  How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  


Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
Alabama   No  definition,  just  “engages  in  surveillance.”           o Class  B  Misdemeanor  
Ala.  Code  §  13A-­‐11-­‐32    
 
Alaska     “[P]icture”  means  a  film,  photograph,  negative,         o Minor  Victim:  Class  C  
Alaska  Stat.     slide,  book,  newspaper,  or  magazine,  whether  in   Felony  
§  11.61.123   print,  electronic,  magnetic,  or  digital  format.”   o Adult  Victim:  Class  A  
Misdemeanor  
 
Arizona   [“P]hotograph,  videotape,  film,  digitally  record   X   X  (if  victim     o Class  5  Felony  
Ariz.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.     or  by  any  other  means.  .  .”   is   o Distributed  and  Victim  
§  13-­‐3019   recognizabl Recognizable:  Class  4  
e  in  image)   Felony  
 
Arkansas   “[A]ny  camera,  videotape,  photo-­‐optical,   X   X     o Class  D  Felony  
Ark.  Code  Ann.     photoelectric,  or  any  other  image  recording   o Upskirting:  Class  B  
§  5-­‐16-­‐101   device.”   Misdemeanor    
  o Distribution  of  
Upskirting:  Class  A  
Misdemeanor  
 
California   “[A]  concealed  camcorder,  motion  picture   X       o Misdemeanor    
Cal.  Penal  Code     camera,  or  photographic  camera  of  any  type.”   o Jail/fine  enhanced  if  
§  647(j)   more  than  one  conviction  
or  victim  is  a  minor  
 
Colorado   “[P]hotograph,  motion  picture,  videotape,  live   X       o Class  2  Misdemeanor  
Colo.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.     feed,  print,  negative,  slide,  or  other    
§  18-­‐7-­‐801   mechanically,  electronically,  digitally,  or  
chemically  reproduced  visual  material.”  
Connecticut    “[P]hotographs,  films,  videotapes  or  otherwise         o Class  D  felony  
Conn.  Gen.  Stat.     records.”    
§  53a-­‐189a  
Delaware   “Tape  records,  photographs,  films,  videotapes   X       o Class  G  felony  
Del.  Code  Ann.  tit.  11,   or  otherwise  reproduces.”  
§  1335(a)(6)-­‐(7)  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
District  of  Columbia   “‘Electronic  device’    means  any  electronic,   X   X     o Misdemeanor  
D.C.  Code  §  22-­‐3531   mechanical,  or  digital  equipment  that  captures   o Distribution:  Felony    
  visual  or  aural  images,  including  cameras,    
computers,  tape  recorders,  video  recorders,  and  
cellular  telephones.”  
Florida   “‘Imaging  device’  means  any  mechanical,  digital,   X       o Perp.  under  19:  First  
Fla.  Stat.  §  810.145   or  electronic  viewing  device;  still  camera;   Degree  Misdemeanor;  
camcorder;  motion  picture  camera;  or  any  other   Over  19:  Third  Degree  
instrument,  equipment,  or  format  capable  of   Felony    
o Repeat  offender/victim  
recording,  storing,  or  transmitting  visual  images  
under  16  and  under  
of  another  person.”   perp.’s  care/school  
employee/perp.  over  24  
and  victim  under  16:  
Second  Degree  Felony  
Georgia   Only:  “use  of  any  device…”         o Felony  (See  Ga.  Code  
Ga.  Code  Ann.       Ann.  §  16-­‐11-­‐69).  
§  16-­‐11-­‐62  
 
Hawaii   “[A]ny  device  for  observing,  recording,   X     X   o First  Degree  Violation  
Haw.  Rev.  Stat.     amplifying,  or  broadcasting.”   of  Privacy=  Class  C  
§  711-­‐1110.9   Felony  
Haw.  Rev.  Stat.     o Second  Degree  
§  711-­‐1111   Violation  of  Privacy  =  
Haw.  Rev.  Stat.     Misdemeanor  
§  707-­‐733(c)   o Fourth  Degree  Sexual  
Assault  =  Misdemeanor  
Idaho   “‘Imaging  device’  means  any  instrument  capable   X       o Felony  
Idaho  Code  Ann.     of  recording,  storing,  viewing  or  transmitting  
§  18-­‐6609   visual  images.”  
Illinois   “‘Video  record’  means  and  includes  any   X   X     o Recording:  Class  A  
20  Ill.  Comp.  Stat.   videotape,  photograph,  film,  or  other  electronic   Misdemeanor;  Class  3  
5/26-­‐4   or  digital  recording  of  a  still  or  moving  visual   Felony  if  victim  under  18  
image;  and  ‘live  video’  means  and  includes  any   or  offender  is  registered  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
real-­‐time  or  contemporaneous  electronic  or   sex  offender  
digital  transmission  of  a  still  or  moving  visual   o Distribution:  Class  4  
image.”   Felony;  Class  2  Felony  if  
victim  under  18  or  
offender  is  registered  sex  
offender  
 
