At the end of lectures of week 4 students will Be able to interpret the definition of facilities in hazardous waste field Be able

le to identify the types of facility suitable to manage hazardous waste Be able to describe the facility operation and the important of public participation in hazardous waste issues Understand the important of permitting

Definition Facility Types Facility Operations Needs Assessment Site Selection Public Participation Permitting

Defined as contiguous land, structures, and other improvements and appurtenances used for:
Storing Recovering Recycling Treating or Disposing of hazardous waste

Facility categories:
On-site facilities - Generators constructed &

operated their own captive facilities

Off-site facilities generators not having a

suitable site, or not generating a sufficiently large volume of waste.

Predominant types of facilities:

- Recovery/recycling facilities Recover

material as a salable product

- Treatment facilities Change the physical or

chemical characteristic of a waste

- Land disposal facilities Permanent

emplacement of waste on or below land surface

Waste Generation Recovery/Recycling - Solvent recovery - Oil Recovery -Acid Generation - Metals Recovery - Fuels Blending
Residuals

Products

Treatment - Thermal Destruction - Aqueous Treatment - Stabilization - Biological Treatment

Residuals

Land disposal - Landfill - Deep well injection

Recovery Facilities
Solvent recovery Oil Recovery Acid Generation Metals Recovery Fuels Blending Coincineration in industrial kilns/furnaces

Treatment Facilities

Thermal Destruction Aqueous Treatment Stabilization Biological Treatment

Land disposal Facilities

Landfill Deep Well Injection Other

Fully Integrated Facility

Preshipment waste analysis

Waste receiving

Storage and preparation

Physical/ chemical treatment

Leachate

Organic residuals

Scrubber water

Inorganic residuals

Incineration

Ash

Stabilization

Slag

Stabilized residuals

Liquid organics recovery

Fuel, solvents

Land disposal

Consist of five subsystem:

Preshipment waste analysis Waste receiving Waste storage and preparation

Residuals management

Waste treatment

Waste analysis plan

important document Specifies: The parameters for which each waste will be analyzed The sampling and analytical method to be used The frequency of analysis

Waste must be profiled, including a detailed chemical and physical analysis of a representative sample of the waste. To verify that the composition of shipped waste matches the fully characterized waste.

Purpose of the full characterization before shipment???

To satisfy the following requirements: Acceptability by the facility in terms of both its permit and its capability to treat or dispose of the waste Identify the inherent hazardous waste-can take appropriate precautions to prevent incidents Determine the physical and chemical constituentsallow selection of effective waste processing and disposal methods Develop an estimate of the cost of treatment or disposal

Waste profile form

Waste arrive By truck at a facility gatehouse

Accepting the waste

Checking, weighing, testing Packaging is checked Loaded truck is weighed Representative samples are collected for testing verification parameters

Collection Laboratory analyzes a portion for the verification parameters.

Verification Truck is directed to an unloading area where emptied Reweighed the truck before it leaves the facility.

Sign the manifest and sent the copy to the generator Facility shares liability with the generator & transporter

During accepting the waste, it is critical that the preshipment waste has already been completed and the shipment scheduled. Without prior scheduling, the gatehouse may refuse entry of the truck ~ can lead to concern over illegal dumping. Waste may arrive as:

bulk liquid in a tank truck Containerized liquids or sludges in drums Bulk shipments of contaminated soil in dump trucks Others method

The objectives:

Store the waste safely before introduction as feed into the

system of unit treatment and disposal process Provide adequate accumulation time during process system are out of services Facilitate mixing, blending, and repackaging of waste as deemed necessary Allow stages input

Important safety consideration fire prevention and protection Requires automatic alarms and possible sprinklers Must provide adequate water supply

A key issue in providing safe storage is COMPATIBILITY of the waste

with materials used to construct the

containers, tanks, etc. With other waste stored together.