Indiana   “‘Camera’  means  a  camera,  a  video  camera,  a   X   X     o Class  A  Misdemeanor    
Ind.  Code  §  35-­‐45-­‐4-­‐5   device  that  captures  a  digital  image,  or  any   o Published  or  Repeat  
other  type  of  video  recording  device.”   Offender:  Class  D  Felony    
 
After  July  1,  2014:  
o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
o Published  or  Repeat  
Offender:  Level  6  Felony    
 
Iowa   “  ‘Photographs  or  films’  means  the  making  of         o Serious  Misdemeanor  
Iowa  Code  §  709.21   any  photograph,  motion  picture  film,  videotape,  
or  any  other  recording  or  transmission  of  the  
image  of  a  person.”  
Kansas   “[A]  concealed  camcorder,  motion  picture   X   X     o Severity  Level  8,  Person  
Kan.  Stat.  Ann.     camera  or  photographic  camera  of  any  type.”   Felony  
§  21-­‐6101   o Distribution:  Severity  
Level  5,  Person  Felony  
 
Kentucky    “[A]ny  camera,  videotape,  photooptical,         o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
Ky.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.       photoelectric,  or  other  image  recording  device.”  
§  531.090  
Louisiana   “[A]ny  camera,  videotape,  photo-­‐optical,  photo-­‐ X       o Felony  
La.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.     electric,  or  any  other  image  recording  device.”    
§  14:283  
Maine   “[A]ny  device  for  observing,  photographing,   X     X   o Class  D  Crime  
Me.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.  tit.   recording,  amplifying  or  broadcasting.”  
17-­‐A,  §  511(d)    
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
For  upskirting  provision:  “mechanical  or  
electronic  equipment.”  
Maryland   “‘Camera’  includes  any  electronic  device.”   X     X   o Misdemeanor  
Md.  Code  Ann.,  Crim.  
Law  §  3-­‐902  
Massachusetts   “[C]ellular  or  other  wireless  communication     X     o Recording:  2  ½  years,  fine  
Mass.  Gen.  Law.  Ann.   device,  computer,  television  or  other  electronic   of  not  more  than  $  5,000,  
ch.  272,  §  105       device.”   or  both  
  o Distribution:  5  years  
imprisonment  
 
Michigan     “[A]ny  device  for  observing,  recording,     X     o Felony,  punishable  by  
Mich.  Comp.  Laws     transmitting,  photographing,  or   imprisonment  for  not  
§  750.539d   eavesdropping.”   more  than  2  years,  fine  
of  not  more  than  $  
2,000.00,  or  both.  
(Higher  if  repeat  
offense).  
o Distribution:  Felony  
punishable  by  
imprisonment  for  not  
more  than  5  years,  fine  
of  not  more  than  $  
5,000.00,  or  both  
 
Minnesota   “[A]ny  device  for  observing,  photographing,         o Gross  Misdemeanor    
Minn.  Stat.  §  609.746   recording,  amplifying,  or  broadcasting.”     o Repeat  Offender  or  
  Minor  Victim:  Felony    
 
Mississippi   “[P]hotographs, films, videotapes, records or       o Felony  
Miss.  Code  Ann.     otherwise reproduces.”  
§  97-­‐29-­‐63  
Missouri   “[A]  concealed  camcorder  or  photographic   X   X     o First  Degree  =  Class  D  
Mo.  Rev.  Stat.     camera  of  any  type  to  secretly  videotape,   Felony    
§  565.252   photograph,  or  record  by  electronic  means.”   o Second  Degree  =  Class  A  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
Mo.  Ann.  Rev.     Misdemeanor  
§  565.253   o More  than  One  Victim:  
Class  D  Felony  
o Repeat  Offender:  Class  C  
Felony  
Montana   “[A]n  electronic  or  mechanical  recording         o Recording  Within  
Mont.  Code.  Ann.     device.”   Residence:  6-­‐month  
§  45-­‐5-­‐223   penalty  
o Recording  Adult  in  Public:  
6-­‐month  penalty  
o Recording  Minor  in  
Public:  2-­‐year  penalty    
 
Nebraska   “Recording  by  video,  photographic,  digital,  or     X   X   o Class  IV  Felony  
Neb.  Rev.  Stat.     other  electronic  means.”     o Distribution:  Class  III  
§  28-­‐311.08   Felony  
 
Nevada   “[V]ideotape,  photograph,  film,  record  by  any   X     X   o First  Offense:  Gross  
Nev.  Rev.  Stat.     means  or  broadcast.”   Misdemeanor  
§  200.604   o Repeat  Offense:  Category  
E  Felony  
 
New  Hampshire   “Any  device  for  the  purpose  of  observing,   X       o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
N.H.  Rev.  Stat.  Ann.     photographing,  recording,  amplifying,  
§  644:9   broadcasting,  or  in  any  way  transmitting  images  
or  sounds.”  
New  Jersey   “Photographs,  films,  videotapes,  records,  or     X     o Third  Degree  Crime  
N.J.  Stat.  Ann.     otherwise  reproduces  in  any  manner.”   o Distribution:  Third  
§  2C:14-­‐9   Degree  Crime,  subject  to  
fine  up  to  $30,000  
 
New  Mexico   “‘instrumentality’  means  a  periscope,  telescope,   X     X   o Misdemeanor  
N.M.  Stat.  Ann.     binoculars,  camcorder,  computer,  motion   o Minor  Victim:  Fourth  
§  30-­‐9-­‐20     picture  camera,  digital  camera,  telephone   Degree  Felony  
camera,  photographic  camera  or  electronic    
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
device  of  any  type.”  
New  York   “[U]ses  or  installs,  or  permits  the  utilization  or   X   X     o First  Degree  =  Class  D  
N.Y.  Penal  Law     installation  of  an  imaging  device.”   Felony  
§  250.45,  .50,  .55,  .60   o Second  Degree  =  Class  
E  Felony  
o Distribution:  Class  A  
Misdemeanor  
o Sale  or  Publication:  Class  
E  Felony  
 
North  Carolina   “‘[P]hotographic  image’  means  any  photograph   X   X     o Class  1  Felony,  increased  
N.C.  Gen.  Stat.     or  photographic  reproduction,  still  or  moving,  or   penalties  for  repeat  
§  14-­‐202(e)-­‐(f)   any  videotape,  motion  picture,  or  live  television   offenses  
transmission,  or  any  digital  image  of  any   o Distribution:  Class  H  
Felony    
individual.”  
 
North  Dakota     “[A]ny  device  for  observing,  photographing,         o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
N.D.  Cent.  Code     recording,  amplifying,  or  broadcasting  sounds  or   o Repeat  Offense:  Class  C  
§  12.1-­‐20-­‐12.2   events.”     Felony    
 

Ohio    “[V]ideotape,  film,  photograph,  or  otherwise   X       o Misdemeanor  of  the  


Ohio  Rev.  Code  Ann.     record.”   Second  Degree  
§  2907.08(e)   o Minor  victim:  
Misdemeanor  of  the  First  
Degree  
o Upskirting:  Felony  of  the  
Fifth  Degree  
 
Oklahoma   “[P]hotographic,  electronic  or  video   X     X   o Peeping  Tom:  
Okla.  Stat.  tit.  21,     equipment.”     Imprisonment  in  the  
§  1171   county  jail  for  no  more  
than  1  year,  fine  not  to  
exceed  $5,000.00,  or  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
both  
o Recording:  Imprisonment  
in  the  custody  of  the  
Department  of  
Corrections  for  no  more  
than  5  years,  fine  not  
exceeding  $5,000.00,  or  
both  
o Upskirting:  Imprisonment  
in  the  county  jail  for  no  
more  than  1  year,  fine  
not  exceeding  $  5,000.00,  
or  both  
Oregon   “[P]hotograph,  motion  picture,  videotape  or         o Class  A  Misdemeanor    
Or.  Rev.  Stat.     other  visual  recording.”    
§  163.700    
“‘Makes  or  records  a  photograph,  motion  
picture,  videotape  or  other  visual  recording’  
includes,  but  is  not  limited  to,  making  or  
recording  or  employing,  authorizing,  permitting,  
compelling  or  inducing  another  person  to  make  
or  record  a  photograph,  motion  picture,  
videotape  or  other  visual  recording.”  
Pennsylvania   “Views,  photographs,  videotapes,  electronically   X       o Misdemeanor  of  the  
18  Pa.  Con.  Stat.     depicts,  films  or  otherwise  records.”     Third  Degree  
§  7507.1   o Repeat  Offender:  
Misdemeanor  of  Second  
Degree    
 