The key is to segregate incompatible wastes by placing them I separate areas constructed of suitable materials

May carried out on a batch or continuous basis Involves a multiple-step system 4 treatment categories:

The selected methods-depends on type of waste, wastes individual physical and chemical characteristics and specifications for the treat waste. A facility must assure that its performance attains the desired results. Operational monitoring-with instrumentation, direct human observation and chemical analysis

Phase separation Component separation Chemical transformation Biological transformation

Each waste treatment process produces gaseous emissions, wastewater effluent, or residuals require subsequent management if not additional treatment.
A full-service facility can usually provide all necessary treatment of residuals. Specialized facilities may have t store the residuals and transport them as hazardous waste to another facility capable of treating them.

Take a number of special precautionary measures for all of its day-to-day operations. Purpose-to prevent accident In fact, the facilitys permit application must provide detailed plans and procedures on how the facility will implement precautionary measures

Special measures examples:

Security prevent vandals Inspection & maintenance requires preparing a list

of items to be inspected, a schedule, and a problems that may be encountered. Incident prevention to minimize the possibility of fire, explosion, spill, or any other unplanned, sudden release of hw cobtituets. Emergency planning describes the actions that facility personnel shouldtake in response to any emergency cases. Employee training perform their duties effectively and safely Monitoring, reporting, record keeping, auditing, etc.

First step in developing a facility-decide what type of facility is needed and its capacity. Involves in analysis of the following:

Current and future types and quantity of hw

generated that would be managed Current methods for managing these wastes Methods expected or desired in the future Capacity of existing facilities providing such methods

The need for new facilities is thus determined by comparing future waste generation (no.1) with anticipated capacity (no. 3&4). A shortfall in capacity indicates a need for new facilities. Economists would equate this with a comparison of supply and demand

Objective:
To assure that new facilities are located at

intrinsically superior site The site can provide high degree of protection to public health and the environment

The overall site selection process is thus one of increasingly intensive analysis of progressively smaller areas

Phase I Identify study area - Regional Screening - Search areas

Phase III
- Detailed evaluation of candidate sites - Selected final site

Phase II
- Examination of search areas - Identification of candidate sites

Used to evaluate data in the phased approach of processing from a study area to the selection of the final site. Examples of screening methods:

Intuitive the decision maker examines all

data as a whole and judges whether the site is acceptable. Stepped-down exclusion examines each siting sequentially, determines a criterion for the factor, and applies the criterion to eliminate areas from further consideration.

Examples of screening methods:

Scaling one of weighting the site data. The

data are modified from their original form by replacing them with numerical surrogates having a common scale. Criteria combination can use either the stepped-down exclusion or scaling technique.

COMPARISON OF SITE-SCREENING METHODS

Stem from siting factors associate with a specific consideration important in judging the suitability of a site.

Two types:
Mandatory criteria represent a legal requirement, a regulatory standard, or some other aspect deemed so important that it cannot be violated under any circumstance. Discretionary criteria They represent desirable but not mandatory features Reflects preferences and value judgments

Any approach to the development of siting criteria must consider what types of facilities are needed because the possible failure event vary according to type of facility. Analysis of failure events indicates potential consequences from which a set of siting objectives can be established. Ex: site selection for hazard waste should satisfy following objectives:

Provide structural stability Protect surface water quality Protect groundwater quality Protect environment sensitive areas.

Root Causes of Public Opposition

Why do hw facilities arouse so much public

opposition? Many causes; risk perception, public mistrust, inequities in risk sharing, etc. Typical lay people perceive a facility in their community as:
Imposed on the community Having no real benefit Representing an unknown but substantial risk.

Public Involvement
Is a political art. The public is skeptical of technical experts. Facilities have been successfully sited where

success can be measured as

Selecting a technically suitable site Identifying public concerns Addressing them

Environmental Justice
Derived from an awareness that minority

populations and/or low-income populations were bearing a d disproportionate amount of exposure t health and environmental risk. EPA definition: fair treatment for people all races, cultures and incomes regarding the dev of environmental laws, regulations and policies.

Is the action of regulatory agencies to authorize construction and operation of a facility. Permit application process for hazardous waste facility is lengthy, expensive, and burdensome Preparing the permit application takes considerable effort and time.