Rhode  Island   “[A]n  imaging  device  to  capture,  record,  store  or         o  Three  year  
R.I.  Gen.  Laws     transmit  visual  images.”     imprisonment  and/or  
§  11-­‐64-­‐2   fine  
 
South  Carolina   “[V]iews, photographs, audio records, video   X     o Misdemeanor  
S.C.  Code  Ann.     records, produces, or creates a digital o Distribution  or  Multiple  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
§  16-­‐17-­‐470   electronic file, or films.”   Convictions:  Felony  
South  Dakota   “[A]ny  visual  recording  or  photographic   X       o Class  1  Misdemeanor  
S.D.  Codified  Laws       device.”     o Victim  under  17  and  
§  22-­‐21-­‐4   Perp.  at  least  21:  Class  6  
Felony    
 
Tennessee    “‘[P]photograph’  means  any  photograph  or     X     o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
Tenn.  Code  Ann.     photographic  reproduction,  still  or  moving,  or   o Distribution:  Class  E  
§  39-­‐13-­‐605   any  videotape  or  live  television  transmission  of   Felony  
any  individual.”    
Texas   “[P]hotographs  or  by  videotape  or  other   X       o Jail  felony  
Tex.  Penal  Code  Ann.     electronic  means  records,  broadcasts,  or  
§  21.15   transmits  a  visual  image.”    
Utah    “[C]amcorder,  motion  picture  camera,   X   X     o Class  A  Misdemeanor  
Utah  Code  Ann.     photographic  camera  of  any  type,  or  other   o Minor  Under  14:  Third  
§  76-­‐9-­‐702.7   equipment.”     Degree  felony  
o Distribution:  Third  
Degree  Felony  
o Distribution  of  Minor’s  
Image:  Second  Degree  
Felony    
 
Vermont   “[V]iew,  photograph,  film,  or  record  in  any   X   X   X   o Recording:  Up  to  2  years  
Vt.  Stat.  Ann.  tit.  13,     format.”   imprisonment  and/or  
§  2605   $1,000  fine;    
  o Repeat  Offense:  Up  to  3  
years  and/or  $5,000    
o Distribution  of  Images:  
Up  to  5  years  
imprisonment  and/or  
$5,000  fine  
 
Virginia   “[V]ideotape,  photograph,  or  film.”     X       o Class  1  Misdemeanor;    
Va.  Code  Ann.     o Minor:  Class  6  Felony  
§  18.2-­‐386.1   o Repeat  Offenses  within  
Jurisdiction   How  Technology  is  Defined   “Upskirt”   Distribution   Covers   Offense  Classification  
Provision   Penalty     Public  and  
Private?  
10  years:  Class  6  Felony  
Washington   “‘Photographs’  or  ‘films’  means  the  making  of  a   X     X   o Class  C  felony  
Wash.  Rev.  Code     photograph,  motion  picture  film,  videotape,  
§  9A.44.115   digital  image,  or  any  other  recording  or  
transmission.”  
West  Virginia    “‘To  visually  portray’  a  person  means  to  create         o Recording  or  
W.  Va.  Code  §  61-­‐8-­‐28   a  reproducible  image  of  that  person  by  means   Dissemination:  
of:   Misdemeanor    
                 (A)  A  photograph;   o Repeated  Offense:  
Felony  
                 (B)  A  motion  picture;  
 
                 (C)  A  video  tape;  
                 (D)  A  digital  recording;  or  
 
                 (E)  Any  other  mechanical  or  electronic      
recording  process  or  device  that  can  preserve,  
for  later  viewing,  a  visual  image  of  a  person.”  
Wisconsin   “‘Surveillance  device’  means  any  device,         o Class  A  Misdemeanor    
Wis.  Stat.  §  942.08   instrument,  apparatus,  implement,  mechanism  
or  contrivance  used,  designed  to  be  used  or  
primarily  intended  to  be  used  to  observe  the  
activities  of  a  person.  ‘Surveillance  device’  
includes  a  peephole.”  
Wyoming     “[A]  camera,  video  camera  or  any  other  image   X       o Felony  
Wyo.  Stat.  Ann.     recording  device.”  
§  6-­‐4-­‐304  
 

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